Book IL. Of Heaven ; and the Stars.

tis Bread without meal. For where ever there is quantity, Figureand Local mo- tion: there muft needs be matter. of matter, andcannot be inany thing without it, and all forms and accidents have no quantity of themfelves, but are faidtohave quantity, becaute of the Quantity ofthe matter whereinthey are. Wherefore fince we fee, that che Heaven hath -quantity, is of acertain Figure, and a determinate magnitude, and locally nio- ved: wemuft needs confefs chat it hath matter in ic. But what kind of matter thisis, whether fuch as this of ours, or fome peculiar : is fo obfcure a Queftion, that refolve which way you will, you may eafily find ar- uments to maintain your Affertion. We deny at the Heaven confifts of one or
Ree Chap. 2.
-more of thefe Elements of ours, which was the opinion ot very many an cient Phy-
lofophers : yet L conceive we fhould not aflign ic any other matter, chen this firit matter ofours, For thereis no need to invent anew one, nor any neceflity to in- introduce a new being, into the Catalogue of Nature: fince what ever is attribuced tothe Heaven inrefpect of its matter, may rightly be arcribuced co this matter of ours. Scaliger cherefore in his Exercitation, 61. does well conclude this Queftion: One matter differs not from another, fave by the Form entring thereinto, where- by it becomes chisorchat. For matter as matter, includes no actin ic felf, and has nothing determinate, but receives all determination fromthe Form. Whereunto this may be added, chat in Heaven there is Quantity, and fome other Qualities, which are common toit and thefeinferior Bodies, and proceed from the firft mat- ter. Which chings being {o the opinion of Avenroes cannot be admitted, who in- vented a new fimple Body not compounded of Matcer and Form, and held that Heaven wasa Body, that was neither pure matrer, nor pure Form, nor any thing of them compounded, but a certain middle thing becwixt thefe, vig, A certain form confifting of ic felf, furnifhed with dimenfions and apt for Local motion. For thefe things feemco be invented without caufe, yea and hard to conceive, That there fhould be a thing (toufe Scahigers words Exerc.61. 8.1. ) in Nature fubfitting ofic felf, which is neither God, nor an Act, nora power; neitherinforming nor in- formed s neither matter nor immaterial; neither a Body nor incorporeal; withouc the Predicaments, and yet having Predicamental Quantity and Qualities. Which what for athing it canbe, lec himfelfconfider. And if ic could be proved, that there is afimple Body not compounded of matcer and Form: verily a great foun- dation of peripatetical Phylofophy will fallcothe grouud. And if there were fuch fimplicicy in the Heaven : there can be perhaps no caufe affigned, why it might ner alfo be admitted in fome fublunary Bodies. ~ Nor if we fhould attribute to Heaven this firft matter of ours, need we to fear thar the Heaven fhould fal and at onetime or another of its own Nature come to de- ftiuction. For according to Zabarella himfelf Lib. de Ortu & Interitu c.11. who neverthelefs inthis point takes part with Averroes, the firft matter, feeing icisa being meerly potential, and acts nothing, isno adequate Caufe of Generation and corruption of things : and every action isto be afcribed to the Agent 5 and to mat- ter, paffion only belongs. Noris matter che fubject of Corruption, fave when it is with Natural Forms corruptible, from which the accidents flow, which have contrarily, or contraries alfounder contrary differences’ Therefore we mutt not deny the Heavensto have matter,though they be noc generated nor corrupted. For chere are two offices of matter. Univerfally and primarily itis givento all things, co fuftain Quantity, andctoreceive motion, and the ations of Agents. For it is the firft fubje& of Quantity, andis meerly paflive, acts nothing, but only fuffers: and all things naturally fuffer, becaufe they have matter. Moreover Matter Is given
to dublunary things, becaufe of Generation, to which it concurs asafecondary .
caule, viz. In as much as itis apt to receive the Action of the Generator. The caufle therefore why there is no Generation nor Corruption in the Heavens is, be- caufe there is nothing contrary to Heaven, by whichit may be corrupted, and be- caufe it has no Particular aptitude toreceive other forms, which is only oppofed toadt, andis really the fame thing with privation. For in Heaven there is no Pri- vation.of corrupciple Forms; becaufe the Heaven hath no immediate aptitude to receive fublunary Forms, . Bur che Form of Heaven does fo difpofe and bind its
fmatter co irfelf, thacichasno Particular aptitude to receive other Forms, but only ~ that fame univerfal one, which is an aptitude to receiveall Forms indifferently ; in
respect of which neverthelefs unlefs a Particular aptitude be added; anda contrary agent
—a
For Quantity immediately follows rhe Nature ©
>
thoue | WV hich |, thae BI foute } ‘fuch tot
that Bi) tode- § who # isa yn and
nats hen tt have yf not 1, For hings, Fits | iftets: |
oye re)
deo Be
conly II in el
Chap. 2.
agent be at hand, no Generation is made. id Cw thofe to confider, who chink the Heaven mutt perifh, if ic have matter ) the Earch which is inthe Centre of the worldis fafe fromvall Corruption nor is corrup- ced, becaufe no contrary Agent pierces fo far, by whichit might be corrupted. We conclude therefore; that ‘Ibe matter of Heaven has no particular and immediate apti- tude to receive coruptibleforms 3 and that it bas only an appetite of perfettion, but not of Mutation, as Scaliger faies. For the Matter becaute it cannot iubtift of ic felf, defires to be perfected by the form, whatever form ir be, whether of a Man or of a Beetle, nor ofits own accord does it lay down one form and take up another; buc the whol viciflitude of Generation and Corruption, depends uponthe Conrrariety of the forms and the qualities iffuing out of them, as onirs principal Caufe : which feeing the Heaven has not, we need not tofear, that ic fhal cometo decay, only be- caufe of itsmatter. Of which fee more in Scaligers Exercit. 17. and 61.
Moreover that is alfo no Inconvenience that there fhould be one matter of Celeftial and Sublunary things. For the difference and excellency of things proceeds not from the matter, but ffomtheform; and the fame firft matter which bears che form of a Mufhrome or Flea, isalfothe fubject of our underftanding, which is ve- rily adivineSubftance, and more noble than Heaven ic {felf,
Nor is it a lefs Controverfic, Whatthatfarm of Heaven is. sAverroes and they.
Dian, miles yooh
which follow him do not allow the Heaven an informing Form, but fay thar ic is a the Form
fimple body, without compoficion of matter and form., But this oy inion has been already rejected. Butwedomore rightly co attribuceunto Heaven an informing Formalfo, fince as we have fhewed it conlifts of matcer. Formatrer cannot fub- fift of it felf, nor perform thofe moft noble actions which proceed from Heaven, belides its motion ; fince itis purely paflive, and no ation belongsthereunto. Yea and matter oficfelf, cannot be moved : for every thing which is movedis an attual Being.
But whether it be formally a foul or not, needs inquifition. It is indeed an old
opinion of the Pythagoricks and Platonicks, that che Heaven has a foul : howbeic the Hea-. | the contrary opinion is truer, which holds chat the Heaven hasnofoul. Forthere vem bas a cual appears no actions of any kind of living Creature therein, which can proceed froma Soul, a
foul; nor has it any of thofe Organs, which are neceffary to perform the actions of a living Creature. The Heavenis not nourithed : becaufe in Heaven nothing is cor- rupted or diffolved, whcih needs to be reftored by nourifhment : nor does it feel be. caufe it has no organs of feeling, nor of other fences, nor is there any end for which the Heaven fhou!d have fences : Much lefs can we allow an intelligenc foul to the Fleaven to inform the fame, left we fal into that Error which many have condemned in Origen, who taught the Stars had fouls and were capable of Virtues and Vices, It is fufficient therefore to attribute to the Heaven a form which is no foul; but yet more noble than the forms of the Elements, by means ofwhich, it is chac which ic 1s, has a certain figure, anda certain power by means of its Light and Influences of a- cting upon thefe lower bodies, andalfomotion. And this is the matter and form of Heaven by means of which it is alfo rightly termed a natural Body. For if ic were deflicute of chefe, a jutt caufe could hardly be found, why ic fhould be cal- JedanaturalBody. Andthis Body confifting of matter and form is termed Fi- thereal.
Moreover the Parts of the Heavenare twofold, {ome quite perfpicuous, which aré
the Orbs, and are {omtimies in a {pecial manner cal’d Heaven, others are not to be pen parts of netrated by our fight, and fhining, called Stars. Touching the Orbs certain weighty ra queftions are moved, and in the firft place we are to enquire: Whether the Heavens p00 0"
} ey . ! : 4 {hicuous be one continued body, or diftinguifbed into divers Orbs or contiguous Spheres. Now fome not, ,
the ancients have endeavored to prove that there are many Heay:ns, by reafon of
the diverlicy of motions, which cannot bein a fimple body: feeing every fimple ‘44 Hea- body, is moved with one fimple motion naturally, as Ariftorle tels us 1. de Celo ch, VHB mee
2. t.7. For when the ancient Aftronomers and natural Ph? lofophers, began to ob- vas
ferve the motions of the Sun and Moon and other Stars; they obferved that all the Stars did not obferverhe fame fwiftnefs and diftance, in their motion, but thac fome were moved morefwiftly, others more flowly, fome never joyned but alwaies keeping the fame diftance one rom another, and others again Coming neerer onto another, eventoa conjunction; thatthe Sun went alwaies in the middle of the
Heaven,
Yea and (which I would have
es i Bs) Hit \ INS Be Hi Wy, i ly '\ mn a | Hi edhe
What i Hei
of Heaven Ve
whether | ‘i {
Some
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ody?
REE ANPING GO AEP Pe gaat TOY
Ta
sf. Boor Il. Offleaven, andthe Stars. Chap. 2
Heaven, and that the other Planets declined fome whilesto the North other whiles cothe South. From which variety of motions they gathered; that the Heaven is not one continued Body, but is compounded of divers contiguous Orbs.
But moft of the latter Writersdeny, thatthe various motions of the Scars do rightly prove a plurality of heavenly Orbs; and they aver that chis variety of mo- tions does not proceed from the number ofthe Orbs, but that it belongs primarily tothe Starsthemfelves. Andin very deed ic is more likely, that tbe Stars are moe ved of themfelves with their own proper motions + andthatthe Heavenisa body, not hard, nor diftinguifhed into realOrbs, wherein they ftick faft and are moved by their motion, but a body fitid like the Air, of-a f{ubftance moft thin and delicate Dp rhes inthe Stars performthbeir motions. For not to {peak now of refractions, of which if the Heaven were folid, there fhould berwo. one by reafon cfthe vapors afcending fromthe Earth, another by reafon of the folid body of the Heaven: whereas ne- verthelefs tchofe skil’d in Opticks andAftonomy, have obferved one only refracti- on which is fenfible and worthy of note: the motions ofthe Comets, do evidently demonftrate that che Heaven is notfolid. For fince itisnow out of Controvertie Cunlefs any wil call in queftion the moft cercain demonftrations of Aftronemers ) that Comets or unufua! Scars (for we fhal not now contend about the name ) have been feen inthe Region of Heaven above the Moon, and have obferved peculiar motions, not like the motion of any other Star fixed or planetary 5 this could noc be, wichout the penetration of Bodies if the Heaven did conlift of folid Orbs : For if the body of cheComet were fixed inthe orb of any fixed or planetary Scar,ic would alwaies keep the fame diftance, from the faid Scar or Planet. Whichfince it docs not, a peculiar Orb fhould be attributed to every Comet, to carry the fame about : Which cannot be; fince the whol Cyftern of Heaven accordingtotheancient Do- rine, is poffeffed by the Orbs of che fix’d Starsand Planets. Alfothe motion of of the Planets provesthe fame. For feeing they are fomtimes neeret the Barth, fomtimes further off, which the Doétrine of Paralaxes teaches, and the appeating Quantity thews; for Venws appears fomtimes fo great that che unwary beholders rake her fora tiew Star; and Mars is fomtimes feen equal to to Fupiter in bignefs = which cantot'any otherwife come to pafs, fave becaute in the fluid and penetrable body of th¢ Heaven,the faid Stars come fomtimes neerer che Earth,and otherwhiles £0 farthel from the fame. And how could Mars be fomtimes higher, otherwhiles lower than the Sun, if both were carried in afolid Orb?
VeeSinc ae Prémifes therefore confidered, we tuft hold that in that fame fluid, penetra- ate moved Dlemoft thin delicate,and invifible body of Heaven, The Stars are moved by a power by a facu!- and faculty implanted in them by God their Creator, without any violent and external ty planted ipmpulfe or carriage. Forchat God who willed andcommanded, thatthe Stars by in them by pheir Motion, fhould defcribe the Times, Daies, and Yeats, gave them power like- aes wife to Effectthe fame. Andifthe Creator could puc fuch Power into the Ele-
ments. Earth and Fire, that ina moft ftreight Line, the one fhould move down ta the Centre, the other upwards from the Centre, why could he not give the Stars fuch a power asto move circularly ? Andtherefore Cicero vainly wonders in his 2. de Natura Deorum, where this conftancy comes in the Stars, this fo great an agree- ment from all Ererniry in fuch feveral motions, how ic can be without Mind, Rea- fon andCounfel. For this faculy of Motion is not quite void ofreafon and Coun- fel, but by the moft wife Creator, ic is granted to thefe his Forms and Inftru- why Afro. MEDLS. Pe Se nomers yee + Mean while ic hinders not, though the Circles and Orbs be retained by Aftrono- taimthe mers.as hypothetes- For fuch figures’ are net without caufe ufed, to defcribe the Orbs. motions of the Scars, as-are defcribed in the faid Orbs, and Circles. ‘ pir Aa Now this Heaverris a‘Body moft fimple and moft pure, of a different nature from ple Bolly. the Elements and therefore a fift ‘Effence fo called by Ariftotle : which alfo is true neverchelefs of the Scars., It #s void of all color cleer and tran{parent, and therefore The Hee cannot befeen. Forthough as Scaliger faies inhis 66. Exercit. SetS. 1. the Hea- ven is not ven feems to be of a blewith orfaphite color: yet itratherfeems fo, than is fo in- colortd- deed, or'even che Air alfo, though neer usit haveno color, yet afar off it feems fo he Color’d. The Reafomis, becaufe it is rhickened, not by compofition of parts, e out by difpofition, For diftance reprefents many parts to the fight, difpofed al a-
4 ’ Yongima vifual line. The
Sassy oteen de ME ra
Chap. 2. Of Heaven, and the Stars, Book Tl. ex ~The faid Heaven ix unchangeable and uncorruptible ( asalfothe parts ) Forthere it % sn= is not any body inthe world, by whichthe Heaven or the Stars, can be affected or “Pangeabie. changed. Contrariwife, the Heaven has powerto work upon thefe lower bodies, Te pada and does diverfly affe& them. For though the chief aétion upon thefe lower bo- jaf piel dies, proceeds from above fromthe Stars: yec muft noc all active power be denied upon thefe the Heaven it felf, wherein the Stars are and are moved ; feeing it alfo has itsform, lower bo- which can no waies beidle. Moreover the Heaven is the greateft of allbodies, fince dies.
it imbraces all other bodies of the world inits Compafs: alfo it has a Spherical Fi- ease cr gure, becaufe it is of all others che moft capacious. Fodieis of
As tothe Nature of the Scars, it is indeed commonly held, that they are the chic= rye @yj
ker parts of their Orbs; butthe truer opinionis, that the moft good and ‘great gizal ofibé God, did on the fourth day diftribute that fame primitive light, which hé made the Starsi firft day, into che Scars, andhence was the original ofall this number of Stars. For it is abfurd to think chat firft light returned to nothing, feeing it was good. Or if any man pleafeto place that primitive light inthe upmoft region of the world, above the ftarry Heaven, and to make that upmoft Region its manfion place; yet it muft be confeffled, chatGodthe Author of the world, created the Stars them- felves ful of light upon the fourth day ; whereas he created the Heaven before, uponthefecondday. Andthis lightis, doubtiefs, a moft noble fubftance, moft excelent, moft fimple, than which among all bodies, nothing is more beautiful, morefweet, nothing moreadmirable: by which allthefe fublunary things ate en- clined and cherifhed: without which this world would have no beauty: this as a- mong bodies it is moft beautiful, fo it is the firft and chiefeft Image of the wifdom, beauty, power and goodnefs of the moft high.
Howbeic, the inmoft nature and Effence of this Light, is unapproachable andunfearchable by humane wit; and therefore we cannot in this darknefs of hu- mane underftanding perfectly underftand the nature ofthe Scars. For feeing the Effences even of thofe things which are about us in this lower world, are unknown to Us 3 “tis eafie to fee how little we can promife our felves concerning the khow- ledg of things fo exceedingly remote.
Very likeit is, That every Star bas its proper fabftastial form, and as heré below,
Plants and Animals do by their forms differ from the Air wherein they live, and one fromanother, fo alfothactthe Scars differ both from the Heaven and one from another, by their fpecifick forms, which appears even from their effential propric= ties and Effects. For the Scars have light, che Heaven has not; and the Stars do ther- by differ one from another ; and Experience fhews, that thefe things below are dif- ferently affected by different parts.
Since therfore we cannot pierce into the knowledg ofghe inner form and Effence oftheScats, lecus weigh and confider thefe proprieties and effeéts which flow from the form and Effence of che Stars. And there comes here chiefly to be confi- dered, Their Motion, Light and Shine, Heat and hidden Infitiences.
And in the firft place the moft wife and powerful Creator, has placedthis powér The Mo- in the Stars, chat every one is moved with a certain motion; andhe chat comman- ‘of the dedthem to deferibe the times by their motion, gavé them a power to move and to °"* perform what he had commanded.
Now thefe Scarshavea double motions For fome are moved withan Equal mo- some far é tion in fuch forc, as they retain alwaies the fame diftatice one from another, are fix'd o- andthefe are commonly cal’dthe fix’d Stars : others have divers motions. nor are thers Pla they alwaies equally diftanr one from another; but now are joyned, and after a "*!* while {eparated, one while they are neerer another while further one from anothers and thofe Scars are called Planets.
Which beingio, they maketwo motions of the Stats, one whereby the fixed whether ‘Scars are perpetually moved alrogether, retaining the fame diftance one from ano= there are ther: the other is both differment for che motion of che fixt Stars, and thereby eve- 176 mole ty Planet is movedafter a peculiar manmet. Thefe motions are vulgarly termed pie ohh the firft and fecond motion, and they teach thatthe firft motion, is chat whereby ah a the uppermoft Sphereis carried about once in twenty four hours, and carries all che other Spheres withit from Eaft to Weft 5 andthe fecond they fay isthat which is proper tothe reft of the Spheres, whereby they move contrary to the Primzanigio- bile or firft Sphere from Weft to Haft, fome more fwiftly, others more flowly ae
whieh °
ee eens tne
8 6 Boox IL Of Heaven, and the Stars.
Chap. Se. | which diftinétion of motion we willingly allow the Aftonomers, if they wil cake it | as an Hy pothefis or fuppofition. Howbeic we conceive this diftin@ion needlefly | introduced into the Schools of Natural Phylofophy, and peradvencure againft the the Confent of Nature: and wethink it no abfurdity to fay that allche Stars are } moved from Eaft to Weft, the fixed ones moft {wittly, inthe {pace of twenry four hours the reft by how much they are lower, fo much the flower, andthe Moon mott flowly, much about the {pace of twenty five hours, only fome nunuts lefs.
For that feems not a fufficient Caufe which they aflign for their fecond motion, wiz. Becaufe we fee the Moon or fome other planet, which was joyned to fonie ix- i ed Star; inthe Weft orthe South, after one or two daies, one or more degrees ye Eaftward, that Star being left Weftward, with which it was before conjoyned, it
becomes nearer and therefore was moved from the Weft toward the Eaft. For if you fhall fuppofe all the Stars to move from Eaft to Weft, and every upper Star to be {wifcer chen the lower, there wil be the fame appearancein the Heaven, and the { dower which move more flowly will be left behind by che upper which are moved {wiftly : whichis more likely to be crue then that the planets move towards the Eaft. Let the Sun and Moon be joyned in one point Weftward_ and ler us fuppofe that the Sun. once intwenty four hours and four minuts, and the Moonin twenty jy | four how's, are carryed about the Heavens; when the day following, the Sun fhal . it be returned co thefame point, the Moon wil be yer diftant therefrom almoft twelve ( degrees, and will at laft reach it after fifty one minuts are paft. Andthis opinion [q@ | which we propofe Plato feems to have favoured in his 7. de Legibus, ( | where thus he writes concering the Sun, Moon, and other Stars. ‘Every one oj tlem I wh goes rourd the fame way, not many waies but one way: though tLey feem to be carried I ‘il! about by various and manifold waies. And that amongft them wbich 1 moft froift, a8 | not rightly judged to be moft flow, andtbat which is moft flow, moft {wift. Howbeit astothe periodofthe Stars, and their return (as they cal it ) tothe fame point of Heaven; it comes allto one pafs, whether youhold the Srars co be | moved with one motion or withtwo. Forthe Moon being departed from one point Be of Heaven, after twenty nine daies or neat upon, fhe is {cen in the fame again, which { {pace is called Menfis Lunariz, the Moonesmonth, The Sun, Venus, and ‘Mercury, ie , return to che fame place in the space of about a year: “Marsintwo years; Fupiter | within twelve years 3 Saturn in che {pace of thirty years 5 the fixed Sears in che {pace be | of 48000 years, which {pace of time they call Plato his great year: and Plato is
!
