Book 7

che firft fimple Bodies, and all other colours confift of a mixture of chefe ; a] che forts where-
ofto reckon up inthis place would be coocediouss couching which Scaliger hath many ex~ cellent things in his 32 5.E.xvercitation.
Now apparent colours are made of che Species of realcoloursmingled wich others, And Apparent cherefore when che Sun’s light is mingled wath che colour of Clouds, various colors do refule Colours therefrom. Therfore we conclude chat colouris vifible, but that iuminated or fhining co- bow made
lour is only actually feen.
Whence alfoa Caufe may be rendred why fome things are not only feen themfelves, bu make Orhers co be feen 5 and fome things can be feen chemfelves, bur cannot make other chings to be feen : and orhers again can neither be feen chemfelves, nor make others co be feen. For fome things have an inbred light proper co themfelves; fome only an adventitious or borrowed light. Such as have an inbred light can be feen without the help of other things.And {uch as have it plentiful and porenc, asthe Sunand Fire, doalfo make other chings vifible ; but fuch as have liccle lighc in chem, and fo little as can only render them vifible, and chat bue in che Night, do not at a] help other chings to be feen ; fuch asare fome rotten woods, Glow- Worms, and fuch like: but chofe chings chat have no innate light, can neither make other things vifible, nor are they vifible chemfelves, unlefs chey be enlighcened by fome other
ching.
illuminated, chat it may be actually feen ; and chat appears by experience. For although the whol Air which is about che Party feeung be illuminated, yet ifchat which is about che éolour be nor illuminated, the colour cannot be feen : for the colours of themfelves if chey be not illuftraced by light, doremain flugeith as were, fo chat they cannot produce an Image ofthemfelves.; and light is che act of colour, not to make it cobe, but comake it vifible, as Scaliger {aies, Exercit,75.8.7- Alto tor che Medium lighe is requifite : yet is it noc necefla- ry chac che whol be illuminaced, but only chat pare which is about che ching vifible: and fo light feems not neceffary co che medium asa medium 3 but only in refpect of che vifible object cherein refiding. For even when we are in the derk we fee chofe chings that are in an jliuminaced Medium ; and in the deepeft wels, where no light reachech, we fee the Stars even in che day cime. |
As cothe Organ, we avouch with Ariftotle, de fenf. & fenfibil. Cap. 3. that as witbout, fo within, there is no feeing without light: howbeic wehold that tt is rather an inward and inbred chan an external light, which che Eyes of many Creatures chat fhine in the nighr, do wienefs, Buc thac an Eye which is in the chickeft darknefs can be illuminated and illuftra« ted by a light fo weak, asco be able co inlighten things clofe by it Cas for example thac which fines from rovten wood?) is improbable ; As alio it feems impoffible chat a light and colour fmal and weak, far diftanc from the Eye,can any waies inlighten che whole Air as far as to the Eye.. - N
And becaufe that Light is alcogether neceffary to fight, iis enquired, Bi ether it alfo be
Ss
I) feen. Weantwer: That Light whileicisin a ccan{parent medium is notdeen, as chat fs
cae sb it isnot feen of it felf, buc by accidevt 5 ig [Cf be fee |? which, butasthac wherewith 5 andchac ic is not feen of it felf, bur by accideyt , becaufere « /
| makes colours tobeadtually feen: and when we fee colour, we judg thatthe Airis ulumi- ~*..
nated. li But
Now becaufe Light is neceffary co Sight, itis worth our enquiry how it concurs thereto. How Jighe Some hold, that it is only required co illuminate the object and medium, others chat ic isne- concurs to ceffary alfo to inlighten the Organ. As to the object, ic is aleogether neceffary chat ic be /£*t
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374 Book 7 Of the Hearing. Chap. 3
———"
The Me- Bis che Medium of Sighc is chat which tstransparent; and chat which is feen 1s alwaies dism of mose dark(om than the Medium. Hence we fee wacer inthe Air, and the fame ching co- fg Nore is fen in purecleec wacer, and hid in that which iscroubled. And cheretore a ching colored may alfo be the Medium of Sight, provided it be not quice dark, but more tranfpa- rent chan the vifible obje€t. So we fee {mal creatures inclofed in Amber. whether The Manner of Sight remains yet to be explained, concetning which there are no {mal fight yi controverfies amongft the Ancients. Forthough herein al confent, Tiaccocaufe fight the x object muft of neceflicy be joyned tothe organ; yec how chac is done they are not al agreed. in, or [en- The Platonifts (for as for Plato himfelf, {ome wil have him co be of one Opinion, and ding forth. {ome of another 5 and Scaliger in Exercitat. 325+ Sett. 5. cites places out of his Timeus and Meno, whereby he endeavors to prove, That Plato conceived fight co be cauled by {pe- cies flowing from the Objet coche Eye) very many skil’d in the Opticks, and al ancient Philofophers in a manner until Ariftotle, held that che Optick {pirits and raies went ouc of the Eyeco the Object, and laid bold of che fame.
But this Opinion is falfe and corrected by 4riftotle,fo that thofe Anciencs are not fo much to be blamed, as chey are co be chaftifed who contrary to the judgment of thac wife Man, do ftil follow thofecoyese For Sight as al other Senfes, isan immanent action, and therfore ic muft be performed in the Eyes,and not withour. And feeing every agent which acts up-
onanother thing without ic felf does not receive in it felfche end and fruic of its action (as rhe operation of heating is not received in the agent buc the Patient) the fruit alio of fighc if it were caufed by fending forth of raies, would be in che thing feen, and not in the Seer 5 which is abfurd. For the end of fighe ina Living Creature is the accommodation of its life : but in Man befides that, alfo the knowledg of Nature, comprehenfion of God, and Happi- nefs. Finally, What can chat be, which out of fofma] an Eye-bal can be fent fo tuddenly to fo many chings as we behold, fo diftant? Acorporea] {ubftance, fuch as are che Optick Spirits, cannot be fhed forth in fo great plenty. For there is noching thar can fuffice co re- pair fo many fpirits ; nor can it be moved in an inftanc from the Bye fo far as co the Hea~ vens; Nor can any quality of ic {elf perform che fame ; but if ic fhould do this, the foul mutt needs bein ice Buctthe fubject of che foul is a fubftance, noe an accident. Yea, .in general, whatever you hold goes forth and caufes fight, ic muft do it by means of the foul. Whence it would follow, that the Air hath in ic not only one foul, buc che fouls of many Jie ving Creatures. And chofe very arguments and many more which are brought by Zabarella Lib. 2. deVifu, cap. 4.5. do make againft that Opinion of Galen and othets, who hold, That the fight goes out a certain diftance, and is united with the image of the vifible object, and chat fo fight 1s caufed.
