Book de ‘Mundo thus defined, Cap. 4. Haloisa ihining Circle, under the Sun, Moon, Circle a-

or other clear Star, appearing juft betwixt us and the Star, made by che Beams bout the thereof there refracted. For this fame Circle is made when che ftronger beams of *##s™eor fome Star fa! intcoacloud equally {pungy,which in regard of the Spunginefs can ins &°: deed pafs through, yet are refracted therein becaufe of the thicknefs of the Air, and being refraéed to even Angles they make aCrown. Now in the Center of che Crown che Star appears which is the caule thereof, becaufe the ftraighr Raies are
ftronger, and do more attenuate, Rarifie, and Illuminate the cloud. Now this kind of Crown appears moft commonly a nights. But the vehement heat of che Sun diffipates the Vapor, and makes it morexare, fo as it is unfit to refrac theSun- beams, by which means {uch a colored circle might arife. Now the Sky muft be calm, chat che Halo may befeen. Foraciloud moved and varioufly agitated can
neither retain an equal difpofition of parts, nor prefenct a certain color by the tefracted Raies.
Chap. 10. Of Fountains.
Uc that we may at laft finith our DoGtrine of Meteors, let us fpeak fomwhat in the laft place of Fountains and of the Sea,
The opinion of 4rifotle is com- Ariftorle monly known touching the original of Fountains: how thac Air and Exhalations bis opinion an the Caverns ofthe Earth do by the coldnefs of the place lofe their hear, grow of the ori: thick, and are curned into water : after the f
ame manner as inthe middle Region ginal. of in is i S Fountains:
of che Air, of vapors condenfed, Rain is ingendred; which afterwards de{cen- ding, and from many Places gathered into one, and there flowing out become a
Fountain: whofe continual running is maintained by new Air daily fucceeding in the Room of the former co avoid Vacuity, and afterwards changed into Water.
Bucin good deed if we underftand this Opinion of his concerning all Rivers, iris not true. Fer though we fhould grant that fome Water may be made of Vapors condenfed in the Caverns of the Earth, and that this may haply give beginning to fome Fountains: yet we cannot be brought to think, that {o much Water is this way generated, as to fupply all the Fountains and Rivers thar run upon the Earth, Far fince it is apparent,how great a Quantity of Airis required co makea little Wa. ter, and how much {pace thofe Vapors take up of which a little Rain js bred 5 where will there be fo many and fo large Caverns, wherein fo many Vapors, and fo much Air, can be colleéted for the produdtio Alfo a reafon of the perpetual Courfe of Rivers can hardly be rendred according to this opinion; feeing there is not alwaies the fame plenty of Vapors. Much lefs can a Reaton be given why many Fountains Iffue from the Cops of the higheft Moun- tains,
Let us therefore rather embrace that o
Pinion which is the moft ancient ofall, The tree which the Preacher in ‘Bcclef.1.v.7. comprehends in thefe words: 4 Rivers run into opinion. the Sea, and the Sea Flowe; notover; the Rivers return to the places from vebence they : came, that they may flow again; And let us hold with very many moft learned mep, that Fountains and Rivers as they run into the Sea, fo have they their Original from thence. For otherwife
the continual running of Rivers cannot be made forch, ynor acaufe be given, why the Sea receiving perpetually fo
gheft Mountains, And’ unlefs
Saag , : . ee " sn NAA . 2 a SF I ?
a aerate RO ee eS 28 Boox IV. Of Fountains. Chap. to. why rhe unlefs the Rivers hadcheir Original from the Sea, ic could not be but the Sea muft $ea fows run over. Forthe Rivers have fome proportion tothe Bulk of the Sea, feeing fome wokovers ofchem are poured with fuch violence and info great plenty into the Sea, that for the {pace of many miles together they afford in the Continent {weet Waters to the Mariners, amidft the Sea Waters. Nor canthe Suu or W inds confume fo much thereof as doth flow in; butrhe Sea repairs its detriment which it receives in com-
mon with the Rivers from the Sunand Wind, out ofthe Air, in the Nights. Alfo
many Fountains have many things common with theSea. Pliny writes in Nat.