i {aid to have beleeved chat when fo many yeats are paft, al chings in the world fhal } return unto their old State. |
i Lixin. In thenext place we are to confider in the Starstheir Lwx and Lumen, Light and |@
| men,and Shine, then which the whol world hath nothing more pleafant, and which are iy
. Radi, rightly called by Prancifcus Patricius inthe fourth Book of bx Panangia, the good { hi bow they and great God his greateft and beft Inftrumenc. And firft let us fee what Lux,Lumen, I Hy diftr. and Radius are, and how they differ one from another. Somethere haveteenand i
: if ftill are inthat opinion, that Light is a fubftance and the Form of the Celeftial Bo- , a dies; but their opinion {fwerves from the truth 5 finceno {ubftanrial Form can be i difcerned by the fight. Wemutft therefore. hold, that Lux lighc 1s a qualicy and , Effencial propriery of a lightful body, of it felf perceptible by the fight. Buc t
what is che firft fubje& of light, or, whether all the Stars fhine with their own hy
The stars ght, or borrow it from the Sun, herein the opinions of Phylofophersdovary. For I fine both Lome hold all the Stars fhine with their own proper light, others holdthey al bor- 1k with their COW their light from the Sun, and others again hold that only the Moon borrows own and her light of him. © This is our opinion: That all the Stars do indeed receive fome i] berrmed Yighc fromthe Sun: yet thatthey have alfo fome light of their own, Both which
if igi —_ we aretaught by experience. For firft we may cheifly obferve, it in the Moon, — which in regard of her feveral pofture to the Sunward, hath various Appearances, im regard of the Variety of light which fhe reccives fromthe Sun: thefame isto be ct feen in che reft of the Planets, which are obfervedto be brighter or darker in regard of their feveral poftures tothe Sun. And therefore Orpbeus calls the Sun the quic- va kening Eye of Heaven: Herachtm, the Fountain of Heavenly light; the ancienc Aq Phylofophers, the Heart of Heavens and the Platonifts placed the Soul of the | d i world inthe Sun, as Marfiliws Ficinus cels us in bis Book deSoleCh. 6. The latrer
™ _& Tiray be obferved not only inthe Moon, but alfoin the othe: planets. For in the
Ecclipfe
ec NT Oe Se ST OOrOr>OoOrnrnonrO OOo" Chap. 2. Of Heaven, and the Stars. Boox II. . 7 thei | Ecclipfe of the Moon, we fee fhe has fome light, and the fame appears alfo after tly her conjunction. when we may many times {fee that part of her which is fyom the Mt the Sun, by means of her inbred light : which alfo any one may obferve in the planets HS ae which are lower then the Sun, as F rancifcus Patritins teaches, inthe 7. Book of bis Four |) Panaugia. : Niolt From the light proceed Lumen and Rady; thine and Beams, which Franc. Pa- ae | tritiys faies are two divers things in the 3. B. of bis Panaugia. Thetruth is, where NON, there are Beam there is fhine, but there may be fhine where there are no beams or EDX | raies. For ina Chamber which looks cowards the North, and is not right againft . {tees | the Sun, there is a fhineat noon tide, but no beam or Raies. Andchereforea Ray What. @ i bY) Kit or Beam as he there fhews, is as it were afecondary Lighr, ora brightnefs ari- Beam or rie rot | fing from the firft light, and fhooting to a right and an acute Angle. And &a%. 1 yl fat to |) Lumen or thine, is as it werea third light, flowing from che firft and fecond, not i N, ddthe diffufed into Lines and Pyramids, but loofely fhedabroad. Fira therefore there ut} ,' Loved. is Lax lighe in the'lucid Body ; then there is Ridius a Beam whichis an image of the i iM isthe | light, ditfufed from the lucid body in aright Line; thirdly Lumen or thine, which Haw ppots fl diffufe sit felf obliquely, \ afide the falling of the raies intoall parts of the Medinm, ll "i Welty | And indeed there feems to be fame difference berween a Ray and fhine, or ac leaft ir ai infial is one thing toreprefent the light as a vifible objet and to offer it co the fight, and a ee I another thing cto Mluminate the Air. For light feen from a dark place, ie pinion | does. not enlighten all che air, betwixt the eye and.the lucid thing 5 and bi 4a is | that light which enlightens the Air hardly a furlong, is feenfome miles of, inthe Lay ain jh night time ; yea and the Stars themfelves, are feen by us atan huge diftance in the ti, ‘arvied |) Hight; thoughthey donot illuminate the whol Air. Which difference caufes, AN mil, i that there isarwofold definition cf Lumen or fhine. For abfolutely confidered; it Nt : fhine is the image of light, or the quality of a Lucid Body, whereby it communi- ee othe cates icfelfto other Natural things, affording ic felf totheir fight, and cherifhing A tobe |] them. . But as Shine is confidered in refpect of other things which it inlightens, itis nie point | the act of Colours whereby they betonie vifible. | | . f if which Now concerning Lumen or fhine fome Controverfies ate agitated. And firft cou- , ae eye \g ea ching the Nature thereof there hath alwaies beeh great diffenfions amongft Phylo- eS al Fupiter fophersswhich are not yet compoted, fo that it is dangerous to determine any thing 5. Accin been {pace an this point. PHowber I fhall breifly deliver, what feems probable info obfcure a dent? ~ Fs laos matter. -Now the queftion is whether it be a fubftance or an accident. For there iid dthal | ate very Many Who hold chat it is a fubftance, fome corporeal, others incorporeal, Ait i And they that fay the Raies and fhine are a fubftance, are cheifly moved chereunro, e t and |} becaute the fhiné and Beams are diffufed through rhe Heaven and the Air, and chat Hal i ch ate ee oment’s which feems improper for an accident, which paffes not out of one ara ‘good | fubjectinco another and becaule falling upon adark and folid body they are 1 wine reflected and leap back again. And thofe arguments could almoft move me unlefs i nand the fame arguments, did make as much againft all vifible, yea, and fenfible {pecies i a\ Bo- or reprefentationis, For, neither are other vifible {fpecies moved with the motion He ran can be ofthe Air, and they are in a moment diffufed through their whol Sphere: Yea, 1 iW pyand andfome alfu, witnefs the Eccho, is reflected And therefore as oft as I chink of this ea | . Bi matter; I thus complain of the ob{curicy of Nature wich chat moft learned Phy lo- HN | rom | opher and Phy fician Hieronymus Fracaflorins. | For | What fhall 1fay, Poor wretch, that Ido, what life that Head now 2 ieee. bie | ‘RefileB in my mind, and alwates bufily fearcbing Verfes in On After Nature, rho fill fises, and leaves me behind Her. — Imitation ton 4nd when a while fbbas fhevwed her felf, then ftraight ina moment of the Las a | Proteus Jike to atboufand fhapes, Sheturns Her Vifage. ting.
ve And fo She leaves and vexes me, continually mourning, a q For loft Labour, and old Age, fo vainly beftorved. ee For when of late l bufily Sought, thofe thinly appearing | ‘Hoey Images that flow from things and foed them allover, | can “ind to the Wayles woods went alone tothe Silent — Fie | ih Secret (hades, there Ifound, bow by thefe fheras I deluded oe Ney Was, though they (nite aleoaies our fenfe and ftill they affail ws. ‘Aol vu Paffing and Repafjing through the Doors of our fenfer, >,
att ! “Haunting our Sout all day, and in thé night when She fleepeth: aly, | i | | r L Yee. \\ i ; ne i b, R ‘
> BSS,
ah ee eel
Tr eit ae pace a? 5 ag
Chap. 2.
Te a Re ere ea a
ve may fay what is probable, that opinion feems to be crueft, wi
Lumen, aati Hoke is fori a Body nora fubftanceincorporeal, but an accident, and dight, or vattl produced by a lucid Body ina tran{parenc Medium whofe act itis. For if sites jie ee hi Jae were a body, fince it is diffufed through the whol Air, andis received by
accident he Air, there would bea penetration of Bodies.. Moreover, if it
ub- ft Ria a olde pee Baie it fhould be moved fucceflivly intime. Fora Body cannot be moved
ther Co'po- +. an inftant through a Medium filled wich anot her Body : becaute the middle Body veal or in- through which iris moved, would refift the fame in its motion. Buc we fee the eliating light Ried far andnearinamoment. Andthatit is ho ineorporeal and {fpiricuad fabitance is hereby apparent: inthat fpiritual fubftances fall not under our fenfes; or have dimenfions; both which are true of Raies and Light. E Bs whether hat light therefore is no fubftance but 4 paces cara na 2, ding Pr light be 2 Whether it be areal or Intentional accident ei nan ‘ eae cn aa ef veal or in- ammongft the expotitors of Ariftotle. And in the 4 PAAce APE Shad h ate tention ftand the fenfe of chis queftion. An intention ah Sa laa } g,tho ; at i accident. ommonly taken only for that which depends upon the vee eaticn ) ie ie $ - without it, isnothing, viz. Foran intelligible Aaah re eit ci heats without the Soulto our underftanding, either imme ate ane as ni the notions, of mediately by the mediation of the firft, fuch as nat 1€ ees pees yet herein a more general fenfe, the word Nae aM i that bobs #0 e Image and reprefentation of another thing without the Mind, that : Ms ay t rays prefencarion of a fenfible fubjeét in the Medium; and ai HRC ay Ehie cache . for every fpicitual {pecies reprefenting areal object, whether it be ee e ape - leG@tual. Sothe Collor whichis in our Cloaths or on atree, is called real; that which is in a Looking-Glafs, and isthe Image of the fad in pie “ae be which from the tree is fhed upon the Cloaths of him aa arya CE ify 3S Salat ; an intentional color. Andin this fenfe we hold, Me a Pic ake Oe HN quality : yet that neverthelefs, itis a real being, as having ue ON n e an ge out the operation of ourmind, yea, and that it pets more 2 oh ce hs sb intentional {pecies fo called, and that 1t 1s ordaine ea 23) :. ae pike ae vThade but alfo for other effediual operations. Others dot pais: 8 ‘ . preven A me light is a fpiricual quality, not principal or real, As rat ne ma ; ial. il t : é isa great difference betwixt principal or material, an Pan Agri i as ae the Former are not the image of another thing 5 they are ahaa ee rg ah jet ; ae ceflively, and are moved in time according to the mo ' sini eed a3) id shit : 4 cally in any parc of the fubject; they are not eel er ‘a diff: 9 oa Whe ve re ject, differing only in number, and kept unconfulea vs 1 svete a sa e contrary holes in fpiricual Qualities; as we may 4e€ 18 ene SY mee or ihine is the Image of Lights *tis fhed through the whol Alina moments flea iets Alegtaing tothe motion of the iubject.. For though ante foe - aie alae et the fhine of light is not aed inane Bi fame Me of the Aat man whol lucid Body from whence ic comes. and eae a pe > y images of lucid Bodits of lights are kept diftindt an Bees sae vaca bea ene A Ray or beain is divided intoa right, a I. flex, mami eric Genie The ¢ivi- 5. termed right or ftreight, which paffes from the. 10g! ys CAs Ua
58 Boo x II. Of Heaven, and the Stars.
; : ‘ch lightin thick dark Body re- fion of a 1 Aark Body. Thacisreflex, which hghting upona yikes drance of a dark Boay-. ; ) x abate ye +f wa back. ‘Thac is fraét, which paffes out ofa thinintoa grots Medium, as that ag which comes out of che Air into the Water. That is refract, ating te fe eg thick Medium into a thin. Howbeit Scaliger opp: {es che cerms Of a reflex and frac PR ps ‘1 his Exercit. 75+ Sett. 10- and conceives, not without caufe, that rhac 5 4 i . Z af . td enich is commonly called reficx, fhould rather be termed frat : ae reflex commonly fo called,.is not one Beam bur cwo 3 ene falling on. and anoc er reboun- din aa and that the fract, ought rather to be rermed thed, oF pow red abroad. : hat is one Ray,. whichis in the Water aiid inthe Air; differing only in the va- For tha \ay, y being thinner in the Water, thicker in the The Hea NICLY > and denfiry of patts, cing toy ir. 3 5 4 Re b lide- ven co the . he Heavenly heat comes to be conlide : ight and Shine, the x 2 Srarsdo—s After Lux and Lumen, Lig : ‘AHA although, not only fome of
. 2 to be fearched into. nee not there- red, ard che canfes thereof Perehkeats 1 SR but of the latter writers alfo, have been of opinion, that the Heavens
wi L ‘ rhey are ofa fiery Nature, and have inth m vag land Stars dotherefore heat, becaufe chey y Hee fiery.
nutate Fite! heat
the]
the ft
Bod moti thes comin And in inferto inferig cuir this tha Lon betty Fon, thefteh Tot fu “bth Big Calg AeVart Now; that of t) is Afi thoy
| ule of
Porth old i I
—_ co Ns" «asses “™ Py ate” ——lCUF
gercit. {aics, that he did not beleeve the Son of Roes, who faid
inferior Bodies: Forthey who hold that the Heaven b
Chap. 3. Of Heaven, and the Stars. B 0.0.x, LI, | Heat formally, asa Nacural accident, by means whereof they again heat orher things: yet that opinion is by moft men rejected, and it is relolyed, that the Hea- ven though it is noe of its own N attire hot, hach yet a power of heating thefe.inferi- or Bodies 3 andas Scaliger conceives in his 23. Exercitat. that the heat is indeed from the Scars, bixtnor in them, but in thefe bodies beneath ; and in the 74, Evercit. Se. 2. that calefaction or heating does primarily and of it felf belong co the Sun, without any Medium, as to a firft Body, the author of Hear, but not che, firft fubject thereof. But ifany nian fhall hold, that the Scars are hot, not witha fiery heac; but wich an heat proper to chemfelves, I fee not by what folidreafon, hécan be confured. Forthereis no caufe why the Heaven fhould be void of all qualities. And Heat feems to bean individual conpanionto light. Nor need any man fear, thar che Heaven fhould be corrupted by chefe inferior Bodies, if icbe hor. For fince the Heaven does not patticipate with chefe inferior bodies; éither in the Na- ture of its Effence, or its Qualities : the inferior bodies no waies act upon the Cele- ftial. Nor was Carden the firft that held heat to bein the Heaven, but the Arabian Phy lofophers long before, and Mirandulanus and others who followed them. For thus wrices Fob, Picus Mirandulanus in Ajtrojog. Lib. 3. Ch. 4. Heat follows 1 asaptopriety thereof, not fiery heat, nor Aereal! but Celedtial ; ty ofthe Heaven, as lightis, fay an heat moft effectual and fay things, cherifhing allthings, moderating all things, . From the Premifes fome light arifes co char Queftion, how He lower Bodies ?’?Tis commonly held chat Heaven hears t} Burt touching motion, ’tisa doubcful cafe.
ghe a proper qualie ing, peircing al
aven heats thefe How Hea: 1¢m,,by its motion and lighr, ven beats
it cannot indeed be denied, that afwife oe motion ofa folid Body, does heat tte Air next unto it: fince experience fhewsthat.”
tobetrue. Formotion does heat by attenuating, it makes the parts of the Air chin, and fo heats them 3 yea and if it be more vehement, turss them into fire. For - the fire being, as hotter, fothinner, thenche Air. Ifthe Air he a little more atte-
nuated, the Form of the Air can no longer iublift ina chin matter, buc che form of Fireisintroduced. But this is doubted, whether the Heavens motion, produce
heat in thefe lower Bodies ? fome holds the motion of the Heaven pierces as faras py ppp; the Earth, yea and into the inmoft bowels thereof, and produces heat by making the motion the Airthin, and by grating thereupon. But contratiwile, Scaliger in his 23. Ex- of Heaven » thac the Heavenly 2 « caufe buc hac through the fwiftnefs of 4 Heat # » by their motion gtating upon
Bodies did not warm by any heat in themfelves,
motion, both heat and light came from the Stars the Airs and held that che caufe of the motion of Fleaven was, that the Scars might communicate their virtues to the parcs here below, but noc chat they fhould heat, And indeed great caufe there isto doubt, whether the Heavens motion do heat the
y its motion, warms thefe
a folid Body, by che Cis- wheeled abouc. Bucthac
bodies of che Stars perform ,, fre thefe lower bodies, by LCa= bas nat its 13 next the. Moon, receive effential
gree of heat before, by ics. own beat from
Chot, it werenot fire. And therefare 'eeve
inferior Bodies, do all prefuppofe, that che Heaven is cumvolution whereof, the neighbouring Elements are this isfalfe, hath been already declared. Nor canthe that withtheir motion, nor does their motion reach to fon of their fo great diftance. Nor does that fice which heat from their motion. For ithath the higheft de Form. For if ic were not inthe higheft degre the fire hath not its effential heat from the Heavens, but an accidental heat, ag. the moft fubtile Scaliger, inhis 23. Exer citation; faies dubrilly; Yea, and obf{curely enough. For what heat can beadded to chat which is hot in che higheft degree ? But peradyenture, thacis thus to be underftood. That the fire receives nor effen- tial heat fromthe motion of the Heavens, but hath ic from its own form 3 but it is nevetthelefs preferved by Heavens motion.
Now it is commonly held a clear cafe, that the fhine is the Caufe that of Scaliger in his 75. ‘Exercitation, may give occalion of doubti b he) # an accident bred by the Heavenly Bodier, and through the Heaven, without any ©enle of affettion thereof, brought to the Aire, and that not by tbe “thine, but both with and pape vathout the fhine. Andindeed the Raies or Beams, rather then the fhine , are the.
ofheac : though The fine ng. Heat Claies # not the
caufe of Hear. | | , For there isnot Heat, where ever there js fhine, and in Cold ts not want of light ; feeing in the middeft’ of Win
Winter, the Gaufe of ohe { | ae
ter, there are many times as
_ % {
60 Bo ox ILI. Of Heaven, and the Stars. Chap. 2. 3 ag . eee _—— Peat deer BI ese ENS SNR Le uae, MEE Bie In as cleat and bright daies as in Summer, but it isthe obliques of the Suns beams. | “ And therefore when Lumen or fhine, is faidco be the caufe of heat; the Beams or | i raies are tobe underftood. | A How the But how the Raies or Light does hear, Dodors are nct yetagreed. Some are of | ae Raies or the opinionrhat light therefore heats, becaule it ratifies and makes thin the Air, ) i Beams do after the fame manner as Motion does 3 and that the dc ubled Raies doit ina {pecial | er ebeat? nianner.’ For thoughthe incident and {ingle Raies, have alfo che power of hea- er ting and attenuating : yettheir force, they fay, is weak; bucthedoubled Raies Be ii beating one againft another do more ftrongly grate upcn ‘he Air andrarifie the ‘hd a | fame. Howbeit many do contrarywife hold with probability enough, that the | * My light does of its own Nature produce heat, and that a Kay compounded of a ftreight | af . one andareflex. does heat more thena fimple, not becaufe cwo Raies {miting one i He againft another do grate upon the Air (for how fhould that great upon the Air ft which is no Body? ) but becaufe, that portion of light which was to th | go ftreight forward, being hindred by an Opake Body is reflected,andjoyned with = fi ; the incident Ray,and fo virture conjoyned becomes ftronger then that which is dil- ey perfed. Hencefome Raies are ftronger then ocher fome to excite Heat. For thofe Bil | which fal perpendicularly, and reflect upon themfelves, are of al others moftef- jy, i _ feétual: and thofe are next thefe moft powerful, who go leaft into oblick Angles ; sel " pai pek but che more they go oblickly, from the point of incidence, the leaft heat they raife. ” ) pol fen For the nearer the Sun comes to our Zenith and the directer his beamsfaluponus; | Hei (i (tual. {@ much the preacer heat is caufed. Andit goes contrariwife inthe Winter, when ef i the Sun darts his Bean's uponus oblickly.” i a, The Stars Now it will be worth our while to enquire whether the Heavens do not alfo fe I ave net {ome other waies work upon thefeinferior Bodies. There are fome Men found fo fit | placed in filly asto dare to deny, not only other more noble actions of the Heavens upon rat fe things below, but alfo their power of heating; andto hold that the Scars were fer ‘it ornament fet in the Heaven only for ornaments fake like Golden Spangles; of which feck i : fake. of men Nicho. Frifcblinus feems tohave been. But away with fuch Barbaroufnets ! ia i , Afclepius was long fince of a better underftanding, when he thus wrote co King An- Ci Ii mon : the good operations of the Sun, arénot terminated inthe Heaven and Air - | alone, but even in che Earth, they pierce into the deep bowels thereof : from whofe " Judgment, the learned Men of lacter ages, have not receded, but all have caughr, ie that Heaven acts upon thefe lower Bodies, and isa caufe, of nuch good to mortal hig f, Men. For nothing in the whol Univerfe is idle, nothing made in vain, but all a things as they have their Forms; fo by them they operate and act. . Experience has not to be contradicted does witnefsthe fame. For we fee andfeel, howthat by | ue the Heavenly Bodies, through the various augmentation of heat, the changes of Hchep times and feafons, and the viciflitude of generation and corruption are caufed 3 _ Talent, ie rempefts are raifed; the humors of Animals, efpecially fhelfifh do encreafe and =f MM i Jeffen according as che Moon Fils or Wains, Let them go therefore, who deny the Cals | whether SLeavens to have any virtue, and let us confider ; whether befides their light the Hea- ce she Hea- venly Bodies do work uponthings below, alfo by another peculiar and lidden way, | He ver works wobich they call influence 2 Moft indeed of thofe who write againft Aftcology, fay | byinflw- thatthe light only of the Heavenly Bodies, which is varioufly communicated to = te He ei ae feveral places according tothe variety of the Heavenly motions, is of it felf fuffici- eel | Whodier, ent co produce all the effects, which are produced by the faid Bodies. Yet we jf Letiey ; | muft hold the’contrary, viz. That the Heaven, not only by its motion and light Change th | and the heat thereon depending, buc alfo by certain peculiar powers, whichthey jj eG call influences,’ does a&t upon thefe lower Bodies. For many effects proceedfrom | | Va 48 Heaven, which cannot be afcribed to light. For light may be kepr out, by a dark a Pi vy | or dente Body 5 whereas many things are generated by the concurrency of Heaven | a ie inthe profoundeft Cavities of the Earth, under che Waters, whether neither the | ita Sm ae light of Heaven nor the heat produced thereby can pierce.. Andverily fince there 9 sty | Tbe Hea: +¢@ in the Load-ftone and other vulgac things, rare virtues to act upon diftanc * (9 “ure; | ‘ : sel ks chings, without any light: we ought not to deny thefame tothe Heaven, fo Mag- | Second i things mae nificent,a, Body. | Bodies de 7 terial, but Howbeit we muft enquire how far this Influx of the Heavens extends it felf, and Change rh : does A uysif what thinysic works. Itisnottobe denyed, that the Heaven atts upon all jf Aidy astra a" material and merely Naturabthings : but it is a queftion, whether that Celeftial Influx, § Mt Nee,
she fo: do |
; 33 Rena
+ f ie Ml! Ee “4 J “ a * Wize. & ‘ ails x 7 . . \ b! - ~- 7 :
.
