III. Alfo between things alike after the third manner, there is no attion. For feeing

it isrightly faid by Arifotle, inis 1.deGener. & Corrup. Cap.7. T. 31. That the Agent doth make the Patient like it felf : Becwixt chings perfectly like, there can be noaction. Andfrom the premites it appears, betwixt what things there can be action and paflion ; which .Ariffotle hath brietly comprehended, in che forefaid place, where he fates: It manifett both that contrari2s, and thofe things alfo which are Mediums, do mutually att and fuffer, oneupon and from anotber. |
But here arifes another Controvertie from thac which hath been faid, vig. That al
it.
gi
re
Whether
things of the fame kind, do mutually act and fuffer one upon and from another gdb? for it is hereupon difpuced ; Whether amoneft the Elements there be a reciprocal Astion tation
and paffion, Which they commonly cerm ‘Reattion: or whether an agent, working by the firft fenfible qualities of it felf, bemg clofe to the Parient and contrary thereunto, do fufferany ching likewife fromthe Patient. Now action is here by way of eminency afcribed tothe ftronger, and paffion to the weaker; andchat action by which the Patienc atts back againuponthe ftronger and more potent, is termed Reaction; and the paflion whereby the agent being ftronger receives the action of the weaker, may be termed Re-paflion.
And befides other things, which makea difficulty in this Cafe, which may be read in Tolet, L.t. de Gen. & Corrupt. Ch.7. &.15. Zabarella de Reattione C. 2. Franc. Piccolbomineus L. de Effet. & perpef. operant. per Nat. C. 20. Viktor Trin- cavellus in Queft. de Reattione. That paflage of Ariftorle, in his B. de Animal. Mot. C.3. Whatever things are of equal ftrength, they do not mutually aff one upon another, but are overcome by exfuperancy, hath brought many into anError: fome fo as quice co deny all Reaction 5 and others who fawic demonftrated by reafon and experi- ence, that there was Reattion, fo asto make them feigne falfe manners of Reacti- on. For fome hold, that there is indeed Reaction, but that either it isnot accor- ding tothefame part, ornot accordingtothe fameContrariety. For ifthere bea certaine hot thing , which hath not an equal degree of heat in all its parts, they fay it may act acexpding to its ftrong parts, and reiuffer according to its weak ones: but if all parts have equal Heat, then it cannot fuffer any ching from the cold pati- ent, according tothe fame contrariety, but according to fome other: as if che fire act upon Water, it fuffers nothing therefrom as it is cold, yet ic may fuffer there- from as itis moift. _ Ockers dothusthink: that Reaction is primarily indeed, and of it felf, accordingto a diverfe contrariety, but fecondarily and by accident, ac- cording tothe fame Contrariety. Forafmuch as on¢ quality may be corrupted primiarily by its contrary quality, and accidentally by the Corruption of thar, wherewith it is Naturally in the fubjed&t: as for examples fake, the Heat of Firé whileit a@supon Water as cold, of it felf or primarily ic refufters not from che coldnefs of the Water; yet becaufe the conjoyned drinefs fuffers from the moifture of the Water, itis alfo therewith debilitated andremicted.
Y ou may read more opinions in che Authors forementioned, all which rejecting, thus we determine : that there is a Reaétion ; andthat ic is according to the fame contrariety, and the fame part, and of it {elf and primarily, And che farft is cauphe,
- Inthe firft Place, by experience. For ifaMan take a piece of Ice in his Hand,
both his Handis tooled, andthe Iceis melced; and ared hot Iron caft into cold Water, it heatsthe Water, andis cooled by the Water, And Reafon proves che fame. For reaction being taken away, there willbe tio Mixttire; feeing mixers cannot be made, unlefs the qualities of the Elements being by mucual action and paffion broken and re.nitted and alcered, be reduced soa certain rempet and ee P 2 | cora;
SS ‘
among the Elements.
4
%
Ned Bae ie Fa ASN SOTA ;
i y ] a ' a
eee z age bil ain ee eae 2 ae
92 BOOKIII. Of the Attion, Pasion PE Chap. 2.
cord. Ariftotlefaies the fame, in 3. Phyf. Cap. 2. Text 9-16. 1 de Gen. & Corrup. Cap.7. I. 53.C. 10. T. 87. 89. Lib. 4. de Generib. Animal. Ch. 3.
The fame Experience ceaches the other, which witnefles thac boyling Water and Cold, which are only oppofite inheatandcold, if they be mixed together, be- come tempered, and that the boyling heat allaies the coldnefs of the cold Water, andthe cold abateth the Heat of the boyling bot Water. Forunlefs Reagtion were
- according tothe fame contrariety, there could no mixture be made. For if the Fireas hort fhould only act, and fhould not fuffer; che heat and moifture of the Water would remain in the higheft degree, and confequently no mixture would be made. Moreover, every contrary, Naturally and of itfelf, acts upon its contra- ry, aslongasitisinprefence, Hither tends that, Out of the 3. de Gener. Anim. That which beates is cooled by that wb1ch ss beated.
The fame Experience makes for the Third, and Reafon teaches, that if there muft be perfect mixture, all parts of che Elements muft be altered, and reduced to a Mediocrity.
Experience alfo confirms the fourth, whereby we are taught, that hot and cold Wacer, which agree in moifture, and are oppolice only in heat and cold, canne- verthelefs mutually act andfuffer. Andctruly, heat is not peculiarly joyned with moifture or drinefs, but may confift wich either: whence iris alfothac che Ele- ments which have affinity one to another in one of their qualicies, do mucually act and fuffer.
And that we may free our felvesfrom that difficulty which hath feduced others, we areto know: chatthere is atwofoldaction, one imperfect and begun, which they cal an action without the Agents Victory, whereby the Agent does nor change the whole Paflive fubject, but only weakens the fame, and impreffes fome degree of a quality thereinco:the other perfect and compleat,which they cai an action with Victory of the Agent, whereby the Agent makes the Patient perfectly like it felf. Hence, we anfwer, ’cis onethingtoadt, another thing co overcome; one thing to fuffer, another thingto be overcome. . And therefore, if Action be raken inthe firft manner, for action begun, in every Alteration, chere-is Reaction, andthe Contrary Parient reacts upon the Agent 5 provided it be in fitting diftance and quan- rity. For even that whichhath lefs force, before it is quire overcome and abo- lifhed, makes impreffion of fome quality upon the ftronger, and extinguifhes fome degrees of thecontrary quality. Butifactionbe taken fora perfect abolition of the other quality, there is no Reaétion. ‘For nothing can petfealy deftroy a thing, and be perfe@ly deftoiedthereby. Wherefore that faying of Arifforle, be- fore alleadged in his B. de Motu Animal. c.3. mult be underftood of chis a@ion, ana nor of the former.
The defini- And{o much fhall fuffice co have fpoken of che mutual afiion and paflion of Ele- tion of — macnts: wenow come to Mixture which refults therefrom, which .Arifforle in his Mixture. .y DeGen. et corrup cap. 10. Thus defines ; Mixiure is the union of things apt to be mingled, bemg firft altered. Now things apt tobe ming'ed, are fuch as can fubfift feparate, by themfelves, and they are only fub{tances. Hence accidents are nei-- ther faid to bemingled one withanother, nor with their fubftances; and miftion is
muually act and fuffer; finally fuch as can give a bulk co the mixt
Body. whettey But here arifes no light Queftion, How Elements remain in mixt Bedies. For or no «ei feeimg the things mingled ought tobe altered, noc corrupted; ic feems the Elemencs ae remain in the mixt body, but perifh not. Contrarily, {eeing mixture is not only an Adie! ha heaping or jumbling together of the things mixed, buc an Union, fo thac of many Konic be Natures oneis made; ic fhould fecem that the Elements do pecith, and chat of them dy? a certain new Nature is made: whereabouts, the opinions of Authors are various. We, reje@ing the reft, will follow Avicenna, whofe opinionis approved of very many moft learned Phyfitians, and feems fo evident and firm to Ferneliys, chat im the Second Book of bis Phyfiology, cha. 6. he calls the contrary opinion vainand childifh, Yeaand monftrous, andfuch he accounts it, aschatic {tains al che Glory ff thac Philofopher that holdsic. Now che opinion of Avicenna is, that the Ele- “srents do noc only remain in the Mixt Bodies, but allo retaintbeir forms perfek € andentire. For inthe frit place, feeing Arifotle himtelf, in the end of bis Book. de
properly of bodies, not of qualities ; again, fuchthings asare contrary, and can \
SS
duc Whi heth would Lan)
they cg
tions Murua] ten, ( t} ily Rteated Cheb duced QS then the Na Tixtyy wats
i Bea ,
2 Chap. 2. and Mixture of the Elements. Book Iff. | GN a) arses aaah yee n | de Ortu © ‘Interitu, defines mixture to be, The union of the things mingled, being ] Altered; The very Nature of mixture declares as much 5 Seeing things which are rn not preferved cannot be mingled. Nor does the word union oppofe this opinion. be. Hl For Union is the coupling of things vw bich trily are, but noc of things which are pe- i rifhed. And though of many things oneis made; Yet neither is it neceflary thac oe | thofe fimples fhould perifh, nor is 11a bare heaping together, but by a {uperior | form the fimples are reduced into one Body. Moreover, fince action {uppofes an he | act, andin mixt Bodies the Actions of the Elements appear, it muft needs be that he they awe actually inthem, WNottofpeak of others, Ariftotle himfelf, inthe hegin-
ning of bis 1. deCalo, writes that a mixt Body is moved according to the motion of the moft prevalent Element. Finally, che refolucion of mixc Bodies into the Ele- ments fhews the fame. For mixt bodies are refolved into the Elements, and Ariftotle hinfelf holdsin 1.deGen. & Corrup. Text 84. That che things mixed may be again feparated from the mixc Body. Which if ic may be, they muft of neceflity actually exift in the mixt Bodies.
Now cheir opinion is alrogether foolifh who hold, that the Elements donot re- turn out of the mixt Body, thefamein number, bucthe famein fort; nor isit foun- ded upon any reafon, bucis only invented to palliate an abfurd opinion; rather it is oppolite both to reafon andExperience. For whereas they bold, that che Ele- ments recurn out of che mixt Body, by reafon of the action of a like Element, whereby they recover thac which they had loft inthe Mixture; how I pray you in diftillations and burnings, can Water and Earthbe drawn out of the compound, feeing the fire by acting upon the mixt Body, introduces nothing Watry, norany thing Earthy: Yeathe action of the Fire is contrary tothe Water and the Earth, but does not augment, nor perfe@ the fame? :
And that which Averroes and Zabarella do produce concerning che refraction offorms, isameerfigment, and that opinion is fufficiently refuted by the Latins, difputing againft the opinion of Averroes, who hold rhe forms of the Elements are capable of more and leis; nor have they ever brought fo much as a probable reafon for their opinion, buc only fimply affirm, thac forms have certain degrees, fome of which being takenaway, the reft may remain.