Lec us therefore hold with Ariftotle, That fight is caufed by the reception of vifible ima-= ges into the Eyes; and chat as from every point of a lightfom body into every point of a cranfparent Medium Light is propagated : fo from every part ofa colored body, an Image thereof is fenc into a tran{parent Medium, by a right line, and received into che Eye, and dit= cerned by the fighr. For even the images received do appeat within che apple of the Eye; and an excellent vifible object hurts the fight; and che Eye is made of fo many parts, for this Receptions fake.
the true manner of fiz bt.
Chap. 3. Of the Hearing.
“the defi- AN Frer Sight we rank Hearing; for it Cafter Sight) is che moft excellent Senfe, and nition of 4 % feemsco contend cherewith in point of nobilicy. Now che Hearing is an excernal
bearing. fenfe, which by help of the Ear perceives audible things, viz. Sounds: for che object of
What
Vaaud i Hearing is Sound. Now Sound isa quality arifing fromthe Air or Water being {miccen and
broken by che vehement and fudden concufflion of folid bodies.
his To the generation of Sound thtee Bodies are neceffary : cwoof which mutually ftrike one —
found is
generated, AOther, or at leaft one performing the office of cwo, in two parts. Now chefe bodies oughe
co be folid, that they may gather and condenfe the Air, andnot having many pores. Hence
Spunges, and locks or fardles of wool knocke together, do caufe no found; becaufe being © :
‘we ful of many pores, theAmitcen Air is teceived by them, and fo icisnoc broken. Befides cwo ‘a's folid bodies, a yifitd thing is required, which may be intercepted betwixt thofe two folid wet ae bodies and braen. And chisis chat which alfo Fifhes hear. ais i yer The Mediugss which receive found are the Air andthe Water. They commonly hold, HG - . in? ehac a ceccaipanbred air of che Ear is che chief organ of Hearing. CGontcariwife other lacer hie é | . } f a:
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Ghap-4- ———«Of- the Smelling Book 7.
hl wa Dk Oc AML LL Lill Sladen Anka. hn, sR A OR Dd ‘Authors, fince che Organ of a fenfe ought co bea fimilar parc animated, do reject this Air: and hold che principal inftrument of Hearing to be a certain Nerve {pred out in the Ear. And truly che former Opinion is not, fo allowable as thir, unlefs ic be explained as Capi« waccius explains it; whoteaches, that asthe innate heac of the Eye is luminous or light- ful; toche innate heac of the Ear 1s Aerial, fo thac it may be affected by found, and is com= monly called, complanted Air, chat is, Asc bred inche Ear from the firft formation; bur chat ic is not includedin any peculiar Cavity, but ingtafced and implanted in the expanded Nerve.
Here we mult nor pafs over the Eccho, which is a reciprocal and reflected found from a How {mooth and hollow place. Foras Lighc and vifible Images lighting upon a f{mooth and 2écho is
polifhed body are reflected: fo founds, it they light ona imooth, even, and hollow body, whereon chey are not broken, they are reflected. And as in general, that found may be
heard, itis not neceffary chat al the air from the place where the found is firt cauted,fhould
be continually broken, as far as cothe Ears 3 but ic isenough if che image thereof be propa- gaced fo far3 even {oan Eccho is noc bred by anew breaking of the Air, for fo this reci- procal found would not be articulated : but only che image of the former found rebounding back cous. Nor maya word be only once reflected, but divers times, viz. Ifthe voyce bea- ten back do light upon other hollow places, one after another. So the feven Cy zician To- wers did multiply words received by chem with a manitold Eccho. And Pliny relaces,jhow in the Porch of Olympia, which they therefore cermed ‘Heptapbonon, the fame word was fe= ven times repeated; ‘Nat. Hit, Lib. 36. cap.15. And Lucretius inhis Fourth Book, thus WILLES ;
Pve kuovon fome Ecchoes , if you fpake a word,
Would fix or feven times back the fame afford.
Chap. 4: Of the Smelling. :
He Smelling follows afcer che Sight and Hearing in point of Excellency, which is ah exe cerna] tenie perceiving {mels, by help of che Nofe or mamillary proceffes therein. For the obj ect thereof is a {cent or favor.
Now touching the Nature of the Smel, the vulgar Doétrine is, that it is a quality atifing the Né- in mixt bodies, from a dry favory thing by che Heac mingled wich moifture. For chey fay ture of the {mel and caft are fo of kin, that al chings which have caft have alfofmel, and every thing (mig:
thac hath no taft, hach nof{mel neichers Hence mixc things only have fmels, and not the Elements, which alfo havenotaft: for neither have al mixc chings fmels, but thofe only which have tafts, For ftones have no {mel, which are alfo void of taft ; but woods, and o- ther things which have cafts, havealfo {mels, Buc herein neverthelefs tmels and cafts differ, in that drineds prevails in fmels, moifture in tafts, Hence Nitre hath a ftronger {mel than Salt, and Salt is moifter chan Nitre; becaufein Nicre there is more drinets, m Sale more moifture ; and chings chat {mel, if they are over moiftened they loofethemr fmel. Wor che fame caufe, if after a drought the Rain fals, ac ficft 4 certain {mel is perceived ; becaufe che dry is mingled with che moift: but che {mel lafts only fo long as uncil the drinefs overcomes the moifture 5 but if che rain continue folong,thac the diinefs is vanquifhed by che Moifture, the {mel alfo ceafes.