& URS UZ : (i aes er ee ee Fe te CH Wasted: sey ‘ tee : as £. iQ Sey eA Eon
AS a rN ere ere
chuld Fan, wise
porealand material Aganc, ic acts only upon corporeal and material things, but our willisa powernet allied to matter. Mediately neverchelefs and inditedly, viz. by Mediation of the Organs of our Body, w hich being varioufly Qualifies do move and provoke the Fancy and the fenfible appetite, and thereby the will; che ftars may encline our wiltothis orthat. Upon which ground ’tis alfo commonly faid,rhac Mens manners follow the temperament ofrheir Bodies. Howbeit, neither the cemperament,nor the ftars by the temperament do compel but only encline.For though any one through aboundance of Choler in his Body, be enclined to anger, and through flegm to idlenefs: yet ic remaines in the liberty of his will, eicher to refrain or give the reines to his anger ; ot Co give himfelf co labor or totake his eafe, Hence we niay ealily know what to think of Aftrology, which is faidco foretel whist i 16 fu.ure events,by obfervation of the Heavenly Bodies. It is not to be denied, that pe thaughe Aftrologers may many times probably forerel fempefts, Rains, Barrennefs and % ath fcuitfulnefs of the Earth, Difeafes, aad other fuch like Natural effects, which Na- siddione ? turally depend upon the difpofition of the fublunary matter in refpect of heat cold, , Moifture, Drinefs, and other fuch like qualities,and niay betide {ublunary Bodies. ‘Yet Experience fhews that they cannot alwaies certainly forecel fuch things as thefe. | ; For feeing there is requifite to thefe kind of effects, not only the influx of the feavenly Bodies, whichis the univerfal Caufe, buc alfo a certain difpolicion of the Earthly Globe, which affords matter to Rain and other Meteors, and alfo of the Matrer and {ublunary qualities, whichare all unftable and fubject to change, and cannot be fufficiently difcerned by the wit of man: the judgment and ptogno- ftication cannot alwaies be firm andcercain. Much lefs can any thing be certainly foretold concerning hunian ations which depend upon the wills of Men, and cou- ching things contingent and fortuitous. For though thefe things depend in fome meaiure, as hath been faid, upon the temperament : yec becaufe our temperament does not compel our wil, andthe Heayen it felf is not the immediate and principal Caufe of the temperament, ic is alfo hard inthis Cafe to forece! any thing with cer- tainty.
Not dare the founder Aftrologers themfelves attribute any greater efficacy to che Stars, nor to themfelves any greater abilicy of Prediétion. - Whence alfo Prolomy himfelf, dePred. Aftronom. Lib. 7, ceaches that thofe things only can be foretold, in the Calculation of Nativities, which depend upon the temperature, wig. That the Body of fuch an one is fo andfo, and his manners fo and fo, whence fuch and {uch events willfollow, becaufe the quality of the Heaven fuicable tothe tempe-
- rament, is fitto produce a good habic, or contrary thereunto. And he himfelf faies an terms exprefs, that thofe who forerel other things, which have not Natural Caufes, are coufepzig fellows, that abufeche people. — Ptolomy therefore che Prince of Aftrologinédis hath fet them their crue bounds and limits - within which never- thelefs, 241 the Prediétions which he delivers in the followiig Books, can hatdly be contained. Andthe fame Auchor alfo teaches in Lib. 1. That many things befides the Heaven, do concur tothe Temperaments of Particular petfons, and that che feed falling from the Bodies of their parents, hath the chiefeft force, alfothat the Countrey makes a difference, and that education and Cuftom have no {mal force co change che temperament.
The Caufes of many Sympathies and Antipathies doubrlefs, betwixe the Hea venly Bodies and thefe things below, do proceed from chefe hidden influences, the inquilition whereof does belong unto another plate. Mean while lecushold with that opinion ofthe Chaldzans and Affyrians; recorded by Pfellus, viz. That there vs a Sympathy betwixt things above and things below.
_As tothe other adjunéts of the Stars, viz. Their Figure and quantity ¢ thac thejr The Figure Figure is Spherical is Demontftrated. Firft, By the [llujinations of the Moon : of the tars Secondly, By the Ecclipfes; che fight of all Mcn wherever inhabiting : fince plain is Sphéii Bodies do change their Figure as often as thofe who look upon: hem from helow;do Cals change cheir placeand Scituation.
_ And whereas the Stars appear flat like dithes § that Comes from their over Broat | Giftance, forall lines drawn from che Eyeto tlie futface of a Sphzrical Body fat
ae te OF oN
) :
| ie 2 i; Tr. 7 fait 4 SH ie PRLS pub Ne Pa
hae
nee ta A tt eae
om
EI PBA E Eg eR PD eee pats
paooKk II: Of Heaven, and the Stars. Chap. 2.
ee
off, appear equal to che middle or perpendicular line, drawn from the Centre of che Eye, to the Gentre of the fpherical body. Vitello B. 4. cb 65+
The Stars are of two forts, the Planets and fixed Stars, as was faid before. Thofe are called fix’d Stars, which are in the uppermoit part of Heaven, and in their mo-
fixed, end cions do alwaies keep an equal diftance one from another. The Planets or wan-
dring Stars, are not fo called, becaute they really wander, ox are moved with,an un- certain motion, but becaufle though they holda certian rulein their motions, yetin refed of the fixed ftars, they havea more free kind of motion, andare fomcimes in one, another while in another part of the Heavens.
The Planets are commonly reckonedto be but feven. For though Favorinus in
ber of the in Gellius B. 14. cb. 1. did doubt whether there were only feven Planets 5 and fup-
poted there might be more, though not feen byus, inregard of their exceeding ei- ther {plendor or altitude: yer becaufe neither experience, nor reafon can evince there are more, the vulgar number has been retained hitherto.
Elowbeit amoneff che lace Aftronomers Galileus a Florentine, has found out cer~ tain new Planets; formerly not known orfeen by any. man, by help of his optical Tube or profpective Glafs; which he obferved co move about Fupiter, and cald them the medicean Stats (from Cofmos medices the Duke of Tufcany,’ fo cal- led, towhomhe dedicated his labors ) alfo the Jovial Scars or Fupiter’s Stars ; whofe number and motion he defcribed in a Book called Siderius Nuncims - whe re- inthe defcribed other things by him obferved inthe face of the Moon, in innumera- ble fixed Stats, the Galaxy or Milky way, and cloudy Stars, worthy of confide- ration.
Aftronomers at this day reckonthe fixed Srars to be 1022. but there are more in
Unt the deedandin truth. For even Pliny in his Nataral Hiftory B. 2. cb. 41+ faies chat fixed Stars 3-165) men had reckoned 1600. remarkable for their effects and ufe; and chofe
that have in our times failed intothe South parts of che world, relate chac they have obferved more. Andtherefore though we may grant to the Aftronomers, that there are fo many fix’d Stars which may evidently be obferved, andmay conducce to aaftronomical Galculations : yer if any thal contend thac there are indeed no more, we fhal ftop his mouthwith that of Az hin in his 16, BP. de Civitate Dei cb. 2.3. Whofoever (faies he ) boaft that they bave counted and {et down tbe total number of the Stars, the. Authority of this Book © Gen. 15+) does condemn them: and that there are indeedmore, the obfetvation of the forelaid Galieus, does evince.
Alfo there is Lome,concroverfie rouching the order of the Planets: Metrodorus Chi-
ibe aa 3, Anaximander and Crates, as Plutareb informs us in Bis 2.de Placit. Phylof. ch.19+ © held the Sunto be higheft, next hun the (Moon, after her the fix’d Stars and Planets,
Plato, and ali the Greck Phylofophers ina manner, did. beleeve the Sun co be next the Moon. Ptolomy p\aced the Sun in che middeft of che Planets, and made fuch an order of the Planets, as that che Mvon fhould be loweft and next the Elements, ‘Mercury next above her, Venys next above him, inthe fourth placethe Sun, inthe fife Mars, inthe fixt Jupiter, inthefeventh Saturz, inthe eighth the fixed Stars, which opinion is by moftmen followed. For both che obfervation of the Paralla- xes, and other Aftronomical reafons do confirm the fame.
For the greater Parallaxea Planet has, the neerer it is tothe Earths and che lef- fer parallaxe, the furcher fromthe Earth. Butamongftallthe Planets, che Moon has the greateft Parallaxe 5 “Mercury fomwhac a leffer; Venus yet a leffers and the Sun the leaft. ry a little furcher off thanfhe, Venws more remote thanhe, and che Sun more re- mote than Venws. Moreover theMoon ob{cures and cakes out of our fight Mercury, Venus andthe Sun; which could notbe, if thefe Planets were lower.
Neverthelefs, although this/be certain, and the reafons aforeiaid do fuiticiently
demonftrate, thac che Moon is below Mercury and Venus: yet ic is not thereby pro- .
ved that Venus is higher chan Mercury. For fuppofe the Moon obf{cure Venus and Mercury: yet ic does not hence appear, whether Mercury ox Venus be next the (Moon, or whecher Mercury be below or above Venus. Nor do the Parallaxes de- monftratethefame. For though they teach that the Moon is next the Earch, be- caufe it has the greateft parallaxe: Yet that which is vulgarly reported of the Pa- f ca\laxe of the Sun, Venus and Mercury, isnot fo certain. For lacter Aftronomers
St ee : have obferved, that Mercury hasmany times the fame Parallaxe of tche.$un, Venus oft
| Ute 2
Whence we collect, that che Moonis neereft che Earth, Mercu-.
Conte 8 a) Korn
Al Malia Stars o hams,
Hete ftom th
1 motions
nnd, b Ib, Area Gon
Nowe
May oft lone whi UDG COnls 9 den; lj COriys, th
They
i. ane enema eo? POR Rha) Un ee en ee eee Chap 3. Of Heaven, and the Stars. Book II. oftrimesthe fame, and oftentimes alfo a leffer: abe thac moft noble Aftronomer,ro invent a new difpoficion of the Planets ; with which as mote probable, moft Aftronomers at this day content chemfelves, cilfome bod fhalteach chem better. Buc whacever Scituation of the Planets we fhal allow, yee this remains certain, that ic cannot be defended, unlefs we hold, as has been fhe- wedbefore, that the Heaven is no folid body, and chat there are indeed no Orbs therein of which it fhould confift. Which if it benot allowed, but we fhal include che Starsin cheir Orbs; there muft needs be penetration of bodies, iftheir motions be falved ; which the motions of the Sun, Venus, and ‘Mercury do chiefly declare, And moft probable itis, which alfol} propounded before, thac there is nota dou. ble motion of the Planets, one from Eaft to W eft, anocher from Weft to Eaft, buc that all che Planets are moved from Eaft to Weft; fince Entities or Beitigs arenot rafhly to be mulriplied, and without nheceflity : and fince ic fuffices that the Stars have an internal principle of their motion 7 “tisneedlefstoadan external and vio- lentone. thar a violent motion is contrary toa hatutal, andchac a fimple motion fuits with the celeftial bodies being fimple; and that as the fire is moved upwards, the Earrh
downwards, fo che heavenly bodies are natutally moved with a circular or whee- ling Motion.
Aftronomers have reduced th rer knowledg and mem and other things, which they cal Conftellacions. Conftellations is of exceeding Antiquity, and w ter the flood; witnefs, not only the moft ancient Poers Hefiod and Homer, but alfo the holy Scriptures: for in Fob 9.9. mention is made of Aréurys, Orion, andthe Pleiades. . | et
Now credible it is char the Aftroncme conftellations who were ftudious
e moft confiderable and vifible fix’d Stars, for ber-
Which diftinGion of Figures and os as known either before, ot foon af-
rs were Authors and Inventers of thefe of the Heavenly bodies, alfo Sea-faring men, as appears by the Souchern Conttellations, found out by che Navigasors of the orimer Age and by them named, of which Virgil was awate, when he wrate, Navita dim ftellis numeros és‘ noming fecit. When the Sea-men, humbred and nam/’d the Stars. Alfo Husbaudmen, who in daies Gf old wanting the benefit of Calendars or Al: manacks, were fain to begin their Labors, according to the appearance of certain Scars of Conftellations. Wheiice alfo ir happened, thac fome Stars have divers hames, according as the Aftronomers, Sdilers, or Husbandmencal’d them. Hete allo is to be obferved, that the ficns of
ga
Which caufe moved Tycho Brabe
oriesfake, into certain figures refembling living Creatures firitstion ,
| , the Zodiack or Aufterifms differ Tie Cone fromthetwelve houfes, each of which has thirty degrees, according to which the flellatious motions of the Sun; Moon and other Planers a
mind, but noc totheEyefight, Bucrhe ligns of the Zodiack, are Stars vifible co the Eye, reduced into certain Images, which Images, are not equal, but fome greater, ochers leffer, For theConftellation of Virgo than Libra; and Libra than Gemiii.
Now thefe Conftellations are divided into thofe ofthe Zodiack, andthofe with: out the Zodiack, whichare Northern or Southern, For the Zodiack is the path- Way of the Planets, out of which though the Planets, excepting the Sz, do decline fome whilesto the Sout 1, othetwhilestothe North, fromthe eccliptick which is the Saw s path : yet they never wander out ofthe latitude of the Zodiack which conlifts of fixteen degrees. The figns of the Zodiack are Aries, the Ram 5 Taurus the Bul ; Gemini, the [wins > Cancer, the Crab: Leo, the Lyon 3 Virgo, the Mai- den 5 Libra, the Ballance; Scorpio, the Scorpion 5 Sagitarins, the Archer; Capri- cornus, the Goat-Buck ; Aquarius, the Water-man > Pifces, the Fithes,
Bast ie Northern Signs are Cwenty one. The Bear greater and leffers the Driigend ‘Bootes ; Ariadne ber C rown;, Hercules; ¢ epbeus 3 the Harp; tbe Swan; Caffiopeia : Perfeus; Heniochys , the Serpents Serpent aria 5 the Arroks the Radeiteroee per the Pegafus, or Plying Horfe; The little Horfe; Andromeda; the Trian- Be: . i The Southern figns as yet difcoveted are fifteen: The Whalex Orion; Eridanvse | River; the Hare; the Dog 3 Fhe little Dogs theSbip “4rgos the Hydra or Winters bakes theCups; theC, Ove 3 the Centaure 3 the Woolf 3 the Altar § the foutbern G rowne and the foutbern Fifh. : ae
re.reckoned, being Obvious co the 4fer from
mi
Sad sa on
A acca
SPATE
ee
Boox II. Of Heaven, and the Stars. Chap. 2!
int Americus Vefpacius, and they who after him have failed the fouthern parts of the.world, do aver that the fouthern part of the Heaven, which has been yet un- known, 1s adorned with many very bright andremarkable Stars : whichin imitation of the Ancients they havereduced into certain Conftellations, bythem thus named 5 the Triangle 3 the Peacocks Tail 5 tbe Camel; the Indian Bee 3 the Crane, Noabs Arks the Hornet; the Crop; Touta; The Water-{nakes the Clouds; the Phenix 5 the River Indus. Allwhich Conftellations, both oldandnew, may at this day eafily be known by the Globes artificially made for the fame intent.
The Stars are alfo divided according to their magnitude, into {ix Orders or Mag- The Stars nitudes ; andfome are faid to be, of the firft ; others of the fecond; others of the divided thirds others ofthe fourth; others of the fife ; and others of the fixe magnitude: inte tribes. nich are every where reckoned up by Aftronomers. Yetthisis co be obferved,
that the Stars which are faid co be of che fame magnitude, are not all really of the
fame Quantity or Splendor 3 for the Syriws or Dog-ftar, does far outftrip all other Stars of che firft magnitude. _ : ae what the LO thete heavenly bodies belongs alfo queftionlefs the Galaxia or milky way : milky way Now it is nothing buca Circle or Zone racher ofa white color, to befeena nights is in the Sky, reaching from North co South 5 and dividing the Heaven into two Hz- mifpheres or half circles : the progrefs and carriage whereof Pliny in his 18. of Nat. Hift. ch. 29. has briefly defcribed, and Manilivs, more largely, in the firft Book of his Aftronomical Poem. | Rate Touching the nature thereof, fundry menare of fundry minds. “We, omitting the Poets fables rouching Fumo’s milk a pare. whereof fel upon this region of Hea- ven, as Hercules was fucking, as Calius Rbod ginus relates in his 6. Book Ant. Leét. Ch. 7. or concerning the burning of the world by Phaeton 5 the fight of Apolo a- gainft the Giants; of che way of fouls 3 of the fear of the Heroes ot femy-gods and the opinions of others reckoned up by Ariftotlein the 1 “Meteor. Chap. $. Plutarch in his 3. de plac. Philof. ch. 1.“Picus Mirandulain his Exam. Van: Dott. Gen. I. 7: c. 12. we thal inthis place only confider whether the Via luttea, be fomwhat chat 1s ae Elementary anda true meteor, or fome heavenly thing. Ariftorlein the place newly de Vic le. @tleadged, faies the vialattea is not in Heaven, but inthe Ait and contifts of an hot Gea ie g aid dry exhalation, gathered into that place, where arethe greateft number of lar- mereor? geft Scars, being drawn up by the faid Stars 5 fo that it is as ic werea great Comet, and is perpetuated, by the continual and perpetual actraction of vapors, caufed by
the great abundance of Stats, in that place:
Neverchelefs divers moft noble Phy!ofcphets and Aftronomerts; have rejected this opinion of 4riftcele, for thefe reafons chiefly. Firft the perpecuity of the Via lattea: for feeing all meteors are fomwhat diforderly made, nor is there alwates matter enough, of rhe fame figure, or color for meteors, HOF Is ic alwaies carriedto thefame part of Heaven: the Galaxie ot milky way, if ic were ametcor would not be alwaics, nor of the fame magnitude, ‘figure, color nor alwaies in the fame place. Again‘if the Vialatea were notin the Heaven but inthe Air, it would noc
be alwaies {een in the fame place of Heaven, and about the fame stars, and would admit fome parallaxe; after the fame manner as Comets, which are inthe Air, in other Region under another. Howbeit,
this Region appear under one Scar; in an : : experience teaches the contrary, which witneffech, thac for fo many ages Of years
the milky way has alwaies been feen, when the Sky is clear, in the fame place, of the fame greatnels, - fhape and color, and in all places, about the fame Stars. | il
- Nor has the opinion of Francifcus Picolbomineus any place, whothat he might fome waies defend the vulgar opinion, faies thar thereisa twofold Galaxre ot mil- ky way; thecne Celeleftial, which is an abundance of fhining Stars, in the eighth. Sphere; the other the Effect of the former which is an abundance of ary exhalati~ ons, brought cogecther jnto the fhape ofa Zone Girdle or Swath-band, in the upper Region of the Air, apcto be inflamed, placed under the Heavenly Galaxie, and pre- ferved thereby 3 which by reafon of the Light it receives from the Heavenly chee la- fea, prefentsuntous the refemblance of a large white Way OF Road. Fort ough: | ipase true,that.a greater company of Stars,wil more heat and raife up more vapors - #7et no fufficient caufe. can hence be afligned, why the Galaxie or Via lattea, thould —
appear alwaies of the fame Greatnefs, an
d Figure; andinthe fame place: For a ay | the §
place eared whic thene dept cr, teas the | By and thet OM, | Th u ae ® buy bodes, Pomne fc @ toh a Tore fa BS Yethoy Cont fat Ba mans) BH COncerp
e |
|
7 Bit han
Ody gy | ee | TNOLIoyg IB tine,
| a Late|
| Bi think
ay | Me OF poh
bere Sy
HT hd ¢
‘of ate | Comet, §)
Ait, 10 lowbelt, 1 of yeals i e piace, |
2 OL ml i pe cig | exhalath | | cheupp! and pe | shy Vu It- i} >} 7 ot tou | er fot 10)
M at |
65
——
‘Tivat opinion: therefore ob ofhexs. ts more probable, that teach, che Via lattea
ne{s. b Bay aan é if Next to the Stars weranck Comets 3 andtruly there is an. extream di verlity of Dives 02 Opinions touching their Nature. .. Anaxagoras and Democritus held that a Comer Pinions of was the gathering together of divers Planets, which becaufethey were met in one spa it place, by the mingling of cheir lights they feemed to make one Star... The Pytha~ of Girprits goreans taught thaca Comet wasa Planer diftinc& from the feven vulgar Planets, which commonly lies hrdunderthe Sun-beams, and by reafon of the {plendor cf the neighboring Sum cannot be feen: howbeit fometimes, after long Intervals, ic departs from the Sun and comesinto fight, which alfo commonly happens to Mer- cury. Hippocrates Chiws and his Difciple Anfchylws, did confent with the Pythago- reans, that.aCometisaScar: yet hereinthey diffenced, inthact the former held the tail of che Comet tobe a partthereof; but thefe latcer held the cail‘to be vas pors lifcedup on highyandneer the Comer, receiving the raics and light of the Sun, and fo reprefenting a itream of Hair. Howbeic Ariffetle reckons up and refutes thefe opinions in hist Meteor. Cap.6. Senecainthe 7, Rueft.. Nat. Cap. 11, 126 wc. $4 Anas h The Opinion of Bpigenes, which Senecarelates and refuces in his 7 Book of Nat. Queft. cb. 4. wc. was, that Comecs did arife, when moift and dry exhalations being fhut up in one Globe, byreafon ofthe internal Spiric and che difcord of contrary bodies, were agitatedand whirled about. For chen that fame force of the Wind going round about, did by irs motion inflame whatfoever it caughc, and lifc ic on high, andthat che fhining-of che Fire and the Comet did fo long laft cil chere was no more fewelto feed it, which fewel ceaflingthe Comet ceafes. The Opinion of Ariffo- tle though 1c differ in part, does moftly agree with thiss For Aiftotle teaches, that a Comet does nor coniift of Celeftial but of elementary matter, namely of pleaty of fat & thick exhalations.raifed into che upper Region of the Air and there fet on fire. Plutarch in his third de placit. Phylofoph. ch. 2. belides the opinions of the Pythago- reans, Anaxagoras,Democritus ; Ariftotle,Epigenes, relates alfo the Opinion of Strate, conceiving that a Comet wasthe light of a Star, comprehended in a thick Cloud, asit happens in Candles : and of Herachdes Ponticus, who faidthat a Comet was a Cloud on high enlightened with light from above. Seneca.in Lib. 7. Nat. Ruelbe Cap. 22. conceivesthat aCometis no fuddain Fire, but reckons it among the eter- nal works of nature. vix. theStars. For heconceived there were more Planets than Fire, befidesthe Sun and Moon, but chat the beginnings and endings of their motions werenot yet known; feeing they finifh their courfes at yaft diftances of time. vs aber. | ; SRE SO BaP SR 2) Late Writers do alfo differ in this point. Scaliger herein confents wich Ariftotle, in thinking that a Comer is made of Elementary matter : buwhe denies that itis in- ilamed. . For in his 79 Exercitation thus he writes: 1 conceive therefore thata Co- met is a Vapor dravon by the force of fome Star into the upper Region of the Air 3 .the na- ture of wlach vapor és not burning, \but of a mixt matter, like a fume or fteam, recet- ving the Sun-beams , and therefore vifible, and letting them through, and by that means ‘ tailed, Cardan whom Scaliger there ictus. hadfaid, That a Comet is a Globe an a ‘ } ex \
cS ae
ia é f y cn
‘Bolox I. : Of Heaven, and the Stars : Chap. at
fecain light.
Podinus in his Theatre of Nature Lib. 7.P. 217. thinks ic better ingenioufly to ¢onfefs his ignorance, chan rafhly co affirm any thingin this Point, or to affent to moft light opinions. ‘Yet hein P. 221-0f thefaid Book, feemstovbe almoft of opi- nion, that Comets are the minds of illuftrious men, which having for innumerable Ages hada gteat ftroke on Earth, at laft being aboutto die they perform their con- cluding triumphs, or are recalled into the ftarry Heaven, there to be as it were bright Stars: and chat cherfore, famine, popular difeafes, and civil wars do follow, as if Cities arid Peoples were forfaken by thofe moft excellent Captains and Go- vernors, who did pacifiethe offended Deity. Other lace Writers, who teach that the Heaven is notfolid, but a fluid body likerhe Air, hold that Comets are not ge- erated below but above the Moon; fome fay of exhalations carried thither, o- thers of a part of rhe Heaven condenfed, and by that means fhining.