Howbeit, not only the Concourfe anda¢tion of the Elements is requifite, te pres duce amixt body, but the direction of a fuperior form mutt of neceflity by joyned. Which thing alfo Scaliger acknowledged, where in his Exercitation, 307. Sett. 20. he thus writes, ‘Unlef the four Elements fhould have a Governour or Pilot, they would vainly and to no purpofetof and betoffed. For what is it that mingles fo much Earib with the reft £ But there mu? be in every thing, one thing primarily moved. Now they cannot move themfelves to uny work, but in C ompounds, by amore excellent form,
and in things imperjettly mixt, by an external principle, they are mfoved to a mutual
| connexion. nis Thus therefore we briefly exprefs the whole Nature of mixture. In mixturethe ode | fimpies mutt firft of all be divided into very {mal parts; therefore things Liquid wit britcle, fine, areeafily mingled. The Elements being thus divided into fmal por- ak | tions according tothe Nature of the mixc Bedy ; they do by cheir contrary qualities ons mutually act one upon another, and {uffer one from another; do heat, cool, .moi- ici) \ften, dry one another mutually, and one adts upon another, as ona feparated con-
wit) / trary : for they are notas yetunited.But becaufe the force of heat and cold is a yreateft, cherefore thefethings do firft temper themfelves, and the cold renders
Fo §} the heac cemperace and moderate, as far asthe Nacure of the mixt Body robe pro- nels = ducedréquires, Thistempered heat does aftecwatds extenuate the moift and dr ya asthe matcer, thaccthe parts of the fimples may be perfectly mixed, according as nity §) the Nature ofthe mixt Body requires. For heacalone of it felf is che Author of thee xis but cold accidentally concurs tomixtion, inafmuch as it moderates the ous a eat;
ively )
A and ‘ . Ch aps
Glory " Suse rile
ae Chap. 3.
a aaa ere
Of the Generation and -
Chap. 3. Of the Generation and Corruption of Bodies Na- tural.
Uc, inafmuch as a mixt Body andthe Generation of a mixt body areeither one and the fame thing, or at leaft che one cannot be without the other; we muft
now treat of the Generation ofa mixt Body. Burt, forafmuch as there are fundry forts of generableand corruptible things, and fome are fimple, others mixt, we thal
firft {peak of generation in general, vig. As it concerns every fubftance liable to
generation and corruption; afterwards, of cheforcs of generation, vig. The Tranf-
mutation of the Elements, the generation of mixt Bodies, and their corruption,
which is putrefaction.
The De- finition Gener ati- One
wher ein abe Natave the laft and {pecifick form be abolifhed, and another arife, or be introduced, by
Now Generation as it is taken in General, Ariftotle defines in his 1. de Gen. & Cor. cap. 4.¢.23. thus : Generation zs the mutation of the wbol, no fenfrble thing remai- ning, a thefamefubjett. The Senfe of which definicion is this, that Generation is a fubftancial mutation, wherein the {pecifical form ofa natural body being aboli- fhed, anew onejs produced, fo that there remains not the fame fenfible fubjeé of che form acquired, which was the fubject of the form loft, andthe whol compound as {aid to be corrupted, anda new one generated. For che whol, in the definition of Generation, dothnor fignifie ail the parts of anatural body ; for mee Wik materia, or firft matter is not corrupted: but che Integrity, Abfolutene{s, and perfe@ion of a natural body, confifting in its fpecifick form; which is therefore by Ariftotle fomtimes called Totum, becaufeit compleats and perfects the whol Effence of a thing. Forasthe fort of anumber istaken away, when one unity is fubftraéted, and the number of feven ceafes tobe feven, when oneis taken from ic, although the orher fix unities remiain: fo, by reafon of the ultimate and {pecifick form of a naturalbody, che whol is faidto be changed andto perifh; fo we fay, an Horfe is perifhed, though the form only be perifhed, the Body ftil remaining.
Herein therefore confifts che whol Nacure of Generation and Corruption, that
of Genere- which the compound generated may differ {pecifically or as another fort, fromthe
tien and
Corruption confifts.
former which was faid co perifh, whenche form perifheth. Hencealfo ic appears bow that common fpeech, That Generation and Corruprion is not of the form, bur the matter, is to be underftood, For the meaning thereof is not, as if all the parts of a natural body were corrupred, or bredanew; forthe matter remains the fame in all generation and corruption: but that, by the mutation of the ultimate and {peci- fick form the compoundit felf is changed, andreceivesa new denomination
Now that this is che Senfe of thefe words, and what isto be underftood by the
“mutation of the whole, thefe following words of the fame definition declare: ‘No
fenfible thing remaining aa the fame fubjet%t. By which words Ariffotle intimates 5 that inno dubftantial Generation the fame fenfible fubje& can remain for both forms, vig. that which is loft andthat which is gained. For though the materia prima be preferved: yet isitnorfenfible: which is true not only inthe generation of Elements, and ofmixt bodies, but even of the generation of Animals. For when‘a living Creature perifhes, che form which is loft, 1s the Soul: but that which asthe form of a dead Carcafs, is an inanimate mixt body, or a congeries or heap of many forms, which conftirute many and divers homogeneal mixc bodies; and fo thefe two forms haye not one common fenfible fubje&. For that which was in- ftead of a fubject tothe Soul, wasche form of mixture: but the foul departing, thofe forms of many hcmogeneal mixtures do no longer fupply the place ofa. fubject, but of fpecifick forms, whofe fubjectis the firft matter. And although in the generation ofa Carcafs there comes nonew form; yet it isall one, as if there cameanewform. For the form of mixture in the living Creature, in refped of ghe whol live Creature, did hardly fupply the place ofatorm, but rather of a Sub-
-
“onetoanother, chatevery precedent inferior, isto the following fuperior, as Mat-
Bone and Matter ; fince in every mixt thing, the Effential parts have the fame refpect
/ ‘ter co Form, and apritude to A&, But when the Soulistakenaway, the form of
|
( : Mines mixture \j | \
do, detty Corry ther: : that th alother Heri
the lon Mother Other, 1 ad the MENCs a} Mutual g hey ao the frp ind rh a
ae Mich i p
y = => = 2
i In of ifn CE Of a ‘aded, “ough
ofa Oifeis
ny that ed, by | romthe | ppears | nh, by artsof are {t {pect Mn,
by the | re: No mates} | of both | materia eration, |
Fot'\
lk which “Y 7
heap of
andlo | was i" jf patting, lace of@ |) hough. |
» ments arecurned one into another: which is proved by reafon and expetignce, For wefee daily, thac by fire other
Chap 3. __(orruptionof Bodies Natural. Book Ill. _ 9s
mixture fupplies the place of the {pecifick form, andreally performs the office ofa form, and gives denomination and {pecifick being to the mixt body ; whichit di not do before, when the Soul was prefenc.
Out of the Premifes an Anfwer may ealily be made tothat Queftion: mbether be- — wherhey fides thefir{t matter, any form vabich was before in the thing corru pted, da remain in the ix Gener a- thing Generated ; or whether in every Generation there a Reso utt mn nto the Materia ite is prima or firft matter ? For feeing chings perfectly mixed, arecither parts of livin aie hs bodies, or other forts of bodies natural, as precious Scones and metals; and the the fi generation of thefe things is perfornied, not only by the Concourfe, and action waster. of the Elements, but by the direction of cheupper form: again, ic doth not alwaies draw and mingle fimple Elements, for the formation of a body neceff ary to ic felf, but alfo the firft mixt bodies; therefore it is not neceflary, chat chere fhould be alwaies arefolutioninto the firft Macrer.
Alfo from the Premifes all che Caufes of generation may be collected. The The Forig formis expreffed in the definition, by fubftanctial Mutation. The comnion fubje& of Genera- of generation, is the firft maccer it felf ; andthe immediate fubjeé, are the four E.- 1" lements of fublunary things. the Heavens: the immediate and adequate, . is the Generator or Agent, vig. the rye gic. forms of fublunary things. Forcthey by che firft qualicies and viral heat, as cheir enz, immediate Inftruments, do make mixt bodies for themfelves, neceffary for their own prefervation, and the performance of their attions.
Buc che firft matter is not che adequate caufe of generation : feeing it is a being, meerly potential, and can beget or effect nothing, but only fuffer. And therefore the matter is a caufe that the Generation may be made ; but rhe Agent or Genera- tor, isthe caufe chat ic is actually made, The End of Genetation, is the Conferva- The Ends tion of the feveral forts of Naturalthings. For fince in rhe fublunary pare of the world there is no perpetuity and erernity of individuals or particular things; Na- ture conferves the Eternity of every fort, by the perpetuity of Generacion,
The definition of generation, agrees alfo to coruption, as manife&ly appears out of the laft words of Text 22. c.4, Lib.7. de Gen. et Cor.and appears from the ching ir felf. For the generation of one thing, isthe corruption of another ; as is wel faid by Ariftotle 1. de Gener. & Cor. c.3. T. 17. For, fince that which corrupted is not turned meerly inco nothing, bucche matter remains; and ic cannot fub{ift of itfelf, wichout any form; icmuft be, that one compound being abolifhed, and ‘one form deftroied, another form fhould come, to confticute a new compound. Moreover, fincetwo fpecifick forms cannot be in che fame fubject (for nothing can be atthe fame time under feveral forts) ic muft needs be, that when one form comes, the other which was before in the fubjeét, mutt give way. Hence alfo came that faying ; That Nature primarily intends generation, fecondarily corrup- Nature tion. For-one thing cannot be generated, unlefs another be corrupted. For fince primarily the intention of the Generator, isto make the Patient like it felf 5 and this it cannog ‘nas ge- do, unlefs ic firft deftroy the form therof : fecondarily therefore it defires che (econilines
deftruction of another, And this isthe Caufe of the perpetuity of Generations and corrmptions Corruptions ; viz. Becaufe the matter when ic is robbed of one form, receives ano- ther; and when it puts onoue, it putsoffanother. Yet it muft be here obferved,
a se
pe the Generation of one, isnot the corruption of a body of the fame fort, but of
another of a different forr.
Having thus explained the univerfal Nature of Generation, let us now {peak of the forts of Generation. The Proportion of the Elements which a& one upon another is various: For fomtimes one contrary only prevails in ftrength over an- other, foasto be able quite coabolifhthe fame, andtocurn it into its own Nature 3. and chen there happens the generation of one fimple Element. Somtimes the Ele- ments are afcer aforcequal, or at leaft their inequality isnot fo great, that one of them.can quite deftroy the other, and turn ic into ics own Nature; and then, by mutual a¢tion and paffion they weaken one another, and making friends as it were, they grow together, into the Nature of one mixed Body. Now we fhall {peak in rhe firft place, of the generationof Elements, And alchough, not only Empedoclers, Whether and other Ancient Philofophers, buc alfo fome late writers, deny thatche Eles ‘pe Ble yec we fhall recain the common Doétrine, “CS
> be Doanged one tha. Elements another
Oy aes é “ The Sx)- The general andremote Efficient, is the Virtue of 126 °40-.
