I. There muft needs bea directing Principle by which (being in che living Creature) che

firft motion is made.» For voluntary mocion is givenco living Creatures, to feek out things profitable, and co fly chings hurtful; which cannoc be done, unlefs there be fome power which may know che Object, and offer the fame tothe Appetite, and incite the {ame either to feek orctofhuna the fame. And therefore chis principle ought to partake of knowledg. Moreover, becaufea living Creature ismoved not only tochingsprefenc, but abfene alfos, it ought Co perceive not only things prefenr, buc fuch alfo as are abfent. But chefe conditions do neither fute with the nutritive Soul, nor che external Senfes, nor the common Senfe : but only with the Fancy. For although the mind allo may direct. to Motion: yer itis a more remote principle of motion, nor doesit move without. the Fancy 5 whereas neverchele(s the Fancy may move without the Mind 5 as we fee in Bruits, which though defticute of Reafon yet ave Chey inciced to motion by their Fancies. ?
ills To comeaslitcle neerer, the Principle of Motion and that which commainds the Motion isthe Appetite. For becaufe che motion of Animals is made co follow after {ome th ficable and coovénienc, and co fly fome things adverfe and noxious: and chat rothe Appetice belong the affe@ions of Love and Hatred: of necefficy in the nexe place the Locomotive or fiaccing Faculty is moved by the Appecice; fo chac che Appetite commands Motion.
TV. .Befides che Appetite, theress need of an executive power,. which May produce into adé chat motion which iscommanded by che Appecice, and perform the fame. For fince Local motion is a diffscent operation fromthe operation of che Appetite, and che operations of the Appetite are immanene, buc motion a tranfient action : anocher power mutt be granted 5 wich is che immediace caule of Local voluntary motion in Animals.
ings pro
oe VM. Binally, An Inftrumencis requifite by which the morion may be perfornied. For
ixperience ihews, that thole who have fome Member maimed, alchough the object be at ', and chs Fancy do move the Appetite, and the Appetite command motion, yet they i ftir, becauie of the unficnefs of che Inftcument. Now though chere is {ome Contro- ing Authors, what is che Inftrument of Motions yet we hold chat it isa Mutcle; eas fome make anxious Inquifttion, which pare ina Mufcle is che chief Inftcumeng whether a Nerve ora Tendon; they feem herein cobufie themfelves more chan For, as Ariféotle hath it, 2de Part. Animal. cap. 1. The power of fenfe ig oilar patts, but the Actions are performed by parts diflimilar, :
moved. . Foca Living Crearure is not moved in vain : but the Appetite is fticred up by the ¢
evoluatary motion cherefore of a Living Creature is made‘after this manner and order, TH¢ #483
Yn the frit place an extertial object is offered, which as an immovable m rneceby known whaticis, Afterward more atrencly and punctually ic is ae be convenient ahd acceptable, or hurtful and unpleafing. This knowled Love or Hare, oran Appetite co lay hold on aching grateful and delectab! thing burcful. This Appericein Bruncs is prefently followed by motion,
_ Bat in Man, before motion be made, fome things do yet intervene, For the Appetite and thele motions of the internal Senfes are offered to the Mind, chat they may be Hae ae proved or difapproved. lfehey be approved,and che mind underftands thac the A , tee f the Senfes is right, prefencly motion follows: but if ic be rejected asfalfe, a Sontental ‘a fight aciles becwixt che fenfitive appecice and the rational, til the one vanquithes the ches : and that which overcomes isthe principle of che motion, atid commands the motive fac lt ; tomove. Whe motive faculty being implanted inal the Mutcles of the whol Bod does ae tract fixch Muicles as are needful : che Mufcles being contracted draw the wesiicus to cee the Teudons being drawn draw the Bones: finally, che Bones being moved, theM bes or whol Body is transferred from place co places nies
€, and to avoida
Kk 3
; ap a hicte 8 over, being recei- ”" and
the external Senfes and che common fenfe,: is communicated to che Phantafie, andis fs of — the motion
known whether of a living
g is followed by Creature;
384 Boon 7
a
Se ee
: Chap. 9. Of Sleep, Waking, and Dreams.
Leep and Waking are Affections of the Senfes hitherto explained. For we perceive a S Man is awake, by che exercife of his external tenfes 5 and chat he is afleep by cheir cefla- tion from operation. And therefore fleep feems to bea privation of waking : and fleepand waking belong to che fame faculty, aq. the fenfitive: and fleep and waking are affections of the ienie, agceeing co all Animalsandco them alone. And cherefore things defticuce of a fenfitive Soul neither fleep nor wake, as Plants. Again no Living Creature doch alwaies fieep, nor alwaies wake. For becaufe al things muft neceffarily be weakned in their Opera- cions,ind the Spirits are confumed by che operations of che Senfes 5 Sleep is alfo neceffary to repait che frengch and reftore the Spirits. And chough this be not fo manifeft in che.more imperfect. Animals, which are not turnifhed with all cheir Senfes 5 yee manifeft ex perience onvinces shat che more perfect Animals do fleep. Of which ee Argftotle in his 4. de Hift. Animal, cap. to. Pliny in Lib. 10. Nat. Hift. cap. 75.
the Canfe Now Sleep ts not every ceflation of the Senfes, or impotency in the exercife of the Sen-
of Sleep.
fes : for even in {wouning fits alfo, and other Difeafes,the operations of the Senfesceafe : buc
whenthereis an mmability to operate in the firft Organ of Senfe. Sleep therefore isa natu- .
ral ceffacion of the common fenfe and che other fenfez, caufed for the good of living Crea- cures, or as Ariftotle fares in his B. De Somn. & Vigil. cap. 3. Its the C effation of the firft original of fenfe, as being unable.to att, of which definition fee Scaliger in Exercit. 289. Now thecommon fenfe ischiefly affected in fleep; and icrefting the other external fenfes reft alfo. Buc che other. internal fenfesdonot alwaies neceffarily reft in fleep:: ‘but if they do, it is becanfe the externalreft. For if the Fancy doth fomcimes nor operate in fleep, that doth not therefore happen becaufe fleep is an affection or adjunct thereof, burt becaufe there is nothing brought unto ic from the external fenfes to bufiethe fame.
Now what the Caufe is which chus binds as ic were the external fenfes, is worth our En-
quiry. The caufe whereofis nothing, but chat che animal {piries do not flow from che’.
Brain into the Organs of the Senfes. Buc whac fhould hinder the Influx of che f{pirirsis
fomwhat ob{cure. Ariftotlede Somno & Vigil. cap. 3. held chat this was caufed by ob-
ftruétion of che paffage of the common fenfe, through which the animal {pitits as a common Inftrument of che Soul are fent into che Organs ofall the fenfes. Now the obftruction he faies.is.caufed by vapors, chiefly fuch as are carried out of che S:omack into the Brain. For,chey when the living Creature refts, whereby the Brain becomes fomwhat colder, are condenfed, and become more thick and heavy, and fo begin ro defcend again, and ftop the paffapes of the Nerves, fo thac che animal {pirit cannot be carried into che Orpans of the Senfes, of which thing there are many tokens: for after meat, ef{pecially if we have eacen liberally,we become fleepy,and Perfons that acedrunk fleep exceedingly : contrariwife,fuch as have fafted long cannot fleepa nights, and moft fleepy medicaments do fend many vapors inco.the Head, or cool the Brain, thar the vapors may beckerein fomwhat thickned; and fo may, top the pafiages. Oshers contrariwife, conceive the fleep isnot cauled by vapors, not by fuch things as {top the paffages of the Nerves, but becaufecthe foul draws back che {pi- rits co it felf, left by, continual operation the animal faculties fhould be deftroyed. Hence. not. only after Meat fleep comes but Mufick, Wearinefs, Darkne(s, and Quiet caufe Heep. |
But both,chefe Opinions ought (I conceive ) co be Joyned together, and thus Sleep is bred. The living Creature being compoted to reft, the Soul finding a kind of languifhing ‘feeble. nels, by. realon of the operations of che fenfesallday long, diffipation of che {pirits, and ab= fence/of che quickening heat of the Sun, endeavors a ceftauration and recreation ‘of the ftrengch and ipints, co,the prefervation of the living Creature in Health. And becaufe the abimal {pirits have cheic originakifrom the Viral, cthacche Viral may ficit be reftored and re- paired,the Hearc draws cout felf fome Heat, which is {cattered inco the other parts. Elence che kemore members, and efpecially che Brain, becomes.a little colder, co which checoldnefs of the nights Air, and the Ceafing of che bodies motion, which caufes heat, do lend an helping hand: bucthe Heacaboucche Hearcand pares thereabouts isencreafed. The Heat there encréafed raifes our of the Alimenc cercain {weet vapors, which being carried to the Braing by, the coldnefs thereof area lictle chickned, and begin again co defcend; and flipping into che roots of che Neryes they fil and ftop cheir pafflages, and are the caufe, both thac che vical {pi= rs and Heat edinot afcend out of the lower parts into che Brais, and that che animal {pirits canno¢
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Of Sleep, Waking, and Dreams. : Re we Fe
“~
Chap. 9.
385
cannot be diftribuced inco the Organs of the Senfes : for want of fpirits all cie members da
hang loof, and al the operations of che external Senfes do ceafe.
The End cherefore of Sleep is coreftore the ftrength of living Creatures, For becaufe snuch fpiric is confumed by motion, and the operation of the excernal fenfes, that che Grea= ture may not be endamaged in poine of healch, they muft of necefficy be reftored. . Scali-+ ger in Exercitat. 239. adds another End, in thefe words: Sleep was made by God, not on- ly (.a3 is wel {aid ) to refrefh and repair the Body, but for the Liberty of the Mind. For be- cause if you regard the offices of life, when we, fleep we live but the lifeof Plants 3 it was bis plea{ure that then we fhould truly live: For the Servant at that time is free, yea and becomes a Mafter fomtimes in bis Dreams. The Minds of evil men are punifbed in Dreams, thofe of good and wife men become divine, by thefearching out of truth and per= formance of laudible offices. ‘For being freed not fromthe Body, but from its fervice; they do their own work, for they move themfelves,and alfo advance them{elves to the Pat- tern of their End vobich they foal in time fee face to face:
To Sleep, Watching is oppofed, whichis nothing but che Activicy or Freedom of the Senfes. Now a living Creature is wakened from fleep two manner of waies, either of its own accord, or being difturbed andtroubled by fome excernak Caufe. The firft manner ismoft. nacura'y and:comes to pafs when che Heat which had hid it felf within, for the dige= ftion of thealiments, and reparation of che fpicits € concoétion being finifhed, and che {pi- kits repaired) doth again break forth into che outward parts, and di(cuffes thofe. vapors which were an obftacle to the Spirits, chat the Spirits may freely pafs into the Organs of the fenfes, Now alchoughfomeimes the living Creature is awaked of ic felf, before conco- «tion be finifhed (if fharp vapors acifing from bad humors be carried into the Brains of through fome other Cautes_) yet this manner aforefaid is moft common andnatural. .
