Book lik

And which way foever chey turn chemfelves.who hold the contrary Opinion, yee they
cairno waies dif-intangle themfelves. For either the Form temains in the mixc body, ort Hoes notremain, | If ic remain, 4 remains either entire, or broken.
©Felwho holds they remain intire, contents with che Ancients... But Averrboes and Za- burella hold they remain broken. But whac they bring ‘concerning the Refraction or
raains but the matcer, are very abiurd and elmoft ridiculous. For what mixture is there wherenothingremains 2 For fince the Elements have no other macter chan the firft, -and the firft matcer-is common to al the Elements, I cannot fay that one mixt body hath more fixe than air. For whatfoever 1s, isby irsform. . And therefore if che Elements are not in che mixt body by their form, they are nor there acal. And thus amixt Body in refpect of ghe Elements fhould be as fimiple as che Elements chemfelves ; becaufe although the matter be fromthe four Elements; yet becaufe che Matter of Fite, Air, Water,Earth, does nos differ, and the Form (according to their Opinion ) of Fire, Air, Wacer; Earch, fhould be no longer prefenc, the mix: body focalled muft needs be fimple.
And that we may alfo confider what is wont to be objected to the contrary 3 if any thal
ask, Whae were the Motives which caufled Ariftotle to torfake, che Opinion af che Ancients commonly held in his ame, We cannot find any of moment, fave chat which he chiefly prem pounds, in Te de Generat. & Corrupt. cap. 7 and thar is thié: That-he conceives from the Qpinion of che Ancients chisabfurdity follows, That every part of amixt body fhould fot be mixed, and chat out of every part of a mixt body che four Elemente could not be extra ed. But che Ancients wilanfwer, Thar chis ought not co be done, and chat chis is Art- flotle’s Hy pothefis, and that he Jaies chac asa Foundation which is she macter in Contro- verfie, For this Affertion feems contrary co the nature of mixtures For if chere be a mix- rure,tbole chings which are mingled muft needs be fimples. Nor is it neceffary chat thofe Simples fhould be mixed, but at laft in che cefolution we muft of necellicy come to Simples.
Oczhers allo do ad other Reafons. Scaliger, Exercit. 16. Sef. g. The Forms remai- ning (faies he) mixture Caccording to Ariftotle) fhould be bucan heap; as ic is in dry bo- dies. For the Nacural Quantity of every {mal part follows the exiftence thereof, but not conunuacion, for fo fhould they be really the Arames of Democritus. But Scaliger whiles he regards fomrimes truth, other whiles Authority, contradicts himfelf, and antwers chis Argument, Exercit. 101. while he writes; Thacchefe parts retain their forms, but lofe che preicription of their bounds, and fo chey are nota meer heap, but do make a mixtbody. For
chat is falfe which fome object, That things of different forts cannot be continued. For
= whiles che Elements are united undec the Dominion of one Form, they are really continue
ed, Nor is it ablurd (as the fame Scaliger wrices inthe fame place) tohold chat there are many forms in one continued body. For chefe forms are every one the act of its own Mat ter, Which matters becaufe they are by Nacure ordainedto a more labored compolicion, fhe hath provided char thew forms as welas themfelves fhould be mixed. But che ulcamate and moft excellenc forms, as of aman, fince they are not ordained for any further work, they only are not mixed,
Moreover, Neither is chis of any great moment which fome object; If che Elements: fiiould remain perfect under che dominion of another Form, it would follow chat the Form ofthe mixt Body fhould be an accident 5 fince what is added to a perfect Being actually con- fituted is anaccident. For che anfwer is manifeft from what hath been anfwered co the former Objection. For as Scaliger fares there, thofe lefs noble Elements and Mixables are fade for che fake of che more noble, and therefore fabmie themfelves to che Rule of che
ridge noble form, which fupervening obtains che Office, not of an accident, but of afpeci- fick Fortin. But chofe things only which are added co thofe more noble bodies, which are BOE oidained for dny further compoficion, are accidents.
Gint, and-have erred in a | snal cass le SOG ca I re cae sig é nag eae B53 a cipal canfe mater plain enough, ghechi¢f caule ts, That they knew not the true and principal Caute of Of talecHre 2
Mmixtuces f
ake | things the Es the El 540 Caule Self. role bern Conf parte althou there d fides Wy bed ads by the pr mix’ he anit menist Houon puyol media wthe creat vers evel} Maki when is act And th Where te to
; Concotty | inanoes Niel
helncak fT
OL IN
it of
alter HUET,
onper
) thal cients
ple " mae \ | faa i WU (Xilte Fl
¢ Arts
remit dry Noe bur nut. wile vers (HS | ofehe | dN, Fa ¥ 4, Fot continlle ee at] yun Mat? ; polo, J lla ak, chy
fi of Cat
Of Mixtures. 489
mixture, and choughe chat al forts of Natural Bodies did proceed only from che mutual fight
of che Elements, and their mutual action one upon another 3 and to ufe the words of Ari-
frotletumielf, Lib. 2. de Generat. & Corrupt. Cap. 9. tex. 54. they atrributed powers andvertues to Bodies (by whichthey generate moft inftrumencally ) reglecting the caufe caken fromthe Form. Butthe tole concourfe of Elements makes very few forts of natural things, and none of chofe more perfect Bodies: and contrary to the mind of Ariftotle, the Expoficors father upon him, that he brings the Generation of Natural Bodies only from the Elements. Forheexprefly holds (as was {aid before, 2. de generat. & corrupt. text. 40% 53+ @fequent.) that the Qualities of che Elements are only Inftruments, and the principal Caute is the {pecifick form of every thing. The {ame ching Scaliger teaches, E-xercit. 307. Sett.20. Unlefs (faies he) che four Elements have a Governor, they wil vainly cols and be coffed. . For what.is it chat fhal mix fo much Earth with che reft? And there ought to be in every motion one firft Mover. — For chey cannot move themfelves to any.work, butin Compounds they ace moved co mutual connexion by a more excellent Form, in bodies im=
perfectly mixed by an external principle. Eraftus was forced to acknowledg the fame, wha The Opi
alchough in his Difputacions agaimtt Paracelfus he writers Parte altera, pag. 196. that nion of there are no qualities in the whol world which can change whol Bodies applied to them, be- wes fidesheasandcold, moiftureanddrinefs (and that therefore chefe Qualities muft neceflari- ec by be held the Principle of Mixtures) yet compelled by the evidence of the ching it felf he Mix ads by and by: wedo not fay that they aré principles in fucha fenfe,as if weheld them tobe sure. the principal Caufes, buc wefay chey are Inftruments without which no form canmake a mix:ure, But being furcher demanded, What that form is which is che wotkerof mixtures?
he aniwers, Ic isthe DivineCommand whereby inthe Creation God commanded the Ele-
ments that chey fhould orderly meec together for che Generation. of things; and that the
Motion of the Heavens gives no {mal afkftance thereto. But this antwer is parcly from the purpofe, partly falfe. For che Queftion isnorabout the firtt Caufe of things, but che im- mediate Caufe. ‘Norisit yet proved that God gave this Command toche Elements, but ie
is che Office of the Form co marfhal the Elements in a mixt body. And although God
created al things, andthete lower Bodies are fubject co che motions andinflux of the Elea-
vens ; yet God hatch given Nature, by whichal things are generated, which is che form of
every thing, and the Soul ofchingsanimate. Ie fhapes ic {elf ics own body, andfor she Mixture making thereof draws Elements and other Bodies, difpofes, unites and governs them; 0” it # whence it follows chat they are now formally one, and being uniced under chat which “4
is actually one they, become themfelves actually one which before were many,
And therefore the Elemenis donot concur of themfelves, but are drawn by the Forms, Whereof Scaliger writes excellently in 1.dePlantis: The Soul (faies he) #9 Na
ture to aliving thing. She fbapes for ber felf ‘Hoofs, Teeth; Horns to defend life: and Nature therefore fhe ues them, and knows hove to u(e them, without any objet or any phantafie. the Hand- ‘He that made the Soul gave certain precepts thereto, partly general, partly fpecial. Thole maid of arefuch as pertain to ber preferumg her union with the Body : of vobich there was tobe yo 6% outward Author. Careful therefore hereof fhe moves the ‘Heart, concotts in the Stomach, concotts again iu the Liver, perfetts the nourifbment in the Veins, digefts inthe Members,
changes it into the fibfiance of the Body, bears it, unites ity refforesity repairsit. Yea,
he {peaks Divinely in tis 2. de Plantis : That Cfaies he) mbich ss beavy, allo afcends:
‘Por that work is performed by the diftributing faculty, vebich alfo lifts the Earth p=
wards, and. drives or draws the air downwards ; being Lady of the Fire and.Air, by
the jirfh Command of its Creatcr. For I doubt not but you bold that there was not one
Spirit-maker of all things, and axotber the Preferver of then vohen made; nor that be
vedich made all things of bimfelf, and cannot be abjfent from bimfelf,y can be abfent fromthe j ~ ms ms te ° 4 ~ nae at ° inings bebathimade. God, God, my good friends, neither idle, nor bufied, neither in ay thin
6 A Y 2G ae len) ngs work, nor out of works but retthout work, the Head, Beginning, ‘Middle, Ends and all from Ged.
‘3 y Mi a Me x f | i] 5 ¢ of the Work, and that Linay in one word difpatch. compass in, and furmount all, He bin y
Self, robo by bis mofk fimple and indivifible Underftanding of bimfelfsmade ibe World ; wverel y ul have attained their End and Order.