OL PRR PL
LEE PINES NONE Peace tes
Mixture and the ge-neration of mixt bodies.
eae ey hich we {pake in the foregoing Chaprer, arereal! & MKT VO-
aa et te Sea e ma
£
lA Sa A a ence ee LS
Boox III. Of the Generation and Elements are turned into Fire; and water, which of its own Natureis moved down- wards, when itis fet over the fire, turns to Air and mounts of its own accord up- wards, which motion belongs properly to Fire and Aix. ‘Now the Reafon is this: thofe things are apt ro be changed one into afiother, which are contraries, and have one common fubjedt. And fuch are the Elements : for they haye the firft matter for their common fubje@, and contrary qualities. And therefore they may be changed one inro another, Howbeic, the Elements are changed, not in whole, buc in part.
And indeed all Elements are aptco be mutually changed, and there is none of them, which may not be changed into,another: for as Ariftotle faies in 2. de Gen. et Cor. c. 4. IT. 24» Generation # out of Coutraries into Contraries, and all the Ele- ments bave a Contrariety oneto another, becaufe the differences are contrary. _How- beit, thefe Elements which agree in one quality, as fire and Air in heat, water and Aic in moifture, are more eafily and fpeedily changed one intoanother: but thofe Elements which are quite contrary and difagree in both qualities, are more hardly changed one into dnother. For when two anes joyned together are to be chan, ged by their contraries, they refift more ftrongly, then when one quality only is contrary, andthe other like; becaufe by reafon of that fimilicude, the approach of the contrary is more eafie. And therefore of two contrary Elements, a Medium is fooner generated, then one of another: and we fee that of Fire and Water, Air isbred. Forthe Medium agrees with both, in qualiries.
And fo much of the Generation of Elements.
Now the Generation of a mixt Body and Mixture, of ohne and the fame thing: al-
ay differ (hough they differin refpect. Forboth mixture, and the Generation of a mixt not realy, Ody, doth fignifie a certain progrefs tothe form of amixt Body, which confifts bue only ia firftin mutual alceration, catifed by the action and paflion of the firft qualities ; al-
vefpect.
fo in the action of the two active qualities upon thetwa paflive, or in the mixture of moift with dry ; Finally and chiefly, in the production of the form ic felf: and therefore both the generation ofa mixt body confifts in Mixture, and Mixture is contained in the Generation ofa mixt Body. For thetermunion, doth not only fignifie a colleGion of the Elements, anda placing them rogether ; but a produati- on ofone Nature, out of feveral things mingled.
‘Yet they differ in refped?. For fince both in mixture, and in the Generation of a mixt Body, the Elements are as it were the terma Quo, and the mixt Body, the term ad Quem; the termmuxture, doth chiefly refpect the Elements, for the mixe cure is of che Elements,and not of the mixt Body : bur the cerm Generation refpes the mixt Body icfelf. For thatis chen faid co be generated, andnoc the Elements. Nor yet can the one be without rhe other; nor doth mixturein cime or Nature pre- cede Generation: both confiftin the production of one Nature. .
The def- Now Ariffotle defines the Generation of a mixt Body, in the 4. of bis Meteors Gh.7-
uuiot of after this manner: the gener a- tien of «4
Generation i afimple mutation, by the attive faculties, when they bavetheir re{pett, from the matter fubjett to every nature. Now, this is the fenfe of this
mixt bedy.Aelinition : the Generation ofa mixt Body, isa fubftantial mutation, made by the
=
c
cwo active qualities, acting upon the two paflive, as their fubject macter, and ru- Ming over them in fuch a proportion,. as is neceflary todraw forth the form proper toevery mixt Body, For the active qualities are not alwaics in an equal propor-
mixt Bodies, which require fundry temperaments. Nor is the dominion of the active qualities over the pailive, fo to be underftood, as though in every mixt Body, the attive qualities did in fome degrees exceed the paffive; fince experience dgth
Let us now come tothe fimple gen.
|
tion to the paflive, but varioufly proportioned, according tothe divers Natures of
teftifie che Contrary, whichteaches, that fome mixcthings, are co be cermed hor, -
tome cold, fome moift, fome dry, according to the Nature of the over-ruling qua- licy : but chis dominion is only to be underftood in ref{pect of che form of che mixt Body, tobeGenerated{ Forthen Namely, the active Qualities are faid torule over the paflive, when the proportion of the former tothe jatter is fuch, that out of them they might produce fome certain form of a mixt Body. For even that
pate is hot to four degrees; atts upon that which is moift co fix, and thereof makes @
i certain mixt Body.
That \V@
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19 quis |
e mixt
Chal
spake F
=
i | rol hat oul
‘Natural beat, which i in every moift Body,
Chap 3. Boox III. 97 That Queftion alfo muft not behere omitted; Whether in this Cafe the power of ~
the two athive Qualities be equal, and their office and Dominion equal. ‘Touching which we are coknow, that both the Generation of the mixt body it felf, and the alceration previous to the form; do proceed of themfelves and primarily from heat,
and that cold doth no other wife concur, then as ic tempers and moderates. the
heat, and makes it fitco produce this orthatmixt Body. for the Generation ofa
mixt Body does chiefly confit in a perfect mixture of moift and dry, fuirableco
the Nature of the mixt Body: butthis cannot be done, fave by atcenxation, which makes that all the particles of che moift matter may be exa@ly united with the par-
ticles ofthe dry 5 now extenuation of ic felf is caufed by heat, fomtimes greater
and fomeimeslefs. But cold oficfelf is noc aninftrument of generation, but ra-
ther of corruption. Howbeit, inamixt body already generated, and conftituted
in its effence, even cold alfo adts of it felf, and confers thereon its perfeétion as
ic were, and aptitude co its operations. For mixt bodies are congealed and condens
fed by cold.
Laftly, after the Generation of a mixt Body, it remains that we now treat of the Natural deftruction thereof, whichis Putrefaétion : concerning which, fo great are the Controverfies amongft learned Men, that fome late Phylofophers and Phy- fitians have filled whole Books with difputes about putrefaction. We, though much might be faid thereof, fhall briefly difcourfe thereupon, fo much asthe Na- cure of our work willbear, And feeing Pucrefaction is oppofed to the Generation Putrefa- of mixt bodies, we may eafily proceed from the knowledg of Generation to the tonis a9- knowledg of putrefaction. mixture, or of the Generation of a mixt Body, doth confift ina due conjunction of of mize moiff parts with dry, which is caufed by heat, in acertain degree: and fince the bodies. Caufe of che Generation and coniervation of a mixt Body is the fame 3 a mixct bod fhall fo long remain in ics Natural Scace, as there is a due and juft mixcure of moi and dry, under a fitting dominion of heat: and the Deftrudtion of a mixt Body muft proceed from the feparation of che moift and dry parts: which muft arife from the abolition or abatement of Natural Heat. Forthe Natural heat diminifhed or abolifhed, can no longer retain the dry parts joynedtothe moift: Now the Caufe which weakens the Natural hear, ischeheat of the Ambienc Body, which if ic be ftconger, calls forththe Natural. For che Natural heat being encreafed by the ambient heac, lofes the proportion it oughc co hold to the paflive Qualities, and therefore vapors away, and leaves the mixt Body; whereof the moift and dry parts being deftituce and having loft their governor as it were, they become fepara- ted, and the moift parts are carried wich che Heat asits conveiance, into the out- fide,and fo vapouts away 5 and {o comes putrefaction,which is only the deftruction of amixt Body, confidered asfuch, I fay the Natural deftruétion, that is, which happens according tothe Laws of Nature Univerfal, which wil have all mixt things fubject to corruption, and to beat laft refolved into the Elements whereof they were made: as violent deftructien of a mixt Body is when the whole is changed: into one Element,as by burning,or alfo by overmuch cooling, as fome will have 1.
Alithis whole Nature of Putrefaétion Ariffotle in the 4. Meteorol. Cap. 1. hath comprehended in this definition: Putrefattion is the corruption of the proper and The def by the Heat which is without the nition of
Which Definition. contains all. the 2#refa- and Demonftrates a proper Affeétion “””* of its proper fubje@, by ics proper Caufe. The proper fubject is a moif? bor 11s fubject dy. For nothing can putrefie, unlefs itbe moift. And therefore all mixt Bodies putrefie, inafmuch aa they are moift.. Thenext pofitive caufe is che Heat of the Am- bient Body 3 which is not only Air and Water, but every thing containing, which ¢ overmuch augments the internal heat, and difturbs the proportion which it bears tothe reft ofthe Qualities. Its adjundt is che Corruption of che internal Heat, and its ed- of the fubftancial form ic felf. > jens
From thefe things thus explained an anf{wer may be made to many Queftions. For hence that Queftion may eafily be anfwered, W, hy all things which putrifie be» me. ne come at laf cold @ Although in the beginning they were hot. The caufe of the formes aie is the corruption of the inbred heat’; of the latcer,both the external heat allo,which tecome at
Corruption of Bodies Natural.
Gener atiog
fame, ‘Namely, in the ambient Body. Terms of a perfect Demonftration,
The next aufe.
_ ncreates the internal, is che Caufejand becaufe che incernal-heat,the proportion be- yt cold’? ; © ¢ 3 xy
Q
ete
It hath been already faid, chat the whole Nature of P%/t4t0 the
v ai £
Sn a tt at Re tee
93 Boox III. Of the Generation, ec. Chap. 3, ing difturb’d which it bore co the reft of the Qualities of the mixc Body, going ouc, doth more fhew it felftothefenfe. For inthe mixture ic was’ fo tempered, and joyned in fuch a league of friendfhip as it were with the reft of the Qualities of the mixt Body, that it could hardly be perceived by the fenfe ; which League being broken in the Putrefaction, ic becomes more fenfible, and acts more freely.
Why things And upon this foundation depends that fame diftinction of Phyittians, whereby
puirilyings chey fay, that fome things are adtually Hot or Cold; others potentially : and they
fi mosh fay that Pepper, Ginger and W ime, are only potentially Hor, becaufe they are noc and then hottofeelto, but only when they are within the Body, and diflolved by the heat diy? of the Stomach. Forthe Caufe hereof is, thac Pepper, Ginger and Wine, al- though they contain much heat inthem; yet the fame is fo tempered with other Qualities, that is doch not put forchits force, while it fticks inthe mixt Body abi- ding in its Natural condition. But when a man hath taken them into his Stomach, that fame harmony of qualicies is diffolved and difturbed by the heat of the Sto- mach, andthe Heat of thefe mixc Bodies is called forch ; which doth work more freely and ftrongly, (the friendthip ic had with the reft of the Qualities being now broke) no longer as the heat ofa mixt Body, but rather as heat now feparated, and
left toits own Liberty. | And the Caufe is the fame, why things putrifying become at firft more moift, and at laftare quitedriedup. For the moifture together with the heat vapors out, flowsabroad, and goes tothe outward parts 3 Which at laft being quite diffi. pated and evaporated, the mixt Body turnsto Duft and Afhes. Alfo hence a Rea- why mixtton may be given why mixt Bodies in hot Seafons and places do fooner putrifie then bouies (9 in cold and why things very hot or very cold do not eafily putrifie. The Caufe
4 ofthe formeris, that in coldtimes and places theheat ofthe Ambient ( if any re-
fons and Main therein.)is not fo ftrong as tobe ableto cal out the internal heat : bur in an
places. hhottimeand place theContrary happens. And the Reafon of the latter is, becaufe why things both a ftrong internal cold refifts the heat of the Ambient, fo that it cannot corrupt very cold andcal out the inbred-heat ; andaftrony internal heat doth not fuffer ic felfrobe oy pot ah overcome by the heat external. Nor can-an external weak heat fo intend’ an in- wens ternal ftrong one, that it can beno longer fit to confervethe mixt Body. Hence why agrea A40.a great Quantity is lefs apt co putrifie then a fama! one ; becante ina great Body Guaniity there is more heat or cold, which alfo doth more ftrongly refift the external heat. is lef apt Allo a thing moved doth not fo eafily putrifie, asthact which refts, becaufe it is lefs to putrifie fubject to che action of the ambient heat.
dBi hag Now from what hath been faid che Nature of putrefaction is fufficiently apparent: Be gsc f and yet. many difpute at large, whether ic be only one, or there be divers forts win moti thereof. We, omitting tedious difputes, do acknowledg only one putrefaction, onthen ig. That which is explained, in the forefaid definition of Ariftotle.