Now the wakening of aman out of fleep by external chings, ( asif a man be rouzed by crying aloud and pulling) is cauled by perception, of external f{enfible objects. For al- choughiin fleep there is a defect of {pitits in the Inftruments of the fenfes: yec the Organs are not quite void of animal {pirits, buc there are {ome yet remaining in them, which are fuf» ficient-co perceive vehement fenfible objects, Therefore che fenfititive foul in fleep being ftirced up and provoked by a vehementexternal object does begin co exercifeits fenies, and at fin. 1¢ obfcurely perceives the object, but afterward thac it may more cleatly difcern che fame, ic gives out a greater quantity of (pirits; which fecking way to the Organ of that fenfe which is affected, they break through che paffage ofiche common fenfe ; and fo Way is opened co che Organs of al che Senfes, and conlequently che fleep ceafes. Hence they who in fleep have che paflages of their {enfes obitrudted by many chick vapors, which is ufual infuch as acedrunk 5 they are hardly:awakened, nor can their {piri eafily findtheir paf= fage: but thofe whaabound not with chick vapors:areeafily awakened. Forthe famecaufe the ficft fleep is more found and deep 3, becaufe che vaporsin the firft concogtion are more plentiful and thick, which aftecward are by kiucle and liccle confiymed: and atte- huated. 2
Infleepy Dicams do happen, which ace no paffion of theexcernalfenfes. Forinfuchas
tbe End of Sleep,
watching:
what @
fleep: € who only Dream) allche excernal fentes are bound and tiedup. Noris‘a’ Dreama Dream i
paflion of che racional Soul: for Dogsand other Creatures Dream aswel as Man-kind. . Buc a, Dream isan adjunct of che internal fenfes; and efpecially of che Fancy : and ic isdefined co bea Phantafmor Apparirion happening to:fuch as fleep, Andibecauife in fuchas Dream che Fancy is bufied, and fome apparition appears there= to5 and we Dream not only of things which we have done in the day time, bucalfo of chings agteat way off, and which we haveneither feen nor heard, nor perceived by any of our fenfes, yeaand of chingsnever yer done, buc which are hereafter to come to pafs: The Queftion show the Images of things ablenc, never perceived by Our fenfes, and which ate not yet. comeco pats; canbe offeredto our Fancy. . The Epicureansheld (asappears out of Lucretius, Lib.4..) That certain thin Images do come from the outfides of vifible objetts; wobich are asit- were their Skins and Barks, baving the reprefentation of the things from rebence theycame. And thefe chey thought did: infinuate chemfelves into Pericns afleep, and torefhew thingstocome. Buc chis Opinion hath been long ago rejected, } The conceic of Geelivs Rbodiginus is nocmuch better, who in the 27. Bookof bis ancient
readings, Cbgp, 11. denies that there are any {uch Images flying up and down in che Alr,as °
che Epicureans imagined : yer grants that chere ate cercain motions which exercife and worle upon usjin fteadof Images, andthat they do proceed from che Beginnings of cercain things alter wards co be faidiordone, the Aibeing firft changed, which being afterwards through
the
eeeneads eee
a= “
ae ———— ae
reco apenas Se eee
a te et
385°
The Dif-
Of Sleep, Waking, and Dreams.
che Noftrils and Ears tranfmitted co the Hearc, they caufe us in Dreams to forefee the events of furure things. And thac chefe motions cannot at any other cime make themfelves,fenfible fave inche night.- But what mocions can there be of things which are not? or how can things abfenc fifty or a hundred miles al along affectcthe Air? or why fhouldnot chefe motions affect any perfons chat fleep, buc only fuch as are concerned co know the ching re- vealed?
Werefer all fuch Dreams which are of things which we never before perceived with our Senfe, or arite from caufes which are notin our bodies, unto a more Divine power. Thus therefore we conceive Dreams are tobe divided,
Dreams are fome Natura], others Supernatural or Divine.
Boo K 7.
The Natural are fuch as
ferences of proceed from Natural caufes. “ And thefe again are by fome divided into Animal and Na-
Dreams. Animal Deans.
Natural "DYEAMS,
Super- natural ‘Dreams.
Divine Dreams.
cural peculiarly focalled. Thoteare called Anima] which are converfane about fuch things as have been prefented cous while we wereawake. For certain f{pecies or Images of fenfible Chings are imprinced upon che internal Senfes, which remain even chen when che Senfes work nor, and when (enfible objects are ablenc, and raifedreams.. Thefe though they do not alwai¢s appear co perfons awake, being bufied about other objects : yet in perfons afleep, che Senies ceaiing Co operate, they again arife, and prefenc themielves ro che Fancy. | Thefe Dreams do not alwaies prefenc chings to us juft as they were acted: for nothing can -be imag ned to /oolifh, abfurd, and monftrous, which is not prefenced unto us fomtimes in Dreams. For the Soul being not wrought upon by external Odj of things formerly pretented, and joyns this with chat as each offers ic felf, and of many and divers things compounds one 5 alfo 1c wonderfully confounds the order and circumsftances of things. - And co chis the plenty of bad vaporsis a furtherance. For as bad vapors and hu- mors in perfons awake, as in fuchias are melancholy and mad, by difturbing the Brain are a caufe of ablurd cogitattons $ fo they do the fame in perfonsaileep;, fochat it is rightly faid, Dyeams are che Ravings of perfons afleep,, and Ravings are che Dreams of fuchas are awake. Fience melancholick perfons, and {uch as have overeacen, have abfurd and terrible Dreams. And for che fame caufe, fuch as are drunk, and thofe that firft compofe themfelves to fleep, have for che moft part no Dreams; -becaufe there is in them fo great ftore of vapors that their Brain is filled, and a] cheimages overwhelmed: Bur towards day, and after the Meat is digefted, che Dreams aremore cleer, becaufe the vapors arifing from the Meat are attenuated and for the moft part difcuffed.
But Natural Dreams are fuch as arife from fome hidden caufe in the Body, asthe humors, -
temperaments, &c. For if fucha caule be vehement,ic may even in fleep alfo affect fome ex- cernal fenfe, and prefent an image of it felfto the Fancy 5 yet ic feldom does ic -diftindly,
buc by the appearance of fome other ching like toic, or joyned with the appearance of alike »
thing. So,as Galen relates de Prafag.ex Infomniis, when a certain man dreamed that one of his Thighs was curnedanto a ftoney a while afcer unexpectedly he was caken witha palfie in the fame. Thigh. :
But to Supernatural Dreams we refer al chofe which are fent inro us by higher and fuper- natural caufes ; whecher it be by God, good Angels, or Devils. Such as are infufed by God aud good Angels, arerermed Divine, of which {ome examples are excane in che holy Scrip= tures. . For-the moft good and great God is wont to prefent comen in Dreams, either new Images of chings, or fo co.order and joyn fuch as were in chem before, that they may become warnings of chingscocome. Alfoche Angels are wont toexcite and aprly co difpofe fuch Images, Spirits, or Humorsas are in the Body, as that they may admonifh a man of fome
(Diabolical neceflary arid proficable thing. Buc Diabolical Dreams are caufed after che fame manner as
Dreans,
the Angelical, but coadiftecencend: For the Devil ftudiesto do men mifchief, and en- deavorseven by Dreamsito poflefs chem with vain Superftitions 3 which che Oracles fugge= gtedin Dreams do witnefs 5 fome examples whereof are related by Yertullian in bis Book de Anima, Ceelius Rbodigin. antiq. Let. lib. 27. cap..14. ot by ungodly and lafcivious
’ Dreams be endeavors to aliuremenco:luftsand unlawful pleafures.
From the Premifes it is apparent how even abfenc and fucure things may be prefented to usina Dream. The Platonifts conceive many Dreams may be cauied by the Geniufes and Spuits which they conceived did attend upon every man, and admonifh chem of many things 5 and the Divines refer. chem more rightly co Angels, which: many think every man hath to at- cend him. © Bur chis teems fix co be addedito whathath been {aid ourof Tertullian, ‘who in his Book de Anima thus writess the liberaliry of Divine Deeamis is alfo wont to drop down upon pic phene perfons, God making the Sun co fhine upon the juft and unjuft, For even Nebucbadhegzar bad a Divine Dream, And as Gods goodnels vouchfafes ic felf to eathens,
Chap. 9
Signs, is]
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Chapsto (OF the 1 Differences of Living (Creatures. Bo OK 7 387 Heathens, foalfothe centations of the Devil do follow even holy men, whom he abftains hot cocempt by day, or to moleft when they areafleep, if hecannot do it when they are waking. From what hath been faid ic is eafiecocolle& what weare tothink of Divinatio Dreams, For Dreams are either Significative, which foretel fomwhat; or Nonfi
oO &
ay ry nm OY Toxching
mnikicative, Divination
which forefhew nothing. Again, fignificative Dreams are either Theorematical, which 7 Dreams,
cleerly exprefs che Nacure of che Event ; or Allegorical, which exprefs the thing forefhew-
efs ed wrapt up in figures and Allegories. To explain chefe latcer is mot inthe reach of every one; but they are the beft expounders of Dreams, who can beft difcern the fimilicudes and cefemblances of things: whereof che Books of Interprecations of Dreams do treac,
The Dreams infufed by God and good Angels do queftionlefs forefhew fomwhat to come : but al cannot expound chem, only they chat have ic granted chem by God. Moft Diabolical Dreams are vain, and fenc co alluremen to fin; and if any of them be true ( for the Devil alfocan fomemes conjecture things co come, knowing them by their fupecior Caufes or Signs ) he does alfo by chem endeavor co draw mento fome falle Religion. But Natural Deeams, which arife from che Confticucion of our Bodies, do alfo afford figns thereof; and Phyfitians are wont to obferve chem; and whac Dreamsdo argue fuch and fuch Confticuci- ons of Body, is taughe at large by Hippocrates, de Infomniis, and by Galen in his Treatife de prafagiss ex Infomniis : and feeing thefe are moft frequenr, it is wel {aid by che Preacher, ‘Ecclefrafies 5. Inthe multitude of Dreams and many words there is mucl) vanity: but
fear thou God. 7
Chap. TO. Of the Differences of Li ving Creatures,
Ji. fora{much as Man of al Animals or living chings (for we crouble not our {
Ihe
tha
Lise
{hould have been faid of the parts of Living Creatures in general, muff be fecche from t! ftory of the
thofe of Man, differences of Animals; where alfo fome things wil falio our Way as touching cheir parts. And feeing every living Creature confifts of a Sou! anda Body, we wil weigh and confider the chief.differences which flow both from the Soul, and from the Body, and fromthe whol Creacure, confifting and made up of both.
And firft as co che Vegetative Faculty, chree things ace therein confiderable - Nutrition, 74 dif= Augmencation, and Generation., And as for Nurricion, there is no Bruit’ Bea ft which does ferences of noc eat fome kind of food or other: forfomecac Heth, asche Wolf, Tigre, &c. fome eat Pili sy divers kind of things promifcuoufly,° as Dogs; {ome Herbs and Corn, as Horfes, Harts,8c, ix ve(peed fome feed on Worms, as very many Birds; and tome on Fifhes. And of chele again, fome of the Ves hunt for cke:r living, and prey upon other Creatures, as che Crocodile, the Lyon, che getative Wolf, &c. fome lay up theit Meat in Summer, as che Pifmires 5 lome feek cheir Prey nighe faculty. and day.
Asto Generation, Bruit Beafts have doubrlefs a Faculty (which chey received from the blefling of God at che Creacion) of multiplying chemfelves by mediation of a certain Seed, whether ic be properly focalled, or analopically, in fuch things asare commonly faid co be produced by equivocal Generation. For we find by experience chac Infeéts and fuch like things, which are faid to’ be produced by equivocal generation, are not generated in any, buc only infome peculiar fort of matter. Fora Beetle is not bred ofany, but only of fome determinate fort of Marcer. Hence alfo it comes to pais chat Beafts generated of a putrid fubftance, containing cherein a ficcing Seed, arenot found to differ from other Creatures ofthe fame name. For befides thac they agree altogether in form and figure, they do
¥
AU moreover poffefs che fame proprieties, and perform che fame operations, and can beget their like, .
Por living Creatures are produced three manner of waies: Some by amutual Conjunction 4 shree>
a
of maleand female; fome out of che putrid matter of a corrupted body, buc*concaining in ic J a feed fit to propagate fuch a Creature: and fome are produced both waies, viz. both by:
Copulation Creatisvess
ee dg r 4
4
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at
i PINE) pence es Septet Ore! .
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“Book 7 Of the Differences of Living Creatures.
