Book 8. gol

NG to abftraét
cancels ree ae eR
402 Book 8
sees,
twofold.
Suer.
the Membranes; the Arteries, ‘the Veins, che hard Nerves.
made fruir{ul, asthe fame-Ariffotle informs us.
Soul exercife their operations.
~
tiene sae
(oaaliine Faculties are infeparable Properties of the Soul, and the Soul isin all the pacts itis ~~" where furnifhed with its Faculties, not borrowing che-fame el{ where. .
the nkin- : : ap 4 pet ae ber of the Now couching the Number.of chele Spirits, feveral men are of feveral Opinions 3 and
Spirtine => i b ( a RY iV ;
gas PBS pee
Of the Body of Man, and its Funttions. Chiap. 2.
of 4 Man; Fa Temperament 3 theone ofa Body, confidered fimply asa mixt Body; the other of a
Cold parts. Among Cold Parts, the firft are che Bones, then the Grifles, the Ligaments, che Tendonss
ia moift parts~ The Moift parts arey Suet; Marrow, Brain, Spinal Marrow, Scones, Dugs, Lungs, Spleens ih Kidneys, Fleth of che Mufcles, Tongue, Heart, foft Nerves. aa Diy parts... The dry are, Bones, Giiftles, Ligaments, Tendons, Membranes, Arteries, Veins, hard Pala Nerves. ed . i the in-. Now'this Temperament of a living Body 1s twofold, or confifts in two things; Innate, ual bred Heat and Influens Heat. Innate Heat is mecbat which is che inbred hor juyce natural: Por by tI sa eet snnate heat we underftand nota bare qualicy, buta quality with its fubject. ‘This Innate i Wee We. Beat contifts of the inbred Spiric and origina! moifture: and isnothing but the Primitive Hk ‘02 © Moifture filled in al parts with che implanted f{piric and heat. For chefe three, Heac, Spi- \ | fi “* pity and Radical Moifture, or Natural Balfam asfome cal it, are fo joyned together, as chat MW hi they cannot be eafily feparated. For thigis that Body which # more Divine than the Hle= i ments (ocalled; and is afubftance bearing proportion to that of the Heavenly Bodies, as Hi Ariftotle terms it in bis 2. de generat. Animal. cap. 3. and by which the feeds of things are
the $ub-_- This inbred heat is principally in the Spermatick Parts, which are called che firft Parts. ue a} the Buc it is chiefly found in the Heart, which therefore Galen cals che Hearth or Chimney Aste oftheipbred Hear. Andchis innate Heat tsche chief inftcument of the Soul, whereby it
mice - performs and perfeéts al actions. Ac che beginning of a Mans Life, and in his yonger yeers, ic is much in quanticy'3.and ashe grows older, the Radical Mowfture is gradually confumed and dried up, tilac laft being quite fpenc, the Heat 1s alfoextinguifhed, and natural Death
follows. what the > NOW this inbred Heat is cherifhed'and fomenced’ by che influent Heat, through means of fowits in She Spicits, which are a moft thin, hot, and movable body, bred of the moft fincere and {ub~ thebody cil paccof che Bloods and being joyned with che inbred Fleas they are the immediate and
ave? _ chief Inftramenc of the performance of al actions, and are a caufe thac. che faculties of the
ihty do 2. #Tiscommonly caught by many, That chefe Spirits are che conveighets of the Faculties net COn- frony chepriticipal Parcs to thereft of the Body: buc this isafalfe Opinion. For feeing the
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Chap.2 Of the Body of Man, andits Funttions. Boor 8 293 make’ one, and others more. But we have reafon co hold that there are divers Spuus. For although the more fubtile part of the Blood be the firft matter of chem all 5 yet they receive
a diverfe form in fundry parts, and are ficted for divers ufes.
Now che Spirics arethree, Natural, Vital,and Animal.