They hold the efficient caufe of fmels as of al works in mixt bodies co. be heat, which in the Efi- due meafur2 and manner mixes. the moift wich thedry. And hence they give che caufe why ‘tent cane moft things that have fmel, {mel ftrongeft when they are hor; why fome things {mel not ac & [mets
al unlefs they be heated; and why moft things {mel more in the day chan in the night, in the Winter chan intheSummer. For when in the mixc body moifture does very much abound, or drinefs is noc rightly mixed with che moifture; chere arifes eicher no {mel, or one which is imperfect. And that therefore there is need of heat, which may either con- fume che overmuch\moifture, or mingle che fame with the dry parts after a due man- ner.
But feeing what Scaliger faith of Tafts, Bxercit. 279. Sect. 4 Thae Taft nomote arifes from the firft Qualities than Laughrer, is moft true of {mel : they lafor ta vain, who ene deavor to draw imels from che firft Qualities 3 fincethey are not in the power of the fick
Qualities, and we muft have recourfe to nearer principles. And ché tchymifts do far
more probably deduce odors from Sulphur; and hold chat Sulphur is the prime fubject of liz me fmels 3
eR 0. x onwent 7 LLB Be =~ ne AS IPE AEE ET A DLT A! POON SOE BT wove LTE TE
376 Boox 7 Of the Smelling. ~ Chap. 4
fees
—
{mels; of which we have {poke elfwhere in our Treacife of the Confent and Diffent of tbe
Chymifts with the Ariftoteleans and the Galenifts, chap. 11.
Differences The differences of Smelsare little known 3 but becauiethe Taftand Smelare of kin, and
of Odors, moft {mels have much affinity to tafts, the names of taftsarealfo givencofmels. Now the Tafts dofollow che Nourifhment, which isexamined thereby by Creacures thae eat the fame ; and cherefore chefe favors of chemfelves bring no pleafure or difpleafure, but only by accident, as they are figns of good orbad nourifhment. Hence the gréatie {mel of roaft= meat is delightfulcothe hungry. Thefe odouts are exquifitely perceaved by Bruits, and therein they exce] Man- kind.
Yet chere is alfo another kind of {mels which does not follow the Aliment, but isof ic felf pleafant or unpleafant, asthe fmelof Spices and many other things. And with thefe {mels, asalfo the beaucy of colors, Men are either only or chiefly affected: and orher Li- ving Creatures how exquifitely foever they fmelother fcents, yet herein they are far out= gotie by Man-kinds {fo chat either they take no delight from {weet fmels, or ifthey do, iis very imperfect and maimed, and agrees but to a few of them. Of which fee Scaliger in Fixer cits 303. Se 2.
From what hath been faid isnot hard to judg what is the true object of {melling, and after what manner {mels are perceived by che fenfe of {melling, That Odours are the object of {melling was {aid before, nor does any man deny ic: but how char is co be underftood, 1s notfomanifeft, ‘Heraclitus (as Ariftotlefaies) defenf. @fenfibil. cap. 5. Many ancient Philofophers, Galen and very many Phyfictians are of Opinion, That the fenfe of {mel= ling isnot only affected by {ome fpiricual image and reprefentation, buc chat a certain corporea!, aerial, chin exhalation does flow out of {melling things, and is perceived by the fenfe. Concrariwife, the greaceft part of Peripatecicks are of opinion, chac a naked image of che {mel does {piritually flow from the odorous body, asan image from a thing vifible, and is carried to the organ of {mel, and thereby perceived.
Odors ave ‘The laccer Opinion feems truerto us, provided it be rightly explained: yet that chere is not febe {ome truth in che former cannot be denied, chough in fome part it {werve from truth. For ances. inche firft place, this muft ofneceffity be allowed, Thac odours are not fubftances, nor any ching corporeal: For the fenfes do not perceive fubftances, buc only their accidents. A> gain, chis alfo hath been fhewn before; That no fenfe is affected by areal or material qua- Th lity, but only by icsreprefentation,or a {piricua] and intentional quality as chey calic. And be Snel hecef ft alfo hold che f he fenfe of {melling, that the faid fenfe perceives ling per- (hetefore we muft alfo hold che fame asco the fenfeof {melling, that the faid Lente perceive seives only HOthing corporeal, nor yet any real quality, burt only che Image thereof. animeage. Nor muft we inchenexc place deny that fomwhat does flow from and exhale out of fuch chings as {mel, and iscartied inthe Air. Fordayly experience teaches, That odoriferous exhalations do fundry wales affect the Brain, and very often change the temper chereof, and fomeimes qualifie and reétifie the fame, other whiles caufe heavinels of head, as Hip- pocraies hach ic in his 5. Sect. of Aphorifms,Aph.28. Yea,and chis comes not to pafs in the Brain only , but many cimes by odorous exhalations we perceive our Noftrils, Eyes, and Face co be gnawn as ic were, and pained. Moreover, we fee that odoriferous things by lit- tle and little do for the moft parc waft and confumeaway. And when an odoriferous thing is taken away, the {mel remains many times a long while after in the Air, which cannot be done by the images alone, which do nos remain when the object is removed. Al which things ceach, thac oftentimes there flows from odorous bodies a certain corporeal exhalatie on, which bath a power of heating, cooling, and doing other things, which cannot be effected by bare {peciesandimages. Thistherefore we grant, That ftom many chingsa certain odo= riferous vapor exhales, and chat corporeal {avory vapors do flow from things chat have {mel ; ee but yec we avouch chaca {piricual {pecies istequired and pre{uppofed to caufe the fenfe of the fiecies {melling. Bur whether or no both are alwaies necel ary, and whecher che fpecies of the of {met Odor, which is properly perceived by che fenfe of {melling, is alwaies joyned wich fome need al- corporeal {ubject of vapor, without which ic cannot be carried to the Organ of Smelling, is waresthe yvecindoubt, and thisis the main hinge of the Conrroverfie. ied of” We have {poke before in cap. 1. of the diffecence of fenfible fpecies; and have granted por that odours for che moft parc.are indeed carried co the {mel witha corporeal fubftance: but «xe we deny chat chis jsabWaies neceflary, and hold chac the exhalation which comes from che odorous body . does not alwaies reach fo far as tothe Noftrils, yea, and that fomtimes no fuch thing comes from the odorous body, and chat che fmelling is caufed by {piritual quali- 9 ¥iies and images,’ of the favors proceeding ftom the odoriferous body to the organ of {melling. g ' For if thas fanxe vaporous exhalation fhould be alwaies joyned with fmels as cheir carrier, a Fifhes
Che pest Fifi Forlt heat jauons win t when" fur odorit could andy Fi
@ Mal with 0 po finely che Th muta creat france, Boucle Ast of {ine chief 0 to beth
ware aud ft which tribute what f thew, Smell Over, whereas put toc thofe m
faye by f
The}
theres
me; th bln ! Othe
T! th | ty a Focal Nau May be Peteeiy
alicent f {tnels certain by the ima sible,
wie » For NOL any ts AS al quer t. And cele
of fuch ifetous hereof, it Hip. fsinthe és, and by ite us ching gor be | whic chalats feted rn odo a (mnel: ante of -of the f {ome ing
Chap. 5. Of the Tafting. Fifkies could perceive no {mels in che water, nor could be allured thereby co feek tke Bair : For fince the nature of odoriferous exbalations does confift in a dry fubject elaborated heat, and the nature of exhalacioms is {uch as co afcend upwards, how fthould thofe exha= lations come to che botcom of che water? or if chey fhould come thicher, how wil they res tain cheir drinefs and che integrity of cheic nature in che water, fince odoriferous things when wet are wont to lofe their fmel? Moreover, how can there be fo great and fo long an efflux of vapors from odoriferous things, as may fuflice co fil moft large tpaces?. The whol odoriferous chings verily which are but {mal many times, if they were al turned into vapors, could noc filfuch diftances, Yea,and we fee many chings do {mela very long time together, and yer are not at al confumed or wafted. ~
From che Premifes alfo thac Queftion may be explained 3: Whether Odors can nourith aman?