Zaburella alto flaw che fame Truthin pare; buthecould nocreach chewhol, being hin= Tye Gee dred by a pre-conceived Opinion, whiles in his 1. de mit. Generat. & Interitu, cap. 2. he neration of diftinguithes betwixt the generation of a mixt animaced body and animanimate, and faites « living Rightly, Thata living Creacure isnot generaced by the Elementary Vertue. but by Viral es i iM
eat tmplanted in the feed, fochat in the generation of aliving thing al che Qualities of the de nate Elements are inftead of matter, and the immediace Agent asche Vical Heac implanced in. the gif
Q ; ( : eiyper, Secd, being proportionable ro che Element of the Stars. But
sey Re, —- mee
bP Ee ete
EE
iftte in OL fcontiaties;
Mix! ture ¢
aac on eeemnaennerperatenanetietatng
on 9c nO
Natural- Pl tl lofopt bical
i Di ae
eneraesn het tte te A OOO CO AE A
f f ct our jes.
Bi OOK in.
XC Body as fuch is penerated by] E] ementary y heat tempe-
But whereas she faies chata mi ced by cold asche prime Worker, working upon the tw > paflive Qualities as Matters that is liable co many difficulties. I fay y rather, hardly any perfectly mixe t bod y is gerierared af bee Coehecer rh oe Zabarella fuppo ofes, and that there is no fuch mi ing in Nature, Por what (as was Jately alleadged out of Scaliger, Exercitat. 307. s ef. 0.) fhould thus col- tect Berrian Dont rons of Elements, and what fhould mingle fo much Earth wi ah fo much Warer? Nor is there any reafon to fiy to th e fire in chi is cafe, whereof Scaliger {peaks in his fecond de Pl. intis : if €che Fire unites the three ocher Elements as parts, what tha} unie it tothe three? Buc moft likely u Me chat esprit mixt chings are either parts of an animated Body ‘OF forts of Natural bodies mace i ch son. which either vet res main fuch in che Individu als, or are continued bye are 1; whereof Scaliger mo rightly u phe bane e Exercitet. fates, pee ont! Form o very perkedtly mixe body,
alchougbtc be ence far different from che four
4 r - HOC
For thi
Elements difpotes che Elements and fuch 1 ae as 1s fic for ic : chac what is by Zabarella objected, de Miftione, cap.9. 13 ct If in M:xcure there were madeé a elolasin into the timalle arts natu be equal portic Ins © fche mixable Ingredients, ox or mt old che fan another. Forchis isno wates nece Aaty but che Elements concur divers proportion, accol rding as che Co oftirucion o1 ithe m mx cure 18 directed by che fuperior Form. For a Gourd Fires an iapitdy Tree, a Pine- Tree, anda Fir, draw mx
wyeaee an d lefs iy
AnTree agree
ly to make cou; 'dnot be proc
goreement of the Elements how it fhould Id thar is is fufficienc chat cheir firft qualities b be abated, ers conceiving that both the forms and the need of this fight ;
whiles fome ho main intire; oth ken. Atomes.
ah =
ao Soul, as chat of an Adamar ne, isa frit E s form in Gold, Silver, and ot chet Me
But there is fimply no For then icis that things contrary do figl
notable n lagnitud es and p JOLLIONS oft chem do conc ure. (malleft Particles or Atomes, there is either none at al,ornoc
thing is apparent by many experiments.
noe ig rail (ed by oi fight 0
with the Water, al peace.
men the At So alto,
but if the water grow exce particles of fire bigger than atomes, when the water 1s relolved i into vapors yet no fight is obferved. Oyladmits no Water, Yer if Oy! beredu teea Wine
ed with Sugar, and che Sugat afcerwards
atomes of fire, reafon of rhe oe Water mix not vr theréwi
di ffolv ved in Wine or Water, Medicinal Wine or Wateris made, in che diffolving of Peat ee bi ut when the Copne they act any More one Updn ano- own form, as BP: recipiration and redu= um Vitriolatum, if Spiric af Vitriol be mighty baccle, a noife, bear, and boyling. alleft pares, al che Quacrel ceafes, Nor lec any man object, Thac cbofe {malleft y cheir mutual ation one. upon another cem- ion and reduction do fhew the contraty, which
hereby a }
Bic 10n teaches. mingie
But when thefe two Fighters are duly m nor is there any more ‘noife or boyling. Atomes therefore fight noc, becaufe they are by pered and reduce ed co moderation. For fep
Nom
Par ca Walel
if
itrariecy
For aiiniptds fake, d ch; but ifthofe Oy!s be firft mix the Water receives the Oy] being reduc having the fi nel, he
rales A
Afcer the fame manner bling and a ; noe, the bubbles afcend ; an dthey are divided i into Acomesy al is quie although each of chefe bodies remails uc
was hao {ma} XJ ruch, becaule aerate lappof fed ey th fixture chan By cheir fighting one with a and contraries do mus
eding |
Ca
ually
fchofe Contraries5 v hile ‘the Aisieek heats and is curned into vapors
> of ics Narure. diftilled Oyls do{wim u
anc
fly sasaigniees { upa mixt body, fome have thoughe chac cl cured unlefs by fight for egoing they were reduced Co adinbgincsity : be made chey are at variance am
he oOCner,
it is iu
Fo
an
13} i iG 5
onfi
When water is pou
icies were Et iificient if chey be reduced into together and-fhun one another, when Bae when they are reduced into theic iderable Skirmifh. sb red upon burning coals,
t bod Vv ré CCUILES Or
“ler Mens ai ai rr feeing my: “bekes rerntia
hacrhey may concur and serene
his friendfhip and agreemen
ce
$V sors WLItes, > rhere mu ft alwaies epi
ropok 20H one co
rinan n ninecaia! and mof
as the.mix>
and a Coweumb ec draw more
ore Fite and
Which ongft chemfelves, chough the forms re- mitted and bre-
but not when the fiery Atomes ate mingled
So alfo in the preparation of Ta
ed with Oy! or Sale of Tartar, there ari ixed in chei im
‘ies a
arer
Ca gt
‘there is fight: ing, fim alle {t
er, ae |
aga
nor a
{$ ‘tay
atom Pes
where by the es both of Wacer and Fire are eae in the Va apors, anc id ieee che be gent ly heared, ic receives che hor, and che fiery Acomes c
obs bil ath
‘ad ca ced if
4
eG
} L. 2 Irhot ge it
nor 1 is mi x xo Atomes ic wil sdnaic and ait
iD
Fa | aD \G. Ve
»tals, fir ft chere arifes a
confeffion of
But
ra ict
ng and boyling. be jayned v edtherewith, by
led Waters, and
ofmalat omes, and cues of che faid
ie
ik chefe Bodies is loofe-
hoe S
muta fay, # they es 1 eta hey ¢ Lions ¢ be red united, Fina Educhi before) nevatio A ewe H theGe B Fale
asout
Ast ateoche ile’ E at things Ble asco the | | obferver B ixeure on pena ON With ae Na @ oble Othe RR May Chg a Matay \f Uled in,
iti! t CeTis ement |
Heal Whico
sluae elves,
{ Tis 1¢° nd bre ad into wien orherc Wich als, @ ningled ffioa of ep (he ont?
Fath ii 0, But ' 4 wit & vith, DY | (| admit
ce afi 4 tet, al d
ecards TIC, and f ce {id | a apes | 1 \ooe” or | ind te? Visio | hoylit? ct » ll er . eqgutatfs
ght
an i a 5
Chap. 2. Of Mixtures,
ches
which teach us, thac chofe{mallett Atomes do remain and fubfift under their own proper Form, and ate eafily (being joyned together) reduced into theirancient body again, So the Spicic of Vitro) and Salt of Tartar do in their very mixture recain cheir Forms entire 5 which even diftillacion fhews, by means whereof the Spiric of Vitriol is again {eparated from the Sale of Tarcar, and being feparated ic fubfifts.of ic felf with al ics forces entire. Which if ic be again poured upon che Salt of Tarcar it raifes a new tombate, until thefe Combatants Cbeing mingled in their fmalleft parts) come co a Friendly Agree- ment.