And thefe are the chief opinions of Phylofophers about the nature of Comets: in fo great anumber whereof, *cis doubtlefs hard to judg which is the trueft; nor wil the nature ofthis work, nor my defign of Brevity fuffer meat large to examine themall. |) Yet char it may appear, what weconceiveto be moft probable; their opinion feems to us moft agreeable tocruth, who hold that all Comets bave been, and appeared in the Region of Heaven which is above the Moon : and ifany man wall call chem new Stars, we fhallnot oppofehim, Now that their abode has been in the Athereal andnot in the Elemenrary Region, may be gathered, chiefly by the regularity of their motion, the paralaxe, whichthey have had lefsthan the Moon, as alfo by their equal duration. For fince ithas been obferved that Comets have often endured a long fpace, and for fix monthstogether, in the fame Quantity, and have alwaies hada regular motion : this canno way be attributed toa body compo- fed of exhalations. For al fuch kind of Meteors, are made after an irregular manner, as may among others be feenin the Clouds, in which there is nothing perpetual, la- fting, or regular. Andtche reafons which are brought for the conttary opinion, are
but weak ; and later Authors, do not without caufe, call in queftion the obferva- tions of the Ancients 3 feeing there is need of great diligence to obferve the Paralla- xes. Buc whether they are bred anew by natural Caufes, or are miraculofly pro-
duced by God, or whether they were before out of fight, and now at laft appear, ff}
itis no eafie matter by fufficient reafonsto determine.
Yet this one thing, [chink ficto acquaint you with in this place, that even the Ancients allo did take Comets to be Stars, which fometimes appear, and then a- gain become invifible, as may be manifeftly feen out of Hermes Trifmegifius m bis B. de providentia & fato, where he thus writes There #8 another kind which they call Comets, vebich appear but for atime, andawhile after become invifible neither fetting, nor being diffolved, and others become evident Proclaimers of Univerfal Events. Now thofe bave their place uader the Circle of the Snn. When therefore fomwhat fhal befall the world, thenthey appear. And having appeared a few daies returning a- gain under the circle of the Sun they become invifible, having fhewed themfelves in che Eatt.
They fay that Comets fignifie wars; becaufe hocand dry exhalations, do breed yellow choler in the bodies of Men efpecially of Kings, which afterwards make men prene to more violenc motions, wrath, brawlings and wars thereof procee-_ ding. Yet verily thefe are too remote caufes of wars; the Polititians can cel us- ofneerer Caufes thanthefe. And if wars depend hereupon, there is no need of many confultations, touching rhe compofing of wars} we mutt fly tothe Phyfitians, whe, by giving choler-purging medicaments may take away al wars, and pluck up by the roots ali the Caufes of Wars, out of the-Bodies of Kings and Princes. Moreover, experience fhews, chat Cometshave appeared, which jhave not been followed by anyfucheyents. Thisisfor certain, fince the Appearance or the Generation of Confers in, the Heaven, is very rare and unufual, that they do undoubredly porcend ‘{emwhat, if noc peradventure as Caufes, yet as lions appointed by God to denounce | His wrath againft finful men: whofe particular fignification; is neverthelefs knowa only
kal, lag On, ate | Dletva- te arallaie Yr nrc J ploy ppeat f | | en then ape sm bal they ca | (ttn s, Nowa hat fh my | felvesitl i
lo bretig | fs mak pr octe | n tel of many Ns, wht Ip by cht ot 0VEl § sone ration 0 j sorte ® deniout? (ska onl
er 5 oS | we Scat et anc ce
ene
Chap 3. : Of the Elements. Boox Il. 67
only toGod, and not reveal to any mortal Man.. Thisindeed hath been found true by the Experience of all Ages.
4
‘Nunquam S pettatum impune Cometam.
Ne’re did a Blazing Star appear, but afad {tory follow'd. An Hexa2 meter ver(e And that after Comers great changes have happend in Enpires, fo that Lacan rightly cal’d Comets, Kingdom changing Comets, and Camerarius, thus turned the old Lattin verfe into Greek; Oudeis Cometes, Hoftenpu cacon Pherei.
But to what regions and Provinces they portend their bad tidings, *cis fearfe poi- fible for a nian ro know, tillche Eyent hath taughe him,
Chap. 3. Touching the Elements, in as much as being Simple Bodies, they with the Fdeavens, do make up the Bulk of this World,
‘Ow the Bodies of the fublunary Region are cwo fold, fimple and Thetimple, are thofe which are called Elements, becaufe the reft are made up ofthem. Nowche term Element which the Greeks call Stoicheion, although ir have fundry fignificarions, yet it feems they may fitly be reduced totwo Ones, the one General; the other fpecial. For generally iris taken for: w is firftin its kind andhas nothing before it : in which fenfe *tis defined by .Ariftotlein fication, the 4. ‘Metaph.Ch. 3. That # called an ‘Element, out of which firft inexifting inthe in- dividual {pecies, a thing is compounded into another Jpecies.. . Moreover ina more fpe- cial fignification, Elements are the immediate principles of mixt Bodies, and thus are defined by Ariftotle in his 3. de Calo. Ch. 3.t. 31. The Element of Bodies is thac into which the other Bodies are divided, wherein it is potentially or actually >: buc it felf isnot divifible into parts of fundry forts, And in the-fignification we are -here- after to treat of Elements. :
a
And.thefe Elements truly have a twofold office and.a:double confideration. For Element their firft office is, with che Heaven to make up this whol bulk.of the:world: and ix that late in this manner they are abfolurely confidered according to their effence, withoue ter fenfe any relation to mixt bodies: The Second is, to beche matter of mixt Bodies, And bave @ for the performance of both thefe Olfices, peculiar qualiries are given:them:b mae Nature. For that they mighe perform the founer, they have heavinets and light- lie nefs: for the latter, heat avid cold, moifture and diyneis 5 whereby they can mutu-
ally work one upon anocher and make up-acompound, Now the Elements are to be conlidered by us in this place, both waies.
compound.
Mob Element principal pis «two. hatfoever fold figni-
Becaufe the Elements do firft perform that Office of ried to certain places in che world, and .do ther
{peak of rheir mation, and thence draw their Nature and number.» The Elements fimple ba- are timple Bodies. For although, being confidered.as made up of matter and form, 45 #4 ‘they may be termed compounds, yer in refped of mixt Bodies, they are caHed homae fimple.Por they are nor made up of other Bodies which wene before them sbut:chem- sp i elves are the firft Bodies of themfelves exiting in the world, of which all theo- ther Bodiesare'compounded. $ince ther clore they are fimple bodies, a {rnplemo-
tion is due tothem, |
Now thereare two fimple motions : the Right or Stre Cercylar belongs to Heaven :
theirs whereby they arecai= The pe: ein naturally reit; we muft firlt nents are
igbtyand the-Circular, The Thive ace 1 and therefore the Strezght motion we attribute to the two fimple Elements, having therein experience to juftifie what wedo. For.we fee thefe Ele. motions. ments fo Called, and all things compou: ded of them, according to the Nature of
the prevailing Element,go in a direct line to their proper place. Now diref&emotion
is either to the Middle, ox from tbe Middle; tothe middle place of the world which
as alfo che loweft, heavy things are carried; fromthe middle to the ourmoft-pare4
M 2 which : i\
eS a EE — ¥n SEAR, eh
POODOTS er
idicdiie EN ct tp ee.
68 Book II; Of the Elements. Chap. 3. (
why beavy which is alfo the higheft, light thingsarecarried. For light things are fuchasbe- | ,
things. ing un-hindred do alwaies moveupwards,and whichalwates{wim atthetop: and |} °
iin. beavy things arethofe, which not hindred, are alwaies carried downward, and. | :
wardsand ink tothe bottom of every thing. But what the caufe is why fome Eodies move is
light downwards, others move upwards, we muft now enquire, and {ee into rhe endand t
things efficient caufe of this motion. Mg
upwards. i)
As to the End, fince Nature does nothing in vain, and all Natural things act for | jt
- sousl the fake of fome good, we muft not think the Elements are moved with certain mo- | ie
on, tions to no purpofe; but we muft hold that every Element is carried toits own a
place, astoits perfection: whence Ariftotle faies well 4. de Celo. c. 3.t.22. For ae
every thing to becarried totts place, w notbing elfe but fer every thing to becarriedtoits y \
own Form. For the Forms of the Elements being of al others the loweft and moft te
ignoble, and hardly able co defend themfelves fufliciently from external injuries, | i
their proper placeis added totheir formas an afliftant to preferve the Body there- ph
of, which asit were an external Form, fupplies what is wanting corhe internal ht
Form. Toitsproper place, therefore, asto its own perfection, every Element is | ite
moved. And the perfection which they receive therein, is the prefervation of a
their, Fleat, Cold, Lightnefs, Heavinefs, and confequently of their Form. | as
TheEfici- As tothe Efficient Caufe of the motion of the Elements Authors domany waiesva- |g
ent Cafe. try. Yetverily, if we fhallrightly weigh the matrer, and not wilfully intanglea | ae
a plain matter with difficulties, and rightly mind the fenfe of che queftion, irfeems 9 !#t
not fo hard to anfwer thereunto. For it a man fhould ask,what is the efficient caufe, \j chin
that the Fire and Earth, actually exifting by their forms, the former mounts right kno
upwards, the letter moves downwards, unlefs they be by-fome other thing yviolenc- re
ly detained 5 we anfwer fimply; thatthe Fire by its Form is moved from the mid- | lel
dle of the world upwards, and the Barth by its formis movedtotheCentre of the (Mf tilt
world downwards, for this motion is tothem Natural andtherfcre it muftalfopro- |} tt
ceed from Nature, or an inward principle, which is their Form, and not froman ; WU
outward. Forthisis proper to Natural things, to have in themfelves the principle eM
of their motion, as may be feen in the 2. Phyfic.c. 9.t. 48. Alfe the form ofan Ele- tl
ment which informes “it, and is its Nature, is alfo the principle of its motion. ui
Alfo to what hath been faid may be added, that as' Ariftotle faies in 2. Phyfic. c. 3. Ur
t. 37. an effet actually exifting, requires a caufe actually exifting; andthatefpe- _| the
cially in effects, whofe whole effence is in the prefent performance, as motionis: teh
for the cauie hereof beingtaken away, it is alfotakenaway, nor can iteverbefe- jf iat
paratedfrom its efficient caufe. But the motion of the Elements is an effect actually sou
exifting.It requires therfore a caufe actually exifting;which can be no other then the | dhe]
‘Form. Forthis only alwaies actually exifts with the motion: but thofe other — tec
caufes which fome do bring, asthe Generator, the Remover of impediments, may All th
be feparated from motion, and while it is yet exifting, they may either perifh, or gyn
if they perifh not, yet may they not coexift withthe motion. Nor does what hath yn, |
been formerly faid of motion, hinder this opinion; that the Moveable is difting ti
from the mover 5 which feems not to agree to the motion of the Elements, if we much
holdtheirformto betheirmover. Forthe Earth, when it is moved tothe middle wile
of che world, itis not moved, ashaving matter. For the matter in it felf, isno tere
more enclined to move upwards then downwards, butis indifferently capable of al the Ff
motions 5 but asithathaform, which determies andreftraines the aptitude of the oR
matter, toreceive thisform. And therefore feeing the matter is here the paffive bier)
principle ofthe motion, it cannot be the active. And this doubr, truly, may be ste
fatisfied; if we diftinguifh betwixt an Agent with the tranfmutation of :another | Poy
thing, whichis properly called anefficient, and requires alwaies a Patient diffe- and lg
rent from itfelf: and: berwixtan Agent only (as they fay) by emanation of theef= ” exper
fect, which does noc by aéting change another thing, but after the Nature whereof, Aron
the effect follows of its own accord, that asic were not acting 5 and fuch an agent is | | thouph
: the Form in ref{pect of al the accidents which are Naturally inthe compound. For ff tue cai
y all accidents do of their own accord follow the form, without any motion or tranf- Ment of
t simalitation of the fubjedt. ‘That therefore which hath formerly been faid concerning Wifi
a } Ah | ay the Mitte ey ’ Me
ene
lent Vi"
the tor | a iat
ciple |
Ele. 7
iting:
valve say be
ces a ha
{ile
mid: fh
if we | niddlé § , 1900. eotal ; | if the ff
ANE (REED HHT SRLIAST Br tre a eerste a pene er rn EE ES Le
Chap. 3. Of the Elements. BOOK II. 69 the diftinction becwixtthe moveable and the mover, is true of an Agent by tranfmu- tation. ‘But an Agenc by emanation is nor neceffarily diftinguifhed from the Pati- ent. Howbeit, even in animmanent action, or which is produced only by ematia= tion, we may obferve fome diftincétion of Agent and Patient. For the Forth, aé theformadis; andfuffers as icis inthe matter; And therefore; in the mocion of the Elements, theformastche form, is the Efficient Caufe of the motion ; but as ic is the matter, itismovyed withit. For the compound is moveable, of is the fub- ject of motion, which is diftinguifhed from the form, in ref pect ofthe matter. For the matter alfo, is really diftinguithed from the form,’ And this is che true expli- cation of this Queftion, Dextroufly propounded, which mutt be by no means con- founded, with other queftions which border thereupon. For it is quire another queftion ; Why an Element actually exifting by ics form,not hindred by any thing, tends to its own proper place, the caufe whereof hath been already exprefled > from this, why for examples fake, water which of ic felf moves downwards, fire being putunder, beginsto mount up in vapors; or, what is the Caufe that a Stone which hung in the Air faftened toa ftring, as foon as the fering is cut fals downward. For the caufe of the former is the admixture of Fiery and Aety particles, which atce- upwards ?
nuate the water, and carry it with themfelves aloft. Andche caufe of the latter is clearly, that which removes the Impedimenr.
The Elements therefore not being hindred, are moved by their forms, as the in- ternal and immediate caufe, as hath been fhewed: which formesas all others, can~ not be perceived by fenfe, tut are by us known and defcribed by heavinefs and ligntnefs as accidents. For it isan ufual thing to deicribe the hidden forms of things, which want peculiar names, by their proper adjuncts, which are better known tous.
Moreover what may bethe Caufe, why the Elements are moved fucceflivély and why the leifurely, whether only becaufe of the refittency of the Medium, or through fome Elements. other caufe, comes now co be enquired. Some late writers are indeed of opinion, Abd that there isa twofold reliftency, one external,which proceeds from a ful Medium, payed which is the Caufe that motionis flower then it would be, ifit were performed in an grees. empty fpace, if fuch there were : another internal, which proceeds from thé Na
ture of the moveable, refifting the mover. Howbeit the opinion of Ariffotle and Averrboes is truer, who hold, that the Elements have only an external refsftenicy in their motion, proceeding from the Medium; (For it being fuland corpulent, refifts the mover in ics motion, according as ic is more or lefs thick) but no internal. For if there were any internal refiftency, it fhould proceed either from the Form or the Matter. Not from the Form: for, it being the mover, does not refift its felf in its Own motion, but endeavors as {peedily as may be, to carry the moveable to its due place. Nor fromthe matter. For ic being meerly paflive, and indifferent to receive all motions, and having no power to act, can alfobeno caule of refiftency.
All the fwiftnefs therefore and flownefs of the motion of Elements, depends upon
the proportion of che Virtue and power of the mover, toche reliftency of the Medi-
um. For whenthe force of the mover is much greater, then the power of che Me- dium to refift; the motion is fwift: buc when che power of the mover does nor much exceed the force of the Mediums refiftency, there the motion is flower: but where the moverdoes not at al exceed the force which the Medium hath to refift, there isno motion at al. Howbeic what hath been faid muft be underftood only of the Elements which are fimple Bodies, and have an internal principle of their moti-
©n. For in things moved by external force,the cafe is otherwife for they by their
proper Nature refift che mover, and according to the excefs, whereby their power
is overcome by the power of rhe mover, they are fwiftly ot flowly moved.
From what hath hitherto been faid the Catife may ealily be rendred; why heavy why beri; and light things do move more flowly at the beginning and {wifter atthe end. For end light expetitnce fhews that an heavy thing falling from an high place; fmites more things are ftrongly where it lights, then it would have done falling fiom a lower places, For 7202 though divers men think differently inthis point: yet muft we refolve; that the prbdeadaee true caufe hereof, is the abatement of the reliftancy of che Medium andthe abate- beginning; ment of the refiftancy proceeds from thé forgoing motion, which augments the and more fwiftriefs of the follwing motion. Now why the precedent motion'augmencs the /wiftly «é {wittnefs of that which follows, and why ic abaces the reliftency, the Caufe iseinis, eed ?
Every
ever the
i
why water
fire moves
cael ae 5 2a Jaa
Boox II. Of the Elements. Chap. 3. Every movable isfwiftly and eafily moved through a Medium, which is moved the fame way with it5 and lefs fwiftly through a Medium that moves not 5 flowly througha Medium which retifts che moveable, and bears che contrary way: an Argument whereof we have in failing with or againft tide. And therefore, when any heavy Body begins to cend downwards firft the quier Air refifts it, the refi- {tency whereof is neverthelefs overcome by the heavy Body, and drives the next parr of the Air downwards - this firft part of the Air beingidriven, drives the fecond part of the Air, next unto it. And therefore when the heavy Body cames to this part, and finds it not refifting buc going the fame way and furthering it in its motion, it begins to be moved more {wiftly : andthe Body being thus more {wittly moved, will more vehemently force and drive the third parc of the Air : and it being before driven alfo by the fecond part of the Air, wil be more fwiftly moved chen the fe- cond, and will more ftrengly bear downthe fourth part. When therefore the heavy Body fhall reach the third part of the Air, finding ic more vehemently mo- ved downwards then the fecond, it wil alfo be therein more {wifthy moved; and {o it will yet more forcibly bear downthe fourth part, being before preft down by thechird, and when x comes to ic, it will betherein yet more {wiftly moved, be- caufe of the leffer refiftency and the Mediums being nioved the fame way. And this {wiftnefs of the motion wil be for the fame Reafon continually augmented evento Heavineg the End. Buc that no ob{curity may remain, we mutt know, that HeavineR and and light- Lighinefs are taken two manner of maies, Either for the firft act or quality, by which mp are athing hatha propention co move upwards or downwards; or for the fecondaé or underftood operation, aud impulfe, by which fome bodies are moved upwards, others down- tWOWKIES. Wards, Whichtwo things the School mento diftinguifh, they called che former
Gravitatem, the latter Graviiationem: andhence’tis {aidcthat. Gravity in the Ele- ments cannot be augmented, but Gravitation may : alfo, that the Klements in their own places are Gravia and Levia, heavy and light indeed, butthey donot Grayi- sate nor Levitate, that is they ftrivenot to goupwards or downwards. Theaum- Now the next thingis, thar we fearch ito the Number of ibe Elements, about ber of ihe which later writers do wonderfully differ. 1 fhall prove that ibere are fourm ‘Num- Elermnts, tor, And to prove the fame i-fhall mot bring many reafons 5 feeing our very fences will eafily fhewus how many Elements there be. For we perceive the Water, Earth and Air which fills that vatt fpace above the Globe ofthe Earth, nor isthe force of Fireunknowntous. °Vis here my mind only to produce onereaion which many ufe. There are two dicect motions, one from the middle, another to the middle. Therefore, for thefe two fintple motions there mult be two fubjeéts which are fimple Bodies, one which is ablohitely heavy, which iscalled Earth, a: nother,which is abfolutely light, called Fire. Now-becaufe *tisthe wil of Nature thatthe world fhould be one; and two contrary extreams cannot make up one com- ound; fhe alwaies couples the extreams by things ofa middle Nacure, and knits the laft of theupper kind, with the Art of the lower. .And therefore 1n this cafe, a Medium isrequifice. But this cannot beoneonly. For if that were allowed, .it would poffeis the middle place berwixttheextreams, and fo it could not be ca- pable of adiveé motion. For neither fhould ic be truly moved from the niiddle, norto the middie, but it fhould be Capable of both thefe motions, and io could not be called heavy more then light. . And therefore we muft hold that there are two Mediums, che oné of which is light and-moves from the middle upwards, buc isin fome refpect heavy 3 which is called Air 5 the other mutt be abfolutely heavy, and. tend to the middle,yet in fomerefpect light; which 1s called Water. There are therefore four Elements: Fire, Air, Water, arth. There cannot be afifc, for the fame caufe why there cannot be but one Medium. If any one will hold there | are more then five, he will be confuted by fenfe and experience. whether A queftion there-is, Whetber thefe Elements are found pureintbe World: Towhich tae Ele- queftion we thus an{wer: Ifthe Elements are confidered abfolucely in chac fimpli- Foiedie city, which is dueto their Nature, and whereby they are the Rule and ftandard of the world Mixt Bodies, they are furely to be foundany where pure. But. if they be compared pure. with mixt Bodies, and the queftion thal be; whether.they exift alfo by themtelves, ouk of mixed Bodies, ic may be faidthey are found fincere and pure, not indeed with 5 Fs asfolute purity, of which we {pakejuft now, but with fuch an one, as.they are
‘capable of, compared to mixt Bodies. Howbei the extream are ptirer then the middlemore.
7°
tort wit Cd di hy ply Sih cota the
au
als
L t00tr
| Nai f
Of thay the?
dite | ces f ater, |
stich f, Alte App } dasdot nated | phelvess eq witt } ney at het
|em0%e
aimee emeaielions = ilar
et
“BooK IL 71
Middlemore. Nor dothe Elements, though they are not found exactly pure, lofe
their Name, fo astobecalledmixt Bodies. For thofe Bodies are only to be ter= hich we med mixt, wherein there is fo great a departure from the Nature and puriry of Elen mixt Bo- ments, that che Name and Form being caft away 3 they come to be now fome dif= **** ferent thing fromthe Elements, andreceive a new and peculiar Name of fome fort
of Natural Body. But wherever there is fo great an excefs of one Element, thar it tran{cends al comparifon, with the reft that are joyned with ic, in thatthe Name of Element is retained.