Z
that which (here is fome diverfity-in the putrefacction of things, becaufe of the Various Nature
ase ve gad conftitution of the mixt Bodies which putrefie. For thofe things do perfectly wit ye andcoraily pucrefie, which are perfectly refolved into the Elements whereof. they
pucrif ati Were made, fo that. allthe other Elements evaporating, there. remains nothing ac On. Jaft but Earch : and thus all chofe chings pucrefie which have much Earth in them.
But chofe things putrifieimperfeetly and.in part, which contain more moiftticre \,
inthem. For feeing che moifture whichis more abundance inthem cannot be with the heat totally drawn out: only fome parts thereof, efpecially the more thin and fubtile are drawn out,’ and the reft are preferved ; and this is termed putrefaction according to parc; the Nature whereof is neverchelefs the fame wich chat. of the putrifaction before defined. For herein the internal heat is corrupted by the exter-- nal. Afcer this manner Wine pucrifies, andthe Humor in our Bodies; che three
Elements, Air, Water, Earth, inafmuch-as they are not pure, but in fome mea. *
The Fire {ure mixc with other caings. The Fire alone does not putrifie, for this Caufe dothnot efpecially, becaufenothing is more hot then it, which may corrupt and cal out its purl hear, But whether or no inthis imperfect putrefaction the form of the mixt Body
‘ ee dd quite perifh, anda new mixt ching be produced, or whether only fome altera- the jorm be abol/a edi bitfackione
one
Yet we grant
{¥ }
|
tion be made, isadoubtfulcafe. We anfwer briefly ; in every true pucrefaction ¢ J,- fomwhatiscorrupced: buc of an imperfect putrefaction there are more degrees, \\§
4
toget ofa th
| Foras
dle, Uities ¢ Contain Qs, 11} Yelle itont
Bit (empe Tences, Totten Lil Weigh Paty CQuaht the efi
Ob cyy
ald ey nk
ith, |
pet Is to ; iy, tf Noy 0
t if an
ny
moift | vapor Edi. | aRea. | e they | Cif
me mea» |
is Cale (f
af outs & |
| |
ist Bos)
refactial i.
degtth ' ot By
}| the efficacy of Firéis much greacer then chat of Eatch
, Earth, by Virtue whereof they become heavy. Th
Veins, isnot wholly corrupted, bue only altered in pare; yet thofe parts which are faidto putrifie,
arereally corrupted according to their fubftance, and cannot return ro their Na- tural ftate, but muft be evacunaced by Purgation: but the others which are not corrupted in their fubftance, are not properly faidto'purrifie, but only co be hea- ted by the purified parts. »
Chap. 4. Of Temperament and Coftion.
Aving treated hitherco of che Elements, cheir mutual actionand paflion, and H the Generation and Corruption of mixt Bodies: before we come to the forts themfelves of mixt Bodies, we mutt add fome things concerning temperament and Coction. As for what concerns temperament, certain ic is that ic depends upon the mixture ofthe Elements, and atifes fromthe action and paflion of che firft qualicies - yet, Whence what it is,is noc fo manifett, We,omitting the opinions of Fuchfins who not tightly, pede: afferts in che 1 of bis Jnft. Med. S. 3. C.2. Thata Temperamenc is a fubftance, not pends ? an accident, andof others who Hold that a Temperament isa bare Relation and Harmony of Qualities, as alfo of others, whichare by other Authors reckoned up 5 wehold, that 2 Temperament is one Ruality, avifing fromthe mutual ation and paffi- on of the firft Qualities in mixtion. For the fight of the firft Qualities, which is ne= ceflary to the Generation of a mixt Body proceeds fo far, till they be all refracted and abated, andhaving caftaw ay certain degrees of Contrarieties, by which the were at extream variance, Friendfhip being made, as it were, they joyn and grow together into one Quality. Andfoa temperament isnoching elfe but one Quality of a fimple Effence, whichis made up of the remifs degrees of rhe four Qualities. For as of the remifs degrees of the Elementary forms one limple actual form doth arife, which neverthelefs contains them allin its faculty : fo out of the firft Qua- dicies there arifes one moderate and actually fimple Qualiry which potentially containsthem all. Buc we muft not fay (which opinion as fome learned men cell
us, is 11] fathered upon Avicenna) that a Temperament is a certain fift Quality, di-
verfe from the four firft, and fuperadded tothem; but only a middle from the others abated and con joyned,and containing them in ic.
But fince the Elements are in {undry manners mixed, andthe firft qualities are The diffe tempered together in fundry proportions 5 hence there arife fundry diffe. vences of fences oftemperaments. For ifthe Elements and Qualities concur to the mixture ‘Pt? in ftrength and degrees perfectly equal, a temperament is effected, which is calleg””"* Equale ad pondus, Equalin weight; as if in ic che degrees of the Qualities were Temperas weighed and diftributed in an equal weight; alfo abfolute equality; becaufe com.mentsd parifon is not made to any exttinfecalthing. Now thisisco be underftood of the pendury equality of degrees. For the Elements cannot be mixedin equal Quantity 3 fince 7°! #8*
5 and therefore if they fhould
concur in equal portions, the Fire would not generate amixt Body, but anly Fire :
and experience teftifies, that all perfectly mixt Bodies do obtaine very much ough fome deny chac this rem- Per isto be found in Natures yet we fee no firme Reafon to hinder us ftom hol-ib:rebe an ding, that the contrary qualities may meet in the fame depree, tothe confti-fq4a tem- ‘ution of a mixce Body. Yea and Galen faies that this is the Rule of all chebeament. veft, and that the ret cannot be Known without it, in biy
one, arifing
Whether
B. de Temperam. \
a
4. * 3e
Q2 There vs
Na a ;
ss 4
vant a
erg
es ieerthsuet. SYN :
3 hap. 4.
100 BOOK III. Of. Temperament and Coction. Atempe- There is moreover as yet another equal temperament, which is called equal ad Fufti-
nanan © dam, wherein the qualities concur, not in a degree abfolutely equal, but in duch a manner ities ;, as is moft convenient to the form of the mixt bodie and to the performance of its gene- juRice,, vations, and which holds a medium amongft mixt bodies of the fame fort. For one what it is? mixe body of its owa Nature is hotter, another colder; one moifter another dryer. The temperament of a Lionis more hot then the temperament ofa Fifh; flefh is hotter thenanerve; a bone dryer then flefh. And although in chis manner this tempertment
may becalledequal, vig. becaufechat equality iskepr therein, which is convenient to
every mixt body, and according to Geometrical proportion every one hath his owa:
yetin refpect of a temperament abfolutely temperate and equal, it 1s termed unequal 5
and chat body furnifhed therewith may be termedgintempezace « sichough commonly
thacis called intemperate whichis departed from the temper which Naturaly it ough? to
have.
Eightforts Now how many forts there are of this temperament Authors agree not. We hold of tempe- with Galen, 1 de temp. -C. 8. For when only one quality fuperabounds, and o- vamenis & yercomes its contrary, the two reft keepequality ; for examples fake, if any mixt body “pgs re- fhould have five degrees of Heat, and three of cold, and four of moifture, and as Mice, many of dry ; it fhould be called a (imple cemperament. Of which there are four forts; hot, wherein heat exceeds cold, and moifture and drynefs are equal; cold, wherein coldexceeds heat, and moifture and drynefs are alfo equal; moift, wherein morfture
exceeds drynefs, and heat andeold are equal; dry, wherein drinefs exceeds moifture,
and Heat and cold are alfo equal. But when two Qualities exceed the other two, tis
called 2compound Temperament; of which there are againe four forts, according to
the four poflible combinations of the four firft Qualities ; vig. Hot and moift; hoe
and drie; cold and moift; cold and drie. According to thefe differences a thing ts
Hom ma- (id to be temperate or intemperate : but after feveral manners. For a thing is hid 1 snore tobefo and fo, abfolutely or refpectively. Abfolutely only the Elements are hot, 3 id, moift, drie; feeing inthem only thefe qualitiesare fincere and pure. Now by compari-
fad to be©O . : ; ; 7. temperate, fon and exfuperance a thing is faid co befo, which choughit have allthe Qualities, yet which hath more heat; and that cold, which
andeot ~oneexcellsthereft; fo that is termed hot semperéte bath more coldnefs. Now this comparifon is made to four things; either to the unt- verfal Nature of allmix:bodies, wherein if you can conceive any thing of an indiffe- renttemper, fuch as isthe skin ofa man, efpecially thac onthe palms of his hands and the tops of his fingers, (unto which therefore they refer the judgement of all tem- peraments ;) all other shingsin refpect thereunto will be called intemperate, and according to the Quality exceeding this Mean, they fall becalled hor, cold, moift, drie; Orthe comparifoa is made to the next kind: as if in the whole kind of Living Creatures you fhall conceive fome one to be temperate, as perhaps Manis; all other animals fhall be called incemperate, the name being borrowed from the exceeding Quality: orcomparifonis made to fomewhat Indifferent,inthe fame fort; fo ayoung man is {aid to behot, andan old man to be cold: or-finally, comparifon is made be- twixt divers forts, or any obvious individuals. So a dog, in refpect of aLion 1s cold; intefpect ofaFifahot. So Peter compared to Pamlis hot: but if you compare him to
another more fior, heis cold.
And this may fuffice co have faid in this place concerning temperaments: proceed now to concoction, The dcé- cemperament. (Now thus Ariftotle Cin his 4 Meteor. Ch. 2.) Detines concoction, age Concottion is a perfettion, by the Natural & proper Heat, made of oppofite paffives, “* oobich are the proper maiter toeach one. ‘This definition as every orderly definicion of adjun@s or accidents, bath in ftead of kind the form, inftead of difference the fab-
let us
je@, with the efficient caafe: all which are to be confidered in this place, that we
may ateain the perfedt knowledg of Digeftion or Concoction.