From al which itappears, That although contrary Principles do concur in the Genera- _ Whether cion and Nutrition of mixed Bodies; yee tor cheir uniting there is no prime neceflity ofa yeaah fight, bucic fuffices thac chey concur in their {malleft Acomes. And this is that which Hip- cae uy pocrates writes in Lib. de Pr1fca “Medicina: In aMan there are bitcer, and falt, and {weer, u(t needs
and fowr, and harfh, and taftlets parts, andan hundred other forts, which being mingled and be reduced mutually cempered together are neitherdifcerned, nor do they troublea man; that is co ito A- fay, when they are reduced co their {malleft Atomes, and fo mingled together. But when mes @ they exift apart, chatisy when many Atomes of the fame kind being feparated from the
reft are joyned together, fo that chey become a confpicuous coapulaced Body, then
they exercife their Activity. And hereunco cend all che Digeftions and Fermenta-
tions of the Chymifts, viz. Thac Bodies whichin a greater bulk were contraries may
be reduced into cheir fmalleft Acomes, and afterward agree friendly together and be
united.
Finally, Ic hath been alfo no fmal Caufe of Error in many, that fame vain Fiction of che rhe Eads:
Eduction of Forms, .which we have elfewhere rejected. For although herein (as was faid ion of before) Zabarella 1s in the right, when he holds that che Viral Heat ts the Agent in the Ge* aig neration of living things (chough it be not the primary Agent which is che form, bucics In- Teper ERs ftrumenc) yet ever and anon be fals back into the common Opinion, and endeavors to reduce the Generation of living things alfo. unto the Concourfe and fimple mixture of che Elements. Forfo ( Lib. 1. de Mifli Generat. & Interitu, cap. 3..) he writes, When five degrees of Hear, and fix of Moifture concur, it is a conventenc protests for co educe the form of Oy]. Whereas fure ic is, That Oy! is noc generated by aifimple concourfe of Elements, but is pro- duced by the Olive Tree, Now Olives areche Fruic of the Olive Tree, which the {aid Tree produces by ics inbred Heat 3 out of chem is preffed the Oyl afcer the fame manner as out of Almonds, Nutmegs, Lin-feed, Poppy-feed, and Wine out of Grapes.
As tothat orher Queftion, Whether the Elements alone are mixed? or whether there whethey are other {mal Bodies or Acomes which may truly be mixed? The moft (truly) of Ari(to= the Hle- éle’s Expofitors do conclude alfo from that fuppotition of theirs whereby they hold, That ments only al things are made by the mutual a¢tron of che Elements one upon another; that only che &¢ mixeds Elements alfo are mixed, and chat there ts no mixture in which chere is nota refolution as far astothe Elements. Buc hechac fhal diligently confider what isdayly done in Nature, will obferve that this 1s not alwaies neceflarys The cale (truly) is plain in thofe lefs perfect Mixtures; frnce Natucal Bodies do retain their perfeé Forms in them, as is cleerin Merals diffolved in Aqua fortés.. Nor yetasicneceflary in perfect Miftion. And 1 conceive chat 4t is manifelt in Plants and Animals. For neiiher are they nourifhed with pure Elements, bat with other mixt bodies created for them fakes. A man is nourifhed with blood, and in thac Nucciaion which isa true Mrxtuce and fubftanrial mucation blood is noc firft curned anco Elements, that of them flefh may be made, bones, &c. Blood is made of Chyle, Chyle ofche meats weeat. In which mutations chere isno refolucion into Elements, buc as the next matier of a Bone, Flefh, &c, isblood: fo the matter of Blood isChyle3 che macter of Chyle is Bread, &c.. And there are many Documents of this matter. For if in the ftomach meat and drink were refolved inco the Elements, no Form or Quality of things which are ufed in meat would remain; whereas neverthele{s meats which have a purging faculty may turito blood, and foro Milk having the like purging Faculty, which qualities could not re- main inthe fimple Elements, if meats were refolved into chem. And many Difeafes arifing from the ufe of naughty meats do more chan fufficiencly declare that there is norefolution as far asco che Elements inthe corruption of Meat and generation of Nutriment. For al che
more ignoble mixt bodies are maccer for the more noble. Thus Hippocrates writes of Plants : Such chings as grow out of the Earth and are fown in che Earth, when they come into che ground every one draws that which in the Earch is moft fuitable to its own nature. Now there is'in the Earth boch tarc, and bitter, and{weer, and fale, and fuch like. Firft cherefore ic draws much thereout which is accommodate co its nature, and then alfo icdraws ocher parts. Moft
iN) Nigh ee ane IN is nay A i A \ MY q } tl if wea | HN 4 it i Wy tt | i rt j yey Leg ti] ith f hi Hi | Hf
gn a EE, —
centre et CO LE ON
462 ~ Natural-P hilofophical Difcourfes. Boox Ill.
A ERS
a eee nn ne
Moft renowned Philofophers and Phyfitians content wich Hippocrates. ‘Not to fpeak uow ofochers, Thomas Eraftus in defen. thef: defaporibus writes; Al Medicaments ina manner donot confift primarily of che Elements, but are compounded of rhings formerly eh) mixed, and that many times. Galen fhews that the body of Man 1s compounded, not of the 1 fout Elements, but of the four Humors, as che immediate macter of ics Generation. Now a # yi icis again apparent that chefe Humors are made of the Meat and Drink, which are alio cheme . felves-evidently made of che Juyces of the Earth, For Aoimals are nourifhed by Planrs, q Plants draw out of che Earth juyce familiar tochem, as biccer, weet, fowr, becaufe of them 4 | che Nature ofeach properly exifts, The Seeds (truly) fown in: the ground while they | Lt draw to themfelves proficable and convenient Nucrimenct they draw only fuch juyce as ts | compounded of the Elements.
wi And therefore chofe bodies alfo of which thefe are made, although they are termed the i {malleft bodies, yet are they not abfolutely fuch, bur the imalleft of their kind, that is, furch as to which chofe bodies when chey are re(olved do recurn, and confequently not into Elements, bic incothofe things of which they immediately confift. Milk curns into Butter, Whey, and Cheefe. So the fame heat acting upon the homogeneal meat changes ic into i \ i, divers humors,according as ic is difpofed, nor does it of any Paccicle form every ching. Wine i I conceive is rightly held ro be not aching blended‘and. jumbled, bur a perfectly mixt Body infufed. Burificbe putina Sril and ftilled, jictle Spisic chat. wil burn as drawn forth, vr much Water remains anda little Earth; becaufe chere is more Water than either Fire ot Farthin Wine; which yec would not focome to pals if out of every {maleft Particle, Fire,
Air. and Water might bedrawn. — (Wi mito har For indeed, as hardly any mixt body is compofed immediately of the Elements; foalfo | mixe bodies arerarely refolved inco the Elements. Which is apparenc by the corruption
Some Mi- Bur al ocher Mixcures which are not directed by a fuperior form, by what names foever
pe wy © called, proceed frem the Content and Diffent of Acomes, by means of which like are moved
confent c CO like; and like are affimilated co like. For although this likenefs and unlikene’s of Bodies
diffent of of a kind does not a little help cowards che more convenient mixture which is made in Ante
i Atomes. mals, and is governed by a move noble Form (as'we fee like meats are moreeatily dige/ted
i chan unlike) yer chis mixture hach'place chiefly in fermentations, either natural or arcifi- cial, and in che preparations of Medicaments, as alfo in thofe which are called torturous. And this fimilicude of the {malleft Atomes of a kind: as ic ts che foundation of many mix- | cures, fois itofal Solutions. After. this manner che fermentation of Wine, Beer, and al Ane Juyces
eke eaeeenaler
i MOP athe af mixt bo- A | dies ave and refolucionof things, both violent by fire andburning, and natural. That Plancs and : a refolveds - Animals when they ere dead and putrifie are not refolved quice into the Elements, that We ae ob {mel and ftink does fufficiently evince which belongstono Elemenc bue is proper co mixt i ih | bodies. Andasof things living fomehave one {mel, and fome another : fo allo is it with t ' By Plants and dead Carkafles. Yea, and che peftilence hach, been frequently obferved co arife A from the putrefying Carkaffes of dead Animals. The fame happens inviolent Refolutions i i which are made by Chymical Diftillaczons and Sublimations. Zabarella indeed Lib. 2. de fi P Miftor. Generat. & Interitu, cap. 2. wrees, That Cumbuftion isthe mutation of amixt / 1 he body into one Element only, namely Fire, fome part of Earth excepted. Alfo many i aa others do imagine, chat ifthey fee a fume orvapor a{cend our of any thing, thae the faid hi BAR thing is refolved into the Elements. . But che matter goes far otherwife 5 forthe fire recains mi a its own, and pives to others that which 1s chears. Fire is ufed in Chymical Diftillations and Be Sublimacions, fomcimes gentler, other whiles ftronger 5 yer neither of chem retoives things AY ih into the Elements. For although fumes and vapors afcend s yee ifthey be. received im i i i Alembicks and Receivers, it 1s apparent chac che refolucion is made only into Aromes of a pe= | 4 | culiac kind; and fome flowers are gachered of Mercury, others of Sulphur, others of Sal } Hi Ammoniack. Soin Diftillations alchough one kind of vapor feem co arife;, yet if\ue be . colle&ed in an Alembick, ic appeats to be Spirit. of Wine, or Cherries, or Juniper, Aqua Hh i forts, or forme other Compound. Yea, although they may afcend inienfibly, fo as nor co er | ee be difcerned by the eyes, {oas co pafs through a chick paper four times doubled: yet are i ! they not changed into Aur, buc into a fpiric of its own kind. Yea, if Sulphur, or Pirch- ik hl wood, or Pitch be fet on fire, chey turn not into Elements, but their proper Oy|s are gachet= La ee ed therefrom. | a We And from what hath been hitherto faid, i is apparent chat the primary efficiene Caufeof | i charmixture in Plantsand Animals, yea, and al perfectly mixt bodies, as Scones, Jewels, Minerals, and Meals, to confticute cheir Bodies, is that fame {pecifick form of a natural body, aie which draws mateer fic for ic felf, and difpofes the fame after a certain manner.