Touching the Nacural many doubs. We although we admit them into the umber of The Xa- Spirits, yet we acknowledg no {mal difference beewixt it and the other Spirits, and chat che barat: name of Spirits does not fo properly belong to chem as co the ochers, nor that chey have the fame Office. Now it is generated in the Liver, and is contained in the Veins, and is the chin- nec and mote fpirituous part of the blood, bred of che vaporation of the blood, and affords matter to make che Vital Spirits of. ;
All grant a Viral Spiric, which is generated in the left Ventricle of che Heart of the chine ‘ibe Pital: ner part of che Blood, ot Natural Spiric, flowing intoche Heart, and firft of a] attenuaced and elaborated in the right Vencricle; and of she Air drawn in by breathing, and by the di- laration of che Arceries. © Tbis Sprit isnot only in the Heart che chief Inftrument chereof, together wich the inbred heat of the Eleart 5 but alfo being {pred abroad through the Arcee ries into the whol Body, it cherifhes theinbred hear of-al che parts, excites and encreafes the fame, and gives perfection as ic were thereunco. And therefore fome call ic che influenc Heat. Alfochis Spiris affords matter for che Animal Spitits.
Many indeed deny the Animal Spirit; yet we have reafon coadmit thefame, feeing ic is ie Ani- wrought ina peculiar Member, viz. The Brain, nor can che Vital {piric perform chofe ufes mals which che Animal does, and ina part ful of Vital Spiric we fee fenfe and motion taken away for want of Anima! Spirits, as in the Apoplexy, Palfey, and ftupidity.
For chis Spirit is che immediate Inftiument of Senfe and Motion; and ic is generated of the pureft pace of che Vital Spiric, carried by che Carocick and Cervical Arteries into the Ba» fis of the Brain, and thence into the Brain ic felf, and mingled wich Air drawn in by the fec~ ching of breath. ,
Moreavery The Organick parts have alfotheir proper Conftitution, viz. A due compos the Con: fition aiid connexion ofthe fimilar parts into one form and fhape, fic coexercife the action, /titaiion Now there 1s required tothe compofition of Organeck parts 5 firft a juft number of parts rah hie compounding ; iecondly,the greacne(s fic for the faid pares thirdly, adecent conformation, parts: which comprehends a figure fic to perform the action, cavities and paffages, and chat the furface be rough or fmooth, asthe Nature of the part requires; fourchly, {cituation and connexion with other parts.
_ Theie things whereof we have hitherco fpoken being common ¢a al parts, and neceffary for al actions 5 we will now furthermore briefly recite how and by what parts che feveral actions are performed,
And feeing the Vegerative Faculty is the loweft, we wil fictt treay chereof, Now it con- tains under ic, Nutricion, Augmentation, and Generation. ‘
And as to Nutticon and Augmenration in che ficft place,feeing in chem Aliment is joyned
tothe Body from ei(where (and the Alimentc is in che firft place unlike of fubftance) ic muft
be elaborated by divers Concoctions, and be firft made fit tor the Body. This Concodtion is twofold; Private, which is performed in the fevera) parts; and Pub- A
lick, which 1s ordainéd for the ufe of the whol body, and is performed in che ftomach chiefly, sate bee and in the {pleen, private &
The firft Conccction cherefore is performed in the ftomach 3 and for the fame caufe @ publick. double Appetite is given coche ftomach; a Natural, whereby it defires food for it felf alone, _ e Prfe andan Anima} Appetite, whereby it defires food for che whol body. Conceltion
For by Appetite and hunger a Manis pricked on and provoked ¢o ear, and chen the firlk pteparation of the Meatis in the Mouth, Forin the Mouth it is by the Teeth broken and ground; which for that caufe (although they ferve alfo to form the Speech) are given toa man commonly chircy cwoinnumber, in each Jaw fixceen; of whichfome are called Cut- cers, others Dog-ceeth, others Grinders. The Cutters or foremoft are four in each Jaw 3 the Dog-teeth two; the Grinders ten. Moreover, by che Mouths heac, and che mixture of Spiele, chemeacisaltered. The Meat being thus broken, ground, and prepared in the Mouth, is by che Tongues motion thruft down the gaping Throat into che Scomach, which the fto- machby help ot che oblique fibres does imbrace’ and retain til by the Concottive Faculty thereof andits properheac it be cutned intoa Mais not unlike Barley Cream, which iscal- king of led Chylus. Chyle.