~ Chap. 10.
What an Egg ,
P 5 oS. ° > 2 hee en e o- Ss. Q. fe) Cy Ss 3 tr ra Fo Q
by faying, te aad: which in perfeter Creatures are manifeftly difference and diftinét in color ; but in che imperfecter fort of Of which and jumbled together into one fubftance, pert ofthe ~ Buc of what part of the Ege che Creature is made, is acontroverted poinc. ‘Hippocra- | ad Ee tes, orche Author of che Book de Natura puert, {aies, Thac icismade ofthe Yolk; Ari- ss made, jrotle faiesofthe Whice, If we confule with experience we fhal find ic as Ar7fotle fares 5 and chus we fhal find ic co be: If you thal openan Ege the fecond, third, or fourth day afcer the Hen hath fat upon it, and diligently view the fame; you may eafily obferve thar the Hearc is tbe principal Member : For 1¢ 1s eafie to fee chac the rude Chick is firft formed, and in ic, firft the Heart, which fends forch two veins 3 and after the generation of che yong Chick, the Membranes which are therero fubfervient are evidently feen to grow cogether. And indeed on the eighth day, che hearcis not only apparent, buc copether with . [ che Veins, being of the move and beac On the |
fame red color, it is manifeftly feen toc
fourth day the bodies of che Membranes being now confirmed and grown thicker, begin ca be Jefs tranfparent: onchefeventhday by reafon of theic compactnels,they obfcure the whol Chick in a manner, or cover the fame; yet the Heart ts feen by its confpicuous red color, asalfothe Veins, and by its motion. Mean while, the Liver does not yes appear, bug | on the feventh day there is firft {een a liquor or yellowifh flimy Matter underneath the Hearc, which is the beginning of the Liver prowing together, and in the following daies 1 makes up this Body ofthe Liver; till which time there remains much of she Yolk, yea, when the Chickens are hatched. And in this place of the Liver for nine whol daies cogether, afcer the firft formation, no bloed isfeen; che heace notwithftanding in the mean while be- ing fulof blood, asalfo a moft large Vein, deawn under she heart, the whol Bodies length. | By al which ic appears manifeft, thac che Soul fticks in che Heact asin igs Root, and thar
.s 4 . . s e che Heart is the fit ching which lives, and is che Creature as 1% Were.
But of which part of che Egg the Chick is framed, and wich which pare itisnourifhed, is |
not fo plaia : yes thus the macter feems co go. Much abouc the middle of the Egg long- «| waies, where the Yolk is joyned co the White above, the fecond day after the Hens fitting, chere isa certain whitith beginning, more compact than the reft of che White, and as ic were throuch a glafs chere is the appearance of a Ghicken, the bead being moft confpicuous, and | near the Head a red point dilacing and contracting it {elf : The daies following, from chat red pointa very red Veins drawn al along the Chickens back, every day further and furthers © | fcom which afterwards Veins proceed to che skins drawo about the yolk. By which maybe | conjectured, that che Chick is firft made of the White 5 and that the alimencco beturned ine | coblood is made of che Yolk, and carried through the Veins coche litele skins ftrecched a- bout the Yolk, and perfe@ted inthe Liver, which Liver hath alfo a fimilicude with che Yolk. Yet ifany man fhal bold, that che Yolk gives nourifhment to che blood and parts nourithed with blood 3. and che Whiceto white parts bred of ic {elf, and like co ic felf, cil the Liver prow fo ftrong asto be able to afford nourifhment to al che parts, ‘and thas shere= fore the place of fhaping is in the confines ofthe White and the Yolk, I fhal not contend with him chereabouts.
Howbeit fome Creatures there are, which engender not only ofcen, but bring forth ma* ny yong ones at a time, as Swine, Flares, Pidgeons, &c but fome bring forth few yong at time,and feldomalfo. And al forthe moft parc by mediation of the ewo Sexess moras Sexes confounded in any kind of Creatures, fo that che male fhould be female; male male 3 which fome confidently affirm of Hares. Alchough it may be pé Thac Hermaphrodites are more frequent inthis kind of Creatures chaninany ofbers. vence of becondly,. There is alfo fome difference in Creatures with reference £0 the Senficive Fae Creatures culty: For every fenfe 1 not allowed to every Animal; howbeic the Feeling, as the fitft according {en(e, is pranted to al Creatures. And thofe chat have only thisfenfe and want al che xe ga the fen- a:e called Zodépbita, Plant-animals, All other Creatures have moxe Senfes.
3 ee chink fic co deny Sight cothe Moles 5 for to what end have chey Eyes ifthey cannoe see f For cg Fs alrhouen fi vi MAU
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although they have no need of fight, tofee under the ground, yet chey have it piven chem to avoid the light and che bright ait; of which fee Sealiger in Exercit. 244.
Howbeic, fome Creacures excel in one fenfé, {ome in anocher ; fome in feeing, others in {melling 5 fome in one are more excellent, fome’ in another , both external and” internal Senfes. )
Finally, there is greac difference in living Creatures,wich reference to cheit faculty Locos
motive, whereby chey remove from place co placé :'-For every Creature does fthifc place, vence of
but fome atcer one manner, and fome after another. Some only in part, as was faid of the Planc-animals, which chough they are alwaies fixed m the fame place, yer chey contract and dilatethemfelves, But others move their whol bodies, fome after one manner, ochers after
ers; fome move chemfelves by {wimming, as Fifhes, and fome chat live both on Land and Water; others by flying, as Birds; fome by leaping, as Grafhoppers; finally, fome by creeping and crawling, as Worms and Serpents, who by contraction and dilacation of theit bodies do move themielves from place to place. Moreover, in refpect ot theic parts, there is a great variety in Animals: For as Ariffotle
hath icin 1. de Hift. Animal. cap.2. Parts of Animals are the fame and divers, either rence of WEI
t
in form, or fort, or exuperance, or analogie, or {cituation. And in che firft place ch
mon toal Creatures’ For che neceflity of food' if common co'them with Plants: which Plants indeed have from the Earch, and cherefore fticking in che Earth they bave ‘nourifli- ‘Ment enough. But Animals (feeing they are-miore perfect chan Plants’) they wereco have more exquifice diet than fuch as the Earth affords. And therefore they had nor only taft piven chem to try cheir meats, but alfo members wherewith co receive the fame, and
_ turn it into juyce fic co nourifh che body, viz. The Mouth and Stomach.
Now this Aliment received is in feveral Animals feverally changed into Nuttiment pro- perly to called, oran humozx which is the immediate aliment of the body, which when either by Nature it felf (che heat in procefs of time devouring the fame) or by violence (asin ficke nefs and other cafes) it comes co be confumed, che life 1s excinguifhed. Now ‘this Humor, the nexc aliment of the body, is in fome blood, in others a farcy and bloody moifture, like Sanies or Blood- water running from hurts of che body:3 as alfo che pare wherein this aliment is contained is in fome a Vein, in othersa Fibre. Hence Animals are-divided into {uch as have blood,8efuch as are blocdiefs.In che more perfect forc of animals, intended for nobler ‘actions; and cherefore needing more heat, this Humor is céd’and is called Blood) Yet there is in fome bloodlefs Animals a certain red humor which is not blood, bur an excrement, ‘as inthe Pur= pura. But other Anim3ls whofe bodies are more imperfect, ‘do alfoneeda lefsperfeét nou- rifhment; if moift,an whires; if dryja more obfcure humor: which humors having no pro= per names,they are termed Ichores, and aré blood as it were newly begun to be made and ime perfect. As alfo in Creatures that have blood, when the blood is: noc wel elaborated, it puts on che'nature of an Ichor as it were, as we fee in Cachectical perfons.
Alfo al Living Creatures have an Head, except the Polypus, who inftead of an Head carries asic were a Hive. Limbs are wanting in fome Infects 5 in ochers'the fore féet are inftead of fingers, Phe Elephane inftead of hands hath his Trunk Jec down from his Mouth. Fifhies have
no necks. Mott Creatures have Tailsjand they are Of feveral fafiions;which Man hath not. In= chante
ftead of Teeth Birds have Bils of a boney nature,wherwith chey do break their meat’; inftead of Noftrilsthey have only two holes ;aSalfo two paflapes inftead'of Ears. Moles have their Eyes obicurely buried, yec are they not without Eyes: Inftead of’a Tonpue many Gréacures havea flefhy {ubftance in their Mouths 3 and many with an external fhatp cool fpungy and hollow doboth caft and draw their meat to them. All Creatures that have Blood have Skin. There is in a}l Greatutes having blacd and heads properly fo called a Brain, which on the fore fide is divided into two parts, The Seeing, Hearing, and’Tafting Netves, wich the other parts which make up the whol Organ of Senfe, are found in al perfeét Animals; And the Heart, or ac leaft fomwhat anfwering thereto, is inal living Creatures.’ “Phere ig no Lungsin Fifhes ; inftead of members of generation, Fifhes and: Serpencs' have -certain holes ordained for their feed. Moft of the Guts and Bowels are’ to be feen ‘in perfect li- vingCreatures; but inthe imperfect they do nor-exadtly agree wich thofe of aMans body, abd tor the moft part chey differ in Fifhes and Serpents. Fifhes inftead of bones have a {pine. Infects have a condition proper to themfelves $ for chey havé'a cloven flefh oblique~ ly directed, and fomthing ofa middle nacure betwixt nerves and flefh, which is co hae Bt ; Ca
fi
ee
Chap; 10 ‘Of the Differences of Living Creatures.’ BooK7 389
in vefpeds
of the, La- i comotive 1 Nt another : For fome Beafts po, and that eicher on two feet, on four, fix, or more, ‘as Spi- faculty. We -
e C veatures f
parts by which they take cheir nourifhmenc, and whereinto they beftow the fame, are com- f piNy Wi parts. i
pus. ie
The diffes
Animals
the diffes 4) |
ihe Poly-
the Ele= al H f
Ane see
ee
a Se SS
eee
one gs - et PEP,
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ee a
39°
~ ftead of Bones and Spines. .Proper Spirits are given to evecy living Creature, which the Soul doth immediately ufe.coexercife fenfitive actions.
Difference
of Living their Actions.
a Zo jas €S Mianucodiata; inthe Water che Apua; inthe Earth the Toad. Se) Yor the
place where they live.
er nr en En ey ti
Boox 7 Of the. Differences of Living Creatures. Chap. 10:
Moreover chere are other Differences of Animals from the places wherein they liye, and For firft, fome inbabic only one Element and live thereof; in che Air the But whether chere are any Creatures chat livein che Fire, Auchorsate at variance, Some hold that the Salaman- ders and Pyrauftz live inthe Fire, as Ariftotle, Pliny, lian, Aufiin. _Asto Salamanders
whether they are fo far from delighting in Fires that chey are fouud no where but in. places both
‘take in che Water, or. they do nok.
any ‘trea- cold and moift, and they put out moft hoc burningcoals, either by their coldnefs or clam- tures live minefs of {ubftance, before they can beburng. Thacche Pyrauftz live in che Fire Scaliger im the Fire eaoerly defends, Bxercit. 9. 23.and 194.fet#. 4. But ocbers hold there is no Animal which
isnot burntand kil’dinche Fire; and chacche Pycauftz indeed are bred and foftered in lit cle holes about Furnaces, but never bide inthe Fire, whereinto being caft they are burnt: which.is probable. Some Living Creatures live in cwo Elements, and find their meat in
both, as Bats or Flitter-mice, which catch Gnats in the Air, and plunder the fitch of Baconon. |
Earth. |
All chefe may again be included under three kinds, Birds, Fifhes, and Land Beafts. The Manucodiata ( a Bird ) lives only inche Air: Inthe Ocean of Brafile chere are Sea-Geefe which live only in che Water, and never fly out, of a‘black Colour. In Mare del Zur; towards China, there are footlefs Birds, which never forfake che Water... The Oftrich lives only on Land. The Hernliveson Watecand Land. The Bat lives in the Airand Earth ; The Swan lives, buc feeds noc in all chree Elements.