SE a sl en EA
whether
For feeing the nourifhment of a body ought tobe abody, and we are nourifhed 040urs
with che fame things whereof we confift ; and odors are qualities; we hold chat they have nonri{ 2
no power tonourifh. And whereas ic is faid char fick perfons are many times refrefhed wich fmels, andchac Democritus for his fitters fake (whom he would not draw from the Feaft of che The{mophorift) did prolong his life chree daies only by {melling to hot Bread; that muft noc be atcribuced to {mels, but co odoriferous vapors exhaling from the Bread, and re= creating the fpirirs. Nor is chac crue nutrition which ismade by appofition ofa like fub- ftance, viz. Of Blood elaborated in the Liver; but only a certain cheering of the Spirits.
ae cothe Organ of Smelling, chough al agreeherein, chac the Noftrils are che Inftrument
what is
of fmellings yer iis controverced betwixc che Phyfitians and Peripaceticks, what is the *#¢ Organ chief Organ of fmelling. For the moft Peripaceticks do hold che proper Organ of Smelling f fh
to be the Nerves dilaced inthe Noftrils. Galen holds {meltobe produced in the foremoft Ventricles of: che Brain, in 8.de ufu partium, cap.6. de olfattus Inftrumentis, cap. 4. Ocber Phyfitiansfay, Thac fom the Brain neer che Cavity ot che Eyes, two Channels are derived tothe bored bones of the Nofe, whofe ends feem like teats (whence they are called the mammillary or teat-like productions) and that in chem asthe proper inftrument odors aredifcerned. Which Opinion 3$ moft agreeable totruth, and the greaceft part of the beft Phyfitians do follow the fame. For che Brain is not the proper Organ ofany external fenfe, buc the common, as fupplying f{pirits into che organs of the external {enfes, As to the No- firils, crue indeed it is, Thac odors are perceived by themalone, and. chac thefe arethe only waies Nature hath appoinced tocarry fmels co the Organ of Smelling: yet the perception and judgmenc of Odors is not inthem, but in chofe mammillary or Teac-like productions, which are placed before che Ventricles of the Brain, as the examiners of {mels:. For if we ats cribute the faculcy of perceiving Odors to the Noftrils alone, and the Nerves in them dilated, what fhould hinder us from {mellings fo long as we have our Noftrils? Yer Experience fhews, That when chofe proceiles are obftructed, as is wont to happen in the Gorygza, the Smelling is eicher abated or quicetaken away, without any fault in che Noftrils. More- over, if Smelling were made inthe Noftcils, we fhould perceive. fmels withoiac breaching 5 whereas neverthelels we find by dayly experience, that the:moft odcriferous things being put co our Nofe, wefmel nothing unlefs we draw our breath; therea{on whereof is, becaufe thofe mammillary procefles are placed within the Skul, fotiat fmels cannot come thereco fave by attraction of che Aur.
The Medium chrough which Odorsare difcerned, is the Air and Water. «As to the Air
oj tne {mell 2
The Me-
thereisnodoube. But chacin che Watrers alfo {mels are difcerned by Fifhessthis is an argu dium of
mene, that Fifhes are alJured by the {mel of Bais’, ples, in his Book de Hiftor. Animal. Lib 4. cap. 8.
And fe much may’ fuffice ro have faid of the Senfe of Smelling. }
Chap. 5. Of the Tafting
He Taft is ah excernal Senfeé, by help of the Tongue difcerning favors) Which fenfe
which Ariffotle proves:by many exam-!*/"E
The De
though fome confound wich feeling, and make it only to be a fort Gf Touch : yet Britton tf
they are queftioile{s in an error, and we mutt acknowledp the Taft to be a peculiar Senfe, For alchough the couch -is fomeimes generally taken for a fenifitive power, which takes cop nizalce of an object, noc removed but applied to the Organ Cand
tafting: | : wheingr ~ talt differs in thismanner the Fat from fees
may be called a kind of feeling, and fo it is by Ariffotle in thac fence called’). for icdoes por “3°
perceive things diftant asche Light does colors, but only favors applied ca che-Tongue :.yer
(hag °
d
378 Book 7. Of the Tafting, Chap. 5. that fipnification is not fo proper;and che Queftion is, whether the Touch be the fame Senfe, with that power that perceives Tangible Objects: which isdenied. For chey differ both inthe Object and Organ: for the Object of the couch is rangible Qualities, but of the Taft Savors: and che caft may be loft in the Tongue, while che Senfe of Touching remains entire.