Hilf}. Book 2. Ch. 103- of Jupiters Fountain in Dodona, that ic was alwaies dry at
Noon; and from thence the Water encreafed,- till at Mid-night ic overflowed, and
after chat ic deceafed by lictle and liccle. And herelatesin the fame place, How
that overagainft the River Timavus there was a {nial Mlandina che Sea, with hor
Fountains init which Ebd and flowed as the Sea. Nor doch Plato feem to have
been averie to this Opinion, whoin his Dialogue called Phedo writes, that there is
an hollow place in the Earch, into whichall Rivers run, and ouc of whichchey run
back again.
Why Fomr- Hencealfo a caufe may ealily berendred, why Fountains arife on the higheft
tains arife “OPS of Mountains. For fince the Globe of che Earth is round, and the ftore and
from the weight of the Sea Water is great: ic may ealily by its weight cthruft the wacer
tops of which flows through the veins of the Earth into the higheft Mountains. And whereas
bight the Fountain waters are not Sale, though che Sea isSale, and that they have greac
bails 2 diverfity in qualicies,fprings from hence 5 becaufe the Sea Water being ftrained
through many turnings and Veins in the Earth, lofes ics falcnefs, and receives
other qualities out of rhe Caverns of the Earth through which icruns and flows,
Now the difference of Fountains is great; for fome are ufed inftead of
drink, and, others for Phyfick. The former ate more fimple, che latcer more com-
ound,
Mineral : Metalline or Mineral Waters are thofe, which have in them the {pirits or fmal- warers left particles of Minerals, Metals, and Subcerranean Juyces, and differ from other what? ordinary potable Waters, in Smel, Taft, Color, and therefore are not ufed for drink, but only as Phyfick. Now thefe Waters are of twe kinds; fome have in them the vely Bodies of Minerals and Mineral Juyces, fuchas are Sale Waters, vi- triolaced Waters, Alum Waters, out of which the water being boiled away, Salt, Wicriol, and Alum aredrawn 3 nor may they conveniently be ufed as baths. But fome contain in them the Spirits of Metals, and thereforein regard of the very great active and ‘penetrating Faculty which chey have, they are Medicinally ufed, borh co drink andco Bache in; furch arethe hor Baths, the acid and brackifh Waters.
whence Now whence thefe Waters have their faculties, Authors are not agreed. Some metalline ‘conceive they have their Virtue from che Minerals and Merals through which they watts flow. Buc thisisnotlikely co be true. For fince the Bodies of Merals are fo com- eet pact, the Water which flows over them cannot {oeafily draw in their Forces; and
‘. d¢Mineraland Metalline Waters did thus gain their V irtues,we fhould have more of chem. Thisindeedistrue, chat Minerals, as Vitriol, Alum, and fuch like, are. corporeally mixed withthe Water; and therefore they are feparated from the Waters by boyling : Howbeic thofe Waters wherewith the Minerals are mixed on- ly Bodily; donot gain thofe Virtues which the true Mineral Waters have, out of which the Metalline Bodies cannot be feparared. But Meralscannot communicate rheit Faculties to Waters, only by the Waters running over them.
And Experience doth witnefs that many {prings breaking out of high Hills do bring out with chem Gold, Silver, Copper, iron, Tin, Lead, Lapis Lazuli, the Armenian Stone 3: and yetthey have no faculty of any of thofe Metals which they. catry and drive forth, buc may be drunk as ordinary Waters.
Moreover if thofe Waters fhould gain their Virtues only by wafhing the Metals in, their Courfe; che Virtues of chenext Vems through which they flow had been dong fince exhaufted: whereas neverthelefsthefe Waters have had che fame Vir- cues for many Ages together, and do ftijl recrainthe fame. Moreover out of thofe méralliné Waters no Metals canbe drawn forth, either by diftillation, boyling or
They are twofold.
nr
ann see eer
Se
2
halt
memes:
PONE
pany other way. «
are iro whele faltwa TAS 4 aS
WAL ¥ p ine Whe the|
tno fate: upon when t
tighe(t tore dnd le Water Whereas ve prege rained Teceives
1 flows
head of
ECs
{mal
mother
sled for have it ters, vi ay, ball is But ry great y uted, brackifh
; Some
ich they
2 ore Ot like, ale From the xed Ol: e, out
aunicate |
Hillsdo J
aul, the
pich they
yeralsit
iad bet?
ri ame Vi of thst
ig
Kot,
2f0 com: fl eg and |
a
a SS ~
| Chap. to. Of Fountains.