Fats; | are (tue B poldch | cil i : fo, Bi Wine! propel cle hat Ingre | ranted talle ‘millet thele, orher@ treo. fhal not when att
| \efh Pate
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ption
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retains
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anette > oon pra SSIES aasienn ae eiieiiies ;, Anlst arnt ee ee apace
Of Mixtures. 463.
—_—— 3a a ee te
Juyces is made, viz. whiles {uch asare of the fame Nature ‘are unved, and expel chings different fcom-chem, and drivechem out as dregs 5, which is chiefly effected by help of chae fame inb: «d{picie which penetrates into al parts 5 which alfo we fee becide im the fertnenta- cion or .eavening of Bread. ! | hy y* !
What we flould think of white and red Wine mingled of Hohey and Wine, of Medicinal wyerpey Wines, Treacle, Michridate, diftilled and compounded Waters, and fuch like, whether they wines, mex are true mixcurés, or only things blended together, is a queftion amongft Authors. Some 4caments, hold chey are bur chings jumbled togecher. So Thomas Eraftus, Disput. 2. contra Para- ee celf, page 212. faies, whice and red Wine mingled is bur a jumbled ching, and adds this rea~ zoe cy fon, Becaufe our Taft tels us, chat che caft of either of chem ftil remains, and that neither difiilled Wine bath loft itsewnnatute, and it cannot be che rednefs- fhould poffels any “bute 18 own waters, proper fubjedt. And toncerning Treacle Zabarella writes, de Mift. cap. 13.°Fhar Trea- «¢ bodies cle hath notrue mixture, orifit. hath, chacitis che mixture of the Elements, and not of the ee Ingrediencs of the Treacle. But chefe Opinions, are founded upon’a fuppofition not yet pak eranted, viz. Thacnothingis mixed but the Elements, which we have before proved to be falfe. And cherefore if otherwife ic is {uffictent co the Conftitution of Narural Bodies chat {malleft Acomes of feveral kinds fhould meet and be uniteds--of which becaufe fomcimes the(e, ocherwhiles thofe are in greateft quamity, cherefore the caft, {mel, color, and other qualicies fomtimeés of thefe, orherwhries ofcbofe do abound;, as etherwife in che mix- tureot Elements, the Qualities of the predominant Element -do excel che reft: verily I fhal not deny, when fuch bodies are ficft blended, they may be termed thingsjumbled, but when afcer Fermentation, or frequently repeared diftillations, they aceuniced in their (mal=, left Particles, ‘I fee no cau’e why chéy miay nor be called bodies truly mixed. And if thae caule were fulficient which Grafts brings ‘to prove that white and'red Wine blended are no truly mixt Body, moft Wines fhould not be true mixtures; fince:moft W ines are made of feveral forts of Grapes, ‘and therefore fomtraies they eaft like one forcof Wine, orher- whiles like another. : ; )
CR ET. ST er TE ee RL: ee LLLP SALTER RD EEN RELIES IOS aOR iy: AOR aD
Ln eve
FR A pe OL
The eff en tial parts of living things.
Natural-P hilofophical Difcourfes.
———
gr
FOURTH DISCOURSE: Of the Generation of Live T hings.
mic nr
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Chap. 1. Whether Souls are made ¢
bur fome die, and others {pring up in their place, and toche kinds and fores eS are preferved coche end of the World, and as long as it pleafes God the - che Creator: it isalcogecher worth our Enquiry how this Generation of Li- SOSSS ving things, andthe prefervation of cheir kinds by individuals continually
ue fucceeding one another, is brought co pats; efpecially fince renowned Men have been carefully bufied, and in doube alfo concerning thismaccer. Now, al living things confift of Soul and Body. Whence they have their Body is cleerenough ; but whence they have their Souls is not fo evident. Wearetherefore now refolved co make that our Enquiry. Which whiles we do, we thal confider che matter it felf, and not contend only with Autho= rities, nor fhal we bring our felvesintoa Labyrinth and Maze, wherein many wandet about and can never get out, whiles one while they follow Reafon, another while Authority, and make it their bufinefs, alwaies co fave the Authority of great Auchors, and fo vainly labor (oftentimes) to reconcile Truch and a Lye together.
And.alchough there are divers forts of Living things; yet fince al of chem have life from the Soul, we fhal {peak in general whence living chings receive their Souls, and whence Souls have their Original.
Tn che firft place, Some do here briefly quic themfelves, and deny thac forms (fuch as the Soul is) aremade. For thus fates Toletus, Lib. 1. Phyf. cap. 9. qu. 19. We wholly deny with Ariftotle, that Forms are made or produced; but Compounds are made, not out of notbing, but of matter 5 but the Forms are confequently made and com produced: whence they are not created, becaufe G reation is anattion whereby athing is firft made; but tbe Forms are not firft made. And this is the power granted to Natural Agents, that they might produce a Com pound, and alfo mediately tbe Forms witbal, wbich is not to create, nor have we any other Philofopby from Ariftocle, and it is an excellent one, and worthy to be noted. The fame Auchor in the fame place faies cbus; The Form is not produced by it felf, buvit is comproduced upon ibe produttion of the Compound, tbat isto fay, the attton ig determinated primarily upon the Compound it felf, and confequently, and as 1t were by accident upon tbe Form. fian ¢ 12. artic. 6. thus write: Wean{wer, by faying in the firft place, that no Form except a (Mans is properly made 3 becaufe making is not incident fave to a thing {ubfifting of it felf.
And Ruvio Rodenfis, Lib. 1. Phyf..cap: 5-10 queft. writes thus: We deny that ibe form is made of the matter, or of Privation. ‘For according to the propriety of Nature the Form is neither generated nor made, but the Compound, as Ariftocle expreply teaches, Lib. 1. Phyf.text.64. in thefe words: wherefore iris maniteft from what hath been faid, Thac wharever 1s made,g is ft:] che Compound. And Thomas Aquinas in thew Expofition. Ana this Reafon proves : The making of a thing texds to the Beeing thereof. berefore it belongs to that only to be made, which bath being : butthe Form is not; but it is only
faid to be the cantfe of being to the Compound, which is properly faid to be, ‘eae the orm
SSESSE Ince Plante-and Animals do not laft in their Individual or particular Beeings, @ ce
The Conimbricenfian Collegiates in Lib. 1. Phyf- cap. 9. quaft. .
is fag Manic
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aE IT Pe pert nce eg je ene tens —
Chap. 2. VV ether Souls come from God, or from Heaven ?