And therefore their Organs are quite different 3 and though in che Tongue there be Touch, et where ever there is Touch there isnoc Taft; butonly in che Tongue, whofe thin fote and fpungy flefh, the like whereof is not inthe who] Body, is the proper Inftcument of Tafting. The Obj ect of Tafting is Savor. Touching the nature whereof, we pafs over the Opi- nions of the Ancients, Empedocles, Democritus, Leucippus,and Anaxagoras. The Peri- pateticks do thus teach concerning Savor. No fimple Body hach any favor orcaft, i¢ being on= ly an adjunct of mixt bodies, and shereto chree things are vequifice: an earthy drinets,a wa= try moifture, and Heat which is che Author of al] operations in mixt bodies :. Of which we have every where frequent fignsand cokens : For Water which of 1c felf is taftlefs, if icbe {trained chrough fome earthy dry fubftance, it becomes favory, as appears in Fountains, which receive divers tafts from the parts of che Earth chrough which they flow: and the warer of Lye isbiccer, becaufe itis ftrained through Afhes. Howbeic the Narure of calt confifts more in moift partsthan indry : andic is a quality affecting the caft, arifing in mixt bodies from the permiftion of a watry moifture with a dry earchinefs. And feeing the mixture of moifture wich drinefs is various ; and che watry moifturej oyned with earthy dri nefs which isthe fubject of Tafts is various, fomeimes chicker,{omtimes thinner,and the Heat which is the Cautfe of cafts is fomcimes ftronger, ocherwhiles weaker, hence allo fundry tafts Kinds of do acife which are feverally reckoned up, by fevera] Men, Moft do acknowledg chiefly fe- tefis.. ~ yen fimple cafts or favors; and from their commixture others may arife, or at leaft chey may be referred to them: Sweet, Sour, Harth, Rough, Salc, Bitter, Biting. Thefecafts may be confidered.cwo manner of waies, either in refpect co the farft Qualities Heat and Cold, or co the fenfe of Tafting which they affect. The former way they are chiefly confidered by Phyficians, and they fervethem to know the Qualities of medicaments by,and are divided into Hot and Cold, Inco three Cold,Sour, -Harfh, Rough, three Hor in excels, the Biting, Salc, and biccer, and one moderately hor, viz. Sweet. And chus with Phyfitians the Harfh and Biting tafts are che extream tafts, che former the Goldeft, the laccer the Horceft of all others. The Philofopher confiders them rather afcer the latcer manner, and cakes not their difference from che tangible Qualities,buc from the Effect whereby they work upon che caft : and chus becaufe chat caft which is moft contrary co {weet is che bitrer Taft, and che one is moft pleafanc, che other moft unpleafant : cherefore thefe ewoare by Philofophers counced the extream calts, che reft are ingerme= diate. | The {weet Taft therefore is moft pleafing to the Palac, arifing from the mixture of a wa~ try moifture with an earchy drine{fs, made commonly by a moderate heat. Such isin Bread, Milk, ripe Grapes, Figs, Licoris, Sugar, Honey. Alchoughin thefe alfo {ome degrees may be obferved in hear, for fomeare botcer chan other fome; and thofe chat come neereft a mee diocrity are moft fit co nourifh a mane ; } Anacid fharptatft confifts n'a matter thinand fubtile, and arifes from a weak heat, .or becaufe in the mixture chere are many watry pacts which cannot be overcome by che Heat,or Becaufe outof the mixt body the hotceft parts, efpecially chofechat aremoft pure, name- An barfp ly the Aery, are exhaleds Suchataft isin Vinegar, Sorrel, Juyce of Lemons, An harfh
Sweet taft
A tart tafe
raft confiftsin a matter indifferently thick, and arifech from a greater degree of cold, anda
taft ; A rough weaker heat chan the Sour. If che matter be yet chicker and che Fleat weaker, and the taft Cold ftronger, it caufes a rough cat, which is in {ome unripe Apples, in Acorns, and Galls. °
Salt taft fcom an heat exceeding mediocrity. And cherefore the firft fubject of a Sale raft is an earchy
drinefs, through whicha watry moifture is ftrained, aduft, fo that litcle of che watry humor “A bitte eMains chérein; yet from afmal portion thereof a great quantity of Water may be infected. Yi In a bitcer caft Heat iscommonly yet greater, and its matter drier and moreeartby. Final-
@aebe biting Sy from the greateftheat arifes che bicing Taft, and ic confifts in a fubsile matter : and cthere~
taft fore chings fo tafted havea faculty of burning, penetrating, and drying; fuch is in Pepper, Ginger, Garlick, Onions,
¢* — Thus fay,/che Peripaceticks and the Galenifts endeavor to deduce the kinds of cafts from
¢ che fictt Quaties. Butas was faid before from the Bxercit. 297.8, & of Scaliger, Tatts , ro do
|
A Salt Taft is inan earthy matter, not fubtile, but rather chick and earchy : and icarifes _
T' tated. Genie
a of Heat
ddd
Cotta reetrt Hor, ¢ Thick cord have Mat Soft ther Itties Hung
Jing, 4
Pods u a onoiC
Now
thatno
B babkeh
toredu kay th kind, tt body, ¢
q the for
tiling
| Other
to tang I tthe co
OL there anche, LOthele
Xe, a fet, T they at Pete
Bur th
, Wey Be
2 =
= = = ee => _— _——
caret yeatthy pumot feted | Fol Bi there’ He
dannel
a) | le |
the | Jas
) d0 }
Chap. 6. Of the Touch. Book 7
do nomore arife from the firft Qualities chan Laughter. And what loft labor ic is to endea- vor co pive areafor of Tafts trom che firft Qualitiesalone, is fearnedly thewn by L. Gr illus ina peculiar Book deSapore amaro &' duict... The Chymifts more probably draw cafts from Salts, and teachehac Sale is che ficft (ubject of Tafts, and chac from che feveral kinds of Sales proceed the fuodry kinds of Tafts, of which eliwherein my Trat. de Confenf. et dif- fenf. Chym. cum Ariftotelicis & Galen Cap, 11.
There is no excernal Medium required to caft, but if che eaft of any thing istobe difcere
379
The Me
ned, ic muft be applied coche Tongue. Yee che Interna) medium is a fpungy or rather pe dinm of
rous Skin drawn over che Tongue, and the moifture of Spittle. For cothis part che Ta firft communicated, whofe reprefentacacion is afterwards carried through the pores of the Tongue into the fleth thereof, and is chere perceived by che Soul exer cifing che fenfe of Ta- fting. And fomuch for the Taft.