The Chyle being wrought in the ftomach is (encout by the lower Orifice into the Guts, Di/iibw- and 1s by them {t:} more elaborated. -Now the Guts are of two forts » the Thick and the rte shee
thin; ’ “»"
ee
‘
the wa .
hone aneeet
404 Boox 8 Of the Bodyof Man, andits Funttions. . Chap.2. | thin: 7 alall
thin: The thin are three, Duodenum, Fejunum, leon; che thick alfo three, Caecum, "heb Colon, “Rettum. i the Ex- And {eeitg no Meat can be turned wholly into Nourifhmenr, bue hath fome partsin is |
crements §wnproficable to mourifh che Body: Nature in chis, as all other Concoctions, feparates | vin A the Blt whac is unprofitable, and:breeds here atworfold Excrement, che one thick, che other" tee fein. idasecali: ? Bo cent! the Dung The chtckec Excrements are the Dung, whofe expulfion is through che Belly by ftool: | att che Guts partly by their circular and cranf{verfe fibres (with borh which both cheir Coats are | ae \ furnifhed) contracting themfelves above che fame; partly by help of the Mufcles of the Belly, i” Hi) whereby the Belly is{queezed ; and fo the Excrements are forced downwards. jap ney | - The thin The chinand waterifh Excremenc is noc prefently voided forch, but remains mixed with The ii and mal") the Chyle, that ic being thereby made thin may the more eafily pafs che narrow Veins of the 4 «tj! \ exerem@en” Mefentery and Liver. | Bandi i. Twe fe The firft Concoction being finifhed, che Chyle is received out of the Mefaraick Veins, bra Wh cond Con- (whoie Orifices reach into the Guts) is altered and changed a little, andishencecatriedcothe Be | cottion, or Roors of Vena Porta and othe Liver. A cteut a ~sitile ma ~ Andchat the blood may be bred more pure in the Liver,afcer the Blood hathreceived fome inmttl ue rudimen:in che Mefaraick Veins, that which is therein chick and dregey is drawnby the § {en « Spleen through the Splenick Branch of the Porta, out of che Trunk of che Mefaraick Veins Call We before it pafs co the Liver ; where che Spleen alcers ic as much as ic can andthe matcer will jj Now bear, and thereof breeds for ic felf and che ignoble parce in the Belly a thick and dreggy blood. — pul Pig But chat which is quite excrementicious, and cannot be turned into Aliment, is evacuated, wet Kwinit partly by che Hemorrhoidal Veins and Portas Trunk,’ and partly by che Splenick seh nae | Atteries. D buhor i" i} The Chyle after it hath received fome rudiments of Blood in the Mefaraick Veins, and is’ | titi,th i i | by help of che Spleen purged from che more dreggy parts thereof, ic receives the form of § {uiel {i i) | periect Blood inthe Liver; and is chence difttibuted into al the parts of che Body tonou= ff belew i rifh che fame. | Hh Sw | i Extre- And fince in every digeftion Excrements are bred, there is alfoin Sanguification atwo- |) wih re | ments of i fold Excremenc 5 yellow Choler, which is collected into the Gall-bladder, and is chence and! in 8 at voided by the Guts, excicing them by its acrimony to purge themf{elves: and che ferous or Vena My é Bits wheyifh excremeac, whichis drawn chrough the Emulgenc Veins by the Kidneys, and is & Arer ; i | Choler: tran{mitced through the Ureters into che Bladder, and is by it voided forth and-called Urine. 9 arteri ) i! 2 Urine For the Ucine is norhing elfe bue that watry moifture in the Chyle thac ferved romake ic breath, A ee pafs more eafily, and the fale which was fuperfluous in che meac and unfit co nourith che — ff Child ai ih Body. Which appears not only by the raft, but alfo becaufe fore of falc is deawn out of fh peter, ih Ucine, che watry moifture being feparated. Nowe mk The bleed Lhe Blood which is diftributed inco the who] Body co nourifh the fame, although ic is — pats th | ae confifts ef Contained under one form or fhape, and isal ufeful to nourifh the Body; yetics parts are firs and i { Pei | divers nor quite alike, bur fome cemperate, which are peculiarly called blood; others hoceer and ~ if ign. i 4 paris: -driet, which are called Cholecick Blood, others colder and moifter, which arecalledFleg- 9} 1, it i ; matick Blood 