"T be ‘i “7 . » 2 . e ‘ st conten. ue Form of Concoétion is nothing buc the ultimate perfection of the proper tem~ Nin, peramentofathing. Rorthena thing is faid to be concocted, when it hath attained
which it ought to
‘have. And therefore that perfe@tionis here to be underftood which confifts in Quali fies and not that which is Effential, proceeding from the fubftantial form. Which f:alfo Ariftotle fignifies in the 12. Seét. Prob. 7. Concottion is the alteration of the 1 thing concotted.
that perfeGion and compleatnefs, in its qualities or temperament,
The ¥
——
which is a certain perfeGion and compleatment of the\ ]
wr Pe
body men efi excel rel rout AN theit word uit (Oink ant ii is the up fom inthe Theo Body bp the corrup
are cold
Bathere
bi aad hoy Uliftin
yp DD ii wu Hf
Q
fons, hetein | nftare ff ture, FF 0,ts J gto F hoe | inet
he ut | ndiffes § ‘funds }) { ted | ee | mit, Living Bl f othe | ceeditg
j yOu ade bet is cOld, hi 0
The Effi- the proper beat of the fubjett, although it be perfetted by {ome outward belp. The Causes principal canfe is alwaies che proper heat of che thing ; although fometimes it be noe . fufficient, and therefore ftandsin need as it were of another Afliftant, that the conco-
ion may be thereby bercerand more rightly performed. So Bathes and Plaifters help
the Conce@ioninthe Scomack. So Medlars and ocher Fruits being gathered before they
are ripe and laid up, are ripened by cheir own Heat: yet the Suns Heat contributes much
towards their more happy ripening.
This therefore is the manner of the whole bufinefs of conco@tion. Whenasinamixt The Man- body, already conftiruted byits form, there is as yet fome imperfection in the tempera~ er of con= ment, and the moifture is noc fufficiently maftered and tempered, nor holds a juft and 0%: exiceproportion tothe drinefsand other Qualities: the Natural Heat confumes and excels the jupertluous moifture, and that which remains and offends not in quantity, it reftrains and limits, and unitesicwithdrinefs, as muchas the Nature of the mixt Body requires; which action is termed coction, orconcoction.
And that the Nature of concoction may be the better underftood, Ariftotle befides The Ex-
theinternal End, whichis the fame withthe form, adds alfo an External one, in thefe te/aalEnds words: Ibe end of concodion in fome things ws their Nature, whith we call the fork wit were (* Effence; in others it te. ds to fome fubjett forme, when the Humidity i be- cone uch and fogreat. Inwhich Arijie:le Teaches, that the External End is twofold ; eitherthe form iimply and abfolutely , which End chiefly appears in the ripening of Fruits, which are chen faid tobe ripe, whenthe feed is now {o perfect, as that it can breed its ike: or fome form or difpotition, to the affording fome utility, which confitts either in the induction Of anew form, or in preparation for the convenient expuifion of things unprofitable. Theformerufe appears in that boiling of the meat, performed in che ftomack. |For thatis therefore ordained, thatthe meatstaken in, might by the faculty in the itomach beturned into chylus. For fuch alfois the Natural Concoccion of flegm. The othet appears in the Concoctioa of putrified bumors inulcers, and ellewhere in the Body ofan Animal, which are then concocted and ripened, when they are fo laboured by che N: tural Heat, astobecome apt for expulfion. For fince by reafonof their great corruption they cannotarrive to any perfece form and profitable to nourifh the Body, they are by concoction brought to fome form betterat leaftthen putrefaction. And thus Concoction doth reprefs Putrefaction, and puts an End thereunto, and fevers the corrupe humors from the profitable, and renders them fit to be euacuaced without hurt to the Body. | :
Things therefore are faid to be concocted, when the matter‘of coction, which is chiefly moifture, fhalbe overcome by heat and bounded thereby, and have received it’s fitting thicknefs. - And therefore Urines, Dung, and all che excrements of out Bodies in like manner, being righely digefted, area figne of Healch. For they declare thac the Heac hath its full power ineur Bodies: and thaticisfo much as to be able to re= ftraineand duly totame and keep in order all thé humors. And for the fame Caufes all things being digefted become thicker and horter, For Hear which bears the Rule in concoction, dorh borhHear and Refolve the thin Parts. Which is alfo confirmed by Experience, For Apples, Pears, Grapes, and all other Fruits, beforethey grow Ripe acecolder thenthey are afterwards: and Milk, Seed, Quittourin Ulcets, and Filth gathered in the corners of the Eyes, are thicker when concocted then before, How- beit, we muft here take notice, when it is faid, chat things Concocted are thicker and hotter then Unconcocred, that one thing muft noc be compared with another of a diftinct fort, or withicfelf after ichath changed its fpeczes's butthe fame forcof thing being unconcocted, muft be compared withit felf concocted, = 8 = sti e >
; 0
4 a
sry
nition of Crndity.
mot an
kind.
malurity 3s?
¥O2
Coétion
‘Tedef- To Codion is oppofed Crudity, of indigeftion, which is by Ariftotle in 4. Me-
ted. Having explained the Nature of Coétion and Crudity, lec us now come ro their Sorcs. - Where itis firft to be obferveds That Codtion is nor an univocal
univocal Kind, buc‘of the number of thofe which are called Pros ‘Hen, to one, and that there-
fore its definicion doth chiefly agree tothe principal and primary fort (whichis the manner in defining chofe things which are faid of fome one) but a lictle change be- ing made, they may alfo beaccommodated ro the reft. Now the primary fort of Coétion, and which can perhaps alone perfedtly bear thename of Coction, is ripening, which it felf alfo neverthelefs is not equally applied co all the forts con-
Ripening *@ined thereunder. For properly Ripening is the Concottion of that Aliment vbich what i 4? in the Pulp of an Appie, Pear, or any otber fruit. But for more eafie underftanding
fake, Ariftotleapplies Maturity, or Ripenefs,only to fruics; though ic be common toall Animals, Plants, and Sceds when referredto Generation. Now then Matu- ration is faid to.be made, ‘when the Seed which is contained in the Pulp ofthe fruic is fo Elaborated, thatit is able to beget irs like. For at firft, when there is as yeta fuperfluous moifture remaining, the Seed is not yet fit for Generation : but when ene humidity fhall by the Natural Heat be partly confumed, patcly beccer ter- auinated, the Seed becomes fit for Generation. Again, Figuratively, Flegm, quit- tor, and other Humors in our Bodies are faidto be Ripened, when they are by the Narutal Heat fo digefted, as either to become fit to nourith, or if they cannot nou- rith, chat at leaft they may be difpofed to Evacuation. Now, by ripening, fla- tulent things become Watry, Watry things become chin; chin things become thick. For at firft the {piric, or flatulent matter is digefted by heat; after- wards, the Watry Humor is further digefted, and its thinner parts are refol- ved.
What iw- Yo Maturity or Ripenefs is oppofed Immaturicy or Unripenefs, which as Maturi-
ty isalio twofold: one properly fo called, another figuratively. For immaturi- ty properly focalled is che rawnef{s of the nourifhmenct which 1s inthe Pulp of an Apple or other fruit, by Reafon of the Penury or ill proportion of the Natural heat. For whenthe Heat is fo little, or the Humor fo plentiful, chac che Heat cannot exactly mafier the moifture; there arifes immaturity, and then the Seedis not fic for Generation. . And therefore all unripe things are windy, warerifh, and their Humors thin and cold, unfitto nourifh. And afterward Figuratively, -Ca- catrhs, Spittle, Quitcorin Ulcers, and Urinarerermedcrude. Alfo Milk unboi- led is cermedcrude orraw; asalfo Tiles andall Earthen Ware, is termed raw, before itis baked.
Another fore of Coction is Boyling, which Ariflotle in the fourth of bis Meteors Ch, 3. thus defines: Elixation or Boyling, Generally, i the ConcoStion of fomuebat Indeterminate in-an Humor, caufed by amoifb beat. For boyling is thusmade. A fiery heat being receivedina Watry moifture, doth moiften the thing to be boyled, opens icspores, and makes them Wider, and fo draws the moifture of the thing to. be boyled from the Centre to the Circumference; and che reft of the Humor whightemains, ic digefts, Tames, and Terminates; and therefore boyled things have lefs Native moifture, and more of that which 1s forreigne. And for this caufe, Cooks that would Raaft Meats carefully, do firft perboyl them, vig. thatfLome of that Humor and Excrements which are within, may be farft drawn out, fo that the reft-may. be by roafting; more eafily confumed.
/erom the premifes it appears, chat thofe things only can be boyled which have moifture, which by the fiery heat which is ina Watry moifture may be overcame. And that thofe chings cannot be boyled, which cicher are Earthy, and have ina manner
es
Cae bole
Apav,
y ——~
Chap. 7. Of Temperament and Cottion. OOK IIT. #5 5
ee
manmer ho moifture, as Stones, Bones, &c. Or which have indeed fome moifture,
but which is fo condenfed and Joyned with an Earthy. drynefs, that by a moift heat
ic cannot be called out and Vanquithed; as Woods, Metals, &c,, And for. chis very
caufe, the flefh of old Animals is hardly boyledtender, in compar ifonrof yongers
and Beef is harder to boy| then Hens-fl2{h;bzcaufe the former are more dry,Earchy,
folid and compact, and have their moiftiire more tenacioufly faftened with their drynefs, fo that ic cannoteafily be called out by amoift heat. Alfo Woods,
Metals &c. though improperly, are faidtobe boyled. For though they are not fo
foftnéd as things really Boylable: yer fome of their moifture is drawn forth, and communicated tothe Water 5 which, che craft che Water receives by their boyling
in it, doth witnefs. Alfo boyling is attribured to a moift Body that hath little dry nefsinit, ascomilk, new Wine or Muft, and other things, vz. When by boyling
fome parts of chem do vapor away,and the remaining parts do receive fome change
in their temperament and caft.
To boyling is oppofed imperfeét boyling; whichis called Inquinatio and Flac- _ Imper>_
ciditas, which is defined by Aritotleco be, Ihe Inconcottion of that which is unde-fettboylings termined ina Body, by Reafon of reant of Heat in the moift thing vebich com affetb the what ? fame about. Forthis Inquination or F laccidit'y,’ is properly nothing elfe but a baoy-
ling begun, viz. whenthe Heat which isin rhe Watty moifture is indeed fo great,
that ic can in‘fome meaftire ag&t upon the thing to be boyled’: but isnot fo ftrong, Ha
that it can perfectly Boy| the fame, but ¢ither by cold ot oyermuch moiftute in the thing tobe Boyled ic is blunted and overcome; chat if catinoe perfect its work which kind of imperfe@ Concoétioi ofc happens in. Aged and Sick People, | whofe Meat doth in fomémanner alter thé méats, But’ cannot perfectly digeft i them. | ) ) Thelaftfort of Concottion, is Oprefit; roaltind, Which i @ Contottion canfed
by a dry external Heat. For ifin’amrxt body the abounding humor be’ confumed Roafting
bare ares what ? Rh andtempered by’a dty external Heat it’ is called a Roafting, Now roaft meats i) ?
are without indeed dry, but within moift*wich a moifture of their own, ahd more
moiftthen boildmeats thémfelves’ For'thé dry heat withers ‘the extérnal parts; i
and {traitens the pores,’ chat che internal Humor’ catt fitid ‘no way out. Now roafting’ and boy ling are chiefly caufed by Art, ‘atid thefé names do chiefly belong’ to them, as being becaufe Artificial beft knownto us.'' Yet che fame things are alfodone by Nature. For thé’ Concoétion of Aliments in thé’ bodies of Living’ Creatures, and efpecially that inthe Scomach, is boyling’: alfo the fame may’ not \ unfitly, in'Hoc'and Dry Bodies, be called roaftings =“ | 1
Toroafting alfo is oppofed Semiuftulatioh, Toafting, ‘or’ raw-roatting. Now Raw-Ror bad roafting1s caufed through want of heat, which either is little of it felf, ornotfo fing, ~ | great thac it can poflibly overcome a préat aboundaficé’ of Humor, and therefore. it perfects not the begun roafting. And fomuch touching Concottions.