Fifhes chat live in che Water and Land arethe Polypus and Crabs. Thofe that are in cwoare alfo in chree 3for they are in the Air, Water and Earch, that.are in the Barth and Wa- tex 5 for they cannot be on che Earth, but chey muft be alfointhe Air.
Of Land Creatures which Ariffotle terms Pexza ( which word cannot éafily be rendred in Latine) {ome live on the Land and Water, and feek cheir Food in both Elements, as Occers 3 fome which are very greedy after Fifh cannot endure co couch the Water, as Cats : fome live only on the Earth.
Living Creatures are. after anocher manner thus divided. are Land Creatures, and others of the Water. Thofe chat live in che Water, do either Thofe Fifhes cake in che Water that are fen- ced with Gils. . Thofe which take not inthe Water do draw in the Air, or they do noc draw. acin. + Thofe that draw in the Air and have Feet, are rhe Octers, Crocodiles, and {uch like; of chofe chat havenot Feet and draw in Air, isthe Water-fnake; {uch as of this kind have Wings, are che Cormorant, Sea~gul,8c. Thofe chat draw not in che Air are che Ucci- ca,and all Shel-fifh. Butof Land Creatures, ail chac have Bloodand Lungs draw in Air ; but Wa(ps,Bees, and al] Infects do not.
Again, of Land Creacures:fome fly as Birds, Bees ; fome go.only on the Ground, either
wich Feet or fome other way.
Such as pafs uponthe Ground, areeicher Goers, or Creepers, or fuchas draw their. Bom,” dies.
Goers ufe Feec, amongft which Leapers arereckoned: Bur the Creepers by twafting
, their long Bodies, and bearing on cwo fides, as four-foored Beafts ontwo Legs of a fide,do fo
The Di a ference if Flocks and Companies, others live fingle aud folicary, and fome live both folicary and in
move themfelves.
Such as draw chemfelves, are chofe.which put forth their former parts and draw their hinder parts after chem and fo win Ground. | As co their Differences in che actions of their. Life and Manners, fome Creatures live in
Creatures Companies. . Birds that live in Companies are Pigeons, Cranes: the folitary are all. Birds
in ref pect of their actons.
chat have. crooked Talons, none of which livein Companies. Among Fifhes the Runners, che Tuny-fith, Whitings, Makerels. Now Creatures live folicary being neceflitared chereco for getting their food., Forthough all kinds of livyog Creacures do fly chofe of another kind
yet Beafts that have Scarcity. of food, and meet feldom with their Prey, as Birds with crooked Talons,cannot converfe with many of their own kind: Forasfome chat meee with pleny of food, Jive in, Flocks, as. Pigeons: foto thefe ( andco thefe alone ) by reafon of che {carcity of their food: Nacure bath given both Scrength of Body and Fiercenefs of Mind; and the fcarcity of cheic Foot compels chem to Prey upon other Creatures.
. Again whether they live in Fiocks or Single, fomedo alwaies inhabit che fame Country, {ome do go.out of one inco anorhec, and recurn back again. |
_ Again of chofe chat live in Companies fomeare Political, others are nor, but mind only theirown bufinefs, The Political acefuchas obfecve a civil Policy, which requires oe n ¢ public
By reafon of their F ood, fome ©
holes 0 jiveuln their! felvet night helt up
Ara fo; bu
Liv
@ others!
roexpl Sound which af wht Letters {imply bcurel WING biete
ann
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q wy off 1B oberC
them fo theSch tmene Lees
Alto; Netley
mH adth F laidty
and chink they may live«more fafely with thofe of cheir own kind, being allured by likenefs: | ving
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" Chapsto. _ Of the Differences of Living (Features. ~Boox Jo 3pi
mn i
“publick’ works be orderly performed by all, and chat chere be a Communion of the Profits ac~ quired 5 and thus dothe Bees, che Pifmires, che Doves; but the Spatrows obferve no fuch | Oider. .For though they fly ia Companies, yereach one by ic felf feeks its own livelihood, and labors not at all for the whol Society, which the Bees and the Pifmires or Antsdo.
Again, fome Creatures are Flefh-eacers, others feed on Grafs; fomeare F ifh-eaters, others Wormreaters, fome All-eaters chat will down with any thing, fome have a: meac pecultac to themfelves, as che Bees, of which we fpake before.
Moreover, fome live in che open Air under the Canopy of Heaven, others live in Jiccle holes or Nefts. And fome have their Nefts above, others under Ground 3 and of thofe thas live under Ground,fome make chemfelves holes,others fhelcer chemfelyes in furrows made to their hands. Thofe that live above Ground fome live in Walls and Rocks; others make tchem- felves peculiar Houfes and Nefts. Again fome keep chemtelves in cheir Nefts a]] day, and at night come out co feek cheir food, and when ic grows light they wichdraw themfelves inco cheir {mal Cotcages : orhers againdo what they have to doby day light, and mew chemfelves up when night doch come.
Again fome Creatures are came and gentle, others wild ; and of che wild, (ome are alwaies fo; buc fome may be and are camed.
Living Creatures do alfo differ much in refpect of their Voyce. For fomeutrera Voyce, The Dif-
~ others have no Voyce ata}. Thofe that havea Noife or Voyce given them, have it co the End ference of
toexprefs theit Paflions or their Neceflities. Now chefe chree differ, Sound, V oyce, Speech. haul ot Sound is the moft common of the three : for every found is nota Voyce, but only thac fouud i pi which is made in Creatures,by help of che Lungs, Cheft, Wefand, and chiefly che Head chere } of, whichis che immediate Inftrument of the Voyce. Now fome Voyces are exprefled by Voyce, Letters, and articulately diftindt, other fome cannot be exprefled by Letters, The lacceras Speech, fimply called a Voyce, che former aSpeech, which is proper to Man alone: for although yt Mis bruce Beafts aud wrrational Creacures, can by Lowing, Squeaking, Barking, Neighing, Cro~ © 2" wing or any other way exprefs cheic Cheerfulnefs, F ear, Pain, Defire : yec Man alone is a-
ble to expreis all he feels in hismind, witha Voyce made up of Letters arciculately diftin@,
and can communicate the fame to others whom he hath been born co live with.
Howbeic, though there are many differences of Animals, they may be reduced co certain . Aviusals kinds, as is apparenc from what hath been faid. Some are imperfect, others perfect: and the fm? per petiect are Land Creatures, Fithes,and Fowls. Andif we were to { peak of themall, we Plan: thould pafs from che Impertect to the Perfect, til we came co Man, the Perfe@tion of all Lia” ie ving Creacures.
Among Living Creatures Zoophyta or Planr-animals hold the ficft place, becaute they Plant- ans are of a middle nature becwixt Plants and Animals, for in che fhape and figure of their Bo= nimals. dy they come near co Plants, but in their fenfe of feeling, anda certain motion, they agree with Animals, For chey have the fenfe of feeling, and being touched do forcibly contract themfelves. And though they cannot-pafs from placecoplace: yecare they endowed with a power of contracting and dilating themfelves.
Of chefe fome ftick alwaies in the Earch like Plants, asa Tree which grows igthe Coun yy, balls try of Pudifeta, and feems to difcern when chings approach thereco, For when a Man, or fu Tre. other Creature drawsneer, ic fhrinksin its Boughs ; and when they go away, it {preads them forth again; and therefore the Inhabitants cal icthe Bafhful Tree. And Apollodorus The fenfi- the Scholar of Democritus writes of an Herb of like nature, which he cherefore cals JEfchi= tive Herb, nomene 5 becaute if you put your hand toit, it would avoid the fame by fhrinking in its Leaves, as Scaliger Exercit. 181. fet. 28, does write.
Alfo fome cleave perpecually co the Stones or Sands3 asthe ‘Pulmo Marinus, the Sea-
Neccle, che Spunges, the Holothuria or prickly Fifth, And fome ftick fo long to the roots ss and fibres of Trees, cil chey atcain chei jut growth, as che Mytuli oc Limpins, which are Mytali of
e
_ faid to grow on the Sealks of Sea-weed, and to ftick exceeding {aft to them ac firft; andha= Limpine,
ving attained their ful growch and juft bignefs they fall from their branches : ace not generated as other She]-fith are of chemfelves.
_ Next after thefe, and the moft imperfedt, are Creeping things w hich grow upon live Ani- mals, either withour, as Crab-lice, Lice, F leas, Ticks which trouble Dogs; but they fay chae they are not bred uponthem, but they catch them as they hunt in the Woods; of which fee Scaliger, Bxercit. 195. fett.7. ot within, and noc only intheir Guts, buc in other parts alfo,
for pans have obleived cha chere is {carce a patt inthe whol Body wherin Worms do noc breed, ;
bur they
A Tick
Ll 2 Here
7 Of the Differences of Living Creatures.
$$$ SSS
Hereso belong chofe Infe@s and {mal Animals which are bred out of the Carkaffes of o- cher Creacures and out of Piancs 3. as Wormes, Wafps, Gurgulions, Fhes, Hornets, Cofse Worms, Wood-lice, Moths, Glow-Worms, Wig-lice, Hort-Flies, Gcafs-Worms. | of kin to which are Spiders, Phalangia, Taraniule, Scorpions, and {uch hike.
Bees and) Now among thefe kind of Creatures the moft nobles che Bee and che Silk-worm ; che Silkworms former making moft tweet and ufetul Honey 5 che Jatcer {pinning Silk wherewith che preac ones pride themielves. Then follow thoie kind of Locufts which Fobn the Baprift fed upon : Nor is there any need thac we fhould interprer che word Acrides fo as to fignifie che copsiof Trees, or any Shrub, or river Crabs s feemp we are intormed hkewife by ancient Authors chac fome Nations did feed upon Locufts, as Strabo in Lib. 16.in De{cript. Arabia; who allodef@ ibes che man= ner how they caught chem : and Pliny in Lib. 11. Cap. 29. who fates che Perfians delighe in them; andin Lib. 6. Cap. 30. that tome People of Aetbiopia have no other Meat bur Lo= cufts, which he (ates chey tale and dry in the Smoak to chat end: and among late writers Cle- nardus in bis Epiftles writes that at Fey and Morocco whol Cartloads of Locufts are day- ly fet cofale.
Next co chefe come fundry forts of Serpents, Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, Locufts: To which are nex: in name and fhape cercain Sea-Infects, Flies, Scolopendva, Caterpillats, Sea- Stars, and fuch like.
Shet-Fifo Atcecchem march the Shel-fith oftwokinds, for {ome have their fhels open bur twined
ftrangely abour,fuch as the Purple, and che Periwinkle,and an innumerable fort of Shel-fith, whote thels ace fhaped like Turbants or Sceeples; others fhut their fhels like two folding Overs. doors, that chey cannot be opened without gear force, fuch ace Oyfters and others of chac Lobjtars. kind,as Mufcles, Cockles &c. of kin co which are Crabs, Lobftars, Cray-fith, the Sea- Locutt and (uch like.
Fifto Nexr come the orher kinds of F ifhes {mooth and without fcales 5 chen the fcaly,the Prick- Jy, che Sea, che River, the Lake-fifh. OfFifhes (belides others) read Scaliger, Exercite
218. and Evrercitat.223. 226:
Creatures. Afcercheie come your Amphibia, Creatures which live partly on Land and partly on che whicblive Water, as the Tortoile, the water Salamander, che Scincus, the Crocodile, the Cordylus, in the Wa- The Hippopotamus or River-Horfe, the Caftor or Bever, che River-Crab, the Water= ter and O” Monfeand Rit. Amongft which there is.none that is parcly made likea Fifh and partly hike the Land. ©”, is
a four-iooted beaft {ave che Bever.