Chap. 6. Ofthe Touch.
is bafi.
4 Soa laft external Senfe and chemoft common of all che reft, isthe Touch, which per= The conch
ceives cangible Qualities. Touching this fenfe, no fmal Queftions are wont co be agi-
tated. Andinche firft placechey are wonc to enquire; whecher the Touch be only one Pv crite Senfe in number, ; ‘or whether here be one powerof Feeling, as chere is one of Seeing, one i” be
t oné
of Hearing, one of Smelling, one of Tafting, or more, -Ariffoile moves this Queftion in Senfe of 2.de Anima Cap. 11. and beings thisreafon of doubting. There is one Senfe of one -firlt Tenching!
Contrariery : and one Senfe hath one proper Object, to which all chat ic perceives may be referred: Butthe Touchfeems noc to have one common Object, but many : for ic perceives Hor, Cold, Dry, Moift, Heavy, Light; Hard, Soft; Clammy, Brittle; Rough, Smooth, Thick, Thin ; whichcansot be reduced toone commonkind, or one common notion, ace cording to which they ate perceived bythe Touch. Many being perfwaded by this reafon, have held divers Tafts ; {ome two, one co perceive Hot and Cold; another co perceive Moift and Dry ; othersthree; the twoaforefaid, to which they attribute alfo Hard and Soft, Rough and Smooth ; and a third to perceive Lighrnefs and Heavinefs: others hold chae there arefo many tenfes of Feeling,as there are differences and contrarteties of tangible Qua- luies. Ochers have yet added more fenfes of touching, to perceive Pain, Pleafure, Venery, Hunger, Thirft. Others contrariwife do hold that there is one only Touch or Senfe of Fee- ling, which chough it hath divers Objects, yet it perceives them all under {ome common noti- on 5 juft as che Sight perceives Whice,Black, Red, Yellow, Green, under the common noti- on of Colour.
Now although it be hard co compofe this Controverfie, and moft learned men have held, chat no ceréainty can be determined in this Point : yet very many have choughe ic moft pro- bable that there is only one faculty of couching. And fevera} men have feverally endeavored co reduce the fundry differences of tangible Objects to fome one common Nature. For fome fay, though the Object of Feeling be manifold: yec is is contained under one common kind, though it wancaname. And thacic isa Quality that primarily follows a body as a body, or which immediately depends upon fublunary Bodies, and neceffarily accompanies che forms of the Elements, and ofthe bodies of chem compounded. Others alfo accribuce co cangible Qualicies one manner of affecting che couch, and that they fay co be a changing of che complexion of the firft Qualities, and hence che fenfe of feeling is faid co be a fente of checemperament : and that therefore the firft Qualicies are the chief object of feeling, and the reft pertain thereco after a fecondary manner; and fuchchings as cannoc be reduced to chefe, are common fenfible objects, which confticute no peculiar (enfe- Finally, others diftinguith bet wixe che excernal fenfibles, {uch as ace Hor, Cold, Moift, Dry, Hard, Soft, &c. and becwixe the internal, which are perceived in the Feeler, asPain, Pleafure, Hun- ger, Thirft. They conceive the exiernal are perceived by one only fente. For alchough chey ace many, yet chey may be reduced to one common notion: and indeed we find by exe perience, that he who can by couch perceive one of thofe contrarieties, he can alfo feel the other by the fame part : contrariwife he chat cannot feel one of chem, cannot feel the ochet. But they bold chat Hunger, Thirft, Pleafure, Pain Corporeal, are difcerned by another po- wer; feeing thefe powers and acts are fo feparaced, that in the part wherein the excernal are
g As
perceived, Elunger, Thirft, and {uch like are noc perceived.
a ow
Sz pres “ es e — sata a ———_— NE aon > “ a eRe = . es = = =
=
==
= sae
See
Se es
AES
sits?
gee
PONE
the inter- nal fenfes ave three:
Cammor fenfe
Phantafie:
- ‘avoid the external injuries, cherefore its Organ was tobe {pread al che body over, and chat
fuch an one as fhould‘have no other office inthe Body : for every Senfe hath its propet Or- gan. But if we confider al things in the whol Body, al have peculiar offices fave a Mem= brane: the Nervescarry animal Spirit, che Veins Blood, and-other. parts (as 1s-known) have otherufes. Andcherefore this office cannot be afligned to thems and chere remains only the Membranes which arebochfimilar parts, and have no other ufe, bur are given to Living Creatures only, chat chey might be the immediate Enftiument of Feeling.
Chap. 7 Of the Internal Senfes.
Aving explained the External Senfes, we come now to the Internal, which are bufted abouc mateers fenfible prefenced by che'excernal Senfex, - For this is the chief diffe.
rence betwixt the mcernal and externa! Senfes, Thac che external are imimediately affected by anexcernal object, whence alfo they are called External: But che internal are nog mo- ved by the excernal fenfible object immediately, bur chey are moved by the external Senfess and therefore they are called Internal. But as couching the Number of the internal Senfes the Controverfie 1s fo great (as may be feen’in Frrancife. Piccolbomimeus, ‘de fenf. intern. cap. 3,4,5,6,7. Francifc. Tolecus in Lib.'3. de Anima, cap. 3-4u.6. Collegium Co- nimbricente in Lib. 3.de Anima, cap. 3. queft.1. Artic. 52;3.) thac it 19 a hard maccee for aman todifintangle himfelf, being heretn engaged. | We retain the ¢ommon Opinion, which is che moft probable, and acknowledg three internal Senfes, from the diveriicy of Offices and Works by chem ‘performed, viz. Comoion Senfe, Phantafie or Imagination, and Memory. :
We mutt by al meansholda common Senfe: For fince Animals do know the differences Bet wixr che proper objects of fundry Senfes; and che external Senfes cannot perform: chis Office ; fince each of chem knows only its'own peculiar object: of neceflicy we muft hold chere is {ome internal Senfe, which apprehends the objects of al the external fenfes (whence alfo *tis called che common Senfe) and difcerns one from another, and does know that co- lor differs from found, found from {mel, {mel from taft, caft from whats hot, that which ashot from that which is black, &c. Forthechief Offices of the common Senfe are, to perceive che obje@s of al the excernal Senfes by help of che faid Senfes; to know and per=" ceive chat weare fenfible of this or chat; to know the difference betwixt the divers objects Gf the Senfe’s to judg the privacion andabfence of the objects, as of darknets, frlence, 8cc, to move the Phantafie and to offer Imapes and reprefencations of things thereunto. ‘This Senfe therefore is as it were che middle ftickler becwixc the Senfes incernal and exernal, and receives images from the external, ‘and communicates them to the reft of she interna}. Whence it is not unficly compaced to the Centre of the Giccle, wherein five Lines concus and meec copecher.