i te
poss pen RS ESET
form is not made, bet the Compound. Which if it be not mades ergo it 7 not made of the (i ‘Matter, nor of Privation, but the Compound is faid to be made of ‘both, by means of the Ny | ‘Porm from which 1t bath its being, and whofe Principles are Matter, Form, and Pri- \ vation. ‘Now to bedrawn out of the Power of the Matter as notto be made of it Self, but i to go into ait, as the cauje of the Compounds Being, which of itfelf ix generated. and made, Ht So far Ruvio. ae O:hers contrariwife do oppofe this forefaid Opinion as falfe andabfurd, For feeing co ae the Confticucion of every Body, Matter,and efpecially Form which gives the {pecifical be» HBF ing, isrequilire, and dayly fome Individuals perifh, and! others are penecated 3. of necefflity HW the macrec and form which-before were not, mu(tbemade. But according to their reafon qe which chey propound withous proof Cvizs That neicher che Maccer nor che Form ts made, in bur che Compound) nothing fhould be made 3 fince ofthe Matter and Form the Compound Ni confifts, and che Compound is nothing buc the Macser and Form. - Nor to the making of | any ching 1s acompieac Beingrequifice, but any Being is fufficient; and that which now is ( th \ what before it was not,is jultly iaid co be made, whether icbe an incompleat Being, or a coms Mt pleat and Compound. And thofe are words and {founds wichourSenfe, thac Forms are not dad tii? produced, but courproduced, and chat chey are not primarily made, bur by accident as it | were produced pon the production of che Compound. The Compound (truly) is prima- Wal iily zocendedin the whol Generation, buc it cannor be accomplifhed unlefs alchings are 4 | made which are required Co ics Effence and Conftitution. Yea, they chemfelves who den that Forms are made, forgecting themfelves they fay they are madeé, when chey teach that Ay fuch thinps as are drawn our of the power of che Matter do depend upon che matcer in their i al being, makiog, and. operacion,. Nor do they remove this doubr.; but they’are forced co ex ih plain whence Souls proceeds and at laft they are forced to hold, Thar they are drawn duc of I che power of the Matter. | b And therefore it cannot be fimply denied, That Souls after their manner ( for whether At ai ic be a proper manner of (peaking, when Souls are faid tobe made, even che moft learned . if Wh Gafpar Hofmannus, in tr. de Jormarum origine, at che beginning doubts) ate. made, Yer Souls ave mah \ ut we wou'd ipeak more propeily, chey may rather be {aid’ to be multiplied than made, rather . according tothat vulgar Saying, Every Form hath a powerto multiply ie felf.. For *ltiplied MEE AD | thofe chings ace properly {aid co be made which arenoratal’ before they be made. But chat “4% made i is {aid co be mulciplied which whereas before ic was one ‘in one Individual, it ‘now becomes A Mantiold, and many in number. Of which I fhal {peak in Chap, 6. WS
Chap. 2, VVhether Souls come from God, or from Heaven 3 Hi
Vicenna held, That che Souls of living chings did noc proceed from their Parents but The Sexi _# & froma certain locelligence che Gwer or (as Scaliger, Exercit. 97- {peaks ) the Dif. Lag, Ja hen penier of Forms, which he cerns Colcodea; and he reaches, That this Heavenly Intelligence Ged. mh ufes che Seed asan Inftrumenc ro produce the Vegetative and Senfitive Soul, whichwhenhe hed hath produced in a man by help of the Seed, in:procefs of time without the help of any In- | t | ftrumenc the Rational Soul is broughein, andunto.che Body informed with a Vegetative Ll and fenlitive Soul be pours in our of hiaifelfa Rational Soul;free from che commerce of Mat« iy ter. And doubilels Avicenna drew this Opinion ftom Plato and the Placonifts. For the fi (as may be feen out of Plato in Epimenide & Timeo, Martilus Ficinus fuper Lib. Pla- Vai tonts de Sanititate, andi fuper Timeum Platonis, cap. 37. And Alcinous,-in. Lib, de Dottrina Platonis, cap. 23.) do hold, That Rational Souls. dacome froni che moft good and great God, and the icrartonal Souls trom the infetior gods, which ate (according ta them) either che Cceleftial Bodies, or their. Spirirs, and moving Incelligences, Bue fuch things as are {aid of chofe Incelligences in, Nacural Philofophy, fince theyarefaid without ‘any realon, they aie worchily rejected by Philofophers. And if there are any Heavenly Cautes at al, which make row ardsshe Generation ofthings, they are remote caulés,: and unj= a Vetial, as fhal by and by be faid concerning the Opinion ot Fernelius, And if by chac firkt Ca Incelligence they meanthe moft good and preat; God, this Opinion is alfo falfe. For the x7, God md) Queftion is noc here concerning the Creation, bue. che Generation of things. But God after Aeicass ‘ he once ceafed from Creation, does create norhing unlets it be miraculoufly ; but he hath or..2ith /e- dained Nature which performs the Courfe of Generation and Corcuption, and defends and t%"4 can
obleives che fames . And now indeed, God concurs as the fictt and unwerfal Caule in thecee./@ 12240 : Leneraizenx NETALON of things:
een REE CE EE OIC OODLES ILE I OOS MEP EE SNE) SESS — i { h
466 Natural-P hilofopbical Difcourfes.. Book. ['V. | “ neration of al.chings, but the things produced are the immediateeffe&s of the fecond Caufes: rai And God isfaid.to be the Efficient Cafe of al things, both becaufe he. firft created ‘chem, mol and becauféhepavero che Second Gaufesthe force and ability to produce their Effects, This hear indeed is true That thefecond Caufes cannot do. anything without the firfty viz. Becaute wot) fromminalcceated Agents depend and have their Effence, and without the affifttance: whereof port they could neither confift nor perform any operacion; and unle{s the firft Caufeconcar to aby rhe Ack; cheifecond canriot perform their operations. Yer the Second Caules do really act, | foi and Gocactsinal, fo.aschatshey may wockalfos whence Scakeger i Theopbraft. deC ai: were fit Plant. Libs sicapeots wtites, That Nature isthe Power of Ged in fecond Caufes,. co ner which he hath preferiked certain Rulesy: = And if che fecond Caufes did nothing, why fhonid | a there be fo various aFabcick in things created, and why are fo many Verrues and activities | fit beftowed Dpon chem’? and why cannot lifelefs things petform the fame Operation as living Seed things ts;sAnd therefore fince.in the generation of other things wedo not look fimply ro God, ‘| * thol but goyh alfo che decond Caufes; why fhould weireject: them. in the Generation of hving tures things ?:> And if Souls fhouldyproceed trom Ged alone and immediately, like could no waies | dy, te be faid to genérare ice like; nor could that from whence the feed of a Plane or Animal ista+ | bothe ken betermed/the Parent of the new Plant or Animal, but God. Andif ehey fhould fay } fettec shat Godules the feed as an Infttument > yecas an Inilrument, viz. a Chizel cannot be cal+ | by MM led che Efficient. Gaufe of dn Image, nor the Image be {aid tobe the effet of che Chizel: fo vel neithericana living Creature be faid to be the Off-{pring or child of the feeds In a word, 1 matt if any fuperionGaule whatloever, by Platoand the Plaronifts, or by Avicenna, fhal be held ation the E ficient Gaule of Souls,there wal be afcér this reckoning no univocal] Generation; where- sata as neverrhele{smoft certain itis, not needs it any proof, That like bepers is like, an Oak fal O tree an Oak, -a:Horfean Harfe, a Mana Man, Bit And what che Placonifts fay couching the infertor gods, if they are tobe underfiood asthe | ateger words intimate; any one may eafily fee chat they ave hot only faid without al reafon, buc | truer void of Truth. | Korn Whether... Frernelins difters not much from them, who Lzb.1,.deabdit. rerum caufis,mmany places =f thole cee eagerly defends that every Soulcomes fromthe Heaven, &tharthe Heaventendsevery Soul =f oye ay *€ into. matter/preparedand fisted. For chus (in chapjs. towards cheend) hé writes; Initbe Ge~ =| itd The Opi- neration of leving Creatures the feed conceived #3 by the Vertue and benign warmth of the what nion of Womb flirred up to action, not that it might raife up. out of wfelf a Soul, or the form of an | fie Fernelius. Animal, but only thatthe power and faculty tbereofi bedig firft frirred up and provoked, | No and aftervcards augmented, mi ebt furnifh its fubjett master with all kind of preparation, in the that the fubftantial form may at laft be received thereinto from without. He propounds’ |‘ fhalte/ che fame Opinion at large, chap.7.\and afterwards,\chap. 10. he eds : TheHeaven (fares he) | deduced without any Seed brings forth many Plants and Animals 5 but Seed breeds nothing with=_ | theo} out the Heaven. ‘Ibe Seed does only neatly and decently prepare the‘Matter, the Heaven ~} they fends the form into it when it is prepared, and thechief perfedion, and flirsuplifeinall. | Heyy; And at laft he concludes + W/batfoever ibings God made of old in Heaven or in Harth, be 4 Ny (i alone defends and governs thém all, the Heavenly things indeed by bimfelf ammediaielys | Nar: but living things and Plants, and otber-mortal Ereatures, by belp and affiftance of the | Fame ‘Heavens on'wbom be bath impofed the-Procreative and Gonfervative Laws of Nature. | ae note And therefore the only form of Heaven does potentially contain the forms of Live Crea- | w fal tures, Plants, Stones, Metals, all tbatever bave been or canbe; and it being big as it | weeran were with imiumerable forms, engenders and pours alltbings ont of it felf: theonly power | fly ' and faculty thereof contains init alltbefaculnes of mortabthings whichever bavebeen,or | teh: 4 foall bebereafiers.. And tbefeVertues, the Soul.of ibe World {hed into the mbhol Univerfe | whe nL from Heaven beftoves upom all things, a alfo their form, and native, andvitabbeat; fit | Hing i to generate andte conferve them... It contains all things, and cherifbes. al things witb heat. | bobleths I | and life, fo that sbere is not any where any thing not replenifhed with ibs fulneB® bereof: |) : | By the vertue and means bereof both all lifeless things are by themfelves, and al animated things bavefuch a Soul as belongs to their kind, fome a nourifhing, others a fenfitive, and q others arational, So fheaccommodatesber felf to things, fo fubjervient foe isto the ‘Nae | i tures of each one;tbat fbegives as much as the Nature and condition of every one defires, “|| : andas much as the preparation it felf of the fubjett can bear. “Ibe Sun sboxgb exceeding fe fav.offs yet {o beftoves bis light upon the bodies. oppofiterinio bim, that they are bright and E (bine voith fplendor: but Water after one manner; a Stone ater another manner, Wood after another manner, Silver after another manner" Ben fo, much after the {ame man- ner, that Vertwe.alfo which comes dovon from Heaven ia vital, yet fotbat upon fometbings x . 9 |
ae
Chap. 2. VV hether Souls come from God, ox from Heaven ? 467 it beftows only a Beeing, to otbers al(o a Soul, and that either nourifping, fenfitine, or rational: for it # notreceived after. one manner of all, ‘But.of this alfo l mould laftiy ad- monifb the Reader, That the {aid Coeleftial Vertue it felf ts not alwaies alike, nor does bear tt felf alwaies alike to fublunary things, but differently ar different times, according to the manifold pofture of the Stars, wbofe commixtion and complexion does for the moft
- part vary, although the Subftance of the Soul of the World (or carrying {pirit) a unchange- ‘ie ably one. It cannot therefore come to pafr (as.one manfaies). thatthe Soul of te World et
foimparts life and flateto alltbings as that it needs not tbe leaft bebp of the Stars. . If tbis
were fo, why I pray you fhould it not alwaies generate like things,and after the fame mane
ner, feeing 1t 1s alwates alike prefent to things. So far F ernelivg. 0 !