It now remains that we fpeak of the Elements in Particular, as much as che Na- — wherber ture of this work willbear. And to begin with Fire, though many late writers sere ss any endeavor to caft it from the number of Natural things, and take fpecial pains to leowentee prove chat ic does not exift under che concave of the Mcon: yet fhall we fub{cribe 7°" to che remarkable confent of the chief Phylofophers, cto reafon ftrong enough, and experience it felf efpecially feeing the Arguments brought to the contrary do all in
Chap. 3. Of the Elements.
ae Le AAT A
_amannertendto prove, chat this fire of ours, isno pure fire; whence notwithftan-
ding ic follows nor, that there is no pure fire, nor that itis any where robe found: nor though all che properties of our fire do not agree to chat under the Moon, does it therefore follow, chat it is no true fire; feeing moft of thofe things which are vulgarly atcributed to our Fire, do agree tu Fire not of it felf, but acciden- tally. , f _ 4 How Ele
For there is a great difference betwixt this Fire of ours which we daily make ufe rae of, and pure Elementary fire. For our fire of the Kitchen is not pure, but mixed giv, Ri with vapors and grofs matter, andtherefore it fhihes, it burns, ic wantsfuel. But Kitchen that chereis pure Elementary fire under che Sphere of the Moon, rhe great lightnefs fire differ. thereof, and irs prepetual endeavor to afcend, does argue. For it is of all Elements pine rhe the moft light and thin‘Body, Asnextin place to Heaven, fo in Nature moft of kin lighteR — thereto, unto which alfo, if forced therefrom, or generated elfewhere, ic cends as Elements toits proper place, concerning which matter Scaliger in his 9.Exercitation thus writes. IheSmoak which afcends, bath very much fireinit. . Gor it afcends not be= caufe of veater : much lef becaufe of the Barth. Nor does that motion proceed from the Airs for itis already inthe Air. What place therefore does it feek? That place veri by which above the Air 1 due to the lighteft of Bodies. And again, thefeare the princi- ples of that demonftration vebereby ?t% proved, that the Element of Fire is under the Sphere of the Moon, viz. Bodies Natural, Motion, Place. Of thefe ave propofitions certain, Ire, Primitive, immediate, thus made, the Caufes of this Conclufion.: that the place of Fire is-in the upper fpace under the Moon, above the Air. Every movable thing ig. a ‘Body: all Fire x movable, Ergo. Other two: Every body is in aplace 3 all Fires aBody, Ergo. Thirdly, asmany more; Every movable moves Naturally to its ownf{pace, Fire a Body movable, Ergo. Andthetwo laff, wbich knock the Nail tothe Head. Every (pace tormbich a Body Naturally moves, is ibe proper {pace of that Body s The Fire moves Naturally upwards, Ergo the fpace above, is proper to the Fire.
The exceeding lightnefs of the Fire is attended by exceeding rarity, andichach by our leaft matcer of alrhe Elemencs, and amongft natural things, it comes neareft the Kitchinfire Nature of Form 4 and therefore it hath the greateft activity of al the Elements. 247s? Yet, when ic is pure, and of ic felf, ic does noc burn: bucthat our Fire burns che Caufe is; in chat it is condenfed, and fticks in grofs mater, whence its parts being condenfed and brought into a narrow compafs, atcain che greater force. Or as Scaligerfaies in bis 2. Exercitation, S. 2. it hath the power of burning from the propinquicy, Mulcicude, Cohefion, Coagmenration and union of ics parts. An argument whereof we havein ared horIron, wherein the force of the Fire is gtca= ter, becaufe of che condenfation of parts, then ic is ftubble which confifts of more ipungy matter. The fame appears if youfec fpirit of Wine on Fire, for you may draw your finger chrough the fame without hurc, as alfo through the upper part of the flame; which inared hot iron you cannot do.’ Therfaid Elementary Fire is not of icfelfvifible, no more thanche Ai, nor does it fhine, unlefs it be received
-in athick matter.
makeup this world and conftituce mixc Bodies. For although Cardan hath endea- Elements vored co exclude rhe fame from the umber of Elements s yet is he well confured > | by ? >
No found Phy lofopher denies that the Fire does belong to the Elements, which Five is «i
by Fulius Cefar Scaliger in his 9. Exercitation. For feeing, ashe alfo teaches, in
histo. Evercitation,that heat which is a moft manifeft and effectual Quality,is acci- dentally in many things, there muft of neceflicy be fome firit fubject, wherein it is primarily and effentially : For nothing isinany thing accide:.tally, which is noc
ap the effentially in fome other thing, primarily and of it felf. Andtruly, the firft fub- Er [ub- ject of heat is Fire, at firft created by God wit h the other Elements, and furnifhed yet of | Withirs qualicies. Andthere was never any time when Fire had noc thofe qualities beat. flowing trom the Form thereof. But from the ignorance of the Creation of the Not only world came, that Opinion of 4riftotle, which he hath inthe 1. “Meteorol. Cap. 3. potentially where he faies : Seeing the firfe Element #% moved Circularly, the Bodies which are hot 4s = therein, alvcaies that which is neareft at band, being fevered by the motion of the lover
colette world and Body, # inflamed and caujes beat. For thus we muft underftand the mat- beveit. ter fromtbe beginning. That Body which i under the upper Circumduttion, being it
% asit werea kind of matter, and potentially bot and cold, and dry and moift, and what- ever otber adjunct s foliow thefe; fucb it becomes, and arifes from motion and Immobili- ty. An ablurd faying, truly,and unbecoming fo great a Phylofopher! For wharc matter I pray you can weimagine actually exifting of ic felf, which is potentially Hot, Cold, Moift, Dry, but aGually receives thefe qualities from Heaven? For although fome that they might ftick by Fire, one Natural, which follows the proper form of Fire; the other adventitious, which the Fiuereceives fromthemotion cf Heaven; yet Zabarella in his 1. B. de gual. prim. c. 8. writes well, thac che words of Ariftotle do not receive all this In- terpretation 3 for Arzftotle faies, that allthis matcer ofthe lower world is potenti. ally Hot, Cold, Mosft, Dry, buc is made actually foby motion and immobility. Therefore he allows no heatto the Elements, befides what they receive from the motion of Heaven. ‘Yet hehimfelf fals into a much more abfurd opinion when he writes in thefallowing Chapter: thus, If any Man fhall aske whether the firft qualities are fooner or later then the Forms of tbe Elements, roemuft fay, they are fore more and later in feveral re{petts. “for in Original and according to the order of Generation, they are doubtlef fooners ‘as the previous difpofitions are in generation before tbe {ubftan- tial Form, to the eduttion whereof they are diretted, -but they are ‘Naturally after the fame, in as much as tbey are accidents. .For accidents.are after their fubftances. And in as much as they are Effetts, but the Forms caufes,'1 donot mean efficient caufes but final. or qualities are produced inthe matter, for the fake of fubftantial Forms, and are diretted to them as to their End, as alfo they are conferved inthe Elements by Hea- ven, thatthe Elements themfelves might be conferved ; fo that the next final caufe of thefe Qualities, # tbe Conftitution of the Elements but the remote and ultimate, is the produttion of mixt Bodies. For the Elements are made for the mixt Bodies,. and to betheir matter. Thus therefore Qualities may be faid to follow the Forms of the Ele- ments, inasmuch astbePorms are their final caufes : but the qualities themfelves, al- though they are preparations for the Eduétion of ‘Porims, they may not therefore be called the Caufes of the Forms, but only the laiter Effetts, feeing accidents are Naturally Jater then fubftances. And therefore while ibey are togetber inthe Elements, as Na- turally conjoyned and{ubftantial Forms and proper qualities; yet the Forms are in the firft place, and the qualities afterwards, and {o they are faid to follow the Forms of the Blements 5 efpecially feeing, as we faid before, they are given to the Elements by Heaven, for the Edustion and prefervation of their Forms. For if heat be a difpoti- tion previous tothe reception of the form of Fire, into what matter I pray youis chat difpoficion introduced, andin what matter is the Heat inherent, before che Form of Firecomes. And will che Form of Fire beidle, willit fhed forth no gua- lity? Thus one abfurdity being gathered infinice do follow.
ir is @ Nowthe Fire of it felf, is a fubftance moft fubtil, and thin, piercing through
fubjtance. al chings; whichneicher fhines, nor is feen whileft it is pure and fimple withour
any mixture. But whew ic is mixt with and is inherent in other things, ic makes cur
vulgar Kitchin Fire, which differs not Effentially fromthe pure Element of Fire, buz.kezein only in chat itis mixed with fome Hererogeneal matter.
Not an ac- Ts Fienws, indeed, in his Apology againft Santtacruze, p.50. holds thac
a chif Fire of ours which we ufe, is only anaccident. Buc the Redfons of chat opini-
- Omaterefutedin my 3. Hypomne, Phyl. Ch. 16 | « And
bane
ter the
nd
rou
without | kes cut of Ki Cf
\ds thet }
t opi
And
}
Chap. 3: Of the Elements. Boox II, 73 ~ And fince this Kitchin Fire of ouirs, is ufeful co many intents and purpofes, ma- The in? ny authors write many things touching the Inventors thereof, as may be {een in peehi of Plinies Natural Riftory, B.+. Ch. 12. and Book6é. Ch. 30. in Vitruvius Book 2. Chie Fire. But it is apparent by the facrifices and by the ftory of Iubal-Cain,’ that the ufe thereof was known to the firft Fathers ofthe world. Though it isnotto be deni- ed, but chat che other ufes thereof were larer known to orher Nations 5 andnew in- ventions are alwaies added; as may be feen in Gun-powder, and fundry forts of Fireworks; made thereof. ;
Now what the difference is betwixt Fire as it is potentially in mixt Bodies, as it is adtually het, is nor eafie to explain, yet a thing neceflaty to be known, For Sulphur to feel toisas coldasa cold ftick that hath no Brimftone init 5 anda piece of Willow Wood dried is not colder to feel to then a piece of Pitch-Tree Wood. nd {piric of Wine which contains much Fire inic, in coldnefs to feel co, isnot inferior cothe Wine it felf. Yea ina flame which actually is hot, chere is lefs quantity of Fire and of the imal particles thereof, then in Brimftone ; fince in Brimftone not fez on Fire, that isunitedin a {mal fpace, which is diffufedina great flame. in Gun-powder amighty Quantity of Fiery Atomes lie hid, which is ne- verthelefs coldto feelco. Bucthe flame of the faid Gun power, when it is fet on Fire, burns exceedingly, though the Atomesare fevered. This therefore is to be explained, why ina mixt body potentially hor, fo many fiery Atomes contained and collected, do produce no actual heat; or, what ic is that caufes the Fire to heat.
The Former happens, becaufe the Fire is mixe with other things, and is conta what maks ned quiet under the dominion of a fuperior Form. But it heats actually, when it the fire is feparated fromthe reft cf the Bodies, wherewithie was mixed, and being fet ac a ae liberry, freely acts. Ofwhich latter we fhallnowfpeak. pr ih peer Buc actual Fire is varioufly difpofed. Forif it be pure, ic neither fhines noris pyr, fire feen. Of which Scaliger in his 9. Exercitation. Meat roajled on Spits-is not touched neither by the Fire we fee, but it is touched by the Fire we feenot: and it #9 fo touched, fom-fbines nor times, asto be burnttoa Coal. In like manner, if aman hold his Hand over the iS (eit. flame, fothat the flame donottouchir, yec his Haudwil burn. Fire alfo is per- ceived in quick Lime, when water is pouredthereon, in dung when ic rots, in Wa- ter, Oyl, Scones, Metals, which are heated.
Now Fire appears to the fight and not only rochetouch, two manner of waies 3 It becomes either in an hot Coal or Flame, as Theopbrajiws teaches in his Book de Igne, Now vifible twe by a Coal is underftood any Body red hot, that affords no flame. mates.
and "Tis exther Potential, or Atinal.
But that we may rightly underftand, what Flame and Inflamation is, we mutt es of necellity prefuppofe fome Principles. inflawat:
The Firft is: Thac chereis Fire in all Bodies, and chat fo asco retain its perfect on. Form, asl have demonftrated in Hypomnem. Phyf. 3. Howbeit it isinagreater Axioms: quantity in fone Bodies ina leffer quantity in others. I.
~ theSecondis: hat aGual Fireis alwaies Naturally moved. And whereas itis not fo in nixed Bodies, the reafon is, becaufe it is contained quietly wirh other things in the compound under the dominion of an higher Form... For the Forms are che bands of things.
The Thirdis: Fireistwo manner of waies in compounds, the one as fixed, in 3; Salts and otherthings noc inflaniable, nor combuftible; the other, as volarile, fo that by means thereof, the Body in whichic is, may be inflamed; after which manner it is in Sulphur and al Bodies chat partake of Sulphur. Upon which account, | thofe Bodies which have Fire good ftore in them, are eafily burnt by Fire, which, as Scalger in his 9.Exercitation, fpeaks, Gives back afhes to the Eartb moiftureto the water, and takes and keeps to it felf, that vebich is invifible to vulgar Eyes, but can- not conceal it felf from the Minds of voile men:
The Fourthis: Thac there isaConfent of Natural things, and things like are drawn to like, Bur contrary things Fly from one another Ex Hyponem. Phyf: 1. Cap. 1.
The Fiftis: That Fire hatha great fimilitude and likenefs to things that areapt ;. co flame; becanfe they confift of Fire for the moft part; and Fire does eafily unit ir felf cochem: +e
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ee eae ee ee eet er 74 Boox IE. Of the Elements. _ Chap. 3;
og Ria Pas BO OE OM OE SSN mal LS RE A A AN IIE Na 8 The atiua- - Hence we conclude, that the AGuation or.actual breaking out of Fire, isthe * (J xy tion of fire feparation. of that Fire which is potentially in mixt Bodies, from other things mix- | What it * ed cherewith. Ifay potentially, not inrefpect of the Firft a&, or the Form of yi Fire, which it hath really inthe mixt Body, but in refpec of the fecondacé and a si operationthereof. _ ae
The man- - Which feparation is made divers waies, as was faid before, with flame, and with- ners theref ouc flame. Without flamein putrefaction, quick Lime, hor Coals; with flame, fi when Bodies are fet on a flaming Fire. we ai vhain- Of whichtofpeak fomwhat in particular, wefay : chat inflamation or fetting cn | lamation. a flame, is, the breaking out of Fire from a Body aptto flame, and containing ey.
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ids a Sulphureous Exhalation, caufed by the touch of Fire near applied. For when Fire already actuated, does touch a body inflamable, the Fire therein, is attracted by the external fire, and by reafon of fimilicude, moves of its own ac- | oe cord thereto, and unites it felf cherewith. 4 Hi whar_, NOW flame is Fire breaking out of an inflamable Body, touched by actual fire,and | a | flame, ‘tickinginthe fume, as ina Sulphureous Exhalation, and fhining therein, and mo- an "7A vedtherewich. Andtherefore Ariftoile in 1 Meteor. Ch. 4. defines flame ro be the kin | | Boyling out of dry Fire and in the 4. Meteoral. Cap. 9. Burning Smoak, For tlame is mx Fire, but not pure, joyned with a Dry and inflamable exhalation. And when ir Gt is fec on fire; che fire extends much farther then the flame. Andtherefore, as hath _ ; | been faid, meat roafted on {pits, is couched indeed by the fire, but not by che | | flame, anda mans hand held abovethe flame, may be burned, and paper or a can- | i dlemay belighted alfoabovethe fame. Howbeit fire is then only feen, where ms ut being in a great quantity, hatha cercain Fuliginous matter aliling from the fewel, 9 | 4, i joyned therewith. ar 'f ‘4ftuat Now actual Fire is ingendred, andar laft breaksinto flame, either by propagati- | ‘ fireis bredon, or by Coition, andunion, The firtt is caufed, when actua! fire manifelt ro F | swe waies thef{ences, does touch another inflamable body, and fets it on fire, drawing out the ‘k ie fire which lay hidtherein. Thefecondis, when fire which lies fecretly hid in nuxt ‘ dt Bodies, isdrawnout, without the contract of external fire, and being united does i re attually and manifeftly fhew it felf. | : | The firft manner is moft common, when aCtual fire does fet on fire cther infla= . mable Bodies. ‘For by reafon of affinity, itis eafily united cothem,and draws ouc Ni, ! andunites toit felfthefireinthem. Galen inhis B. deufu refirat. calls that fame tes ; inflamable Body the Root of Fire: and Tbeopbraftus in his B. de Jgne termes it the \B ,, Beginning of Fire. : : fe | Things . And becaufe allthings, areinflamed and kindled by means of Sulphur; thofe del )| - which — things chat have fincere unmixe Sulphur in them; or though they have littlethereof ~~) all bave fin. in them yet are fo difpofed, that fire may eafily infinuate ic felf into all cheir Yi etrefatehur arcs; fuch things I fay areeafily fet on Ate. For in the firft place, if the Sulphur ni Coe by muchand pure, andnot mixedin its{mal parts with other things, but is of ic ae Vance: {elf aloneimmediately obvious to the external fire, it is eafily uniced thereto, be- cauife of its fimilitude: Concrarily fuch Bodies as havetheir Sulphur, though much | in Quantity, mingled inits {mal parts with other things, are not eafily inflamed. 9, Whence it happens thac Pitch Wood is more eafily kindled then Oak wood, though ‘a i i) *tis a queftion whether there be more Firein Picch wood then in Oak. Forinthe i Former, the fiery Sulphureous parts are unmmxt and at hands but in the latter the | f inflamable fiery parts lie deep, yet are they difcovered by cheir effects in warming bs 148 ofa Stove. By reafon of plenty ofunmixt Sulphur, fpirit of Wine does foon take se iy flame, andthe purer it isand more feparated from the Flegm, thefooneritisfecon |f fire. But thisis feen moft of all in Bitumen, which isexceeding Sulphureous, and . containes in it a {pivituous matter, of kinto fire, andtherefore isfoon lighted,and | fi Hy conceives flame even far fromthe Fire, as Pliny in Lib. 2.C. 105. faies, Fire leaps Wy Le co it wherever at fees it. And After this manner they fay Medea {et Fafons Concubine ‘ on Fite, as Pliny writes in the fame place. For when Medeahad giventoCrenfaa |" 4 Crown or Garland {meared with Bitumen, and perf{waded her co be prefenc at the ti as facrifices, the Garland {meard with Bitumen, took flame from the Fire and lighted wodé, and fo burnt Crevfa. And Iremember, when 1 was making Balfam of Sul- fphur, and had put intoa Glafs Receiver, flower of Brimftone, {pir ofTerpentine | lef,
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4° eae a ce aan a roma ASST CU O'R CAR SE PTA ar COREG 1g ace ace ent NESS EE Ante 28 A 7 Chap. 3. Of the Elements. = =Book Il. 75 x | and fpiric of Wine,chat they might ftand in digeftion,and left it to the care of a cer- of | rain Student, co cover the mouth of the Receiver with a Glafs Cover and clofe it up ad with {panifh wax;fome of thefpanifh wax being lighted and falling upon the lid,the Spiritf{in the Receiver was fet on flame, although it was hardly a fixt parc ful. Here- he! unto belong common Brimftone, Gun-powder, Pitch, Afphaltum, Ambar : Hence a | Galen relates in his 3.de Temperam Chap.2.that aman in his daies,made a great boatt | of lighting a Candle afcer a wonderful manner,?which he firft puc out & then appli- cn 4 ed ittoa wal to light it, which he made fhew to be done without Fire, which though np fome thought it co be a magical operation; yet when it was known, that the faid Se wall was {meared with Brimftone and liquid bitumen, che wonder ceafed. Like fi hereunto, isthac which Cardan relates irhis tenth Book de Varietate Rerum, ofa fe certain man who would light Candles not perfectly extinguifhed at che mouth ofa
certainImage, which was made on purpofe and daubed with Sulphur and Bitumen | or Petroleum, that fothe Image might teem to vomit Fire. i Moreover, Bodies fpungy and dry, though they have little fulphur in them, yet why 47 | becaufe they are dry, andthe watry parts, which otherwife do moft of all hindex saath rel kindling into a Flame, are abfent, the Fire eafily unites it felf to che {ulphur which flamed. is in them, whence they cometokindle. Such bodies are, dry Wood, ‘Torches, Straw, Stubble, dry Hay; Tow, Wool, Paper, Tutch-wood, Links. bik But that fome things, as Oy], Suet, Wax, which contain ftore of Sulphur in them, ee are not eafily fet on fire, but need ftore of fireto light chem, as when they are boy- wary 9 ling, or muft have a wiek to caufe them burn: the reafon is, becaufe thofe bodies dies are. — (| are vifcous and clammy, andnotfpungy, and becaufe they ftick together in their bard to | {mal parts. Alfo, becaufe they havea watry Subftance, mixed with their fmalleit cake fires patts. And the mixture of watry parts, does moft of all hinder Inflamation. For Water as muchas any thing hinders the breaking out of flame. For feeing Water mingled with Wood, only by the roots thereof, does render them lefs fubjeétto take fire, much more wil that Water do it, whichis moft inti-
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a mately mixt with thefulpur. Bucifa dry wiek be added to Oy], Suet, or Waxs dos the flame or attual fire inthe wick, draws co it felf its cozen fire mixt in the matter | clofe by, but flowly, becaufeic cannot do it plencifully. For that fame watrinefs ile | hinders; which muft firft be removed, that the fulphureous part may be lighted. soe | Now thisis flowly difpelled : which alfo while it is in doing, the fire alfo flies away, ame and fo ic needs new to fucceedic, whichit does becaufe it is freed fromthe W ater. We And indeed in evety body which feeds fire flowly, there is fomwhat which refifte in fire. For othetwife there were no reafon, why the fire dhould not be altogether fud= hole denly inflamed, as it happens in Tow or Srraw. And Brimitone it {elf affords ama- ere nifeft example hereof, which does indeed foon take fire, and yet is long before ac thes burn out, becaufe it has in it ftore of acid {pirit, which hinders the Inflamation. lohue Now the flame which we fee kindled in any matter, is not alwaies the fames sol | feeing the fire is in continual motion and flies away, a new fire comes frefh and frefh ), bef] out ofthe ching burning. And therefore as Ariftotle faies, Meteor 2. Ibe flame never ‘much |] continues the fame. amd. And whereas it is commonly faid that fulphureéous things, and whatever wilkin- How the hoygh | des is the food of fire; that muft be rightly underftood. For it is not fimply true, Fi" u fee inthe becaufe fire is a fimple body, which properly is not nourifhed. Butinthat the fire athe |} cieaves to the body inflamed, ic is not becaufe ic needs food, but becaufe through fi- ring | niilitude, it endeavors to draw out the fire lying hid in the body inflamed; andtou- ntake || nite it to felf, andfoto multiply it felf. For every Nature defires to multiply it felf, feton |} and there is inevery thing an appetice'of Infinicy and Eternicy,as I. C- Scaliger faies Pea | in bis 9.Bxercit. whichis chiefly effected by union withits like. And cheretore fire hand | fticks fo long at leaft to the body inflamed, as there is fulphur and fire therein, eleaps | which failing, ic fl'es away. pee yabine | Alfofromthe Premifes the difference appeats becw¢eh a flame, and burning , The dif re | coals or other things which yeild no flame. Flame, as ‘has been faid, is joyned ere. mai with fuliginous vapors, and there is more fuliginous matter ina flame than in coals. ning things yan | For when the char-coals were made, the greaceft part of the fuliginous matter Hew that flame of sil away. And becaufe abundance of fuliginous matter does choak the flame, yea and and rhofe | the fire icfelf; and hinders the fudden propagation thereof, of neceflity the fuligt- lees uae rf | nous vapor mult have egrefs, is aan comes oftentro pafs that fire lies hid : ig allied | 2 clofe
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76 BOOK II: Of the Elements. Chap. 3 ;
clofe chamber, but flame arifes not therefrom. ‘But as foon as the door or window is opened, anda paflage is given co the foory vapors, it breaks forth into a flame. And becaufe the coals chemfelves have yet inthem fome fuliginous matter, the fire confumes the coals no fafter, than the fuliginous vapors can findegrefs. And there- fore thongh the whol furnaces of Chymifts are at once filled full of coals, the fire confumes ne more of the coals, rhan is anfwerableto the egrefs of the fuliginous vapors, andfo by opening or fhuccing, more or fewer, greater or {ma ler vent-holes; aman may moderate the fire as hepleafes. Forno more fire is kindled than the Prohibiter wilallow. Yeaandcoals may befofet on fire as that they fhall noe confume after thismanner. Take a ftrong pipkin or ftone pot, which will endure the fire, filic with coals,and put onthe cover and lute it round about, and when the lute is dry, put the pot into the mid’ft of a fire, that the whol por may be red hot; andthenthe coals wil be all on fire ( andif any wil not beleeve ic, he may by
——
Nii the fireto grow cold of it felf, then openor break the por, and you fhal find al] your coals whol. The caufe whereof is becaufe as the fire entred in through the i pot fides, fo it goes out the fame way, but the fub{tance of the coals cannot pafs the i, pot fides. thes What fire Wowbeic we muft here obferve chat it isnot common to all fire; nor does ic agree ! needsa to fireas fireto be extinguifhed ina clofe place. For its known by Hiftories, thar q Shae there have been lights which have burnc long ina clofe velfel: but this is che pro: ( Be percy of fome fort of fire only, namely of that which comes out of a mixt fulphure- ous body, as Wood or the like, with fumes and exhalations. Forthe flame only a! which arifes from fuch bodies, being. fhut up is extinguifhed. For fince ina continu- ial al flame there is a refolution of mixtbodies, and the mixt body is refolved into Mh other things whereofit was compounded, anda body refolved requires a larger i f{pace, than that which is clofe compacted, it happens, becaufe thereis no place for the fuliginous vapors which fteam out, part oppreffes part 5 and bécaufe naturally there is no penetration of dimenfions, while the compound is hindred from being i | refolved or loofened, the caufe alfo of the diffolution is topped, which is the a@ty_ hy ie ae al fire. " eas And all thefe things which we have faid, appertainto the firét manner of genera- ii tion of Fire, vig. when actual Fire is applied toa combuftible Body, and a con;- ! buftible or inflamable body is kindled by Fire put co it. ha The fune By this manner of Fire many things are made and prepared for the ufe of man : F dry ufes of and hence come not only the melting andnever breaking Fires of Chymifts and o- | tha fire. ther Arcifts, and thofe which are ufedin Kitchins, Stoves and Chambers to warm uss but alfo Candles, Torches, Links and Lamps. Candles, Links and. Torches ' are made of Tallow, Wax, Pitch, Rofin, with wieks of Cotton and Cordage. Lamps nt iy are made of Oy! with Cotton, ina Glafs or other Veffel. They are madeto give i light in dark places. Oy] of Olives, Line-feed, Rape-feed, Hemp feed, are vul- Mt garly ufed; alfo Lamps may be maintained wich {piric of. Wine or other fpirits. i Now that which primarily and principally burns, isthe Oy] or other inflamable li- quor, which the wiek draws, which is hereby apparent, in that there are fome hd {nufts chat wil not confume with Fire, fuch as thofe made of the Wood Asbeftum, | of which Pliny {peaks inbw B. 19. ch. 1. and 2. and Book 36. ch. 1g. and of the ftone ) Amiantos, of which Diofcorides {peaks in his 5. B. ch. 147. as alfo of alumen plumo- Mn fum. Buc ifthe wiek be combuttible, icis fecondarily both inflamedand burne iu up. k : Lamps ee although Water do quench Fire, yet Lamps may be made, which burn in burning in Water and are extinguifhedin Oyl; ifnamely the Wick be foaked in liquid Ver- iH walere nifh, and put into Water and fo lighted: for then ic wil burnin the Water; but if it Oy! be powred co it inftead of Water, ’twilgo our. i Durable ~~ And thatthe Oy! may-burn che longer, certain metallick fubftances muft be mix- | “bam. " edtherewith. So if you cake one pound of red Lead, half'a pound of Cerufs. four ounces of quick Sulphur, common Oyltwo pound, and mix them all in a Mortar by che Fire fide, leifurely ftirring ic fomtimes, and then digeft them Eight daies in a aM Glaf$retore, and at laft diftil chem, you wil have an Oy] which wil lafta longtime i in «tone one ounce. Letal being poudred be incorparated with two pints of Oyl O-+ liye.