Befides che common Senfe the Phanfie muft alfobe added. For fince in perfect hiving Creatures it’ 1s not only neceflary to apprehend things prefent, buc alfo diligently co con-
fider chac which is no longér pretent, that chey may be incited either co feek or fhun the.
{ame $ among the internal Senfes we muit alforeckon Phanfie, which may retain che fenfi-
_ ble reprefentations perceived by the common Sente, or framed by it felf, and diligently exa-
mine the fame. And alchough it be altogether neceffary, that the Phanfie be firft moved by the externalSenfe ; yetafcer ic hath once perceived the objeét, and hath committed the image thereof coche memory, afterwards even inthe abfence of the excernal object, it can ag often as ic lift review and imagine over againthe fame image, Buc of neceffiry the Fan« fie muft firft be moved by che external Senfe, and we can imagine noching which we had noc before perceivéd by the external Senfes. ° “And chough we may imagine a Mountain of Gold and che Monfter called a Chimera, which we have never totally feen; yet we have feen
( chem
fay, 1c them On fybful
Rarit robold Sith. manne fo dl
inche @ iaving!
lonane ¢ tiereor, therefor tion to! ithing thatthe
| ; W Wea
}
Nor thin OL tO pi the She foc th where mizane
But Couch alone
Ofthe Te no ChkI0
to iy
ith
Eien to
e buted
f differ,” | alleed
10 Moe Sealey Senites antera, im Coe | macret
/)mi0n, kb
elity of
ination,
erences ri this
1 hold
whence
that (0. ¢ Wht ate, (0 and pers objets ce, kt, Ths nal, aod.
i | cOnCUE
Aiicy! de &
had at,
of Gol
ie feed
Loan (ne)
| |
nett Im” i
rd
| | |
Chap.7- Of the Internal Senfes.
them by piecé-meal 5 andexcept we had feén Gold and a Mountain we could noe imagine a Golden Mountain: fo unlefs we had feen a Lyon, a Goat, anda Dragon, we could not imd- snethe Chimera or Monfter compounded of al chofe Beafts.
Finally, among the internal Senfes che Memory is co be reckoned: For becaufe the Fane without knowledg cannot receive the fpecies or reprefentations of chings 3 and it can- not take cognizance of many things at once : therefore there is need of a faculty, which it felfdoes nottake cognizance, yet is fubfervient co cognition, chat is Co fay, which may te= ceive divers fenfible reprefentations known by che Fanfie, and referve the fame, and fuggett and prefenc the fame thereto again when needis. Alto Experience it felt does witnefs, hac ndifeates of che inner Senfes, one of chem may be loft anddeftcoyed or depraved, che ocher remaining fafe and found: and in Beavers it oftenhappens, chat the Patiencs their Memory being found, do imagine chat there are Fidlers and other chings in their Chambers, and feek de) pick flocks and feathers or ftcaws where chere are none: and fuch Ikke examples are fre quent in the Writings of Phyficians: which is an argument thae che Fancy is a faculty di- {ting from che Memory.
Now fome do make a twofold Memory, Senficive and Intellective: but ic is enough to fay chat the Memory is a Faculty common to Man and Beaft. But after what manner the aét of remembring is performed, isavery obfcure point. They commonly hold chat fenfi- ble objects do imprint certain images on che Brain or Organ of Senfe, even as in Wax the Pigture of che Seal is imprinted, which remains afcer the Seal is caken away. Whence they fay, {uch as have anhardand dry brain have an hard apprekenfion of things, but retain them longer; but they chat have ic moift and fofs, do ealily receive, but cannot fo Jong and faithfully recain.
Bur it is (peradventure) more advafed co confefs chat in chis point we are in the dark, chan co hold fuch things; efpecially if you weigh chat which Scaliger hath, in his 397. Gxercit. Set. 28. againft this Opinion. For if Memory be made afcer this manner, fince it isina
‘manner Infinite ; in what {paces can fo many Images be recained? in what feats can chey be
fo difpofed and ordered, chat we may draw our, rank, direct, every one apart, and alto- gether. Now why adry Brain is more apt for Memory, Scaliger brings a new caule in che place forecited, which may there be feen.
A iw of alc Memory.
Now chere are cwo acts of Memory, or ofehe remembring Faculty : the one of which ig Twa alts
called by the name of che Faculty, Memory 5 che ocher Remembrance. Memory is defined
of Memory
co be che iterated apprehenfion of a thing formerly known ; of a repetition of what hath 94,59;
been formerly perceived by the Senfes, juft as ic was perceived: For examples fake, if I am asked what’s che name of the King of France, I can fuddenly recite che fame, as I have fomtimes heard it named. But Remembrance is to go back from one or two things rerained
2
Remey
inthe Memory, cil we cal to mind fomwhat which we had asit were forgocten: as ifa man brance.
having forgotten a name, fhould go over al the Lercers of the Alphabet, and joyn every Con= fonanc coeach Vowel once, and{o make fingle fyllables, cil meeting wich clie firft fyllable thereof, he come thereby co cal comind ¢he whol name which he had forgotcen. And therefore more things are required to Remembrance than co Memory 5 and Memory #.come mon to the Bruits, buc nor Remembrance: For so Memory ic is enough that we apprehend “a ching again, afcer thefame manner as we received ic: but co Remembrance it is requilice, chat the ching be ficft forgotten, and chen that we hold another ching faft in Memory where- by we are brought apain toche knowledge of whac we had forgotten. Nor does it feem neceffary co hold any more internal Senfes. Some indeed do add the
_ FEGtimative, co difcourfe from that which is known to that which is unknown in patticulars,
ot co perceive chofe things which che Senfescould not perceive: for examples fake, when che Sheep {ees only che color, bignefs, and fhape of che Wolf wich its eyes, and yet does not for thefe things fly the Wolf, they conceive 1c neceflary to add an A:ftimative Faculty; whereby the Sheep difcernsthe enmity of che Wolf againét ic felf, which fals not under cog- nizance of the external Senfes. : Bue this Opinion feems not agreeable co truth: For the Faculcy of Reafoning and Dif-
m3 i
courfing is only inManalone; and for che apprehenfion of al fenfible chings, che Francie .