Birds. Atter Fithes Birds muft be explained. Now every Animal chat flies is not a Bird, but only char which hath blood in ir, and is furnifhed wich a Bil and Feathers. Hence Flies, Beetles, Bees, Hornets, and fuch like areno Birds; as neither che Bac or Flitcerc-Moute,
Purple.
which is of a middle nature betwixt Birds and Mice, and may be cermed the flying -
Moufe.
Now chere are fundry differences of Birds, which Scaliger bath collected in Exercit. 224. In the firft place come Swallows, which fly moft {wittly ofallothers; of whichalfo there is {ome difference. Thefe beeingcommonly not fic to be eaten, neither can they chem- felves in che wincer find cheirownmeac, vig. Flies and other Creacures that glide about in the Air: afterthe end of Summer when fliesare gone, they fly from thete parts of the world, Germany, France, England &c. untorhe thores of the Baltick Sea, and under huge high Racks thac hang overthe Sea, they hang murually embracing one another until che Spring return, andihen when che Bird-W indsblow they return each co its own Country.
Afrer the Swa}lows come the Sparrows, che Mag-pies, Chafinch, Titmoute, and the fing- ing Birds, asthe Nightingale, the Lark, Goldiinch, the Liner,:he Thruth, the Gnat-faapper, the Red-breaft, che Bulfinch; allocthe prating Birds as Parrots, Black-Birds, Mag-pies, Starlings, Jack-daws, Jaysor Gays.
Afcer chelecome Pigeons, bochrame and wild, asthe Wood: Pigeon, the Scock- Dove, the Tuttle-Dove and others.
And then the kinds of Cocks and Hens,and Birds of kinto them, as the Pheafanc, che Par- tridg, the Woodcock, che Quail, che Oftrich, the Peacock. | > Then follow, Water-fow!; both che flat-tooced, asthe Swan, and feveral forts of Geefe apd Ducks, be Biccern, the Water-Crow, the Cormorant, the Sea- mew, with che flat foors and the cleven--footed, asthe Hern, the Kings: fifhery and che reft. .
Then.come the ravenous Birds, che Choughs, che Daws, the Crows, the kinds of Vulcare: and Hawks, che Kire, the Buzzard, the Owl; and finally the Eagle, che Queen of Birds, Goncésning Birds fee Scaliger in his 227. Exercitat. and thofe thac follow.
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The Bar or Fiictec-moufe is of a middle narure becwixc birds and beafts, being a winged the Bat, Moufe; which is of a wonderful greatne(s in fome places: For Scaliger writes in Exercit, 2.36. Seé. 3. Thac in Catigan an ifland of Mare del Zur chere are Bats as big as Eagles, which che Natives eac, and they caft hke Hens. And chat in Caves ot Mount Atlas there are Bats as big as our Pidgeons. And here we muft not omit to {peak of rhe Bafilisk or Cockatrices Now chac chere is ‘The Bafi fuch a Serpenccalled a Bafilisk, is appacene from che holy Scriptures,’ Proverbs: 23. ver. 32, (5k or Efay 11.ver.8.and14, verfe 29.and 15. verfe 5. Ferem, 8. verte 7. Asalfo ftom Pliny, Cockatrice Lib. 8.cap.7. and Lib. 29. cap.4. Solinus chap. 30. Lucan Book 9. Diofcorides Lib. 6. cap.ult, Galen de Iberiacaad Pifonem. Aetiis Tetrabeq. Serm. 1. cap. 33. although Authors do not accord in their Defcriptions thereof. Bi Buc whether there be fuch a Bafilisk a8 ts hatched of the Egg of an old'‘Ceck is doubrful:) | /bether Many count it fora fable’: Buc it iscommonly reporred that chere was’once fuch’ an one at! Hs fe Viennain Axftria, and that the Pidture thereof is excant on che wall of a certain houfe; ag MUR é alfoact Bafil and Zwiccavia, as George Agricola relates in his Book de Animalib. feebter= gafilish or raneis. ut there is a remackable ftory which Fob. Pincier in Lib. 5. fEnigmat, Cockatrice, fEnigm. 23. relates from the repore of Dr. Mofanus chief Phyfitian ac Caffelr: which becaule few (peradventure) have read that Book, I fhal here teanteribe word for word, At Warfovia in Poland i fel outin the Year, 1987. That che Son of a certain Swords 4 meme Curler, aod the Daughter of a neighboring Cirizen, being both of chem five years old apiece, oo Bie with othens their equals in years, nocenduring to be out of action, after the manner of chil- lish or cose dren they would needs pafsthe cimein {ports, and feek hiding boles where cheir play- katrice fellows thould not find them out. There was nox far from the place where they played, a Cellar left detolace by reafon the Houfe had been burnt which ftood over it thircy years be= fore; into which by help of the halt-cocten {tairs one might make a fhifc to creep down. Ine to the faid Cellar the ¢wo forefaid children going down, they fel dowa on the lower ftairs and died. | When Supper-time wasat'hand, che two Mothers each enquiring for her child could hear no tidings thereof: And therefore the Wife of the Sword- Curler fent her Maid our, whohaving long foughc them, ac laft {pied chem upon the ftairs of the Cellar as afore- {aid, and prefently fhe cried our, See where chey lie, But neither of thechildren ftirring atal, fhe beganto fufpect they were fallen afleep, and with a loud voyce called by name, fomrmes che Boy, and fomtimes the Girls co ice if by this means: fhe might waken chem, But when fhe faw (though fhe cried cil the were hoarfe) it was to no purpole, fhe alfo wene down into che Cellar, chinking to awaken them by jogging and pulling: Buc fee what fol- lows, prefently alfo the fals down by thechildren and dies. Her Miftrils faw che Maid when ihe went down into the Cellar,and perceiving that fhe ftaid over Jong, al amazed the ran unto the Cellar, and fees che Maid lie on. che ground with che children: Therefore the alfo falsco cal aioud tomcimes upon the Maid, chen upon the children. And when fhe had done thus alto in.vain, and none of the three did eicher anfwer or ftir, fhe concluded they. were dead. Prefencly a ramor flies about the Town, and rhe Cicizens come running, bucknow not whae codo «lthe Mapiftracesand Council of the City being made acquainted cherewith,did com- mand that their bodies fhould be drawn out wich long hooks, fuch as rhey ufe co pul down houfesin che time offires.. They being drawn out were found {wollen like Drums, their lips and congues were {wollen, cheir color was brown, their eyes ftuck ont of their eye*holes asbigashalf Egos. There came to behold this fad Spectacle the Palatine N. and an ancie ent man che Kiogs chief Phyfitian, named Genedittus. We conjectured thacfome moft venemous Serpent did lurk inchat defolace Cellars by whote deadly breath che air inclofed cherein was intected, and thas che weak nature of man could nor bear the fame; and chac therefore moft like ic was chat che children and maiden were thereby killed. Alfo chac ie might be that a Bafilisk or Cockatrice might there liehid, which Naturalifts fay is bred ofa Cocks Ege atchedby a Toad, whofe venom is {o powerful chat whoever looks upon his
, eyes dies forthwith. Being demanded how the certainty might be known, he made aniwer,
That fomebody muft be fent into che Cellar covered round with looking Glafles, the right fides of the Glaffes being oucwards: For the Bafilisk if he {aw but bis own picture or image would prefently die. There were at the fame time cwo Malefactors which three daies after were o be executed, the one beinga Polander, the other a Silefian called Fobannes Faure- rus- Tothem it was proffered, That be chac would godown into the Cellar and hunc out Ghe Serpent fhouldeicape his allotted punifhmenc. Fobn ptefencly accepted the condition: And thevetore be was covered al his body over wich Leather, and Glaffes were tied before his eyes, which he could wel fee through 5. in one hand he had an iron Rake, in the other a ligh-
ted
FONE ee Seah ese ‘ —— z _
: 394 ‘Book 7.
Of the Differences of Living Creatures: Chap.1 o:
ced Link; finally, toal parcs of his body before and behind Looking-plaffes were faftened. Thus furnithed be entred into the Cellar, more chan two thoufand people looking on, Af- cer he had for above an hour fearched al the holesand corners of the Cellar, and could find no Serpent,he called upon them co throw him down another link into the Cellar : for thereavas another Cellar clofe by, but the way was {fo ftopt up wich rubbifh that he could nor get in 5 but he would now fee co clear the way, andfearch cherealfo. And as he was doing that, he chanced co turn his eyes to the left fide, and unawares efpied the long Jookt for Beaft in che fhape of an Hen, lying dead ina certain hole of che wall: which when he had declared by a fhout to them chac were without, the Kings Doctor bad him with his Rake tobring ic out antothe light , whichhe prefently did beforeal the people. The Doctor prefently judged chat ic was a Bafilisk or Cockatrice. It was as bigasan ordinary Hen, its head was like thar of a Turky-cock, hisComb refembling aCrown ‘was {prinkled partly with yellow, and parcly wich blue fpors, and his Chotrers hanging under his Throat were of the fame color. His Back was ftarred with many eminenc {pots refembling Toads eyes, the colors of virulence: Beafts being every where {prinkled becween, but chiefly yellow: The fame colors alfo were onthe outfide of his Wings: Under his Wings he was al yellow, as alfo under his belly, where neverthele(s blueand green and other wonderful colors were intermingled. He had Jong Legs like che Legs ofa Cock, and yellow asa Quince-Apple ; before and behind chefe cwo Legs there grew out other two Legs like the Legs of a Toad in fhortnefs and fhape. His Tail bowed and turned upwards, and was ful of fuch {pots on che cop as we faid were on his back 3 lower it was yellow, and in the loweft part hke a Toad incolor, More may be feen concerning the Bafilisk, in che forefaid Book of Pincierws, andthe place fore-allead= ed,
¢ Laftly, There are four-footed Beafts, which come neareft to a Man both in the parts of their bodies, and che faculties of cheir fouls. And among thefe are fuch as chew che Cud, chat is co fay, the meat which they have eaten, and is flips into one Cavicy of their ftomach,: they fecch it up again through their chroac and chew it over again, and fo cranfmie it into the other cavicy of theic ftomach, better ground and prepared: for furcher digeftion: For what Nacure hath denied chem in the want of upper Teech, chat fhe makes amends for by this double chewing. ‘
Moreover, all thefe Creacures have coverings given them inftead of cloaths ; for fome have hairs, fome more, fome fewer ; others have briftles, others wool], and fome furr. Again,: fome have folid, others cloven hoofs.
The loweft and moft imperfect kind of chefe Creatures are Moles, Mice, Marmots, which Scaliger de{cribes Exercit.203. Ihe more perfect are the forts of Weezels, Hedg-hogs,’ Cars, Dogs Cof which fee Lipfims in his Centuries of Epiftles, Cent.1. ad Belgas Epift,
- 44.) Wolves, Sheep, Goats, Rams, Hares, Foxes, Affes, Hogs; Oxen, Apes, Harrs, Bears,
there ave
Elephants. (of which fee Scaliger, Exercit, 204 And Lipfius in Epift. mifcell. Ep. 50.) Horfes, Elks, Cammels, Leopards, Rhinocerots, Unicorns, and others tinally, che King as ic were of al bruit Bzafts, the Lyon.
vbethr Only Imuft {peak fomwhat of the Unicorn, of which fundry men are of feveral minds.
_ there be Ambrofe Parey in the 20. B. of bis Chyrurgery, cap. 39. where he difpures largely of chis ‘has vs «matter, after he hath brought the Narrations of fome Authors touching chis Beaft, and ob- sie vaj- {erves that they apree nor one with another, he concludes at laft, Thac the word Unicorn com? isnoc thename of a real Creature in the worldexifting, but only a Fiction fained at the
pleafute of Painters and Writers of Natura} Hiftory, for che delight of che Readers and bebolders.