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Chap. 3. Of the Elements. Boox II. a7 live. Let chis mixture digeft ten daies together; andletitbe ftirred about. once pet a day, afterwards diftilic with aretort, and ufe che Oy! fora Lamp. If youwould
ufe {pirit of Wine fora Lamp, to make it laft long, pour ic upon equal parts of unflak’t Lime, crude Tartar, and Brimftone, and diftill ic once through a recert.
Or pour {pirit of Wine upon equal parts of unflak’d Lime, crude Tartar, and com-
mon Salt, and fo diftilic, Concerningthe Lamp of .Ammon fee Plutarch in his Treatife De defettu oraculorum. Allo Cardan detcribes perpetual Lamps in his ro.
de Rerum Varietate and in his 1 de Subtil. de principiis rernm, Caput 10.
And fo much touching the firft manner of the Generation of Fire,to which if any. Hithereg man wil refer that alfo, whichis caufed by the Sun’s beams, I fhal not quarrel with belongs the him. For if che beams of the Sun be fo collected in a burning Glafs artificially propogati- made to that end, that meeting ina point, they fet on firea combultible body, they % ef fre do the fame thing that fire applied does. Oe
Moreover, There are alfo other waies, by whichthe fire which is potentially in ,. ie t amixtbody (that is to fay, which actually and according to the form, is really in hopes
mixt bodies, but isnot liableto che fences, buc lurks invilible ) may be called vzion. out of the faid mixt body, fo astobecome manifeft to the Sences. Senecain his 2 B. of Nat. Queft. num. 22. writes, That Fire may be made two wales, one way ° hich is is if it be forced out, as fromthe ftriking ofa Flint; another by rubbing, as when “2% many two Sticks are rubbed together a longtime. But indeed there are more waies, ”“*? — andatieaft three. ForFireismade. 1, By putrefaction. 2. Bythe flight of the Contrary. 3. By motion: co which fome ad a fourth mentioned by us in the firit, vig. the Sun-beams. in the firft place, {ince in Putrefaction the Heat and fire which lurk in the mixt _ body exhales, and thereby become united, by putrefaction, Fire is fomcimes By putre- kindled. Anditis knownto Country-men, how hot an heap of dung wil grow, fo feétion. — that the ftraw therein wilbe @tiice burn’d. So they relate out of Theopbraftus, chat: a Ship laden with moift Cloaths, conceived Fire and was burnt up. Nor is it un- known chat heaps and Stacks of moift Hay and Corn have been burnt up. .How- beit in matter putrifying hardly can there be fo great an heat raifed, chat the matter fhould flame, untefs it gather {trength elfwhere, An example whereof Galen has in his 3. de Lemperam Cap. 2. where he writes : chat Pigeons dung was caft neer the window of an houfe in ‘Myfza, in the middle of a moft hot Summer. The dung there- fore putrifying, and being heated by the Sun, fent fortha fiery vapor, which fec on Fire the boards of che Window which were{meared with Rozin, and at laft burne the whol Houfe.
Secondly, Fire is collected and kindled by flight of its contrary;a manifeftexam= 2. pie whereof we have in Quick Lime, upon which if water be poured it stows fohoc, 2) fight rhat it has been feen fet wood on Fire that has been by ic: which comes to pafs, bea 7 the Com caufe the fiery atomes or {mal particles of Fire which lie hidden in the Lime, whiles pedir they fly from the Water contrary to their nature, come to beunited together, and.grews bor fotooperate. Howbeitthereis a diffenc amongft Authors touchingthe Reafon of #ben we- this growing hot of Lime when Water is poured upon it. Lbeopbraftws in his Book % powred,
deJene, writes thus thereof: Seeing Heat # not without moifture or exbalation,. there-." The, fore Lime burns when Water is put to it, ratber than alone. Hefeems to think, chat tloeafine
Fire lies hid in the Lime, but that it is not pierced without matter ; but Water being poured upon it, ic is brought intoaét, andexhales with the vapor, and fo affects. per, apo thetouch. Petrus Aponenfis conceivs the Caufeto be, that the Heat being kept in zenfis, : by Antiperiftalis of the cold Water becomes more forcible. Fuzl. Caf. Scaliger in,
his 5. Exercitation Sect 9. thus writes: Inthe paffages of the Lime, the natural aac ate fiure being con{umed, there lurks Fire : webich flying from the Ingrefs of the Water, and ei thrufting ut felf into the folid parts, it colletts it felf, and becomes fharpened by condenfa- tion : for the piece of Lime, whofe half only is covered with Water, as far asit. is ous. of the Water groves hot, recerying into felf that Heat which is banifbt oxet of the other parts. The Comentator upon Theopbraftus, de lone blames Scaliger, becaufe in the | Lime it does not fo fall out that one part receives the Water, another parc the Fire. 7 Com For the Water foaksthrough, andevery where fils all the paffages, nor conchis sa . Collection and denfation of the Fire be made in the inner part ofthe Lime as id a periiiartem: Tower of Refuge. OES
And,
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78 Boox IL
SEEING SRE Ch )
OF the Elements. Chap. 3. |
“Thy we And in good deed, true itis, that Lome humorexhales cut of the Lime, withthe [f / sxamined. Fire, Butthusa caufeis not fhewed, why at laft the fire beginsto exhale with the i. “i ; Water, and why in other hot Bodies, water potired on does not produce the fame ef- | ‘i ;
feé&. Nor hath the Antiperiftafis of Petrus Aponenfis any place here,finceexperi- Fe ence teftifies that the heat is rather poured out, then thatic gathers it felfimwards. | od So alfo there is no fuch Concentration of the Fire as Scaliger imagines; forasfoon | ue as ever the Water is poured on, ic pierces into all parts of the Lime. | . i The Aye . Lconceive therefore that the opinion firft propoundedis the trueft. Namely, In | a
rit thors opi- the Lime there are many atomes of Fire, not fo much they, which the violence of | 2
is i nie the fire could not draw out, as thofe which have infinuated themfelves during the | a Hi long time of its burninginthe Kil. ForChalkisof a Spungy Body. Therefore a | water being poured on, it penetrates intoall parts of che Lime, which the fire avoi- s ding, as contrary thereunto, itexhales, and {fo becomes fenfible. And becaufe a i the Lime contains yet {ome moifture in it, whereby it hangs together, that unites ak mn it felfto the wacer poured on, and leaves the Body, whereupon the Body of the bl ad chalk is diffolved and reduced to pouder. aS io a ; Upon this Ground, mixtures are made which are fet onfire, being wet withwa- || la i \ Savile cer, Yea, or with Spittle: vig. Ifa like Quantity of Ship-Pitch, Greek Pitch, | Oita Na burn with SUlphur, Tarcar, Nicer and Petroleum be mingled together, and doublethe weight | ae [ | wateror Ofallinunflak’t Lime, be added, and all made up with the Yolks of Eggs, and jg i) i fpitile. {ome daies digefted in Horfe Dung or in Balneo. This mixture is fetonfireby |§ fp? nat Rain or any other moifture. The like mixture may be made of Unilak’t Lime, mate | Sulphur, a little Gum Arabick, and Line-feed Cyl: whereof bals being made, |g iepio Ht they wil befet on fire by Waterthrown onthem. $o, if you fillan Egg-fhell half 5 ten HL ful of unflak’c Lime, and put Gum-powder on the top and ftop the hole jj ilutia AM with wax : Then the faid mafs Thrown into cold Water, will .be fet on by def | Fire. | Netur Net _ Thirdly, Fire may be raifed by motion : which comes ro pafs, by the mutual jg tw Ht By motion. CUBbing cogether of two Bodies, which haveFireinthem. For by rubbing and mo- Book Hil tion; the Fire which did lie ftil in mixt Bodies, kept in bondage by an higher form, thea ue and throughly mixc with contrary things, is moved, and{o gains motion and acti- [9 fr , vity. Andthis becides more eafily, if on woodsnow awhile rub’d one uponano= —§ wi id ther, Gun-powder, or Powder of Brim-ftone or fuch like be ftrewed. SoPlinyin |@ ip: t his 16. B. Ch. 4. writes thatthe Mulberry Tree, the Bay-Tree, and the Ivy anda | dace i} Trees out of which Fire is gained, are vor Trees. Spies in Camps and Shep-berds ny ft bave found tbis Experiment, becaufe they bave not alwaies.a Plint at Hand to fhrik (Mh addsth / Bire. They Rub therefore one piece of Wood againft another, whence Fire arifes, bitch ma fe Ae is received on tinder, a dry Mufbrom or withered leaves of Trees. But nothing excels | iwsfiy ih Ivy wbich muft be rubbed with Bay, orletthe Bay Wood be rubbed with the Ivy. Alfo | lahnm th ihe toild Vine is approved inthis cafe, not that which # cad Labrufca, but anotber uihy nt fort, vebich Climbes Trees like Ivy. tie by f a. Fourthly, Some refer hither the manner whereby Fire is kindled by the Sun- | 9 hy i By the Sun beats, of which we fpeak above, in che fir& manner of gaining Fire. Whereof |] leo in| beams. we allow every Man to Judgashe pleafes. The thing is of it felfmanifeft andwel |@ iy; an known; that by burning Glaffes and other-Glaffes, Wood, Paper and other dry @ 3}, ts i! things are fet on fire. With fuch kind of Glaffes Archimedes fec on Firethe Ene- | itn iit miés Gallies and burnt them up. _Of which fee what che Teachers of Opticksfay, J We ih atid Fobannes Baptifta Porta. Yea, and the Raies of the Sun may kindle fire § bil 4) Without any Glaffes, and experience hath fhewed, thar woods and bituminous i, | Latids and Seas, have been accidentally fet on Fire by the Sun’s Beams. foo. ait Scaligar, J+ C. Scaliger inthe fame Exercitation, Set. 1. hath yet another manner of the. Thi ‘it refers to generation of Firé,‘and conceives it may be made out of attenuated Airs wherethus | inf, vu $9 Heed he writes: We muft confep tbat out of the Air moved, {mitten and attenuated beatmay Walp. i iat oi tpi be caufed. Which if it-proceed it turns to the fubftance of Fire, and that by Reafon of | bodies, 4 fenuation #Ve attenwation of parts. But that thisis falf, does thus appear, that Stones andthe _ ‘ry ; 4 ‘4 of the Air: Qardeft Bodies {mitten together, do not caufe any {parkles of Fire, unlefsthey 9 5,. a V bat beis Kaye ftore of Sulphur in them. And the Sulphur which is forced out of flints may be "y whi hi. Gonfuted. perceived by its{miel. Moreover thé Air cannot be inflamed, either by rubbing or he
t ‘any other way, but chisis the property only of mixt Sulphureous Bodies. And if ini
}
, ¢ the Air ic felf could be fet on Fire, this lower Region of the Au bad been longago : burnt
Wa. ‘itch, rewght and ueby Lite, F|
Made,
orn, FF idadtis TE | "iy in arid ay | herd! FF to frit Bl Ry | g eel Bi a |
anotner
rhe Sut W hereok andwel
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ible fe | | grbinous
ofthe here thus heat 0) a |
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ping And Jongg!
buco BY
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—
Chap 3. a alas the Elements. Boox II. 79
gonot. And Pareus, in his Apologifmus Primus faies that bullets that againft an aha is “sf hard Scone have been prefently taken up withouc hurting aMans Hand. And if" Leaden points of darts or Leaden bullets, did prow hot with motion, much more
would wax grow hot; and yet experience hath caught us chac a bullet made of wax
fhot out of a Gua hath noc meked, but hath gone through a boord two fingers
So much for the manners of the generation of Fire. Contraiwife Fire goes out, ‘Coyrray?- efpecially flame, when eirher the inflamable matter fails, or though it be prefent, wife, Fire ic is hindred from flaming, and che Fire not fuffered to come out of the MIXC £oes ob. Body.
For in the firft place, when the intlamable Body fails, the flame ceafes, when all che Sulphur which was in che Body is confumed.. So when Tallow, Wax, or Either Oyl fail, che flame dies inche Wiek and Lamp; and whenthe wood is quice burne through and reduced to afhes, the Fire goes out 3 becaufe rhat which was there before, flies deffect “a away, andnoniore followsict. For Flame i alates in generation and being bred es at perubes immediatly, as Tbeopbraftus {peaks in his Book de lene. For whileche fire ismade by confuming the fewel, when che fewel is gone the fire goes our. For che fire properly does not die or perith, but flies away: yet becaufe it fticks fo long to the inflamable Body, as long as there is any thing co be kindled and burn, when that fails, icisthought to die, This firft manner of extinction, which is caufed by defect of fuel, is by Theopbraftus in his Book de Igne called, A Corruption allmoft ‘Natural, and moft properly fo called.
Youching the kindling and going out of Fire, Galen hath an excellent place in bis rp, deyrie ‘book de refpirat. Cap.3. Where he writes: Al flames are moved with a double MOLIOTy marion of a the one fromtbe matier, out of which they are kindled, by which they mount aloft and flame ac- Spred abroad every way 3 the other contrary to this, % to their beginning and their Roots cerding to mit were, by which they fertle and are contratted. For af you light a brand onthe wery Galen: top, the fire comes {uddenly to the lower parts 5 and if after you bave blown out the flame of a candle, and you fhall bold another candle over the Smoak of thefnuf, you Shall fee 7 prefently lighted, vebich could not fo fal out, if the fire moved only upwards. And he. adds that this is the caufe of the faid double motion, feeing (faith he) every flame is ys rit moft (peedily corrupted : for it is alvoaies {eattered by the ambient Air; therefore it is an nee necefJary that tts generation fbould alo’ be wery quick; otberwife it would not lafitBe leaft moment. ‘Nove the generation of all flame comes out of the matter, therefore it hath not voithout cause given it by Nature,. not only a motion outvoards from its proper prin- ciple, but one contrary thereunto, turning towards its oven proper principle. And all fiame mufh needs be corrupted, tf it ant either matter, or one of thefe motions. In which place of Galen, thofectwo motions of flame,
are diligently to be confidered.. Firft, the Fire ts carried tothe Body inflameable, and the matter, or Root, as Galen cals it, by reafon of affinicy, and. ic goes on al fides: the other is whereby the fire which is drawn out, is naturally carried upwards.
Now the waies whereby the inflameable matter thelef{s decaies, aremany, which all ofthem have tinction, the actuated fire goes away, from the mixt Body inflamed.
This proceeds firft from fuffocation ; viz, when as the fire bre inflamed Body with the Smoak, finds no place co receive ic. ceafes to be moved in the fume or Smoak. For feeing, bodies cannot beinthe fame place, leaft there thould bea ons; andin theinflamation,. of mixt Bodies, man Fire which fire which raifed them 5 if they find no uffocation poration together with the flame is hindred, by the neceflary working of univer{al Nature. Afterthis manner, all things chat deny place to the Fire andthe exhala- tion joyned therewith, do extinguifh the fire, and ftifle the fame :
I.
being prefenc, the flame never= 3;
this incommon, that in the ex--or becaufe and nomore adtuated fire does {ucceed ic, of Ht ratien o
: : aitea- aking out of the hye :
For then the fire ~" which as was faid before, two comes to
Penetration of dimenfi- pel again: y exhalations go away withthe Bike by: place to receive them, their eva- /;
which happens , when the flame.and fume are fo fhur up; that they have no free egrefs, nor placete bold them, Tes
1 i a RY nn tents ian
“Bo Boox II. Of the Elements. Chap. 33 Irs alfo a kind of fuffocation, when,the flame is extinguifhed by thick Am and
Hereunto belongs el exhalatiuns; which comes to pafsin the quarries of metals, che pumpes of Ships, foeximii- . 4 when Beer and new Wine works. Forfeeing the Air is then filled with thick
en hick vapors, it cannot containthe flame with itsexhalacion, whence its*motion muft
Air, “ar Nan needs be ftopped and choaked in ics Root, To fuffocationalfo, compreflion may be referred, when the wiek being coms
Alfo the iA ; compres’ preffed, the flame of Candles is put out unlets any one will refer this to the follo- onefthe wing manner, whereby fire is violently feparated from its Fuel and Roor as it
WHER: were. : Secondly, A flame is extinguifhed by difcuflion and diffipation, when the flame Or by dif- is pluckt away and fo departs from its fuel and Roor, before new fire can follow, caffion and and when the fire is taken away, which drew out the fire in the mixt body. After diffization this mannec Torches are blown outby Winds, and we blow out Candles and Lamps with our Breath. And feeingby the blaft of ones Mouth or by Bellows, flame‘is is botb vai. Yailed, and the fire in Coals turns toa flame, we muft enquire the caufe of thefe dif- (edandex. ferent effects. Where we areto know; ifa little flame do only ftick in the furface tingnifbed of the Body, itis Loon extinguifhed by blowing, whereby che incendiaty, and the by blowing fire inco which the mixt Body is refolved, are foon taken away. Butifthe fire, a€tuated by blowing, is driven into che inner parts of che Body inflameable the fire is moreand more encreafed. , Thus, by blaft of the Mouch, and of the Bellows, the fire is droven into the inner part of the Coals, and flame israifed, which when ic hath caken deep root, itis not eafily feparated, but the fire defirous to preferve it felf, alwaies goes more inward, andby chat motion, more of the hidden fire is attuated. Which is manifeft in Coals. Hence ic appears, why as Theopbraftus faies and experience teaches, Lamps do confume more Vy1,if the Wind blow upon them, then they do whenthe Air is{til, and torches alfo are fooner burnt our, when the windblows. For feeing the flame is prepetually generated, and the Wind or other blaft difcuffes the flame gennerated, the fire {ticking clofe to its principle or Root, does more greedily and powerfully draw out what ever is there-
in inflamable, andcturnes it into flame. Hence alfo acatife may be rendred, why the flame being extinguifhed, is again when and cited by blowing upon the inuf. Where you muft cbferve that this does not al-
why flame
» gi waies happen, bucfomtimes only, when the {nufis large and ful of fire, likea coal. thewiex, Forthen, as burning ccals by the blaft of bellows, do fend forth aflame, which isextin- ocherwite, ofthemfelvesthey wouldnor do: foalfo che fire being in great quans
guifhed & city inchef{nuf, by blowing conceives flame. But if the {nuf afcer the flame is Wown it. H\own out, have not much firein it, and benot red hor, *twilbe in vaine toended-
again. our co blow it into a flame, why the..-Lhis alfo is co be obfervedby the Way: that che fire of a flame, is much more fire of « vehement thenthat of Coals, andthat not withone Caufe. Forall the ftrength of
flame, é Fireis inmotion, Andexperience it felf wicneffes the fame. And therefore Gold- mr? po-~ Sayiths do moft readily melt their Gold by aLamp, the flame whereof they dire&
werful then ugon the Gold by blowing. And others alfo that work in metal, and amongft —
bat of > woe! “them, belfounders do rather ufe the fire of flame rifing from woud, then Coals,
burning - oD) ‘ 5 wes r
goals. ° “and if in ocher melting fornaces they ufe Coals, they ufethe continual blaft of bel- lowsto make them flame.
or by bine. here is yet a chird way, whenthe flame, thoughthe matter of fire be prefent in
dving the aN inflaneable body, is extinguifhed, becaufe that which is firft bred, flies away ; afflex of feeiog flame is in perpetual motion, and new fire is hindred from coming out of the new fire. inflameable body, or the actual fire 1s hindred from drawing more out of the in-
flameable body, or as Iheopraftas {peaks fomwhat fhuts up and {tops the begin- -
wheiber Hing. ,Which how it comes to pafs, wearenowtoenquire. which how it comes fre be «x to. pafs, muft beenquiredunto. Some men may refer this to the prefence of that ting foed, which is contrary, whigh when the fire perceives, it flies from it, and ceafes irs mo- of ite con tion. Bur, Seeing not only water, butalfo Oyland{pirit of wine, too abundant- way, : ly pourd abour the flame, yea, and Afhes, Sand, and what ever covers the inflame- able body, thatrhe ilame which cals out the lurking fire, cannot touch the fame, pucs out che flame ;and’tis not only contrarity that makes to the extin@ion of the
flame. For the fireinthe flame fliesaway; when ic can no longer touch the Bod « inflamed. Andchough the Body, which interpofes it felf, be ic felf alfo inflame- ables
. de ality
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Of the Elements. Boox II. SF able; Yer, Ifeicher by means of the great Quantity thereof, or byreafoncfthe admiftion of another Body, it camnor fet thac body on fire, nor change icintoa flameto fucced, the former flame flies away, and {o no other coming in its place, the fireisextinguifhed. Y et,becaufe of althings warer doth moft ealily extinguith fire; ifahy one wilhave ic, chat it puts out fire, not only by interpofition of its bo- dy, butalioby its contrariety which ithachco Fire, ifhat noc contend with him chereabout.