Now che chief Arguments whereby he endeavors co prove his Opinion are thefe : The
i firtt is, That of putcefying matcer many Anunals are bred, which fince they come of ne Seed, and from no Parent, he concludes theac Soul comes from Fleaven; and therefore fince thofe more ignoble Animals receive their Souls from Heaven she thinks the more nobler Crea= tures, asa Man and a Lyon, fhould much rather receive their Souls from Heaven. Second- ly, feeing Ariftotle writ, Thata Manand the Sun beget a Man, he conceives they do nog both concur after the {ame manner to the generation of a Man, nor that the lamething is ef- fected by both of them; bur fince cwo things are required, the Matcer and the Form, thag by Man as the more imperfect nature che Matter is prepared, and che Soul fent,in from Hea=
lilo | ven. Thirdly, Hedifputes ac large againft the Eduction of Forms ouc.of the power of the Me ;
woul, matter. Fourthly, Heproduces many chings touching che nobility of the Heaven, and its |
illeheld 4 action upon thele lower bodies. Finally,. Since the soul Asunited to the Body by help of a \
ns where: | an Heavenly kind of heat and {piric, he holds the Soul ic {elf muft much rather be ofa Coele~ 1)
/ 0k F {tia} Original. ' Sy ie 1 But in good deed this Opinionvis far from the ccuth. For feeing that ling things which Fernelius HM
til are generated are of the fame fore wich thofe by which they are generated, . how can, chis be eprtie’ ‘ | ‘ true if che Generator do only difpofe che matter to receive che Form, and do not am pare the Original ni af Form ictelf? anda} hving things fhouldracher be cermed the Oit-{pring of Heaven, than of of Sante | OM | chofe things by which they arepeueraced. And though there be acontent of che upper -and conjured... pf i ! lower bodies, and the Heavens an utiuverfal Canfe does further, the Quiginal of things 3- yer: Ha ar- Hh, it does not follow, Thar the, Heaven gives Forms to fo many feyera] forts Of-things.., Aud ments: hi what need is there co derive the Souls of things from Heaven, fince God; the Creator in,che i firft Creation gave co al living things the power to multiply themfelves, Done vil iy Nor are thofe Reafons which moved tim ro. maintain this Opinion ofany ftrength,’..For in the firft place, That living things Generated. of them{elves. have their caufe here below - My Rie fhal be fhewed hereafter. Norif there be any thing noble here below mufk chac needs be a | | deduced from Heaven, but living things themfelves have their degree of dignity 3 and: man Hy i che moit noble of al is nobler-chan che Heaven, Secondly, hough Ariffotle wrote that she Tagne the Sun and Man generates a Man ; yet is not that co be orherwife underftood than chat che
stn ) Heavenasa remote ard general Canfe, and Manas the lunmediate Gaufe generates-a Man. ne ei iDarlh, be} Nor (as was faid) 1s Man more ignoble than the Fleaven, fo'that he only '‘fhould prepare che aan wide) | © ‘Matcer,and che Heaven pive the Form. Thirdly, He does rightly appofe the EduGion of il } © Forms out of Maccer, and we thal do the tame hereafcer - but it does not follow, If Forms i are hoc educed out of the Matrer, chat cherefore they ate procteated by che Heavens... For a we fhal hereafcer demonftrace anocher manner of their Original, And asin che fourth place ia we grant the Nobility of che Heaven, and its action upon thete lower bodies 5, yer icno Waleg *\ : ey follows therefrom that it is che Author, of al Forms, FE inally, although ic. were granted se that che innate heat and {piric, which the forms of living things ufeas their immediate Inftru- ‘|
ment, and which may. therefore be called the band of the Soul and Body, may, after.a fore ouls themfelves. are more a
bé termed Cocleftial ; yecthac only does thence follow, that: the § t and inbred hear, but not chat they proceed from Heavens Ina word,
noble than that {piri as Thomas Graftus, de Occult. med. ropriet. Lib.1.cap.17..does wel write ; They cthag Jaughtjac by Phi-
; wate affiras che Forms of the forrs of things are infufed by che Scars wil be Hi at Jofophers; aud by Chriftiansalfo rightly judged execrable.. The Forms have received chem ney li ei rather beleeve che Hiftory jof He if
yi | Oiginal not from Heaven, but fromthe Greator, if they wal | 2 A Ae its A God commanded that every Species or fore.of things fhould — ae
Se. LY 1 (taies ne)
3 Wo fl ying Win? HF
SO eis = Ae ae ee ee ws
4p
’ v] ° pst" is, f ‘the Creation than lying Fables, ye ae
adn ® PLOpagate ic {elf by mulciplicarion of Individuals endued with the fame, Faculties; he did ibe: a 1 Oi hot command the Scars either to im prine their forms or vertues on che things creaced, . ; it 8 iif =. Lhushave we thewed how fome without Reafon havé endeavored. to draw che Original of
i no SHE Forms of Living chings fcom the Heavens; | 7
I) (anne F x
if dng! GHA P.
V i}
er -etnaiacaaa
: —G68. «+ Natwral-Philofophical Difcourfes.
es of the mat- rues bya power it hath hike to an At were: réntially inthe Seed, and ‘chat éf which the Seed ‘is ‘agrees tn name and nature with that
Boow iV
Ges ee he
Chap. 3. Some other Opinions of the Original of Souls reckoned np, and a vulgar Error taxed.
ceeds not from the Heaven and fuperior Catifes, many grant : gran
Which yet molt do underftand only of umvocal Géserati= Id Generation 3 one univocal, whereby like begecsits like 5 the Ingenderer is Of a different nature froni the thing mgendreéd 5
Tice therefore the Soul pro
chat like begers its like. Arwofold on, Forthey holda cwofo Generati- ther Equivoca}, where the
Sai which they fay happens 3n fuch things as are bred of themifelves, and withopt Seed. Bu ac whether there be any {uch Equivocal Generation, and whac the Nattite of the Spontaneous Original of living things 1s, we thal fhew hereafter in its place. Ic fuifices in this place that
ed, it isgranced by moft, and by al chac do not draw che forms that like engenders ics like. Yet ingdod deed, although
evnine tu agte’ herein; yet they differ much as touching themanner, and there aré many anid di- tie Cy. vers Opinions of Authors hereabouts, al which may neverthelels be (I conceive) reduced to raion of - TOUE Tribes. For ficft fome hold the Seed t0 be inanimate 3 who are again divided into two Living companies 5 whiles fome hold the Seed communicated by che Generator co be only iniffead of ebings. matcer, out of che aptitude whereof che Soul is educed by an external Agent: fome fay | there is a formative Vertue communicated to the Seed by the Generator, and chey hold that it is che fhaper of the Body of the living thing; or they conceive che Generator ufes che See as an Inftrument to beget its like. Bucothers hold that the Seed is animated; yet they are of two opinions 5 for fome hold there isin al Seed (even that of a Man) its proper Souls bur fome conceive the Soul of Man ¢ by reafon of a fingular prerogative) is tobeexempted, and thar it comes into the Body after it is formed from without 5 though they themteives differ about the cime when the Soul comes : Touching al which Opinions we are now to fpeak feverally.
The Oyi- | Hlowbeit the Reader muft firft be warned of a vulgar Error. Since all living things are ginal of - what they are chiefly by their Souls, and thereby they differ from lifelefs chings; therefore the foxl i with good reafon our enquiry touching the Original of Souls muft be here {o ordered chat at Foxtel 4 may concern al living things in general. In which thing neverthelefs. I fee many offend, pure” who deliver what fhould be {aid of the original of the Soul, and formation of the Body ofa inte. living thing in general,concerning a Man only, and fo they offend againft the Law of De
monitration,. endeavoring to demonftrate the affe@ions belonging co the whol kind of one forvonlys Iconceive it therefore more convenient co propound in general whatfoever may bre faid of the Original of living chings,and of Souls in general 5) and afterwards to apply chem particularly to Plants, Animals, and Man-kind; and what thete forts of living Creatures
have peculiar; co fer chat dowa by ic felf.