alone is fufliciene ; nor muft we bold a peculiar faculty which they cal /Effimativa, becaufle of the enmity, pleafure, hate, or pain which Animals perceive from fomechings. Var rhefe are nothing in the fenfible object i felf, but paffions and affections following upon che per- ception of a thing, and proceeding from a cescain proper natural lnftinét which is granted co living Creatures co ftir up che appetite, either to feek or fhun che objeét, For in the per- ception of al fenfible things, chefe three ghings do follow one another in crder: Parft che
) Kk perception
ere ane ne SEE | GSTS REEE EE Te
ia Book 7 Ofte Defng snl Moving Fanly. Chap
perception of a fenfible obje& under the proper notion of an objet: Secondly, pain or
ject as pleating or difpleafing, is not of the Senfe as Senfe, nor of the Fancy, nor do the famethingsfeem pleafing or difpleafing to al Living Creatures: bur this belongs to the Senfes as they are limited and determined by the proper form of every Creature 5 which be- caufe it is for the moft parc unknown co us, is by fome called natural Inftincét. Hence che fight ofa Wolf is painful co the Sheep, which yet itis noctothe Lyon, but rather adelighe if the Lyon be hungry.
This Queftion is by Zabarella chusexplained. But it may co the fame purpofe, yet peradvencure more cleerly, bethus briefly refolved. Inal living Creatures chere is not on- ly che Vegetative and {enfitive Sou! ; bur alfo as was faid before: a’ certain, peculiar {pecifick form, whereby every Living Creacure differs from others of another kind, as for Inftance whereby a Lyon differs from a Man, an Horfe, an Ox, &c. This in Man-kKind is the
yet it anfwers co the Rational Soul in Men, and is in {ome more noble, in others lefs noble ; andco this al thofe more noble operations, which cannot be referred co the Senfes, and are different in {everal Creatures, are to be afcribed.
And therefore their Doctrine is not crue ( among whom is Piccolbomineus, de fenfibus internis,cb. 11.) who hold chat ic ts one of the Offices of the Fancy, co ad fubnotions, and to jude che objects to be agreeable or difagreeable to che Creature 5 alfo chatitische princi ple of fundry admirable works, which irrationa! Greatuzes perform, as the Swallows ma= king her neft, the Spiders weaving her web , the Bees making her Hloney-comb, &c. For
’ co act fuch chings as are proper co their kind, but of a fuperior faculty, whereby every Brute is diftinguifhed from other Bruits.
whether Hence chat Queftion of fome may eaftly be decided, Whether Bruits are Rationalor no? bruit beafts That they are noc Rational is certain, becaufe they arenoc Men. Mean while as a.mannot gy patio- by his Fantalie, but by Reafon is differenced from other Living Creatures > {othe foul and as {pecifick form of every Bruit hath a proper faculty above che Fancy, whereby it differs from other Bruits. And hence chere 1s fo much variety inthe actions and works of Bruits, and fome are more ingenious and crafty than other fome; che Fox than the Hog, Ox, or Afs: cheBee chan the Fly : Gf which mateer he thas would rightly judg, lec him confider what is written of che Works of Elephants, Dogs, Silkeworms, Bees, é&c. and what dayly
accuts in Nature. ,
Chap. &. Ofthe Defiring and Moving Faculty.
w Aving treated of the knowing Faculty of the Senfible Soul: we are now to fpeak of the UB Apperite. And alchoughthereare fundry Appecites, and as Scaliger in Lib, 1. de
Plantis, weires, the Fire is {aid co have an Apperice to mount alofr, the leonco joyn it felf
ro the Load-ftone, a Plant co augment itsmozlture, an Horleto Vencry, a Man co blef-
fednefs; yet here we treat only of chat kind of Appetite which they commonly cal Senti- - . Pp)
Appetite m fomthing perceived by the fenfe. Ics object is fome good thing apprehended by Senfe, whe- cher it be really good, or only appear fo. For the Appetite tends toanend 5 atid every end hath in ic che notion ofgoodaels. Buralthough che Appetite isfaid to teek good, and fly fromevil: yecevil alfo belongs co the Appetite under the notion of good; for co fly evil
o~ feems to the Appetite a good ching. From che Appetite asits acts proceed the Paflions and Affections {o called.
* The Mo- The Appetite of Living Creacutes 18 foliowed by their voluntary motion; for unlefs the
tion of li- Creature had a pSwer to atcain what che Appetite defires, ic were a vain thing foriceo have
aoe al an Appetite; but Natuce doth nothing in vain, but bach granted a faculcy to Animals fprin~ ; G5
PINES Ng PEELE IED,
}
Rational Soul; and in Bruics alfo,ic isa peculiar foul, which though it be not a rational foul,
as inMan, co reafon is nota work of the Fancy 3: fo in Bruits’ ic is not the work of Fancy’.
what the cive ; which isa power of the Soul,whereby a Living Creature hath an inclination towards .
Nan)! | Peculiar | 5 tor #
i
be ing } | WU IS the i
tal fou, snobles
andate
¢ fl fenfion Ins, and ort ry 1 ah [
NS Thee
dlorne Ff
Manne FF
re! oul and
differs Bruits, Ox, or Ff confides i
at aay)
sorte
4 de {hy 1s vv 4
hl a) co ble
Any il’
L
SS ma a Re BT EY TT GR TTR SR ana gcomeesa eee
Chap. 6. Of the Touch.
ging from the Senfitive Soul, whereby they can cransfer either their whol Body, or fome pare thereof, from place to place. Now ro caufe this Motion, five chings are neceffary.