But in very deed this is an abfurd Opinion of his; 1t 1s alfo a rafh ching to deny thac
which fo many learned men aflicm 5 and alfo the holy Scripture ic felf, Fob 39. verfe o. Efay,34- verle 7. Deuter. chap. 33. vers 17. Pfalm 22. ver.22. and Pfalin 29. vere 6. Numb. 23. ver. 24. eat
This racher is apparent’ from thofe manifold differing Narrations and Defcriptions,
five kinds Thac chere is not only one Creature that bearsa fingle Horn, bue divers: For. inthe places
of ttni- COYRS.
Ie the one {horned Ox
cited, che Unicorn is made to be a Beaft {wift of foor, fic co be hunteds which is noc crue of the. Rbinoceror, which isa thick beaft wich fhort Legs. Moreover, the Horn ofa Rhi- nocerote is much {maller in compafs chan that which goes about for the Unicorns Horn. Al- fo Gafar, Lib. 6. de Bello Gallico, makes mention of an Ox inthe Hercynian Forreft, oue of the middie of whofe forehead becwixt his Ears there grows one long Horn. And indeed thece are Five kinds of Beafts chat are thus fingle-horned. The Ox with one Horn in che
Hercynian Forreft mentioned by Cafar : And Pliny writes chat fuch are found in the Indies .
Lib. 8.
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Chap. 1. ~~ Of the Rational Soul. Boox 8
horn in bis fotehead as thick as the fmal of a Mans Arm, of rate vercue againft poyfon. Fousthly, There ts che Indian Ais, whoalfo carries one horn in his forehead, of whom Ari-
fiotle {peaks in 2. de Hiff. anim, cap.8. and che 3, de part. Animal. cap.2. °° Hlian. in ding Ap. Fiftly;: The fame -Ariftotle in 3: Oryx
Lib. 4, de animal.cap.5. Pliny Lib. 11. cap. 37.41. the fame place, and Pliny makes mention of a Beaft with one Horn called Orya. “So: chat there isnodonbe buc there are Creatures thac have but one Horn: only che Queftion is;
- Which of thefe Creatures Horns chey are thac are commonly given out for Unicorns Horns?
For the variety of chem fhews} that they are nocal of one Beaft : and therefore it cannot be known bur by che effect co begood againft poyfon. Elian attributes chat vertue co the Horn of che Indian Ais, rather than of che Monocerote, to be good againft many Difeafes and Poyfons. :
Bur touching al Animals or living Creatures, to reckon them up in this Compendium is impoflible; and here again Nature is fo vaft of extent, rhat no mans wit fufficeth ‘to cake a mufter thereof. And the Nature of this work makes us fec Ticles for Difhes before our Guefts, which Scaliger taxes Pliny for in Exercitat. 107. Let the Studenc of. Natural Philofopby coniult hereof with Ariftotle in his Book de Hiftoria part. & generatione Ani- malium, Gontadus Gefnerus de Animalibus,; Edvardus Wocconus de differentiis Anima- lium; Pondeletius de Pifctbus. And chofle chac have written of {ome forts, ‘as Andreae Libaviys in his Book de Agno vegetabili Scitbie, of the Lamb chat gcrowsin Scythia 5 his cwo Books of Silkworms; his cwo Books of Batrachiorum, of Frogs. ‘Baldys Angelus Abbatius, de Vipera Natura © facultatibus: and many other Authors who have writ of Animals.
SLSELEGOLLELLLLELLELAEDLEDDL ESE SS GE: SELGLLESE SESS BAO) OC OKCOKR OX OZROOL ORGROLOLOLOS 24078
2) 4o y Cs
PRES ELSE PELEEL SESE LEE LESEDSESEEDLODESEDESELS
FICHI
Of MAN,
Chap. 1. Of the Rutional Soul.
Nag TE remains now chat we fhould teat of MAN, who being the
my Rule and Meafure of al Living Creatures, and being compared with the teft, may be faid cocomprehend chem all, becaufe: he is furni- fhed with al their faculties and endowments: with che‘confidera-
, tion therefore of Man we fhal,canclude our Treatife'of Natural Philofophy.
2/5644 ee
ie ee : every Soul may be conlidered undera ewofold notion § firft as a Principle and one part of a Compound, or asthe Form of the Body 5 Secondly as the Effi- cient caute of al operdtions: We wil treat thereof alfo under both re{pects; and in the firtt
place we wil confider how the Rational Soul ftands in reference to the Body of Man: and afterwatds what operations it doth work. oi
No
395 Lib. 80cap. 21. Secondly, the {ame Pliny in the fame place defcribes the Unicorn. AGlian 2.Them 0° Lib. 16. de animalib. cap. 20. inthe third place defcribes a Rhinocerote that hach’one black #sores:
‘H BOOK.
Nowa Man..(as other liying Creatures): confifts of a Body and the Efjens BA aSoul. We thal (Peak of his Soul in che firft place. ~ And feeing dete
oe. \
396 Boo KB:
whetber - No found Phivlofopber: denies che -Rational Soul to be the form*of aman. Bue {eein,
she Ratie- chere is a twofold Form, one which is called the informing Form, which is the Principle and
wal Soul Qoehalfofthe Compound, and gives che ching ics {pecifical being, and asa difference diftin~
ye ry guifhes it from alother things : another which ts called the aflifting Form, which does not
Form ‘of « give che {pecifical being coa thing, buc is added co a ching alveady conftituted in its {pecifi-
Mans cal being, for che performance of fomenobler operations, which of itfelf ig cannot perform ; (fuch a form as che Marriner is to the Ship, who gives nor the Effence tothe Ship, bucis ad- joyned therero afcer at is perfect in its Effence,co caufe ic co fail, which i¢ could not do of it felf:) The Queftion 1s, Whether-the Rational foul be che informing form ofa Man, and che half of his Effence? or.only anaffiftane form, which is added toa man after he is perfect, and hatch /his’ {pecifick:form to caufe in him fome more noble operation, viz. Uaderftan- ding.
Avenrois was of Opinion that the Cogitative Faculry (by him fo called and diftinguifhed from the Fancy) wasche form of a Man, and by vertue thereof a Man became a pattaicular fore of Living Creature 5 ‘bucthat the Rational-Soul was only an affiftane form. Bue moft of the Latines hold the Rational Soul to be the crue form of a Man, and-one of his conftituting parts; which Opinion we retain asthe more crue: For if the Rational Soul were nor the informing form of aMan, he could not rightly be called Rational; even as a Ship, though the Sailer cherein doreaton, cannot be called Intelligent or Rational, which wereabfurd. Or thus, which is the fame.in effect, chat whereby any thing does primarily operate, is che form of the ching to which the operation is atcributed. But to Manas Man Underftanding is attributed :: Therefore the Intelligence Soul isthe form of Mans Body. Nor doesthat an= fwer fatishie, when they fay, That the Underftanding is joyned to a Man by che Phancafms or Images of she-Internal Senfes: For the Phantafms are to the Underftanding as colors ro the Eye. As cheretore neither the Color, nor che Subje@ of colors do fee; fo neither the Phan- tafms, nor the fubject of the Phancafms do underftand 3 but rather are themfelves under- ftood. Thus theretore we conclude: That whereby one thing differs {pecifically from ano- ther isthe form thereof, Buc by the Rational Soul a Man differs from al other living Crea= cures 5 that therefore isthe form ofaMan. Ariftotle alfo feems to have been of the fame mind, asappearsomsof the 2. de Anima,cap. 1.t. 7. 8.cap.2.t. 24.25. 26. CAp.4s te 36.3 70 as Zabarella does fhrew at large in his chap. 7. de Mente ‘Humana.
whether From che Explication of this Queftion another Queftion may eafily beanfwered, viz. there be Whether the Rational Soul be one innumber in all men ? or there be in every one a peculiar oa {a Soul? Some chat hold the Racional Soul co be anafliftanc form, do hold chat ic is not mul- Lu ce ciptied according co che number of Perfons, but chac in al Man-kind chere is one only, which ~ as che caufe of Underftandingin al Men. But invery deed chis Opinion is many waies con-
trary tothe ctuch: For every informing Form, fiuch as we have already fhewed the Rational
Soul cobe;is mulcplied according toche multiplication of particular perfons. And if chere
were only one Soulin al Men, al fhould be but one; for they fhould have but one Form. Moreover, the operations, or underftandings, or fecond a¢ts, are multiplied in Men according
to che multitude of Individuals; and my Underftanding is one, and chine anorher, a third
Mans another. Thereforethe Soul the firft act is manifold: For the diverfity of operations
depends upon che diverlity of Forms. Finally, in one and the fame Underftanding there
would be contrary operations: for one man is ofone Opinion, anocher of another about che fame Ching. |
Of the Rational Sotil.
Whether
_ ie ftion,: whether opno. it be immortal? or; Whether zt can without perifbing befeparated ; |
smsoreal F£008 the Body? “As for us, according to the Tenets of our Religion we hold, chat our Soul _ Isammortal;- andthe Immortality of the Soul is counted one of the Hinges upon which Cbriftian Religion eugns.: Buc whecher or. no it may be proved by Philofophical Reafons, and what Ariftotler Opinion was concerning the fame, hach been carefully enquiredinto by many. ' Aol In che ficét place,:chis we-muft hold,as Scaliger hath it, Evercit. 61. Seth. 5. and, Erercit, 307.6820. that ohly God iscruly:immortal, and incorruptible. And chereforea ching may; ba {aid co be imnmorraktwo waies'; "either becaule it cahnot perith ac al, becaufeic is moft fimple,and,hath is Eleace of ivfelf, anddepends upon ‘none; and fuch isonly God, and infelpect of him. al otherichings‘may: be’ called: cortuptible; For although Angels and che Rational Soul whictvare faid:co be immiorcal after the fecond way are never actually corrup+ ced, havenocontrary, and are feparare from cheir fubjedt; yet feeing they are not without Caufe, and they have not the Caufe of cheit Effence from themfelves, but are by re an
A thing. Lima meies immortal .
[x NS
s ‘
And fince we have averred the Rational Soul ro be the Form of Man, here arifes a Que-
Chap. y 1
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Chap. r. Of the Rational Soul. +~Boox 9 Ao4 ,
and by anorher may naturally come tobeno more, For every dependent may be changed by chat on which it depends, if ic bea voluntary ptiociple, and at the pleafure of the firft princie ple ic may be depoted from irs Effence wherein it was thereby inftated. Now fome things are not corrupted, becaufe che Creator wil not have chem {fo to be, who hath creaced nothing inthem contrary, whereby they might be corrupted, nor hath plunged chem fo in matter, as they can neichex be, nor operace without ir. And chat che Soul of man 1s. of thiskind, and char it may be feparated fromthe body withouc corruption, Marfilius Ficinus endeavors to prove by many Arguments, de Immortal. Anim. Lib. 5. Tolet. Lib. 3. de Anima, cap. 5. quell. 16. Francifcus Piccolhomineus Lib. 2.de Humana Mente, College. Conimbri- cen. ia tra. de anima feparata, difp. 1. Artic. 3. and ochers, |
We fhal briefly chus determine the matter: Every thing is Known by its operations, and every form difcovers it felf what ic is by its operations.. And therefore fince the actions of Man are fo noble tbat they cannee proceed from a mortal {ubftance wholly plunged in the matter 5 itis plainly co be hence gathered, thacthe rational Soul from which they pro* ceed is immortal and {eparable fcomche matrer: for che Underftanding abftragts and fevers chings from the macter, and knows wichout conditions of matcet, Withouc quantity, wichouc figure 3 it underftands chings free from m atcer; it isnot offended wich the multicude and ve- hemency of the Objects as che Senfe iss ic can conceive chings infinice; and alchough it knows very many things, it may alwates know yec more, andcanencreafe a number though tiever fo great; and not only kuowsa thing, bucalfo knows ic felf, and underftands that it under- ffands what ic doth undecftand; ic can wiland refufe, hach an unfactable appetice of eterni» ty, knowledp, happinefs, which becaule ic cannot-be fatisfied in this life, ic is credible thac ic thal enjoy another condicion wherein chofe appecices fhal be fatisfied 5 alfo it performs Opes rations withouc corporeal Joftrumencs. See Pranifc. Piccolbomineus de bumana “Mente, cap.6. Ariftotle alfo teems co have been of chis Opinton,as appears in his Phyficks, £ib.7.cap. 3.text 20 1. de Anima cap. 3.text 49 Cap. 4, beXt 64, 65,66» 2. de Anima,cap. 2. text 21, 3. de Anima, cap. 4.t.3. 4.7.12. Cap. §.teet 19. 20,7. de part. animal.cap. 1» 12. Mex taphyf.t-17, of which fee Francifc. Piccolbom. Lib. 2. de bumana mente, Cap. 2, et fee quent.