Buc how it comes to pafs that fome fire burns under water, is an obfcure quefti- why some on, nor that I know of, fufiiciently explained by any Man. For al inflameable five burns things wil not burn under the Water. For Rozin, Bitumen, Frankincenfe, Yea, #der the and Brim-Scone it felf, if being fec on fire chey be puc into water, they are eafily Cee extinguithed: and other things even when they are not on fire wil not admit of water, asOyls, Tallows, Fats. And ifthefe be much heated, and then water poureduponthem, there arifes a great fight betwixt them andthe Water, and the fire fltes violently away witha great noile; fo that experience hath taught, thac fires have been caufed by pouring Water on fuch fat things when they boil, I¢ therefore mixtures be made of fuch things {o fatty, which exceedingly refift water adding fuch things as do moft ofall cherifh fire, and keep ic from fly ing away, then chofe mixtures will burn evenin the Warer. Fora part of fucha mixture being inflamed, does vehemently driveche Water from it felf, and therefore fuch things burn witha noife, and hinder the water from piercing into the burning body, and the other things do continually fupply matter ro the flame.
A Torch that wil not be extinguifhed by Rain cr Wind, may thus be made. Take ATo Colophony and Wax of each fix pound, EAA fe fle tro pound, Tallow one pound. that ay Mix all over thefire. Andinchis mixture dip Wieks to make Candles, or Cords zor be tomake links, lec them boila littleand then take chem out and cool, and wreath @#enched. four together for one link, Whichmuft becovered with four pound of Wax and one pound of Turpentine. _
A Candle that will burn in water may thus be made. Take Wax half apound, 4 Candle Brim-ftene, unflak’t Lime, Turpentine, Salt Ammoniack, of each two ounces, Petro- tbat will eum one ounce, Campbire balf an ounce. Mix them and make thereof 2#H¢ i Candles, whichifthey be lighted and thrown intothe water will burn neyer- 7“ chelefs.
_ Befides the manners and waies already reckoned up, whereby fire may be exting- Flame utfhed, ‘Theopbraftus, in his B. de lene, hath yet another, vig. When a greater fire */? ¢x-
a SE
isputtoaleffer. So we fee, a great Candle lighted’and put toa leffer, puts the tingwifbed
lefferout. But chen che leffer flame indeed is extineui . viben a zi piiandeaek Wied | guifhed, but che fire in the Snuf greater 3s
eee eet ee eee suo tams: Gong goaway; only the lefler. flame.gdes co applied te the greater, becaufe of affinity, and is thereto joyned 5 or the lefler flame is drawn «/efer.
toic by the greater,
And that we may fay fomwhat alfo of the effects and operations of fire; Fire is Of the a EPRCTICIA : Dut ficy of che matcer perations wherein it is, it workes diverfly. - Fire ss moft bot in a (olid and Earthy Body, faies of fire Theopbraftus : but in achin and rare or {pungy body, ’tis lefshor. And Scaliger in ; his 9. Exercitation: Fire tn Iron is moft vebement by reajon of its denfity, in wood la vehement, weaker in Wooll and fuch Paper wweufe, in aflame it is fo dilute tbat we five'u more can draw our band through it without hurt; im Aque-vite, on fire the flame ia fo thin vehement that it will not burn a cloath dipt therein. Yea, And the fame Scaliger in the fame (ome? place faies, chat che fire burns noc of ic felf, buc by accident, vir. Becaufeofcon- denfation, Howbeit, It is a queftion obf{cure enough, whether fire of ic felf burns and whether fome fire be horter then otherfome. Cardan hath invented fome caufes of thiscthing, which may be feen in Scaliger.. Now that this queftion may be more rye opjnd- rightly explained, Scaliger gives us light, inthe fame place, who faies che common oi # oe. manner and caufe why fire is more vehement then fire, is che frequency of ics parts, liger- their Coherence, Propinquity, Coagmentation, Cohefion and union; for in a more compacted matter very many parts are contained ina {mal place.
Andreas Libavius indeed oppofes this opinion of Scaliger in his Comm. Alchym. Libavius Part. 1. Lib. 2.Cap. 12. And feigns I know not what intenfion of fubitanceseaha *ppales the qualities, and objects divers things of little validity againft him, {carce rightly wn” f ftating the Controverfie. For firft he faies, when ftubble is loofe and {pred abroad, rn SE
QO tie
Why fome
then other
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"Qo Bo oK IL. OF the Elements. Chap. 3.
difperfion of parcs. Take them therefore in your hand, cwift them and twind them together, yet the fire becomes no ftronger : but the anfwer is eafie. The ftubble it felf, whether {pread abroad, or in a bundle, does not change its Nature, but continues f{pungy. Andcherefore it ftirsupthefame degree of fire, fave that when ic lies fcattered ic cannot afford fo joynt a Flame, feeing much Air comes be- tween, as when it is gatheredtogether. Again, he faies, that fire burning freely ia afpungy pieceof Wood hath more furtherances co its aétion, theninan hardand folid, although you imagine both of themrto betotally inflamed. The fire of loofe
Coals is more {piricuous, and more blown through then that of hard Coals, althougia -
a greater impreffion feems to be made by the latter, if yontouch them: yer it harh lefs {piric, it receives lefs nutriment from the Air, and becaufe ic is more fhut in, it is More weak, though more lafting in regard of the ftrength of che matcer.
"afc But Libavins feems, not to have been well acquainted wich the Nature of fire, aiid and there are many things in thefe objections not agreeing with truth, alfo feveral ons an- Queftions are mingled together. Forthe queftion is not, what material doés more (wered. €afily take fire, and in which fire is moft eafily brought into aét, and which burns
moft freely, For we grant chat al chefe things are true of Spungy bodies. But the queftion is, in whichthe fire burns moft, inarare ora dente body. And we fay, that fire does burn more vehemently ina compact and denfe body, as experience fhews. For aman may withouc dammage draw his finger throngh the flame, bur if he do but touch a red hot Iron, he isburntina moment. Which Libavins himfel€ confeffeth when he grants,that we perceive a greater heatin hard Coals then in fpun- gy, ifwetouchthem. Now that is falfe, that che fire receives nourifhmeut from the Air, fince whatfoeveris lighted muft bein the inflamed body. Bucif fire be al- Maied with much Air, as happens in the burning of ftubble and fuch like things, che fire is not thereby made ftronger but weaker. And Libavivs confounds the en- creafe of the fiery parts and the ftconger action of the fire depending thereupon, with the intenfion of the hear icfelf. That one fire is greater then another is out of queftion; and manifeft alfo ic is, that in a_ greater Quantity the power of acing is greater, in a lefs quantity leffer. For that metal which is mélced by a large flame. of Wood or Coals, will not be melted by the flame of a Candle. Buc here lies the Queftion, whether the heat and fire which isin a great flame, be oficfelf more intenfethenthatinafmal one. Which Scaliger denies, forthe caufes aforefaid, and maintaines, that thofe parts‘of fire, which they cal] degrees, are augmented by conjunction of parts, and not by incenfi- on of Virtue. Which opinion of Scaliger, though Libavins call’sit.a Nicety ; Yet, Fre muft needs allow of it, when he writes that the heat of Fire is as great as may be, inthe fmalleft {park, and of it felf fuffers nothing to be taken from it, norad- mits any part of a cold body into its fociery, Andthough headdesthat the recep- tive fubject of them borhisalcered; yet will not Scaliger deny thisneither, For by how much themore Fire there is inany body, fo muchthe hotterisic; and b how much the Jeffer, fo much the lefshot. Take foran example (which Libavins himfelfufes) feeching Water. Thereis inboyling hor Water much Fire, where- upon if you pour cold water, it becomes luke-warm, becaufe of the admixture of cold water, which hathnoFirein ic, Inafmal piece of lron there may be more Fire, chen ia a great deal of ftubble.
The As- {retain cherefore the opinion of Scaliger,and hold;that one Fire isnot hotter them shers epi- another 5 but that Fire burns more firongly thenFire, comes by reafon of che ant union of many parts; and chat fire burns weakly, proceeds from che diftance of
the faid parcs. Which chat we may underftand more clearly, we muft know, thar Fire is moft of all allayed by Air, which eafily intimates ic felf inco the fociery thereof. Whence ic follows, that in rare and porous Bodies, which containe much Air in them, Fire is more weak and dilute, and its partsarenot toonear. Contra- tiwife, Infolid bodies, into which Fire pierceth where there is lictle Air, che parts of the Fire do ftick more one to another, and are compacted. Fire bwras. Howbeit from che premifes it follows, that fire’burns of it felf, not by accident. of % felf as Scaliger would haveit ; contrariwife that it does not burn by accident at al. For, ne ) {eeing Fire of icfelfis the horteft of all bodies (though we haye no fuch Fire wich as Scalig U8, that is pure) and in pure Fire thereis a great cleaving together of the parts cHete- imagines. of,
the fire Flams and wanders at large, and we mult {ay its heat is lets becaule of the
. jet ot
itisin The Hot de Withi Earth
tule Watery tp)
Of the Elements. BOOK IT, 83 of, ic muftalfo ofneceflicy burn: which alfo it doés in Iron, and other red-hot me: tals, becaufe the Acomes or indivilible particles of the fire do Cohere cogecher, and are extreamly near one another, and very many are contained in a {mal place, and becaufe of their conjunction they ac& more effectually. Contrariwife in ftubble, and other fpungy Bodies, becaule Air is mixed with the fame 5 and as Scaliger in his 9 Exercitation{peaks, the fire is allayed by the Air, the parts of the fire do not ftick cogether, but are ac diftance, rhe Air coming between, therefore they can- not act fo ftrongly. For Fire truly is the firft fubjeé of hear,and the hotteft thing of all others: but that ic does notailwaies Act to extremity, comes by admixture of other Bodies not fo hor, efpecially of the Air.
The nexc Element to fire is the Air. For it, as it declines from the arity what place and heat of the Fir; fo ic cakes up arooma little more remote from Heaven, and isthe Air heavy refpectively. The Air is divided into chree Regions: the uppermoft, the '#/4s. ae middlemoft,, and the lowermoft. “The wppermoft is above the Yops of the higheft ie heigl mountaines. For imagine but a furface upon che tops of che Higheft mountaines, that fhalbmake the Earth exa¢tly round, the Air abovethé fame, to che Sphere of fire is the uppermoft Region, The other are below this, which are not allwaies ofa like bignefs. Forin Summer che loweft is greateft, which reaches as far as the tefieGion of the Sun beams goes; and in Winter che middle Region. For infum- mer time when the Sun beams falto righter Angles, they are reflected higher 3 but in Winter, the Beams of che Sun being very oblique, are reflected lidewaies, nor do they rebound aloft. The middle Region, in reipect of che cwo others is leaft hot, and therefore itis faidto be cold, becaufetheSun beams are not reflected fo far - the other two arehotter; the uppermoft, becaufe of the Vicinity of the Heaveii andthe fiery Element; the loweft becaufe of the doubled Sun beams, direct and reflex. .
Howbeit che loweft Region is varioufly difpofed, fomcimes ’tis hot, otherwhiles cold, domtimes moift, otherwhiles dry, fomtimes clear, otherwhiles cloudy ; and the Air being in this Region varioufly difpofed, does diverfly affect our Bodies.
For while we breathe, we continually draw itin, and by it the {pirits in our Bodies are repaired and cherifhed, and our heat which in the Body needs continual fanning, isthereby preferved, eae
After the Air comes the Water, an heavy Element, yet fomwhat lighter then che rhe wipe. Earth. This Element is no where found pure, buc is every where nuxed with the Earth andambienc Air; of which the tafte is an argument, {eeing you can hardly finde any Water void of tafte. Se
The loweft place is taken up by the Earth, which is of all Elements the moit hea-The Earth: vy, and moft unfit for motion, It hach much matter, and is therefore thick and datk. The Earth is not found pure on che top thereof, buc if ic be any where pure; itisinthe Centre, whither no contrary does pietce, that may corrupt ic.
The Water and Earth do not makéa peculiar Sphere as the reft of the Elements; rhe water nor does the water compafs the Earth on all fides, buc the Earth receives the watet and the within its Cavities; and in very many places, by a fingular providence of God, the Earth do | Earth ftands bare, for the more commodious generation and nutrition of Animals? ™*é 4
; : : at 2 Haat 7g » peculsar ,and other mixc Bodies,and ic lies open to receive the Raies of the Stars: For Beauti- poyere. fulnefsand Commodity overcame the force of neceffity, in refpect whereof, the water was to have coveredthe whole Earth. As Scaliger faies, in his 9. Exercita- tion:
Now, How greacthe Earth and Water is can hardly be determined. Thac the compafs of the whole Globe made up of Earth and water is 18000. furlongs, or 5400 German miles, and the Diameter thereof abotit 1718. German miles, isa thing out of queflion: bur ’cis hard to fay whether there be more Earth ot Water: Yet moft likely it is, chacchere is more Earth then Water. For neither isthe eréacter parc of the furface of the Globe of the Earth covered with Water, "as appears by the true defcription of thefaid Globe: nor indeed is the quantity of the Water greater then that of che Earth; feeing by the founding Plummet we difcern that there is Earth under the Sea; and the depth ofthe Sea compared with che diameter ofthe Earth, isa thing of {mal moment. Of which fee Alexander Piccolbominews in his’ Treatife of ba Largnefs of the Land and Water.
Q Fag . Andy
~
a
ba aco EI. .. Ofte Cownalinac
Chap. 4.
Thewater And, thatthe Seais not flat and even, but that ic makes ane Globe with the
with the Rarch, is proved, firft by Eclipfes of che Moon, in which she fhadow of the Earth
a one AP Pears cixcular 5 and therefore argues the Body of the Earth tobe fo likewifes
Glee, and inthe next placeby Navigations: For if aman fail cut intothe main Sea, and take notice of fome Houfe or curret onthe fhore, at firft he feesit all, afterwards fcarce half, cil ac laft he quite lofe the fight of it, becaufe the {welling roundneds of the Water interpofes it felf between the fhore and the mans Eye; for fight goes alwaiesinaright Line. Andalthough the Earthirtfelf be not an ¢xadét Globe, but a Globous Body, highinfome places, low in other fome: yet this highnefs and flatnels bears {carce any proportion ro the whole Body of the Earth; which appears by Eclipfes of che Moon, wherein the fhadow of the Earth appears Circular, and makes a Circular Line.
ae be
ea a. i fe Bp oi
THE
THIRD BOOK Rina dito i D Po NSF he
ooo
————
Chap. 1. Of the Elements as they are the Principles of nuXe Bodies. a
SS: F PEER SSH Ince in the Sublunary part of the World there is a perpetual eee ae Interchange of the generation and corruption of things, there
em AROAG Be af 3 ri é sj ; F : ed dey Oded mult needs be fomeunmediate Principles, of which varioufly BS S Cee mixed and tempered together, all things are generated. Thefe Pay (ee Principles are vulgarly cal’d Elements, and by Ariffotle 3. de =p SS Way EIN caine 48 to Ae > 5 e yi 5! B ies The defi- ERA ag Calo, C.3. T. 30. thus defined. The Elements of Bodies are
empl bbe hy bh sb thofethings into which the ‘Bodies are refolved wherein they are ments, CREEL EE SY aitually or poientially, but they themfelves cannot be divided mto other diftiné forts of things. And by Avicen they are defined to the fame intent and purpofe : That they are femple Bodies, and the firft parts of the Body of man and other things 5 vebich cannot be divided into Bodies of different forms, of tbe mixture of webich, the feveralforts of things generated are made. Where you are to obferve »thac the chief Character of an Element, as itis the principle of a mixt Body, 1s indivyifi- bility, in ref{pect of any parts of feveralforts, into which it can be divided. And
therefore Galen alfo, when in 1. de Elem. Cap.1. He had defined an Element to be |
the {malleft part of that whereof it isan Element, himfelf adds; but thac which appears {malleft to the fenfe, is not indeed alwaies the {mal left in reality. . For many things by their {malnefs cannot be difcerned by the fentes.
Seeing thefe Elements were to be the Principles of a tangible and generable body, it was neceffary that they fhould have alfo certain Qualities, by which they mighe be known to us, might work one upon another, and might be fitto effect all kind of mixture :. which what and how many they are, let us confiderin the firit place. For they being known, we fhal ealily afrerwards know, boch how many Elements
Sanne chereare, and what their Naturets. Thefe qualities are commonly called np hell
why fe cal- Qualities, not becaufe they are abfolutely firit, or firft in dignity, Or be calle all o-
led. cher Qualities arife fromthem, but becaute they are originally in the fief fubluna- : ry bodies.
Their Con-. " Now thefe are their Conditions: that chey conftitute the firft fenfible, thatis to
pnens. fay, tangible bodies,and be their differences as they are frich:that they effect che firtt
“ fenfe, vig. che couch : that they bein all bodies fubject to Generacion and Corrupci-
on: that they be contrary, and apt to do and fuffer; for chey are co bethe Auchors
of
a
toc {lon
tine t} ted a Ulto thar t dud th
" Yethe,
DY the
tls pata 4 :
chin
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fs
\ NOEs Othe
Abin Tey
q l| th
No
4 meer rr se I pene cn n> ey amen mn me
Boo
takea view of al tat +. 8. ‘reckons up thete firt 7
‘ 4 i “les
vy» Light 5 Hard, Soft; ©
The de= finiivon of Heat, ya
alfo fuch as are of a diverjetsmperament, nor can
alwaies endeavors to reduce things different into one Nature: which fince it can- not do, by reaion of the difference of cemperaments, ic only unites fuch things as it hathmadealike, andrejects che reftas Excrements. Thete operaticus of Heat are every wheretobefeen, and efpecially in che Concoétions madeinaniimals. For the {oul makes greateft ufe of heat as its ficceft Inftrtument to perform its adtions bys For fundry meats being caft into the ftomach,' the Heat of the ftomach reduces fuch as are fitting into one nature, and turns them into one mafs of chyle 5 the other parts which are unfit, it feparates as Dregs and Excrements, to be caft out by theGuis. The fame does the Liver; the fame doallthe members. Alfo by the help of Heat all chymical operations areperformed, For that Ate by Heat fe- paraces metals; fevers the parts of Plants and other things, and does other won- derfulworks: Heat thecefore # of all Qualities the moft excellent; tbe firfk Inftru- ment of Generation, and moft efficacious in its operations.
Cold is a Quality that gathers togetber, both things of like, and things of unlike ‘Na- , C4 ae- ture. For wefeehowinlce, by force of cold, teveral things, as Wood, Straw, Teds Stones, Earth are congealedtogether; andthe like cold does in other things and places 3 and it combines things together without any feparation of what is hetero- geneal. Here we muft reject the Opinion of Cardan, who would have cold to be only a defect and privation of Heat. For Cold is doubriefs a policive Quality 5 feeing ic is perceived by the Senfe, and hath certain powers whereby it adts and op- pofes Heat 3 which cannot be inabare privauon, Of which fee Scaligerin bis 18, ‘Exercitation.
That is moifts vebich is hardly contained in its oven limits or bounds, eafilyin thofe . The Dee
J
of another thing. ‘That is dry, whichis eafily contained in its own bounds,and does not finition of eafily receive the bounds of anotber thing. For we find by Experience, chat the Air “oitwe s does of it felf flow every where al about,and eafily accommodate it felfto the fides and Dri ofthe thing contained ; and the like does Water: buc the Earth flows noc about, but jel retains and keeps withinits own bounds: nor does it ealily accommedate it felfto all the parts ofthe body which containsit. By Moifture therefore things are made’
to cléave oneto another ; and therefore we fee things overdried do break: and from drinefs things have ftabilicy and Confiftency.