104 Boox IV.
I E ie
FOURTH BOOK, }-
Chap. 1. Of Meteors in General. ) ie
he :6 448% Aving {poken hitherto in General of the Elements che princi- oft
pad hd Bi hdnded ples of Natural Bodies,and their mixture; of the Generation of =
ef a) eroe © Natural Bodies and their corruption: order therefore requires, |
set Bos RC eraes, chat we fhould now treat of the feveral forts of Natural Bodies. A Aoi Mixt Bo AC Sg ; : 3 1
dies tro- wo #3 (9 ee And feeing that mixt Bodies are twofold, perfectly and imper= Now!
fedtly mixed; andthe imperfectly mixt are the Meteors: we - lan
2G) wae se fold. we On Saw
heb SSS: % > gg Mut now come to that parct’of Natural Philofophy, which which ehcp & dp oe: 4 HS all che Ancients (as Ariffotle in his 1.B. Meteor. C. 1. télls ws) cu called Meteorologia, the Doctrine of Meteors. | dit Later writers do here indeed raife a {cruple, and fome deny that a Body. imper- | ove feétly mixed andaMeteor are oneandthefamething; and they fay the name of ie Meteor is ofa larger extent, fince there are many Meteors which are not Bodies, fuch Ww as thofe things which happen only as an apparition as Thunder, Lightning, Earch- is quakes: othersagain concei¥e that the term Meteor is only to be given to bodies Ps oe imperfectly mixed, and therefore they exclude chofe things as Thunder &c. which th have no fubfiftency, out of che Number of Meteors 5 fince all things which make up byt the fubje@ of Natural Phylofophy, and are parts thereof, muft be inche number of © calle Natural Bodies. But this Controvertie may eafily be compofed. -ABodyimper- | @ inp feétly mixed muft be fomewhere explained in Natural Phylofophy, and indeed + caule moft fitly next after the Elements : andtherefore tis faid cobeche fubjeG&t of chac | |] ingor part of Natural Phylofophy. And feeing the fame affords macter for Meteors, thac | 9 Budi part of Natural Phylofophy is called Meteorologia, the Doéirine of Meteors. For ofbod though in ic are alfo explained thofe things which are nor Watural Bodies, as hath Eta} beenfaid; yet thofe very things are either the Adjundts or Effects of Bodies im- touch perfectly mixed. Henceufe hath obtained, that under the term Meteor, both Bo- The dies imperfectly mixed and their Adjunés and Effects fhould be comprehended. * diver ‘4 Meteor And fo the fubjecé of this Doctrine is Meteoron aMeteor, that is, Sommbat raifed Metey whatit is? out of the Barth and Water by force of the Stars and tbe under-ground Bire, and bred ingen for the mofh part aloftin the Air. For the word “Meteoron in general doth fignifie a , ofthe thing fublime, Elevated, and hanging as it were up on high. ‘, witch And by aloft or on high we underftand, notthe Heaven, but all chat {pace | hor which reaches from Earthto Heaven, which place is called upwards, or above. doa Yea and fince Meteoron fignifies fomwhat Elevated and fufpeuded onhigh, even | fei thofe ching alfo which are made in the Caverns of the Earth, ofexhalations there atiet raifedup, are comprehended under this Name. For all things contained under rat this name are not tone kind, as hath beenfaidbefore. Hence fome dividethem ~ ae
Tae Difft- into Hy poftatical and Emphatical. They are moitt conveniently diftinguithed into, renceof three Ranks. For either the Nature ofa Meteor confifts in the changing of anex- Meteors. halaction into fome other ching, which happens in fiery Meteors, Rain and fuch likes of inmotion, asin Winds, Earth-quakes3 or inthe Reflexion of Beams, asinthe t Kain-bow. 7 ‘ The Efici-, « Moft do hold the efficient Caufe to be Heaven, and the Heaven andthe Sun are ont eayfe the ehief caufe which raifes exhalations; butthey arenot the only caufe, but heat
of met gi J alfo
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) . . - © ai 4-8 ; ad 4. ofthe matter, the diverfiry of inflammation, their magnitude, Figure, Motion and
Chapate Of the Meteors
rals many exhalations areraifed, asisknownto thofe hac fearch afcer Necals ; and Winds and other Meteors are bred no lefs in the W inter, when the Sun beams are weak, thenin the Summer.
The remoce matter, are not only the four Elements, efpecially the Earrhand Water, butalfomixt Bodies, out of which oppofite exhalations are woucto be railed. The immediate miatcer is atwofold kind of exhalation, railed out of them being heated. Forthe Heavenly Bodies, efpecially the Sun, andthe Subterrane- an heat doexciteandraifeup atwofold kind of Exhalations: whersof the one which is cermed Atmss, that is avapor, is hot and moift, raifed out of the Water or moift ground, being of as it were a middle Nature betwixt the water and Air, 1othat ic may eafily be changed intoeither Element. For it is moift inthe higheft degree, but heatis thereinremifs, andfome degrees of coldnefs, or portions of Water car- riedup therewith, doremaine init; and as Ariffotle faies in the 1 “Met. Ch. 3. A Vapor is asic were potentially a Wacer. Butthe other Exhalation, is calleda Fume, oraSmoaky Exhalation; andicis Hot and Dry, railed out of the Earth, and efpecially the diier parts thereof, heated and attenuated by force of the ftars ; of a middie Nature as it were betwixt Fireand Earth, For this Exhalation is ex- ceeding dry, andmoderately hor; foricretains fome degrees of che Earths cold- nefs, orrather fome parts of the Earth it felf Elevated with ir. And therefore Ariftotle inthe fame place faies, that shis Fume is potentially, as it were, Fire. Now there are chiefly two forts of Fumes,the one of which is termed cpblogofis a flaming Fume, which is raifed out of a Fat matter and is apt to take flame: another whichis raifed out of drier ground, and doth not fo eafily take Fire, but rather turnstco WindsandBlafts. Thefetwokinds of Exhalations though they are of a diftinét Nature,and both in refpeét of their Heac,drinefs,Leviry and Original differ one from another; (becaufe a vapor isCold, Heavy, Moift, raifed out of the Wa- cer; buta Fume, Hoc, Light, Dry, raifed out of the Earth:) yet. for the moft part they are bred joyntly, and bothtogether, Becaufe in moft places the Earth ismixed with Water : whereupon that which of its own Nature is Heavy, by help of the other lighter, is lifted up and raifed on highs although when they come to the middle Region of the Air they are feparated, and the Fume is raifed higher, but the vapor fercles beneath. AndchefetwoExhalations as they are commonly called are che matter of all Meteors; whence alfoiris thac they are called Bodies imperfectly mixed; either becaufechey donot confift of all che Elements, or be- caufe in chem che forms of the Elements are kept perfeé& and intire, and donor incorporate intothe form of one mixt Body. For which Caufeallo fuch kind of Bodies cannot long laft. Yeticis wont many timesto happen, that. Atomes alfo of bodies perfectly mixed are mixed withthefe Exhalations; yet fo as chat thefe Exhalations are not informed by the forms of perfectly mixt Bodieg,. but only couch the faid mixc Bodies.
The place where Meteors are ingendred is.chiefly the Air. For it according to the divers Regions whereinto we have fhewed it is divided, doth afford place co divers Meteors, as we fhall afterwards declare. For evenchofe alfo which are faid ta be ingendred in the Earth,are properly ingendred inthe Aire contained inthe caverns of the Earth. Howbeit in the Sphere of Fire, and-efpecially in the Loweft pare thereof, it muft not be denied, ,but that Fiery Meteors are generated. Alfo uponthefe, vig. the placeand matter, depends the chief diftinétian of Meteors. Forfome confift cf an Exhalation, others of avapor: fome are produced. in the upper, others inthe lower Region ofthe Air. We thal begin wichchole which arife from an Exhalation,and among them with thofe which are commonly termed fiery and inflamed Meteors.
Chap. 2. Of Fiery Meteors.
Bas ereatelt part of fiery Meteors are bred in the upmoft Region of the Air. For when Hot and Dry Exhalations do afcend thither and are there inflamed, fun-
dty fiery Meteors are ingendred, which differ according tothe varions dilpoficion
1
R uration. >)
alfo concurs and the fubterranean fire ; andin the Generation of Metals. and Mine-=
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106 Boox LV. Of the Meteors. Chap; 2.
Duration: of which though peradventure more forts might be reckoned up, whofe Names are borrowed from the fhapes which they reprefene in their burnings, yet I fhall recount che chiefeft of chem. Now many reckon che Vig Lattea and Comets amongft fiery Meteors, but of them we have {poken before.