Thus far we have fhewed how che rational Soul is refer
cred co the bedy ofman: we are now co explain che nature chereof, as it isa principle of operations Now Ariftotle expreffes the natuce thereof, in this re{peét, in Lib, 3. de Anima, when he faith; chat che rational foul isunmixed, Now che Soul mutt be unmixed two manner af waies: ficit, in re{pect of che ate ay Objects, fo chat icmuft not have their nacure in its effegce, but only a power to receive them, 22"! 2@
; ; ; bel : ° KNMIK- For becaufe ic ought co know che Objectsand ie knows chem by receiving chem,it mutt needs ed.
of it felf be free, unaffected and unauxed, Gace nothing receives thac which ic hach already ; and that which is wichin hinders the ingcels ofanotber, And this immixcure (that I may fo {peak ) iscommon to the rational Soul with the Senfes, which alfo have not their Objects aftually in chemfelves, but only a powerco receive chem: fave chac ehe fenfes are refpe- ctively uanffected and unmixed, viz. with fome {ort of being, asthe fight ¢ for example fake) within colour, teeing they are noc-converfane about every kind of being : buc che ratio= nal Soul ts quite free from che natures of al other things, as being directed to al things, and ics office being co underftand alt chings.
Again, the rational Soul isafter q peculiar manner free from Or with; chactisco fay, whenit operates by underftanding or willing, 1¢ makes ‘no ufe of the body, but performs chote functions without ir, EF or, inafmuch as co perform che actions which are done in and by the body there is required a certain cemper of che qualities ( fees ing every body any waies rem pered and difpofed doth not receive every ching ) and confe- quently alfoa cercain Organ; fiuce che feveral paris of the body have feveral cemperaments 5 and the rational Soul ts noc tied to any temper of the firft Qualities, nor any waies affected by che qualities, nor 1s chece any ptoper Organ thereof in the body: we mutt doubelefs therefore beleeve that ic depends not u pon the body, in refpect of its operations, nor chat it as after any {uch manner mixed therewith.
_ From this other immixcture we may gacher, what kind of operations thofe of the fon] are. The Ope- For fince in its acting icisno way mixed with che body, and the actions of the body have ratioss of nothing to do with the action of che mind=. it is manifeft chac che Underftanding and the the ratio. Wilare inorganical faculties, and act of themfelves 3 fochac co underitand and to wil, are ar Ee
actions proper to che mind > hor doch che mind underftand by che bod spill
} Ys OL any Organ Of penicgi the body, as by a medium wherewith it acts. The Soul indeed hath need: of a Phancatin 3 ae : Mm
fince
gans, noc mixed theres
=
=a
as
ene eS z eran =
———— =e. SS a
———— + see ee
398 Book roe Chap. x
{ince the Soul while ic isin the Body never underftands without a Phantafm, Lib. 3. de.Ani- ma, cap. 7» but it ufech che fame notas an Organ, but asan object 5 becaufe an intelligible matter muft be prefented cothe mind by the Senfes. And therefore if any have affirmed chat the actions of che mind are organical, and that the rational Soul doth ufe the heip of the Brain,Spirits,and Senfes,as corporeal Organs,that is nos ¢o be admitted fave in this fence, viz. chat the foul doch not underftand while it is in the body, without che foregoing operation of the Organs of the body, and before its own operation: or that in fubordinate operations ic ufes an organ, and needs the brain, and fpiic: but while itisin working of ic felf, ox while ic purely underftands, and purely wils, ic needs them not, not doth i¢ underftand by organs, but chis mind only is the fubject of underftanding, as alfo of the act of willing, which our barbarous Authors cal volition, by a new neceffary and fictiug word, as Scaliger faies, Exercit. 307. fett. 3. and fet. 9. and though when che Brain :shuce Reafon is depra- ved: yee thac 18 Gone for no other caufe, butchac the adminiftring or the fubordinate facul- cies, whicl are organical and depend upon the confticution of the Brain,arehure. | Thevati-- “And alchough the rational Soul be rurnifhed with all chofe faculcies which we have hi- onal Soul cherto-accribuced co the vegetacive and fenficive Soul: yet hath ic belides two proper and Vibe fe peculiar faculties, wheceby it exceis Plants and other Animals ; the Underftanding, where- ae * by we apprehend aid know things; and the Wil, whereby we are carried out cofuch chings we underftand tobe good. And chere is a manifeft difference betwixt thefe faculties, fee- ing it is one ching co Know, another ching to defire che ching known 5 and thefe two are per= formed by a feveral way of working; the former by paffionand reception of she f{pecies, fo that ¢he chings may be carried tothe mind: but che laccer by following, fo thatthe mind 1s carried and drawn toche objeét. Finally the diverfity of the object fevers the power of knowing from the power of willing, feeing we know things as Entia of Beings; but we dea fire chem as good. The diffe- The Underftanding is therefore actually none of all che other Beings that are: yet it can ag at fpicicually receive and know them all. And although in refpect of 1s effence itis one and fanding. the fame, as being an inorganical pare of che foul, which hath no variety from the Organs: yet according to certain refpects icis divided into fundry differences. And in the firft place Ariftotle cals one the adtive Underftanding, another che paffive, fuppofing that in our mind befides thac which is apt to be made every thing, viz. by underftanding, and which is asicwere the matter, chere is fomwhat in thenature of a form’ which is apt to make all chings, chac is co fay, actually incelligible, whatthe Buc what che active Underftanding or the Intellettus agens is, is an obfcure point in Phi- allive 4 Vofophy, Very many bold chac che active underftanding is God, or fome Angel who is af~
der{tan- Sigh gn 5 ati fittanccoaman. But thefe mens opinion feems to differ both from Ariffotle and the Truth.
| Of the Rational Soul,
he plainly in Lib. 3. de anima, chap. 5. cals the a&tive underftanding a difference in the Soul. Again, chat underftanding which proceeds from che Intellettus agens or active Intellective
faculty. isin our own power, nor doth it proceed immediately from God or any Intelligence -
or Angel. Moreover feeing God when he firft made our underfranding could putas much light into it as he pleafed, there is no need chat he fhould alwaies be affifting che fame, like fome Judg at the Affifes,as Scaliger {aies in Exercit. 307. fet. 19+ But the active underftan- ding is (according to the opmion of the Philofopher) a difference of our Soul not informing, which of things potentially: intelligible makesthings aCtually underftood. For as toa na- rural affect chere is requised an agent of che fame kind, and for artificial effects there is need of Art : fo for che work of the mind, viz. Uderftanding, an agent is required, nor fepacate from the Soul, but which is.a part, or fome difference of the foul.
Andalkchough ehie Agent Underftanding feems co fome unneceflary, who would have it banifhed our of natural Philofophy : yet x feemsaltogether neceffary to hold an Agent Ulnderftanding, for chis caufe, feeing every thing that isdoneis done by fomwhat and
in fomwhat, fo chat that by, and chat vberein, do differ. Ulniverfals are made — |
in the paflive underftanding, therefore there muft be befides it another power to make Uni~ verfals. For fince every. Patient requires fome Agent, and nothing in nature brings ic felt from powertoact ; and our underftanding is confticuced in a poffibility a¢tually to under. ftand, andby-.ceceiving intelligible objects doth atually fuffer: cleerit is, that holding a paffive underftanding, wemuft withall hold an active, andcaking away che latter we deny che formers... The Agent underftanding checefore is for this caufe neceffary, chat it may do ormake all chings, viz. astotheir intellectual being, chac is, chat it may transfer the object
fsomone order toanosher. For fesing che Object or Phantafm is materia), and founderan », ee oppolite x
For the Intens of 4riftotle (in Lib. de anima ) is to {peak of the humane underftanding, and -
i] a
celped B withih Hele
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| Chap cr. Of the Rational Soul.
be by the faid faculty underftood, unlefs ic be made proportionate theréunto,) viz. abftra- éted and immaterial ? now chis cannot be done fave by an abftract Virtue, and an Intelligent macure. —*
From whence it is apparent, that it is che Office of the active underftanding co act, that Tye ofics is Co draw from power'to act, and of things potentially incelligibleto make things a@Qual- of the a- ly intelligible. This Office of the underftanding Ariftotle expreffes by the analogy ic bears ve “wi. to Acc, Nature, Habir, Light. For it is as ic were che eye and fight of themind, and ic is devft ant
tothe Phancafms, as tight cocolours.. For ic illuftraces ‘che Phancafins, being inveloped with material conditions, which like darknefs do hinder cheir being underftood, {fo as they may put on the nature of thingr-intelligible, and may be diffufed to the paffive underftan= ding’: even as Colours by means of Light do fend forth a Picture of themfelves unso che fight > yet chis dluftration of the Phancafms is not performed formally, fochacany quality iS imprinted upon them 3 nor objectively only, buc effectively 5 becaute the Agent under- ftanding like external light by imparting its Ray yec doth actively elevate che Phanca{ms, co the production of dn Intelligible fpecies ; nor 1s the Agent Underftanding requifite only in re(pe& of the object ,buc ic hath alfo another office, viz. in reference co the paflive underftan- ding,-chat-ic may produce therein theact of underftanding, reprefenting chereco.an object in a {pecies incelligible, which ic performes when cogether with che illuftrated. Phantafin. ic produtes a fpecies of the ching to be underftood, into che pafiive underftanding.
Whence we may collect, upon what and how the Agent underftanding doth act. For The Subs ic is requifite in refpect of both actions, viz. that ic may act upon che Phantafms, and upon see
the paflive underftanding. Burcic ats upon thefe ina different manner; for itis joyned co the Phancafms before Intellection, and indeed while they are yecin che Fancy, where ilu- ftracing> them is becomes their form, whereby they aremade a moving object of the paflive underftanding; afterwards, the adjoyned Phantaims being illuminated, it ats upon the paflive underftanding, by producing therein an intelligible {pecies or reprefentation, and by confequent the act ic felf of underftanding: But che Agent underftanding it felfas ig 1s an Agent doch not underftand 5 finceit doth not receive the intelligible {peces or-notions, chough ic produce them, nor isin apricude co underftand 3 but che »aét of underftanding is in the Paffive Incellect, asinits (ubject. This therefore 1s called formally che Incelledt 5 che other only effectively; becaute.ic makes che underftanding or Incellection.
The Paffive underftanding is as it were the fubject and matter, wheredn the intelligible { pe> The paf- cies are imprinted 5 and cherefore *tis called Pacient and Paflive, becaufe it fuffers by recei- fue under ving the {pecies, chrough means of the Phantalms, Ic isalfocalled Intellettus poffibilis, the/tanding poilible underftandiug, and che mind inpower; becaufe ic may bemade all things, chough te what it ise
is actually none of chem.