Now crouching thefe definitions, this is to be obferved : that Ariftotle did not de- fine the firft Qualities abfolutely confidered, as they are in the Elements, confide- redas fimple bodies and not compounded into mixc thing’; but as they appertain unto them, whenthey gointoa mixt body. -Ariffotle was not indeed ignorant, that the firft Qualities had other effects preceding thofe by which he defined them ; and that an Hot thing Fkeats, a Cold, Cools; a Moift moiftens, anda Dry Dries; yet he choughe net fic to conftitute or makeup the definitions of the firit Qualities by chefe effects; both becaufe thefe definitions would:reveal nothing that was hid-\,
den'
nr ng pn eee cn nt ennai
86 Boon aL: oa Of the Elements 4s they are
ne
Chap. 7 den, but che famething would be defined by the fanie; and alfo becaufe the firft qualities are given to the Elements by Nature, for no other occafion but that by them as che immediate inftrumenrs they might be the principles of niixe bedies. And the firft operations of the firft qualities are originally more principal than the fecond operations of the faid Qualities: butin the intent of nacure cOntriving the generation of a mixc body, they are not the principal, but the fecond are more principalchan they. Wherefore, omitring thofe common operations known of themfelves, which they perform bothin mixt and fimple bodies, Ariffotle would define chem by chofe alone which they exercife in mixt bodies.
whether Thefe Qualities are divided into Affive Heat and Cold; and Pafive Moifture ae and Drinefs, of which divifion, alchough the opinions of Authors are valious, as ~~
are rightly May be feen in Archangelus Mercenarius, p. 239. Zabarella de Qual. Elem. c. 5.
divided Franc. Picco]. de Qual. p. 1. cap 8. yeticonceive, this ought tobe our judgment.
into attive A\\ thefe qualities, .in ref{peét of that univocal action, whereby each one by its
and pafive firft operations begets its like, and deftoies its contrary, as wel in fimples asin mixt bodies, do both aét and fuffer: yet in ref{pedt of their equivocal action, which they only exercife inmixt bodies, and whereby they produce the fecond qualities, and the nature of the mixc body it felf, different from the nature of the Elements; rwo are termed active, and.cwo paffive. And in this refpect, Moifture and Drinefs have no active power, but are only as matter which the Work-mafters Heat and Cold exercife their craft.upon.
seeing thefe Qualities are inthe Elements as in their firft {ubjedts, we may righc= ly by them fearch out alfo the number of the Elements. And omitting cthae rea- fon which was produced in the fecond Book foregoing, we fhall thus proceed, If the Elements be alterable, they muft needs be morethan one: but they are alcera- ble,for they muft be the principles of alrerable bodies,and bodies that are COrruplir ble, Thereforechere cannot be one Element but many, and they endowed with contrary qualities, by which they act and fuffer mutually, This reafon agrees with chat of Hippocrates, Lib..7. deNat. Hom.t. 5. where he faies : ifa Man conte ited only of one Elemenc,he fhould never be pained : for there would be nothing co pain him, becaufe he fhould be one thing ; and, as Galen faies in his Comment, there would benofecondtoaéupon him. Forthefelf fame body cannot fuffer from it felf,
Thenam- Now how many Elementsthere are, Ariftotle demonftrates inbis 2. de Gener. & “eon Corrup. cap. 3.t.16. and cap. 5.t. 34. after thismanner. The Elements are chere- ' fore called the principles of mixt bodies, becaufe being alrered and changed one by another, they conftitute thefaid bodies. Now all alteration and mutation de- pends upon the action and paflion of the firft Qualities, which are four as was faid before. Thofe fimple bodies therefore which arethe fubject of the firft Qualicies, fhal be the principles of mixt bodies, And that they may rightly caule miftion,’cis whetber nece lary, that each may fuffer from each, and that therefore it have not only one, the he but two firft Qualities.
rine From the Premifes therefore, thus we conclude. There are fo many Elements, forms of asthereare poflible combinations of the firft Qualities : but they are only four; tbeElee Heat and Drinefs; Cold and Moifture; Heatand moifture, Cold and Drinefs: mints. forthe orher two are altogether impoffible, nor can extream Heat combine with extream Cold, nor extream Drinefs with extream Moifture : feeing contraries cannot be in one and the fame fubject. So many Elements therefore there are 5 The Fire hot and dry 5. che Air, hot andmoift; The Water, cold and moift; and
che Earch, cold and dry.
Hereunto may alfo be added another reafon, which Atiftosle ules in his 2, de Ge~ nerat.and Corrupt. Gap. 8. T. 40. Somany Elements there are, as there are thiags of which perfectly mixc Bodies do confift. But they confift only of four:. and therefore there are four Elements. For we fee all perfectly mixt Bodies ro have much Earth in chem, andto, be moved towards the Earth : but mixt Bodies are mo- ved according to the motion of the prevalent Element. And mixt Bodies becaufe théey-are knic together and Go-here, and receive terms, there is alfo water in them, for it isthe part of Water co unite and faften : if Water and Earth, then the con- trary Elements Fire and Air, by which they areto be allaied, and wherewith tobe
(mingled. For mixtureis not made wichout mutual! action and paflien, Moreover
alt
Chap. 1.
all Generation is made by Heat. And therefore befides water and Earth,heat alfo is required to mixture: but one hot Element doth not futtice : Forit would be van. quifhed by twocoldones. Andtherefore, befides Water and Earth, Fire alfo and Air do concur to conftitute all mixc Bodies.
The number of the Elements being found our, we muft now enquire into their Effence and Nature. And fince the firft qualities are very intimare coche Elements, the queftion is ; Whether the firft Qualities are the (ubftantial forms of the Blements 2 Or whether the Elements have other forms befides che Qualities. Nut co be prolix ina plain cafe, briefly thus we hold; chatthe firft qualities are noc the fubftanri- alforms of che Elements, but accidents. Atoken whereof is, that che firft qualities are perceived by the fenfe; whereas no fubftance can of it felf be perceived by the fenfe; again they are found in other things as mutable accidents; and chereforein the Elements themfelves they cannot any waies be {ubftances. Howbeit che hid- den Forms of the Elements are by them Circumf{cribed by Authors. Andthere- fore Hippocrates himfelf, oft calls the four Elements by the Names ef Hor, Cold,
- Moift and Dry, as Galen witnefles inhis 1. De Temp. Ch. 8.
By the Qualities therefore the Elements are known to us. For they are inthe Elements as cheir Proper fubjects, from whofe forms alfo they depend and have their being. For I hold not withthofe who deny, thac the firft Qualities which arein‘the Elements do procced fromthe forms of the faid Elements, by way of Emanation, but derive them all from the morion of Heaven, or the Negation thete- of. For*cisan abfurd thing, chat a Natural Qualiry fhould proceed from any thing butirsown Form, Nor muft we chink that che forms of che Elements are Lazy and Heartlefs, and produce no Qualities, nor work no operations. Forif the firft proceed not fromthe forms, which are moft incimate with the Elements . I do not fee what other Qualities can proceed from them: moreover an abfuid thing it is, to hold that cold comes only from che Privation of the motion of Heaven: for fince it is a pofitive Quality, ic requires alfo a pofirive Caule.
But in each Element there aretwo Qualities. For fecing
e
the Principles of mixe Bodies. Boox II]. 8%
Whether the firlt qualities be the forms of the Eles Ueent Se
The quali« thes pre~ ceed from the Forms.
itisneceffary, That gach Eye:
every Element, for the more commodious generation of things and their MIXtion, ment bath
fhould be ableto a& upon every one, havetwo qualities. Now che Queftion in this placeis.; whecher both Qualities do equally agreeto each Element? Oriwhetber one Element .bave affinity to one Rudsity more then another, and bave one Quality primarily, sbe orber fecondarily: Moreover 5 Whether in each Element both the Qualities are in the bigheft dearee,
and fuffer from every one : cherefore éach twoquali- Lies,
Whether
e46p Ele~ . mens bath Or one only inthe owe quality
higheft degree, andthe other remifs : andicis difputed,how that place in Ariftorla in the 2. da Gener. and Corrup. Cap. 3.T. 23. is to be underfteod; where Ariftotle chus highelt de-
faies: The Barth is dry more then cold, the Water coldmore then moift, the Airmoi(t more then bot, the fire bot morethen dry. *Twere long to recount the different opinions of Authors touching this Queftion, and to make any certain determination is hard : yet Ithallbriefly -propound wha Tconceive'moft probable. Now wehold, chat that one quality is moft intimate tothe Nature of each Element and more-of alliance thereto then the other : alfo that one is more excellent, the other lefs excellent, vig. That the fue, as. Ariffotle hath icin che place forealleadged, is moft Hot.and Dry; che Air moft moift and hot : the Wacer moft cold and moift; the Earchimot Dry-andCold ; which alfo fenfe'does ceftifie: and that rhefe'Qualities do-after this manner flowfromthe form of each Elemenr. And they are man Error, ‘who-while they arefollicicous abouc attributing to‘each'Blement ics own’ Qualities, donotfo much regard che forms of the Elements, as their greater or lefler diftance from Heaven, andthiik thenceto fecch che qualities. ‘Nor is that of any great moment, think the contrary : vig. Thac che abatement of the quality is eaufed by its contra- ty 5 whereas the Elements are moft fimple,and have nocontrariety inthem. For thisas true only of mixt bodies, but nor of fimple Elements: and that confticucion of Qualities doth proceed fromthe form ofeachone. For as thigis che Nature of the Air, that without the mixture of any heavy Body it isnot fo light as the fire's fo itis a propercy thereof, not co be fo hot as fire.
And
gree 2.
‘
which’hath moved many to’
ae
Ser z = ae es ES an ete EN aeig SIRS Nim NS ES. pane
APPLE CESAR Es ster etek Race ie NN A penn nee ea rem ~ It rn ane reer
cise ene RS CRATE AE EOE ORI DO tt
~T QQ Boox III. | Of the Elements
—— a en a tet ie
wheter And here is alfo another Queftion, whether fymbolical Qualities, for example fake eat: the Heat in che Fire and che Heatin the Air, are of the fame fort. . Now che Aniwer inthe Ele. 152 Lihat thefe Qualities are not of feveral forts, and that we are nct to acknow ledg ments par-eight, but only four firit Qualities, which inthe firft place our Sente ic fest doth takesere of Withefs, which judgeth allhear tobe of one fore: and again when the lyn\bo- feveral \ical Elements are changed, che Quality wherein they paitake abides: and the forts watry coldnefs ic felf is as contrary to the heat of the Au, .asto the heat ofche
Fire.
From what has been faid may éafily be collected, what is the nature of each Ele. ment. Forthe Fire is an Element exceedingly and primarily bot, audDry. Both which experience does witnefs, wherby weare all dayly inftructed that Fire is dry. For Fire can change both Air and Water. Andrhertore ic nut have Qualities con- trary rothem. Forcranfmutation happens betwixt contraties; and whereas both the Air and Water are moift, the Fire contrariwife is dry.
We muff therefore reject the Paradoxical opinion of Fobannes ‘Baptifta ‘Monta - us, who teaches that the Fire andali Elements havefome moifture in chem, and chat whatever is continued in Nature and united, whether ic be {imple or compound, is continued only by humidiry, and chat noc only in this fublunary world, bue mm the HeavenaJfo. For in mixture only it is, chat divers fimple bodies are coupled by moifture: riot fimple bodies, forfothey fhould notbe fimple. Buc the form of every fimple body, as it gives the being and bounds, fo it couples and contains che parts. .
The Fire therefore, feeing ic is Primarily and principally hor, al hot operations
The Freee’ therefore therein more con{picuous - and therfore it is neatly by Scaliger com- compared pared toa juft King, which renders every one his due, dividing the Land amongtt toaKing. familie#: and toa prudent fieward of an houfe that refeives to himfelfas nuch as
he needs. For out of Woad, it gives afhes to the Earth, liquor co the water, vapor tothe Air and takes thar tout felf which is concealed from the Eies of the Vulgar, bur nor from the mind of the Wife. And alchough very many in this age feek to banifh Fire out of the Univerfe : yet I conceive we ought not co reject the fame,as hath been faid before in B. 2, chs 3.
Ais is moft The Air #9 an Element inthe bighelt degree and primarily moift. Now touching the meift atd ear thereof, there is great difference among Authors. Forthe Stoicksas Sene- os Le wAjr oO Nate Queft. Book2. Cb. 10; Cardan Lib. 2. deBlem. and others. do hold againgt iebor. - the Peripateticks chat the Air iscold. Buc I muftrake part with the Peripateticks for the heat of the Air 5 ele there are ftrong reafonsto back that opinion. For Air is produced and preferved by that which-is hor ;: but is condenfed by cold, and turned into water. Moreover the lightnels of the Air isa token of its Heac, jeeing Lightnefs follows after or accompanies Heat. Moreover, if the Air were cold, chere ‘would be no fimple body hor and moift, and water fhould agree with Air, and therefore one of the two would be fuperfluous. More reafons are to be found im Authors ro this purpofe. . But all whichis faidof Air in this cafe muft be under-. ftood of it, asitis a pure Element. For being mingled with vapors, and aftcdted with a ftrange quality, it hath oft-times a faculty of cooling, and oft-times of. drying, which neverthelefs agrees not therero of it felf, but by accident. \ water is Water as. an Element in the bigheft degree and primarily cold, and moift: theEarth “4 an Element in the bigheft degree and primarily dry, alfo cold. Concerning thefe cwo Elements net bee few Controverfies are ftarted. . For whereas fome difpute, whether the Earth or ‘che water is primarily cold, the queftion may eafily be derermined, from what bath
Earil: eicmaur | been faid. For they which would have the Earth colder thanthe Water buildup-
moR diy ona bad foundation : viq.thac all the Elementary Qualities proceed from Hea- andcald. yen, which was before rejected. And fo much for the Elements.
G
Chap.
165.08 | )
b| 1 Hee
|
hap L
\dupe \ |
7
| |
|
Chap. Py Bo on Ill.
a
(Ol FOR te dain, Piloc
&
Chap. 2, Ofthe Afion, Pafion and Mixture of the Elements.
A Fer we have explained the Nature of Elements, the next thing is, that we de- A clare, how mixc bodies are of them compounded. Now forafmuch as the E- lements, unlefs they be altered, cannoc conftitute mixc bodies ; nor can they be altered unlefs they act and fuffer one from another 3; ‘nor can chey a@ and fuffer, unlefs they couch one another,as Ariftotle hath it,de Generat. @ Corrupr. Lib. 1. cap: 6.t. 43. we muft firft {peak.a lictle concerning Concaé& or mutual touching, Aé€tion, paflion and Reaction.
Contaé is chiefly twofold; one improperly fo called, which they cerm virtue al; whereby things incorporeal do act upon other things, ora diftant body, doth by its Virtue workupon another remote body. The other is a ContaG@ of mag- nitudes 3 of which there are again many fafhions. For abfolutely and generally althings are faidtotouch, which having difting magnitude and pofirion have their extream parts clofe onetoanother. Andthenchereis a Phyfica! or Natural Gon- cat, of which we are now treating; and chis belongs to bodies having divers may- nitudes, whofe extream parts are together: and which act and fuffer one upon and fromanother. Orinaword: Thofe bodies touch witha Phyfical contact, whofe bounds are together,and which mutually ac and fuffer one upon and from another, For befides thefe things which are common to all bodies chac are faid to touch one another, viz. to have magnitudes diftind, a certain polition of parts,their place and extream parts together ; this-is peculiar to Phyfical contact, chat bodies which do thereby couch one another, do actuponand fuffer from one another. Thirdly, Thofe bodies do touch one another, whofe extream patts are together, and one on- ly aéts upon another, but fuffers nothing therefrom.
Contact is therefore required as a neceffary condition in fublunat it hath been before proved in general, that every Agent muft be to Patient. For fince by the Agenrs action upon the Patienc, fome mutation ought to be made, of neécefliry that muft be prefent which changes, or at leaft its Virtue; and its Virtue canno: be prefent, unlefs thac be prefent which carries it, And there-. fore in every actionthe Patient is toucht by the Agent, or at leaft by that which catriesits Virtue. For nothing acts uponthe extream, but it acts firft upon theme= dium.
Yet we muft here diligently obferve; that there is a double action; the one pri- mary, which immediately follows the natute of the thing; the other fecondar proceeding fromthe primary. The primary action of the Sun is Wuminacion the fecondary Heating. The primary action of che Fire is to heat ; the feconda- ry: comelc,toharden. Now touching the primary ’c1s only true, that che Agent acts hotupon the extream, beforeic act upon the Intermedium. For the fecond Action, befides that that it prefuppofes the firft, alfoit requirés an aptitude of che fubjec& co fuffer ; wheuce that vulgaraffertion in the Phylofophck Schools, The actions of A@tive things, arereceived in a Patient and that’ which isdifpofed alfo, Whatever is received is received according to the difpofition of the Receiver, $6 by the.$un light is produced, both in the Athereal and Elementary world ; but the Heat not in Heaven, but only in fublunary things. SoFire heats both Wax and: Clay 5 yet ic melts the former and hardens the latter : becaufe the former is indif- pofed to be hard, and the latter is indifpofed to melt.
Wich the Mutual contaé of the Elements is conjoyned their Action and paffion. Now by action we do not here underftand every action, butchat only which is be- twixc chefirft qualicies, Now among what things there might be Aétion, the An- cients were not agreed, as may be feen in Aviftotle, de Gezerat. ( Corrupt, Lib. 1. Cap. 7. T. 46, 47. For fome held, chat all action and paflion was betwixt things un- like; others, that aching did not fuffer froma thing unlike, but only from its like. We with Ariftotle, inthe place afore{aid, Text 50. do hold the middle ithacthere|,
y things. For gether with che
do fay : that every agent endeavours to make the patient like ic felf, and that there-
fore a thing likeas it is like, and according to the fame quality whereby it is like, \
doesimot atuponits like : for examples fake, that which is cold, as it is cold, does P
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not a€tupon a cold thing: nor does that which is diverfe, act upon that which is altogether diverfe; for Heat doesnot aét upon heat: but contrary acts upon its contrary. And thereforethofe chings which act one upon another, and fufter one from another, are partly like and partly unlike; like in Kind, but unlike in fore 5 for contraries are under che fame kind, but differ in che forc.
Howbeit, What hath been faid, that like does not act uponits like, muftbea lictle more diligently weighed: becaufe from che right underftanding of this
fick. Inche firft place it muft be obferved, that in this place, welpeak of thac dimilitude which is becwixe the firft qualities; and inthe next place that this fi- militude is three-fold. Forfome things are alike, only according to the fort of gualiry; alchoughin che degree, or che intention of the quality and vehemency of the action, which they calattivity, they areunlike. Soevery hot thing is faid to be like another hor ching, and fire is faid tobe like lukewarm Water, and other things any waieshot. Other things are alike, both in the forc and the degree of the qualicy, alchough they differ inthe yvehemency of their action : thus the fire ina red hot iron, is like chat in burning wood. Other chings area like, both accor- ding to the fort of the quality, and according to the degree thereof, and accordin rothe power ofaéting. Sotwo fires, which arein matters of the fame hignets, and of the fame rarity or denfity are alike. For chis muft not be forgotten ; that equal activity does not alwaies proceed from the fame degree of quality ;nor hath every heat which is alike in degree andintenfion, an equal faculty of heating, but often- times where there is no excefs of degree, there is yet an excels of operation, either by reafonof the plenty, of matter, or the denfity thereof. For the fire which is made of a great Faggot, is not hocter or more intenfe then that which is made ofa ftick or two; but only hath a greater attivity 5 and a dram of Pepper is not accor- ding tothe degree of heat more intenfe, then one PepperCorn: butonly hatha greater power toact. For ina greater magnicudc there is more virtue: and in much matter,much form. So the fire ina red hot Iron,is. not horter then thac in ftubble: bue it hath a greater ftrengthtoa&. For force uniced is more ftrong then that which is difperfed: and an agent thenearer it isto the Patient, the more it ats thereupon. Now the parts ofa compact body are lefs diftant from any particular pointin the pa- tient, then the parts of the fame Body rarified,and extended to a greater bulk. More- over, ina denfe Body, there is more matter, and therefore more form; and by com- patnefs of parts, there is more fubftance in a lefs{pace, andtherefore greater force. For parts condenfed are like many individuals joyned togecher, which act more powerfully chen one. And therefore wherever there are more degrees of the {ame quality, whether they be collected by intenfion, or the magnitude of the fub- ject, or the condenfation thereof, there is che greater Action. ne Thefe things thus premifed, we fhall deliver our opinion concerning the action of ‘i te things like, inthefe propofitions. 1. ‘Things like may até one upon another after the there is be. See manner, {9 that the more intenfe will mtend the more remifs, and that which is re- twixt like MifS will abate that which ss intenfe. According to the common Axiome of Phyfiti- things, ans, whichisa principle ofthe Art of compounding of Medicaments. For feeing action is betwixt contraties, not only the extreams do mutually a one upon ano- ther, but alfo the Mediums and the extreams. For evenby the Medium, as acon- trary, muration is made. For as Ariffotle hath itimhis 5. Phyf. Cap.1-T.6. A WMedium ss in fome fort an extream. And that which is remifs, is in place of the other contrary. And Arifiotle himfelf explains what he underftands by contraries, in 1. de Gener. & Corrup. Ch. 7. T. 51+ Now becaufe the Agent and the patient are the fame and like in kind, but unlike infort and {uch things are contraries : it # mani- feft, thar attives and paffives are one contrary to another, and alfo Mediums. Alfo experience proves the fame thing, whichteaches us, that a hotter thing addedtoa lefshot, makesit more hot, a: d contrariwife ; and that lukewarm Water putinto thac which is boy ling hot, does allay the heat thereof; and continually from the mixture of that which is intenfe with that which is remifs there refults a com- pound, more intenfe then the remifs parts and more remifs then the inrenfe. CVT, Among things like, according to the fecond way, theres no atkion. For teeing According to the fore and degree, and the firft aét, wherein the Nacure of qualities, - confifts, andto which mutation tends, thefe qualities are like, and are not of dif-
) ferent forts; and therefore are not contraries: cherefore chere can be no ation be= wv CWIxe
a
Axiom, we come to the knowledg of many things in Natural Philofophy and Phy- |
ify; sH10 (ett
ath
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Chap. 2. and Mixture ofthe Elements. Boox ill.
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twixt them. For every action is betwixt contraties, and every agent by acting
~ endeavours co make the Paciente like icfelf, and to give it the fame Nature and Ad.
Moreover, fince action fuppofeth effence, no thing which ts in aptirude co be this or chat, canbe madeactually fo, but by that which is actually fuch. And cherefore a thing hot co four degrees, though it may be intended tomore degrees 5 yet ic can- not be by any thing intended, fave by that which hath above four degrees of heat in Al\fo experience juftifies our affercion. For fuppofe for examples fake, that there are two Bodies in the higheft degree hor, che one greater and more compact, the other lefs and more fpungy ; the former indeed aéts more vehemently, Yet can it noc workupon the latter, becaufe it hath already attained the higheft degree of heat.