Chap. 4- VVhetber Souls. ave drawn out of the aptitude of the Matter.
vhetber BN che firlt place therefore, amongft théfe who hold the feed to be inanimate, it isa Com- Souls are ] ron Spinivn; thac all forms and confequently all Souls, except the rattonal foul of aman erie 05 are dtawn out of thie aprittiide of the matter. But who was the firft Author ofthis Opinion, Abie: isnot fo certain. Molt 'do indeed father ic upon Ardffotle 5 but I doubt whether a can the matrer DE Demanitrated from hiswotks. Some, arid amongft them Franci(cus Bonamicus, do at= whe was thibute'to Averroes this Opinion; and {ome!fuch words ate found in his Bookss but ic the Author ahy titn’s happens, chat Expofrors pace of the Opi- But whether Ke Held what is vulgarly caught is agreat queftion. For it 1s apparent, as Bay : a from other places, ‘fo from 7. “Metapbyf. text, 31. Tha he held the Caufe of che Genera-
of a. fidn ‘of living things, ‘or rather of the formation ofa ivi out of the tie Seed. > For feeing there Ariffotle compares Arc aptinde ehidgthe Seed Which is'che Efficient, héfaies, Itimakes, Averrboes adds; the Seed gene- tificer; ‘becatfe'cheform of the thing generated is po=
in Univocal Generation fo call Four Opi-f-om Heaven or a fuperior Caule,
which is any waiestiade of the'Seed. “Anda fictle after: Inthe macter of things generared rhere isan -aptictide that out of ic may be bred a like thing by the power which is in the
Seed. But
h many things of their own upon Authors. .
ne Body, to bethe form lurking in ficial chings wich Natural, and tou-
1 Mek
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1 | Chapa g. Pte Sere dan of le api of be Mar? 46
~ But moft of the Schoolmen and their followers have fiercely mameained chis Opinion of | | the eduction of Souls our of the apricude of the matter, and have handed it over to poftericy
7) without any cleer fence, which a mind defirous of truch mighe conceive $ fo thar moft of them feem rather co have tranf{cribecl the words of their Mafters, than to have underftood the
thing it{elf. Aud how indeed could they underftand where there was nothing to be under- ‘ine ftcod ? By, | fat Buc whoever was che Author of chis Opinion, and whatever Patrons ichath 5 ic muft by “th al means be weighed and confidered, fince many contend for ic as if their life lay acche {take, roe and ufe tt as an infallible Principle to decide many Controverfies. Now two things chefs be | Authorsdo: Pick, they fec down the reafons moving them thus £0 think, or rather chey my | Oppofethe Opihions of others: andin che next place they endeavor to explain and declare thie cheir {aid Opinion. i And in che ficft place (cruly) as appears out of Fonfeca, Comment.in 5. Met. cap. 2. wer queft.4. Suarez, 12.“Metapbys. difput. Sect. 1,2. Bonamicus, Ruvius, in 1. Pbyf. traét.2. ‘Aid quéft. 1. and others, they bring hardly any evidenc reafons for cheir own Opinion, but on- vied ly endeavor co bring chofe chac think other wife inco fome abfurdity 3 which is a very iufpi- re cious way of dealing. For iC is che part of a good and Ingenuous Difpucer fictt to prove his ado own Opinion with firm Realons, afterwards CO Oppofe the contrary. And nothing can be Ai faid fo true and manitett which by contentious wics may not be called. in queftion. Tcounc Hae ic not worth che while co tranfcribe the places of Authors entire teeing they are in the hands iad of al. ahd moft of them bring nothing new, buc repeat the fame ching over and over again. be a Buc ifany. reafons may be gathered out of them, chey are thefe : Saul In che ficft place therefore, They would prove that Forms are drawn out of the power of Reafons hye the Matrer, becaufe chey depend upon che Matrer in their making, their being, and operation. Se E- sali Bur this is co beg che Quettion, and there is no connexion of che major. For we grant ih- pee we deed char chole infepacable F orms cannot be made (or rather propagated } without the mat= of the aie ; rer, and that they are, and work in, and withthe maccer: but ic does not hence follow,that situde of ante the Form is drawn out of che power of the Matter, and depends in i¢s eflence upon the mat~ the matter. AE ter, which is meerly paflive. Burche Queftion ftil remains, Whence thofe Forms which ay can neicher be made, nor be, nor operate without the matter, or out of che matter, have cheic fn Original.
oe Secondly, Unlets we hold thar Forms are drawn out of che aptitude of the matter, they
nny 0 qd “4 ‘ al é = ~ Ps - °
Ds | conceive a} Generation istaken aways Which argumene whecher it be a ditect proof, ora
" | deduétion co an ablurdity, Lleave co orhersto jude. Foreither (fay they). the Formsare 3 juce Vey J
eid fomching before Geaeration, or they are nothing, Ifthey were betore Generation, there can ies be no Genecation; if chey are noching there wil be a Creation, and fo Generation is again y hued taken away. Bur chisDilemma is of no weight, nor is there any ftrength in eicher of its sini horns. For fince chey were al for che moft pact Divines who thus wrote, they ought to have confidered what chat text of Scripture imports, Encreafe and multiply; yea,and how that axiome of Philolophers isto be underftood, Thac every Form can multiply ie felf. ‘ ! te For if chey bad uoderftood that Soulscan multiply chemfelves, they bad underitood witha! ee |} that when any particular ching penerates, afoul is not created anew, bur multiplied 5 and cates pase that the Souls of che firft Individuals of every fore, created by God at the beginning of the cenevated World, did and do fuffice to propagate al che Souls of alche Individuals chat ever have been, : jac | ocever fhalbe; and they had underftood wichal chat when Souls which werebefore are mul- jill! | tiphed, generation is not caken away, but rather eftablifhed. © For though che Soul were be- Opin) | fore, and only one in number 3 yet when ic mulciplies.icfelf, and diffutes ic felf inco more eit | Individuals, Generation is rightly faid tobe made. Where notwithftanding we muft pre= 2 yg tot | dently obferve when Generation is truly made. They indeed hold, when ofa grain of Wheat Set ay sj but | there {prings up a Wheat ftallc and ear, or when a Chick comes out of an Eg, then generation of liwing
Autos) asmade, And it may indeed be granted, thac afcera fore Generation isthenmade. But if we things is pret, # | Would {peak properly, fince Generation is (as Ariftotle teaches,de re[piratione,cap.18.) Khe truly madé Gait | Sirf? communication of the nutritive Soultogether with the inbred Heat 5 chat communica= yk |. tion is ches petformed when Seed 4s bred and feparated from che Generator: and chen Plants, pital] then Animals breed, when chey communicate their Soul cogecher with their native heat unto wedge | the Seed, and caft the fame forch of chemlelves, buc not when‘a Plant or Animal is produced sf’ | Otthe Seed. Which is hereby apparenr, inchat when Plants {pring up out of che feed the with at Plane chac bred che feed may be deftroyed, and whenthe Chick is hatched out of che Ege, : ott the Gock and Een whence thae Ege came may be borh dead, and fo can neither communicate vil the | che Native Hear, nor che Soul. And therefore Fulins Cefar Scaliger, Exercit. 6, Sek. 10s i, The
But |
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whether shat Opi- nion of the eduction of forms out of tbe power of matter can be ex- plained.
Abfurdi- ties which follew the Opinion of
drawing
A Re
; Natural-Philofophical Difcourfes.
en RRR AN NR
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Book
The Tree ingenders ({aies he) when te produces Seed 5 buc a Tree isnot generated when ic fhoots up from the Seed; bur then chat which was generated and imperfect 1s pertedte So a Dog does not engender when the Whelps ace brought forth, but when the Seed is bred.