And here in the firft place we muft remember that the paflive underftanding. is indeed in re{pect of the object a paflive power ; feeing it atts: upon no other’ ching: but compared with the Incellection ic is a power, bosh active, inafmuch as ic. works Intellection;' and alfo paflive, inafmuch as it receives che faid Intellection. For an immanent action muft be re- ceived im che fame power by which 1c is produced.
Moreover we muft obferve how that it sto be underftood thae the underftanding when it underftands, made all things, which in the moft elegant words of Scaliger, Exercis. 307. felt. 6.thus we explain. 1n thefirft place Cquoth-he ) I deny that the Philofopber faith, that our underftanding.és all things effentially or formally as they ufetofay. But it is all things, (ubjettively; even as the firft matter 7, vobich not made the Lffence of an Horfe underthe form of an Hore: butit remains that which it was, a certain fubftance, of : zebich and the form this thing # made. Buttbe information of the underftanding ws af- ter anotber manner : for it is not a meer pofjibility, as the firft matter, which may be redu= ced to be athually this or that by tbe form, “But 1t our form fubftantial, feparable, incor- ruptibles eterna}; of which as afubjett effentially perfect, and the fpecies which it receives, 4 made the formed intellett, not another from it felf; fave as Cxlar being learned differs
from bimfelf snlearned, by reception of accidental fpecies. Itz not therefore made the un etl Simply, nor is tt made the fpecies it felf, but under tha fpecies. So far Sca- 19er.
And fo much fhal (uffice to have faid of che ficft difference of the wnderftanding: where The Agent ~
this again 1s co be obferved : that che Agent and pallive underftanding are not really. and ef- os pale nielle
by new accidents, and ta the receiving and effecting of an immanent action ({uchas under- ally differs
fentially diftinguifhed, but only refpectively ; fince ¢wo internal forms are not knit cogether
Mm 2 ftanding
Book '3. .399
o ppofite condition to the intellective faculty, which is abftradt from all matter; is cannot
as =
RE SLPS GORE,
a
goo Boox'8. Of the Rational Soul. Chap’: ftanding is) fuch a principle is requifice as is effentially one. And therefore we muft con- clude chat the Effence ofche Agent and Paffive Incellect_isal one, and that ane Underftan- ding in Effence, mmafmvuichvas it makes things intelligible, or illuftcares the Phancaims, and repofics chem in the Paffive, is Agent; but inafmuch as iis the fubject receiving che ab- {tract Phantafms, it is called che Patient.
she wnder- -Befides the Differences reckoned up, there are alfo other notions of the Underftanding, as ee the Underftanding in babic, and che Underftanding in at 5 which indeed are not divers
Under ftandings, but one that hath divers degrees, which Ariftotle cals differences., For che Intellect in habic is chat which hath the Phantafm referved in che Phantafie ; and icis in a more perfect degree than the poffible Intellect : for this is in apticude to che firft act, the other is in aptitude to the fecond, or to the operation, and therefore is very likeco him chat hath fcience, and does not’ contemplace. Howbeic Zabarella feems co think otherwife in this poinc, Lib. de fpecteb. Intellett . cap. 8. afcer chis mahner 3 That ourmind is ficft born rude and unfic for che knowledg of things; but afterwards by multiplied: acts of Underftan- ding it acquires a certain greacec ability and aptitude counderftand things, fo that ir can without any labor when it pleafech curn coche Fancy, and prefentiy uoderttand a thing = and that the Underftanding being furnifhed with this ability is called the Incellect in habic. But when the Paffive Underftanding does actually operate, and actually perceives che ching offered, ic is called che Incellect in act. the fpecu- Finally, che Uoderftanding is diftinguifhed into Speculative and Practical; by which agi aid cerns neverchelefs there ace neither made two faculcics of underftanding, nor are the diffe- Esachex rences and degrees of che fame Faculty intimated but each Faculty of the Intellect is figni- ding: fied by che Theocetick or Speculacive,the Underftanding properly focalled, and by the Pra- éticalthe Will. For feeing che Underftanding in re{pect of che apprehenfion of a thing, al- fo incefpect of Afficmacion and Negation of that which is crue or falfe, cannot be otherwife called thanSpeculative 5 ot neceflicy chat difference muft arife in refpect of a chird aceribuce of the Praétical Underftanding, viz. Deficring and avoiding, which belong co the Will. The operation of che Underftanding to which al the Functions of its degrees do tend, is Intelleétion, which isnot one and the fame ching with che Incelligible Species, but really differs cherefrom, and is more rightly defined by reception of Incelligible {pecies Cin which fenfe it is by Ariftotlecermedakind of Pafliony 3.de Anima, cap.4.) and pafling judg- ment thereon. For the Intellect exercifes a cwofold operation about its object 5 che former of which 1s fimple Apprehenfion and Cognition ; but che ocher is cermed Compofition and Divifion, and 1-iscompound Apprehenfion and Judgment, which confifts in Affent and Intelefti- Diflenc. And hence Imcellection is faid to be twofold; Simple when the Intellect knows o# is WO chac which is {unple and incomplex, as they cal ic: and Compound, when it knowsa propo- re fizion tue or falfe.
The Object of Intelle&tion which at once moves and terminates the intellect, is a Being or thing Univerfally taken, comprehending things material and immaterial, To which ne- verthelefs fome conditions muft needs be added, And in the firft place Univerfalicy: For chac a Being may be perceived by the Incellect, ic muft be abftracted. from al fingulacicies. Then Secondly, Incelligibilicy, or abftraction from the condicions of matter. Thirdly, Verity. This Object as icis ficced and proportioned to the Mind by che Agent Intellect, is called an Intelligible Species 5 as chat which the Senfes receive is called)a Senfible Species. |
Incelligi- Now che Iocelligible Species areilluminated Phantafms, chat is co fay, freed from the ble (pectes conditions of matter, and’by the Agenc'laceliect imprinced upon the Paflive, and confequent- what thy fy (piricual and indivifible accidents : Fora Subftance is not received into the Senfe, as Sca* es liger would have it,"Exercit. 303. Set. 7. but only accidents. And cherefore only accidents
domake:che Species-or Image in che Incellect; among{t which are both time and place,and che
the Ope- vation of the tender- ftanding:
finice Unity-of quantity, which being removed by che operation of the Intellect icfelf,chere ~
remains an Univerfal fubftancial Species : As if you fee a man armed and difguifed; fic you apprehend the Arms the difpuife, and aftecward having removed them you conceive the Man
bimfelf. whether And fince we have juft now afferted, That fuch chingsas are offered to the Intellect, and ér tio, and received by it, muft be feparated from matter and al particular conditions, the Queftionis ; bow the Plow the incelleCt underftands particular chings, oc whether it be capable only of univerfals ? uaderian- Woe anfwer, That the Mind of Man does alfo know particulars. For fince al knowing Fa-
ding pers ; s ys ND
eta ‘ para CULES being fubordinate, are fo joyned thac the end of one action is che beginning of ano-
piculars ? : cher, | “S
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Chap.2. Of the Body of Man, and its Fun&ions.
ies, and whatever known by te Talerion Facley & allo knowgby de pair; se the Senfes and Fancy know particular things,the Mind alfo muft needs know the fame. And
by means of chisknowledg at comes to pafs that aman isableto compare a fingular’ wich ‘an univerfal, and chat che mind can frame fingular propofitions, colleét univerfals from them; and frequently correct the judgment of che Senfes about fingular things, viz...As ofcas they (by reaton of an evil difpofition of she Object) do commit any ettor.- Now the manner.of knowing fangulars is alfo by accidents 3. becaufe our of che proper fingular accidents we draw our a Notion or phantafm proper to the fingle Objects 5 even as out of the notions proper to a fore we draw out a notion proper coche (ame fore. Sig Tnrellegtion is commonly divided into direct and reflex. . Ic istermed dire&,when we on- . rtndeps ly know fomwhar, and make no further enquiry, but the Species gives aftop co che Incel~ Handing lect, as when the Underftanding ftaies ac che firft apprehesfion of a Man, an Ox, an Horfe, Died.
&c. bucchac iscermed Reflex, or doubled and reciprocal asic. were, whereby che Mind Reflex:
knowsatfelf, viz. Thac ic knows, and hach the power to know and Underftand ; or when we underftand the Incellection it felf, and che Underftanding knows chat it isan Underftan- ding, viz. Thacic felf isan Effence and an unmixc one, and knows chat it underftands, bes: caufe thar ic as able co know itunderftands.
And here you muft obferve, what ic is to abftraét.. Now Abftcadtion is the f{epara- tion of onething from another, and che a pprehenfion and underftanding of one chi without the apprehenfion or underftanding of others. Forin Abftraction al things ave not known which are in aching, bucthaconly which is abftracted : for examples fake ; To abftract the Living Creacure from che Horfe, isco confider only che Nature of a living Crea- cure in general, not regarding the particular Nacure of an Hore. sth
Finally, The Will ( chat we may allo {peak briefly thereof ). isthe other Faculey ofa rhe wiP Rational Soul, whereby we follow or avoid fuch things as are known by the Underftanding 3.whac itt, or (as Scalzger hathac, Brercit.307, §.3.) The Willisthe Underftanding excended ro the having oc doing what ic knows. Ochers calic che Rational Appetite. For as after the knows Jedg of Senfechere follows a Senfitive Appetice ; foafcer the knowledg ofthe Mind an Ap- petite follows proper thereto, which co difference i; from the fotmer, they cal 1c Voluntas, the Wills and thac chis Racional Appetite differs from the Seniible is hereby apparent, be= caufe they are frequently ac enmity one againft another.
The Object of che Will, is Good known by the Underftanding and prefented tothe Wil, and the contrary Evil: Hence it follows the Good, and fhuns che Evil, The Aétians of jecE of the chis Faculty are to Will or Defire, andto Nill or Refufe. Now che AGtions of the Wil] “2 mee ave twotold; ‘Drawn out,and Commanded, The Drawn out, are thofe which che Will nein
: ef , : ald. puts forth and performs of it felf, and noc by che anferior powers. ; The Commanded are L.Draws thofe which the Will commands and enjoyns the inferior Faculcies co perform. Now the oxe,
'W ul bath command over che Locomotive Faculty, and che Senficive Appetite: for ac che 2 Com word and command of che Mind and Will we move and reft. Bue che command which che “#tded. Will ought.co have over the Senfitive Appecite is much weakened by fin, and thac fame har= mony difturbed becwixc che cwo Appetices ; fo that many times che Senficive Appetite cafts off the comaiand of che Wil] and right Reafon, and chat {aying becomes. true:
. Hurry’d the Coach-man is, andthe Coach away, by the Horfes.
But che Will bath nocommand over che Vegetative F aculty, and it-acts meer] nor caa we be nourifhed or grow according to our own will and pleafure.
What it is
The ob:
y naturally,
Chap. 2. Of the Body of Man, andits Punéions,
No the Soul of Man, fince ic isthe Rule ( inamanner) ofal chings living, as Sca- liger, Exercit,102.. Sek. g- hathic; it mult alfo of necefity have che, moft noble Body of al; which ought now co bedefcribed, asche Rule of all che reft. Bur fince the dignity thereof, yea, and then eceflity chat there 1s of ics knowledp, hath ftirred up many to, feek the knowledg thereof, fomany Volums are written concerning the fame ¢ wherein borh vs Parts are accutacely defcribed, andthe ufes of al of chem laid open) thacit is an impoflible thing to Epicomize the fame. . To name.a few Authors: Galen hach written many Books of chis fubject 5 of che Diffection of the Mutcles, Nerves, Veins, Arceties, vocal Inftcuments; Womb, ofthe Bones, of Anatomical Adminiftrations, 9 Books -of the ufe ofthe Parts, 17 Books, and others. Very many men of this Age have diligently written of Anatomy,
amending
i