Alfo very many fiery Meceors do arife, differing only in the pofture of the matter, the multitude and fhapethey reprefent whiles they burn 3 which alfo are to be ex- plained. Andthat we may begin here: ifan Hot and Dry Exhalation, not very thick and Far, but fubtile, ftretched out in length and breadth, do rake fire inthe
44 burning Upper Region ofthe Air, there appears a burning and fhining Plame 3 fomtimes flame bow With fo much brightnefs, that it doch a lictle difpel the darknefs of the night. Some emgenaved. cal this Meteor, Burning fbebble, for it reprefents heaps of {tubble fuddenly fet on
Fire. Skipping Shipping Goats fo called, do appear, when the Exhalation is drawn out in length Gomis. Yather then in bredth, having parts not eqlially difpoied, or diftiné& Maffes, Joy- ned together by thin and rare Exhalations; or they have on the fid-s certainthreds as it were and briftles annexed. For when this is inflamed, the Fire fuddenly Yeaps, either out of the dubtile and chin part of che Exhalation into another part thereof; or it runs out into che fides and thofe Briftles or Appendixes aforefaid, and by and by runs back again; and foi feems to dance, like Goats wantonly Skipping. saben he Burning Burning Brands are, when thé exhalatiom’is drawn out in like manner, rather in brands. length then breadth, having its parts neverthelefs equally difpofed. Forifthis be fet on Fire, it repref¢ents aburning Fire-brand or Beam. And thefe Beams do not moveto and fro as Links or Torches, bur are quiet, and fhine in one andthe A burning fame place. The burning Lanceor Dart commonly fo calle d, feems to be the fame Spear or Meteor with the former. For by thefe Names a Meteor is defigned, whichis bred Dart: of an Exhalation or Fume, drawn out at lengrh,. and having parts of equal thick- nefs, which being fet on Fire doth burn alf together, and fhews the image of a Dart The bur- OF {peat. Nor doth the Perpendicular or Pyramidal Fire, fo called, differ much wing Pillay fcom this, being ingendred of an Exhalation drawn out in Lerigth, and Lighter in its upper part, Heavier in its lower. For being fet on Fire in its upper and lighter part, itreprefente a Pillar fec bole upright 3 and ics lower and heavier part refem- The Cendie bles the Balis thereof. Like unto this is che burning Candle or Torch, Which or Torch. confifts alfo ofa dry Exhalation, drawn out in length alone, and equally thick. For this bemg inflamed at one end, and in fome meafure fhining upon the other patc not inflamed, ic reprefents a burning Gandle or Torch. _ Shooting Running Stars, as Pliny in the 2. of his Natural Hiftory, Cap. 37. calls them: Stars. the Cour fing of Stars(Cas Seneca PhraZes it,in the r. Book of bis Nat. Queft. Ch. 14»). Flying Stars as fome cal them, and falling or fhootifig Stars, becaufe they appear in the fhape of falling or flying Stars, dohappen two manner of waies.. Firft of all when an exhalation inthe upmoft Region of the Air, drawn out in leneth, is corn, diftinguithed and {pred abroad into many particles as ic were. . For the firft parc being inflamed doth {peedily communicate the Firero the other, the Second co the Third, che Thirdto the Fourth, &e. After the fame manner ag one Candle lighted doth eafily light again another newly blowh out; and fo it makes thew of a fhooting Star. Again, whéenan Exhalation fubfifts in the middle Region cf the Air, aud cither by Antiperiftafis of the cold Air is inflamed, made lighter and fo raifed on high, and fhews like a flying Star; or being by the coldnels ofa cloud compreffed and Squeezed, it conceives Fire, and moves downwards, for the modt part fidelong, and’ violently ; and then a Srar feems to fall from Heaven. Alfoa third manner may be added, vig. When an Exhalacion drawn: oyt in length, of
equalchicknefs, andaptto burn, isfec onFire. For chis burning all ona fudden, ~
and the flame {peedily pafling from one part to another, it makes the appearance of a fhooting or flying Star. For we mutt not give credittothe dotape of the Epi- eureans, who taught, shat Stars did really fall from Heaven. ‘For, to ufe the words of Seneca, in L. 1, Queft. Nat. Cap-1. if this were true, there would have been evenow noSrars left yarhe Heaven, For there is no Night wherein many fhoot- ing. Stars appear not. And yet the Stars of Heaven appear in the fame’ place they
they
wereinbefore, They areallasbigasbefore. When many thogting Stars appear, —
the} ale
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Korie Ship {a Une Realoy
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, > them: il
Chap. 2. Of Fiery Meteors. Boiox IV. 107 they foretell Winds to follow. For they argue ftore of dry. Exhalations which
are matter for Winds: whereof Vergil in the 1. Book of bis Georgicks or Hus- bandry: ,
When Stars in Heaven do feem to Fall, and make Through Nights darke Aire, along and Pirie Tracke, °Tis Sien of Winde.
The Flying Dragon is ingendred in the -middle Region of the Air... Now this rte flying Meteor 1s made, when an Exhalation not too clanimy and hot, meets with a Dragos. cold Clcud, and is thereby driven back, and {o either by motion or by Antipe- riffafis, in its upper part, where it is lighter, it is fet on Fire, andfeems to vomic Flamesand Sparkles; but in its middle parc where it is Thicker, and is bowed, it ReprefentsaBelly: and in ics lower part which is Natrower and Scraicer, ic Refembles a Taile.
In the loweft region of the Aire is ingendred, the lic eae or Willie with willy with the Wifpe, near fat and moitft foiles, pooles, Church-yards, places of Publique ibe «ispe, Execution where Malefactors are buried, where are ftore of clammy and fat Ex- or Peg halations. For they being {ec on Fire, either by antiperifiafis of the cold Aire of ith the thenight, or by motion, do appear like burning ‘candles, and are diverfly moved “*hornee according tothe motion of the Air; and therefore they are called walking lights, and fomeétimes they feeme to go before a Man, and then again to follow him,
For when fuch as travel in the night. would come to thefz Fires, the Air be- why when fore them being driven by their moron, thefe Fires being alfo moved with the mo. aman fol tion of the Air do go along before and fly! from then: bur when they runt from /o7es the faid Fires 3 the 4ir behind their backs following them, che Fires do alfo fol- [4¢”
7 0 tow. Thefe Firesdo many cimes draw Travellers out of their way, and make tg
, ° . ri rom bites them fall inco Ditches, Quag-mires, and Rivers: becanfe wayfaring people, a whet
fuppoling that thefe Fires are Candles fhining in the nexc. Villages, do make co- be rans wards them, and leaving the right Way fall head-long into che ‘nexe Rivers and {rom them Pooles they comeat; Or by thefe Fires being generatedabout Watry Places, and ‘9 ft there feekingtheir Nourifhment, they are deduced into the faid Waters. And npreees it 1s hardly to be denyed, neverthelefs, buc that fomtimes the fraudulent lWlufi-
i : . lead Tr ae ons of the Devil doth concur inthe Cafe, Who continualy ftudies the Deftruétion vellers
of Man-kind, and feeks al occafons to do harm. commonly Alfo of a light Exhalation in the fame manner are Bred thefe Meteors called #2 ¥
Helena, Caftor and Pollux, which are wont commonly to be feene of Marirers Helena
atfea, inthe time of arempeft: and if two appear, they are called Caffor and caftor, &
Pollux; if one alone, *ris called Helena: and one is counred unlucky, but ctwoa Pollux.
ligne of faire weather. For fo Plinie Lib. 2. Nat. Hifl. C..37. Thefe Stars :
are of grievous importance, of they cone fingle, and drown the fhips, and if they fall
antotbe Hole, they burnetbem up. But if they come two togetber they aré good Signs
and tokens.of a profperous voyag>, by whofe coming they fay the direfull and threatning
‘Helena is chafed away: and therefore they attribute this Divinity to Caftor and Pollicx,
and fec their Images on the Ship fterne as tucelary Deities whom they invoke
at.Sea 3 as may be feen inthe .4éts of che Apoftles, Gh. 28. 0. 11+ But thefe
things are taken rather from Heathenith {uperftitions then phyfical Caufes.
That appears more true, that when thele Meteors are moved up and down wich
an wnftable motion, they forefhew Winds and Tempefts; and when in the time
ofa Tempeft they fall down inco the Ships, or fkick cro the Mafts, they are a
fign of faire wether and a Calme, For now they fignifie that the blaits of the
Winds and the Tempeftsdo abate. _Howbeic concerning the Scar ‘Helena, thus
Cardan writes inbis 2B. of Subtilties P. 69. Of the fame kind wellnear is
the Star of Helen abouc the Matt of a Ship, which when if falls melts even Brafs-
Kettles, andis a certainSign of Ship-wrack. For it happens only in grievous
Tempefts, and ic cannot but Breed‘ina mott grofs Aire, nor be gathered in che
Ship fave by ereac force of Winds, foascobefecon Fire, and chereforeit portends
immediate Deftruétion. Thefame Author inthe fame plece, endeavourrs to thew a
Reafon why thefe Scars appearing double promife fafety to the Saylors, howbeic
*cisf{carce Of any moment, R2 ; Hicherco\”\
as
x a tenance 4
Fire Clea- Hicherto alfo pertains the Firé which is fomtimes feene on Mens hairs, and ving tothe Garments, and on the Hairs of other Creatures, and upon other Things. gars This arifesfrom a Subtile and Fat Exhalation, difperfed chrough the Air, and of mun fticking to the Haires or Clothes of Men, or out of the tweats of Animals of an * hoc Confticution, ot heated with veheurent Motion, fer on Fire by Antiperiftafis,
or by violent Motion, fomefuch thing happened to Afcauius, of which Virgil
inthe 2 of bis Hineids. Nir ey Sage Ske 3 Le ton of } Aree feng é & tor vc 4 ek Rag ; See oth top of lulius Head, a gliftering Luftre, Hexame And all about bis: Locks a Flame, veithout any burning. ber Uerfes. dd 0K kink A tra + £ame rot fue nunrg
Livie Relates fuch a likething of Servins Tullius, Lib.1. Dec. 1. And Valerins Maximus, Lib. 1. Cap.6. Allo Livie writes in bis 3. Decad. Lib. 5. That when Luciw Martius was making an Orationa Flame{prung out of his Head, which he felc noc, and begoc him great Favour among the Soldiers ftanding about. Moftare of Opinion that thefe Fires’ do fignifie the breaking onc of fome greac Honor or Difhonor, andthatthey have been alwaies taken as figns of good or bad Luck, asthe Hiftories and Exaniples aforefaid do teftifie. Andcherefore fome deny thacchey arealwaies tobereferred to Natural Caufes. That isa Remarkable Paffagerelated by Cardan; that a Certain Man came home to his Houfe after one a Clock inthe Night, andwhen he put off his Cloake, a Sparkle flew from the Cape thereof; and when he tooke his: Cloake againe and laid it off, ic Sparkled againe, fo that: he was double affrighted, and within 15 Daies he was by ‘his Enemies accufed of Witch-craft, andfought for, co be tormented and punithed; but by the advice of his Friends He underwent a voluntary banifhmenc. 7
How Alfo from the fame dry Exhalation Thunder Lightning and Ibunder-bolts do a-
_ thwader is rife. Touching Thunder there are fundry Opinons of the Ancients, as we may fee in eget. Ariffotle, L. 2. Meteor. C. 9. Plutarch deplacit. Phylofoph. Lib. 3. Cap. 3- Seneca in Quaft. nat. Lib. 2. Cap. 17.18. &c. Luctetius. Lib. 6. Nor are late writers
of the fame judgement concerning thefame. Fer Bodinus conceives that Thunder
and moft other Meteors, do not arife from Natural Caufes, but rather ftom the
Power of God, otthe Divel. “ Ariftotle, whofe Opinion is thought to be more probable thenthe Reft, doth conceive that Thunders are thus generated: When
a twofold Exhalation hot and drie, js raifed togerher, and thickned intoa round
Cloud inthe middle Region of the Air : andthe Cloud being thickned by Reafon
of the coldnefs of the placenef{pecially in the upper part chereof,and the hor Exha-
lation being fhut up therein, and befieged on all fides by the cold, ic fights with
the cold, andfeeking an egrefs, itruns this way andchat way,. fhaking che fides
thereof 3! or alfo breaking through the fame it makes that noife which we call Thunder. ‘An Example whereof is feen in Guns 5 when the fiery f{pirit, proceeding
fromthe Coale-Sulphury Nitre, (to ufe che words of Scaliger in Exercitat. 11.
Seft. I. })cannot be containedin the Room it was in when it was Gun powder,ic vi-
olently feeksits 9affage, and fuddenly breaks out, makinga noife like i hunder.
Which happens alfo in Wood and Cheft-Nuts, when they are put into the Fire, containing inthem a hot Expiration. For the faid Exhalation being rarified, and
not finding a placeto containe it felf, ic breaks out ofthe woodand Cheftnuts wich -
a Noite.