5. others colder and drier, which are called Melancholy Bloods but vulgatly — & iin, He chefe parts are called, Choler, Flegm, and Melancholy. Disc ni And of chefe parts none is Excrementirious, but al are ufeful to ncurifh the Body; and in jj i, We the Body of a found Man there is nothing Excrementitious,but only Alimentacy bloodiscon- — | Cid ish tay tained in his Veins, and al the parts of our Bodies are nourifhed only with blood. ay Wit the third This Blood im che fevera] parts is elaborated according tothe Nature ofeach part, and ac | bike ie concoction length aflimilated cothe faid parts. And feeing in char elaboration che blood undergoes | ‘ys |) fome mutations, Phyfitiansdofay, chat in che chicd Concoction the four fecondary humors =f tinh i i are generated ; whereof the one followsthe other, and by chefe mutations theblood iscur- =} . on the fecon- ned inco the fubftance of che Body. The firft is called the Namelets, chefecond Dew, the | H ii Wh | “he be third Glew,’ che fourch Cambium. a ‘Ws, the Ex~. . La chis Concoction ewo Excrements are generated, the one more grofs, whichis the filch Np aes! crements that gathers about. the Skin ; che other more thin, which is difcufled, partly by invifiblecran- . i i a} of the 34 {piacion, and partly by {weate For che evacuation of which excrements the Skin was fure — ff P ie i tay | Dige(ilort. nifhed wich POreSe | vith y , ‘i i j nt the gene Moreover, Thata man mighe propagare and multiply himfelf, he received from the Crea- teh mee patie fa toc che Paculty of Generation. Now Generation ts caufed by feed elaborated in che ftones, | ne A ut culty. ) wotowhican out of thereft of che Body che beft parc of blood, fpiric, and heat, is cranfmic~ tle = Palace
ted by che Veins, Arteries, and Nerves; and isby chem reduced inco a white froathy body,
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Chap. 2+ ful of {pirits, which is called feed and is a compendium as it were of aliche Heat and Spirits in che Body.
This Seed is fent forth borh by the Man and Woman : for feeing Women are furniftied with che fame [nftrumencs, both comake and vent Seed 5 and when they are provoked by Luft they defire Copulation, and void feed: we muft needs grane that they contribute feed co Generation. And cheir feed goes to the making ap of the Child: for chemale and female are noe cwo forts of Creatures: yet neither of their feeds is alone fufficient for Generation, buc chis order is appointed by the Creator, chat of both their feeds as two partial caufes, one principle and one coral caufe fhould arife, from which one motion(choughin a certain order= ly difpofition_) fhould further the production of the Child.
The Seeds conceived in the Womb are by che inbred faculty thereof cherifhed, andthe fa- culty lurking in the feed 1s ftitred up, and che fhape of the Organs begins co be exprefled ; and fo conception is faid to be made, and then ic is termed a Conception. Now che mem- branes encompaffing the Child are firft formed, in which che nobler part of the {eed and fj pi- rit is included ; and they are two, one called Chorion compatles the whol Child, props up che umbilical veffels, and by their their means ic totally adheres toche Womb: the other immediately compafling the Child iscalled Ammtos 5 which Coats feeing in che Birth they feem co be but one, are termed the Afcer-bircb, becaufe they come away after the Chald.,
Now che {permatick parts are firft formed and that all at once. And afterwards every parc is finifhed, as the dignity and neceflity chereof requires. At firft chere appear as if were three bubbles, and innumerable chreds, being the underwoof of the folid parts. Thefe pares do afterwards receive encreafe from the mothers blood. And hereupon the Creator hath ordained, chat from the fourceenth yeer commonly of a Womans age, coche five and fif- tiech, chere fhould be fome {uperfluous blood as it were, bred in women, and afford matter for che Child in women chat have conceived: or fa woman be not with Child that ic fhould be fenc unto the womb, and from thence putged away.