Buc when they thathold Forms are drawn out of the power or aptitude of the Matter would explain their Opinien, they varioufly and miferebly vex chemielveg and crouble their Brains to no purpoie 5 as 18 uitial when there is nothing ac the bottom; and while they en- deavor to explain che matier, they rather ob{cure and perplex che fame, as may be feen out of che Authors fore-alleadged, alfo from Tolet: 1. Pbyfic. cap. 9. qit.19. and 1.de gene- rat. & corrupt. cap. 3. que 2 BenediCtus. Pecerius, Lib. 5. Ehyf: cap.22. and orhers, whole words [thivk not fic Co trantcribe 5 andat laft when they baveturned this way and chat way with much anxiety, at laft they conclude with chole words of Aquinas, Partetl. Queff. 90. artic. 2. forche Form to be crawn out ot che aptitude of the matcer is nothing etic but for a ching to become actually what ic was before potentially. Bue whether this can {atisie a mind chat hungers aiter Truths] leave cocbe Reader tojudg. Whence Tolet. a.de Gener & Corrupt. cap 3. queft. 2. I confe(s Ciaies he) this isa wonderful Verine pohicb partares of a crediting power 5 but iu iw not a creating power because it alwaies morks uponfubjetts. “Tbe Veriwe alfo of the matter ys wonderful, out of the aptitude wobereof dre brought things wbich are not actually. Where rather he thould have aamured at cher ftubborn headineis, who would needs have itto be brought out of che mateer which isimpoflible, and is neither in Che power ofthe Matrer nor of che Agent, chan at rhe won= dertul power ot che Matter whichisnone at al. And Beneditius Pererius, Lib. 14. cap. 9. atthe end, where he trea‘s of che Origine! of Forms, .and endeavors to aniwer fore doubts, ar Jaft he concludes: Whether thefe Anfvers are true,and wheiber they quite take avvay ibe difficulies propefed, [leave to the yudgment and confideration of learned men: they donot Cirucy) quite take away my {eruple,nor perfettly jatisfiemy mind. For they involve certain, things which feem either abfolutely fal{e, or more doubt fulthan that vobereof we now doubt; fuch as is. that bere is an ulamum or lajt of Quality, vebich may be brought in im an in-
ant. And indeed they can no waies an{wer che doubts that are brought againft them Opi- nione For if youaskchem, what icasto be brought out of the power ofthe matter? or what that power is? they anfwer, Thacacts the difpofition of che macter to a certain form, that when the ordinary power of che Agent or efiicient is added, a form grows and tefults
4 Cli.
the Forms therefcom. But when they themfeives grant, that chis difpofition belongs tothe fecond mat. ost of the oy (nor co the firft, for that ts indsfferenc to receive aiforms, nor more determined to one
aptitude of the matter
than another, And if the firtt matter fhould concain al forms in its bofom, and che forms did owe their Original to thé fictt marrer,that matter were a more noble principle than the form) fince one diipofition is required to the form of an Oak, another co the form of a Chick, ano- cher ro draw out the form of a Horfe; and che fame Expounders of Ari/fotle determine,'hat che Matcer wherein fuch {pecifick forms hang, is the Elements varioully mixed and difpofed : ic is demanded (fince chey hold the form is made actually, which was there before porential- ly) Whether it be made of nothing? or whether that fame difpofition and Qualities of the Matcer, which are noching but a cercain temper ofa mixed body, or the very tormc felf of the mixt Body or Elements, 1s changed into the form ofan Oak, an Hen, or an Horie? None of which can be faid without abfurdicy 3 fince neither an accident can be changed into a fubftance, nor one form into anocher 5 nor can the forms of living chings be compoun= ded ofthe Elements. And which way foever chat difpofition rothe form can be explained C{ince it 1s made fucceflively by parts, and che Jaft depree isof the iame kind and perfection with the former) it cannot make up che act of a thing, nor give Efftace to a Sub- ftance.
Moreover, Neither can they produce any thing of certainty and principal Efficient of that Form which they lay is drawn 0 cer. Themaccer it felfbeing a paflive principle cannoe be the Efficient caufe 5 nor the Sun, or other Stars (fince chey ate only remote and {pecifical, noc univerfal cautes, as was {aid before, Chap. 2.) Nor the external Heat of the Air, Womb, Hen: fitcing, Furnace, or any external ching whatfoever. For foa fubftance should be produced by an accident. More- over, there could notbe affigned a {pecifical Caufe ofa fpecial Effect 5 but che fame {pecial Effect fhould be produced by divers Caufes: as we {ee Plants fprouc ourof che Seed both by che heat of the Sun and of a Stove, and the Chickens of one Bird hatched by another Bird not of the fame, but a differenckind ; yea, and the feeds of Silkworms are hatched in the bo- fom ofa Damfel, as Vida relates in his Poeme of the Sitkvorm. Moreover by the action of é 5 one
concerning che immediate 1
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er hap, 4. VV betber Souls ave drawn out of the aptitude of the Matter? 47%
one Agent moft different Forms fhould be produced. For fince tn the {ame Garden moft different Plants do grow, they cannoc al proceed from the fame Agenr, viz. Phe external Heat. Moreover, according to chis Opinion che things generated thould noc have their form fram the Generator, but only a difpoficiontoche form, which afterwards of its own accord tipon the action of anexternal Agent(as Heat for example) fhould ipsing out of che power of the matter, the Agent communicating nothing thereunto, And fo according co this Opini- on it cannotbe faid char a living ching begets tts like, nor that every form does multiply ic felf: which yet al found Philofophers da grant. For if che Generator fhould transfer no~ thing of irs own Effence into che ching Generared, but fthould only decermine the marter to fuch alike form, and afcerward the Efficient (which is not of the fame kind ) fhould make ic aétually co break forch ; how I pray you can the form be faid to multiply icfelf?) Very, if fone Plane in che Indies when it produces Seed gives nothing buc the maccer with a derer- minate apcitude roreceivea like form, out of which after a yeer, two, or three, che Plane ic felf being now burnt or putrefied, che form thould break out by vertue of heat, noc only of the Sun, but of che fire ina ftove, asthe Agent: chat Plane cannot be faid co have bred its fike, nor that form to have multiplied ir felf. Norisic enough to caufe an univocal Genera- tion, and the crue production of a Ike Effence, co afford a maccter wich fome proclivity and provenfion to receive the form. And after chis reckoning the Agent heat (and thar an accidenc) thould confer more cowards the Generation chan che Generacot ic felf, fince ic makes che form actually to arife which the Generacor caufedto be there only potentially. And chusit temains yec unexplained, whence che fubftantial and {pecifick form of a ching, or chat more excellent, more divine and chief pare of achinghath its Original, Mean while we granc that che difpofition of che matter is neceffary co the Generation of living things, fince every mat= ter is not fic coreceive every form, but a decerminate matter a decerminate form: but nog hat che form or foul fhould be made one of it 5 but chat at may be propagated thereinco, and afterwards dwel therein, as fhal be {aid hereafter. Fortunius Licerus,defpont. vivent. ortu, Lib. 1.\cap.83+ endeavors to explain the Edu- Tbe Opi-
éticon of forms our of the power of the matter, after chis manner : We fay Cquoth he) chac non of
the Eduction of the form out of che bofom of thd’maccer 1s not the drawing out of that Pease - ; tus
145 produced by che Agent only*by che cranimuractan of the matter did potentially oe Eee pre-exilt therein, oucot which 1: is brought incoadt, Moreover, we deny thac che Form is ffion of mide of nutbing, and abfolucely creared, ifir be granted chac itis noc made of the matter as Forms out a principle, nor out of chat in which ic did actually pre-exift. Tor in the firt place, a o wharfloever things are truly created chey are made {imply of nothing, and of no fubject at Hah al; bural forms under che Soul of Man are made of nothing of theirown, but notabfolaces = ly of nothing, as chofe things whichare created ; fince formsare made by the agent, by a tratifmiutation made in fuch a dererminate fubject, on which therefore che forms depend tn
chew Being, and by which added to their Effence they are defined according co Ariftotle.
Again, tf ic Were not fo accidents alfo fhould be made of nothing, and moft properly crea=
ted: tor no heat did pre-exift in che water which i¢ made hoc. Buc verily forms are noc
etuly creaced, nor arechey our of nothing of cheir own, buc properly ouc ofthe bofom of
the Macter they are dcawn, and out of cheapritude thereof, becaufe they are cruly generated @) ome rudiment of chemtelves pre-exifting in chematcer, which rudiment of the form ‘is perieeted by the attion of the Apenct, and turns toa perfect Form. $o far Licetws. Bue ehist @ Vain put-off. Bor lec Licetws reach us what chat Rudimenct of a Form is. Whether che fubitance of the matcer it felr, or fome accidentthereof. If che former, (to which he icems to incline when he wrices chat the forms are made by theagent, by a cranfmutation made 16 fach a fubjet (oderermined) chen che maccerfhould bechanged into Form: ifthe later, at accidenrc muft be changed incoa fubftance, Lec him fhew us alfo, chat chereas any rudiment and bepiuning of a form, fince forms are indivifible, and have their Effence like humbets; andrherefore where they are chey arecotally,ornotazal. “Nor does the fame Partinins Licetws explain this maccer more happily, Lib. 4. de fpont. vivent. orti, cap. 15. Where he defines che Beginning of Forms, and holds that in che matter there is pre- exiftinga fuiddinenut Of che futuretorm, chac che generical nacure of chat form remains under che oppa= Hite privation, to which the efficient caufe joyning the {pecifical difference of che form is {taid both co conftrcuce the form, andco furcher che Generation, and at once ro generate a fub- tance compounded of matrer and form, But chac fame pre-conceived Opinion touching the eduction of forms out ofthe power of che marcer feduced chatman, otherwife a moft di-
: 2
yhich lies hid intotheopenview, bur the converfiowof aptitude intoa®. For the-form ‘
Bess ety
digent tearchet into Nature, © Porno form iscapable ofmore or lefs, but confifts in an indi-