Clymical.\- Wowbeit Chymical Operations do afford light to this Do&rine, which do noe operations only declare the Caufe of Thunder more particularly & clearly; but alfo fhew.thae declare th? - & aforelaid Noite is caufed not only by the matcer fhut up and feeking an Egrefs, Lever ation Z ? . “}: of thandiy Hut alfo by the fudden breaking of the Air, caufed by che Motion of Bodies, mutu.
ally abhorring and flying onefrom another. For by the aforefaid Operations
it iseafieto fee, thatas oft as a part of inflamed Sulphur is added to Nicre, a mighty Noife isCaufed, Whichalfoisto be feen in Gun-powder, and in that Preparation of Nitre, which they call Sal Prunelig. Nor doth the common falphur
only worke this-Effe& :buc ehe Sulphur alfo of Minerals and Metals, whenNitre is
added chereto,as appears in the Calcination of Antimony with Nicre : but efpeci-
ally in Aurum Fulminans, or Thundering Gold, fo called,which being {et on Fire, ftrikes with greater force and Noife then Gun-powder, only it moves downwards,
JY, Novis it unknown, thac of Nicre, Sulphur, Quick Lime, and Bitumen mixtures f. a are
4 6&8 BookkV. Of Fery Meteors. | Chap. 2: |
Heniyg {I When | ch he
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after ftom i / Ne | y hus FI hed;
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Chap. 2, Of Fiery Meteors. Book era log
are made, which being {prinkled with moifture, or wet with {pittle only, are fee onfite. Now that force depends not on Sulphure alone, or Nitre alone, but on bothmixedtogether, Sulphur indeed quickly cakes flame, but burns flowly ; buc Nitre is not eafily inflamed, but being once fet on Fire, it burns quickly away and in a moment as it were. And therefore it is from Sulphur. chat Gun-powder fo foon takes Fire; buc chat it burns up fo fuddenly proceeds from N itre, and all the force thereof proceeds from thefaid Nitre. From whence it is not hard tojudg of the Generation of Thunder. For when in the Summer time Sulphurous and Nitrous Vapors are invifibly raifed up by the heat of the Sun, efpecially when the South- winds blow; and afterwards either by the oppolite Winds, or by the coldnefs of themiddle Region they are united and condenfed, it comes to pafs, chat they are there inflamed, and hence proceeds the Thunder and Lightning.
Whence it appears, that ic is not altogether untruesthat Thunder or fomwhat like Thunder
ic may be alfo made wirhout clouds. kor Hiftories witnets that Thunders have may alfobe been heard the Sky being clear: and Pliny relates Lib. 2. Cap. 51. That made with there was aman {mitten with a Thunder Belc,ona clear day; and other have obfer- owt Cloads ved thefame. Which Thuncérs may wel be thought to have been bred of a {pirit anda dry Exhalation, contained inthe Caverns of the Earth, and breaking ouc wich great violence. Which thingismade more credible by what Seneca relates, Kueft. Nat. Lib. 2. C. 30. after this manner: Once upon a time tng was ful of fire: at poured forth an Ocean of burning Sand. All the daylight was darkend with duft, andthe People were frighted by the fuddain approach ofnight. Acche fame time tisteported there were very many Thundrings and lightnings ; which were caufed by the concourfe of dry bedies, and not of clouds; for it is not credible there were any Clouds, the Air being fo burning hot.
Alfo. concerning Lightning there is fome diverlity of opinions, as may be feen Lightning out of the places fore alleadged. Moftrerainthe Opinion of Ariftotle, who held whatitis? that Lightning was an hot Exhalation driven out of acloud, and fet on Fire chiefly by vehement motion, and cafting forch a fhining Light. _
And although the Thunder be before or as foon as the Lightning, yet the Light- why the ning is feen before the Thunder is heard ; u1%.. Becaule the fighe is quicker then the Lightning hearing, and vifible reprefencations of things are more {piritual, and more fit for és (een be= fudden propagation, chen audible. An example whereof we have likewife in fuch /ore she. as cleave Irees in the Woods, where we {ce the blow light, before we hear Pigs is the found. And in Guns, where we Firft fee the Fire before we hear the Report.
A Thunder-bolr differs not much from Lightening ; for it is an Hot and Dr Exhalation, more compact then Lightning, fuddenly breaking out of the Clouds bolt. with great force and violence. And therefore it is not alwaies difperfed inthe Air, as moft other fiery Meteors are, butis cartied often to the Earth - both. becaufe ic is darted out of the Cloud with great force and violence, as alfo becanfe ic confifts of a matter well compact and cleaving together ; yet Pliny tells us(in his Nat. ‘Hift. ‘Book 2. Ch. 55.) that it never finks into the Earth above Five foor. Hence Seneca in Quef. Nat. Book 3. Ch. 57. Lightning which only foines, and the Thunder-bolt which is darted down, are made after the {ame manner. But the former 4s of lef force, and bath leB nutriment. And to fay what ltbink. ina word: a‘Tbunder-bolt.js Light- ning compa and Vigorated.
Ahbacthefe chings may be explained from nearer principles: the Lightning and Theng Thunder-bolc differ only inthe difpofition and plenty of the Sulphur and Nicre, ture of the For the more plentiful and fubtile the Nitre is; fo much more vehement is the thunder- blow : and becaufe of the aboundance of Sulphur, there is more appearance.of fire. ct declae Hence a Cafe may berendred why it lightens fomtimes with Thunder and fom- pb te times withouc.. For thereafon hereof is nor, becaufe che Cloudis fpungy or. com- Principles, pact, fonmatimes {topping the paffage of the Exhalacion, and ocher whiles giving the fame a free Eerefs : (for the Clouds are not fothick as to be able co ftop inthe Lightning :) but becaufe there is fomtimes good {tore of Nitre, ocherwhiles bur lit- tle joyned with the Sulphurous Exhalacion ; therefore fomcimes vehement Thun- der, other whiles little or none is heard.
The Thunder-Bolt therefore is a fiery and thin Nicro- Sulphureous {pirit, and noe a ftone as the common peopleimigin. For the wonderful power aud force of the
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iio BOOKIYV. | Of Fiery Meteors. Chap. 2:
Thunder-bolt, of which we fhall {peak anon, muft not be afcribed to a ftone, bue toa Body much more thinand fubtile, Andif any man will hold, chaca moft folid Stone may fomtimes be bred in the Clouds of Exbalations chickned and coa- gulaced, and be caft down with the Thunder- bole or Lightning asa bullec thor out of a Gun, Ifhallnoc contend with him; yet ithink fuch aching happens but fel- dom. | I conceive it comes more frequently to pafs, that by reafon of a Fhunder-bole falling upon the Earth,cthe fame and what ever matter is apt thereto, is meélred as ic were by Fire, and out of that fluid matter iuch a ftone is formed; tince 1¢ is other- wife a well knownching, that Ironand other Metals may be tuddenly melted with a Thunder-bolt. , Theefidts, Lhe Effects of Thunder-bolts are wonderful. For by it Silver hath been melted of tbundey mens Purfes, and che Purfes no way .hurc or harmed: the iword hath been mel- bolts. | ted, the Scabbard remaining intire; allthe jron hath melted and run down a Foft, the Wood unhurt ; the Bones in live Creatures have been mafhed to pieces and the flefh not coucht; andMartiaaRoman Lady hadctheChildin her Womb kild wich a Thunder-bole, her felfunhurc, as Pliny cels us in his Hit. ‘Nat. B. 2. Cb. 51. Ina word the Thunder-bolt hurcs all hard and folid chings fooner then fuch as are lighe and Spungy. The Caufe whereof Ariffotle taies to be C 3. “Metor.) becaufe it fooner goes through light and Spungy Bodies, thento be able to hurt or burn them. But in fuch things as are thicker, while it ftaiesa little feekinga pafflage which ic cannot €afily find, ic doch the more hurt.. And why the Hogthead being broken by a Thunder-bolc the Wine ftands congealed, the reafon is, becaute the heat of the Thunder-bole condenfes che external parts of che Wine, that the Wine ftands congealed and fhut up in aSkin as it were. Yet Seneca tels us that this ttif-ftanding of the Wine doth not laft above three daies, Queft. Nat.L. 2. Cap. 31. That alfo isto be noted concerning the wonderful power of a Thunder. bolt, which ‘Mevererus rela- ceth in Com. Meteorol. p.140. How that a certain Minifter in che way from Leipficb to Toga, was fo fuddainly caken out of the fight of allmen by a Thunder-bolr, chat he was never feen more. whether ‘Pliny celsusthat the Bay-tree, the Sea-Calf, and an Eagle are Thunder-proofe fome things and cannot be {mit by a Thunder-bolt. B.2. Ch.55. Some add the Hyacinth Stone, ae fafe andother coral. Yet moft men Count thefe chings buc Fabulous, and late authors from then- obferve thatthe Laurel or Bay hachbeen Thunder Smitten : and Scaliger in Bx= oclug SFR 113. difputes againft the affertion of Cardan touching the Hyacinth. The The moti- motion of Thunder-bolcs is commonly ailope or flanting : becaufe the Fire of its ont. _ own Nature rendsupwatds, andthe force whereby ic is caft out of the cloud drives bolts, icdownwards. And henceacaufe may be rendred, why Thunder-bolts do fre- _ quently fmice high Mountains, Towers, Temples, Tali-Irees: becaufe feeing ~Thunder-bolts ate commonly moved aflant, the higheft things are moft Obvious to them, and aretherefore more ofcen hurc by-chem Atwha 1a Winter and Summer Thunderbolts atetare; inthe Spring and Autumn more time of frequent, as Pl ny telsus, Lib.2. Nat. Hift. Cap. 50. Yet lacer wricers fay they are year then- moft frequent inSummer, and feldom in the Spring and Autumn ; andtotheir Opi- der bolts’ nion experience gives witnefs in our parts; for the hotter the weather, themore ide itl Lightnings, Thunders and Thunder boltswehave. Forin great Heats very ma- frequent: ny hot Exhalations are raifedaloft, fic to ingender Thander-bolcs, and through the cold of the middle Region of the Air they are fhut up in Clouds, and out of them _, wiolently driven down. ; The diffe’ ‘As co the difference of Thunder-bolts, Pliny divides them ( in 2, Book Ch. 43. ) a into Predicting and Brute, perfwaded racher by Heathenifh Superfticion then thundes § ae : Bavs i i bolts. any Natural Reafon. Thatisamore convenient divilion of Thunder: bolts, which | Seneca brings in his 2. B. of Natural Queftions, Cb.40. The kinds cf Thunder-bolts (faites he) are the Borer, the diflipacer, the Burner. That which bores is fubrile aid flamy, flies through the ftraiteft pafluges, by reafon of the fincere thinnefs and purenefs ofthe flame. That which diflipates is conglobated, and hath mixc with wt the force ofa fiery and ftormy {pirit. And therefore that kind of Thunder-bolt returns and efcapesthroughchac hole where icentredin. The force of this Thun- der-Bolc being {pred fat abroad breaks what ic fmites, bur doth not pierce ede through ic. Thethird kind, which burns, hatch much Earthinefsinic, andis more | fiery X
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