Since therefore che Child after ic is once formed in che Seed is furnifhed from themother The ve with all chings ic ftands in need of, there were navil veflels made, viz. a Vein, cwo Arteries vil-veffels and the Uracbus, which about che navil gcow together intoone. The Veinisa branch of Th Vein. Vena Porte, to which ic is contiguous, being the Nurfe ( asit were ) ofthe Infant: the cwo _ 7¢ 42 Arteries ( branches of che Ramus Iliacus ) defcending do {pring from the Aorta ; whereby ‘"** arterial blood. and fpicit are communicated coche Infant, and by which the Infanc draws breath. The Urachus is carried from the botcom of the Bladder to the Naval; when che The Ura- Child is born, chere being no Jonger ufe of thefe Inftruments for chefe intents, they grow to~ “* gether,and perform the office of the Ligaments as 1¢ were.
Now che whol cime from the Conception co the Birth is divided by Phyfitians into two The time parts 5 che cime of formation or fhaping,from che Conception to che time the Child begins to of Forma ftir ; andthe cime of perfection, which is from the time it begins to ftir, co the cime it is“ born: yet others divide it into three parts, viz. incoche time of Formation, which Hippo- crates, de natura pueri, determines co be of Girls in forty daies, of Males inchicy: thecime The time of motion which is commonly {aid to be of Males in che chird month, of Girls in che fourth ; * “etter. and chirdly, the cime of birch, :
Now as to che cime of birch, that is various in mankind; yet experience teaches, that no 2% Ho Child is born alive before halfa yeer be paft. The Child born in the feventh month may of Birth, live : but no Child born in the eighth month can Jive according toHippocrates; yet fome hold that the eighth months Child does fomcimes live. Bucche moft orderly and frequenc time ofchilding is che ninth month, and moft Children are brought forth trom the 15. of che ninth month, to che 15. of the cench.
And although Phyfitians have obferved that fome have been born in the eleventh month How the and after the eleventh month: yet fuch births are to be reckoned amoneft rare acci- ”47!hs are dents. reckoned.
Now the months according to which the times of Child-birth are reckoned are the folar months, or months of the Sun 5 from which neverthelefs che lunar Conjunctions ( confifting of cwenty nine daies and twelve minuts) do notmuch vary. Nor mutt chis laborious frame of mans body be ried tofuch fimal obfervances of time.
Of the Body of Man, andit’s Funttions. Boox 8 405
Afcer she Nacural faculty comes the Vital, being diftiné& from the Natural and Animal, three fa- ’
both in actions and peculiar organs, and hach its feac inthe Heart. -Now under che cerm of pit an vital faculcy divers powers are comprehended ; and chere are im the Heart three faculties, the * *”"* Wrathful, the Breeder of {pirit and vital Heat, and Pulfing faculty which is fubfervienc ‘hereunto. : Noa Eom
j en { .
)
406
Se TT
a rr ne EE
ET Abe nr aearsryposee omnes
the wrath- Fromtche wrathful faculty proceed al the paflions of che mind, Anger, Manf uaude, Bold- ful faculty nels, Fear, Hope, Dejection, Joy, Sadnefs, and others of chis kind which follow che for- mer, Now fome of thefe are caufed materially ( that I may fo {peak ) orin way ofanef- ficient caufe, by expanfion of the Heat, Spiticand Blood, as Anger, Joy, and the like ; fome by che Concentration or gathering inward of the faid Blood and Spirits, as Fear, Sad. nefs,andthe like: and formally they are allmo ocher chan Appetites ; and thefe motions do follow an appetite, either of profecuting thac which delights, or of avoiding chat whichis hurtful; the former of which caufes an expanfion or {preading abroad ot the Heat and Blood, and che laccer caufech them go retize inwards. Now thefe motions cannot be made, fave by agitation of the Fleart and Arteries, and of fervent and {piricuous Blood. Whence ic is apparent why che wrathful faculty needs a very hor Bowel, and which is in continual motion. |
Now the Heare is feaced in the middle repion of the Body, viz, in the Cheft, that from it as ,a fountain the vital heat and {piric may readily be diffufed into che wholBody. Now the a i Heart hath two Ventricles, the right and left: theright Ventricle out of the wide mouth of and. its the Vena cava draws in Blood by its Diaftole, which it perfectly concoctsand atcenuates z Ventricles, the thinner portion whereof is tran{mitted into the left Vencricle of the eart,by thofe holes in the parcition wall betwixt the two Ventricles; which neverthelefsfome deny : but the remaining and greaceft pact pafles through the Vena arteriofa inta the Lungs; fome part wherof is {pent in noutithing the Lungs, but for the greateft parc is carried through che arte-
ria venofa into the lefe Ventricle of rhe Hearr, the moti- ~Nowthefe things are performed by a certain wi
onderful and perpe:nal motion of che
Ear We
in We on of the Fear, whereby inthe Diaftole irs exeream parts are contracted, and the point ofthe Heart it drawn co the Batis, and fothe Heart becomes more fhort, but che fides chereof are dilated - buc inthe Syftole the Heart becomes longer, and narrower. | And feeing for che breeding
of {piritsand Arterial bicod there is need both of Air
ye
Heart.
0 and Blood, and thefe two fubftances cannot be drawn with one motion : befides the Ventricles which draw che Blood ;on each fide at che Bafis of che Hearcthere aretwo nocable c
cavities, ending imctovthe upper pare of che Ventricles, which by a peculisr motion of their own do draw co themfelves Airro cherifh
the Spitits and fan the vital Fear, which are termed the Hearts Earlece. For although others fay their ule is to be as it Were S:ore-houfes of che Blood and Air flowing in, and puard the Vena cava, andthe Arterja'venofa - yet fome conceive, that by’a peculiar motion they draw th Aarts and Ezppecrates himfelt, Lib. de corde, holds that they cool the Eleart like a the Pevi- pair of Bellows. ding tage il ; : cardinm. And chat the Efeart may not be hindred inics mation, it hath allotted inco ica large and membranous Manfion, which shey cal Pertcardium the Heare-bag, which hinders any thing
from prefling upon the Heart or troubling the fame in its motion, the four ~ But feeing nothing cou into or come dut of che Heare unlefgic had been furnifhed Veffels cf with ceitain conveighances erefore in the Baiis of che Heare four remarkable Veffels are he Heait.o an. cwo inthe right, andasmany ia che left Ventricle : In theright, the Vena cava, and Vena cavathe Pena AVIErtO[a 3 che Arterta magna, andthe Arteria venofa. The Vena
1¢ Fleare, and pours Blood inco the Hearc, for che Gene=
g &
e
ration of arterial BI cic and the nourifhment of che Lungs. Howheit others
think he Blood w} ‘ Vena Ay-Ay. Thenthereisthe Vena arterialz, which carries blood ouz of che righe Ventricle to the eeriolé. ¥ ngs forro nourita them, asalfo to become the matter of arterial Blood and vital Spirit 5
Arteiéene Arteria venofa catties Air from without and prepared in the Lungs, and Blaod brought
ee isas ight Ventricle of che Heart by che Vena arteriofa, into the left Vencicle, and exe a bevia alarions, and diitribures a porcion of che vical Spicit incathe Lungs. Final- paene » $
ly there isthe Aorta or Arteria magna, which diftribures che vital Spire and Arcerial Blood bred tn the lefe Ventricle through the whol Body: And thefe ace (as Hippocrates: faies ¥ Pevar FI ‘ Antbropou, the Fountains of the Nature of Man.
Ané I have eachof chem twoufes ( forexamplesfake, che Arteria ve- caw Air out of the Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart, but ic
>:
the Vaives
Poss Abies ENA 2 Sie Nalis COLD not
1 he Efeare fhould fal back the fame way they came ia before chey have ion, orchat which isfied ous of che Hearc might return chither again, ives placed in the orifices of che Vv elleis; three in the orifices of allthe o-
eu the Arteria venofa: Of which Valves fome are opea outwards
ae oe ee 5 ey ake arp yn rhe CO nd a ope Corea STA namely thote that pats the matrer.to the Heart; others are: pen wishin, o LS
yO 10 ;