Moft likely therefore itis, chat chofe waters take their Virtues fromthe firft mate _
cer ofthe Metals, whichisa fubrile, Fluid, and {pirituots fubftance, not yet com- pacted nor coagulatedintoa folid Metalline Body. For thefe {pirics ofthe Metals are mixed withthe waters, and communicare all their Virtues-co them. Foras out of Vitriol, Sulphur, Yea and Metals themifelves, by force of Fire {pirits‘are drawn, which being mingled with water do communicate their Virtues thereunto: even fo Nature alfo, inchat great Circulatory the Earth, in the generation of Me- tals produces {pirits, which being mixéd with neighbouring Waters and fuch as run by, dobeftow their Virtues upon them.
Nor dotha lefs difficulty occurre in fearching the Caufeof hot Baths, Some at-The cause tribuce the Caufero the Sunsheat, others cto winds gathering hot Exhalations into of the beat. one place: but wichout any probability. Others chink they have their heat from #414
the Lapis Calcarius or Chalk Stonefo called. But neither is this probable. For the Laps Calcarius doth not heat water unlefs it be firft reduced into Lime by Fire. And fuppofe that chofe Stones were Calcined by the Fire under ground, yet could not that heat be perpetually continued. For after that the Lime-{tone is once foaked in Water, it willafterward no more become bor.
Others therefore do more probably deduce the caufe of the heat of Baths from the Fire which is in the Bowels of the Earch, and thatthe Waters do either run through'rhofe hor placesunderground, or chat in the way they arejoyned tothe Fire and flame, or that chey run fo long near or over the Chanels of Fire, as to grow hot thereby 5 or whilesthe Earth is made hot by fubterranean Fires, many Vapors are from thence liftup, which at laft infome wide place turn to water, and fome where or other feektheit way out. Which they declare by this example, Lec fale water be mixed with Potters Clay, and make a round Globe ofthe laid Clay, holiow within, whereinto puta Pipe, and ftop the hole with Clay whereinto the Pipe is pur; then put the Globe upon the Fire, with the Pipe from the Fire. Whenthe Globe Waxeshor, hot Sale Water will flow out of the Globe through
*the Pipe.
Howbeit, fome there are, whothough they allow this manner of generation in many places; Yet feeingin all places where there are hot Baths there are not figns of any Subterranean Fire; and moreover there are Baths found, whofe heat vanifhes away, ifyou diga little to findtheir original: wherefore they conceive it proba- ble, thatfome hot Baths are caufed by cwo or more metalline Waters, whichare coldtothe touch, of their own Nature, but upontheir meeting together they grow hot by the Repugnancy of Spirits. An example whereof isfeen in {pirics of Vitriol
nd Oyl or Sale of Tartar; alfoin Aqua fort and Tartar, Butter of Antimony and Spirit of Nitre: whichcthough tothe couch they are cold: yet if they are mixed.
_they grow hot; andthat infucha meafure, as iffuddenly you pour Oyl-of Tartar
upon Aqua fortis wherein Iron hath been diffolved, it willnort only boy! butcake flame: which alfo willhappen, if you fuddenly pour a quantity’ of {pirit of Nitre upon Butcer of Antimony fo called. And therefore they conceive ict rational, thac when two fprings confifting of a mixture of {uch Repugnant {pirits do meer and mix cogerher, thatthe water fhould by that means wax hot.
Now concerning the Sea, Authors are wont in the Doétrine of Meteors to handle two queftions principally, one concerning the Saltnefs of the Sea, another tou-
ching its Ebbing and flowing. Touching the Seas faltnefs the opinions of the ANnci- rhe cafe ents were many, which Ariftotle refutes in his 2. Meteor. Cap. 3. We in this point of the Seas follow Ariffotle, and hold that the Sea water is not Salt of ics own Nature, but chac Salcne/s-
ic becomes {uch by the admixture of fome Salt thing; which alfo is feen in Ley. Which alfo may be gathered tromthat which 4riftotle in the forecited place, and Pliny in Nat. Hift. Lib. 31. Cap. 6. deliver, how that hollow balls of Wax lec down by Nets into the Sea, and empty veflels ftopped, they gather into chemfelves fiefh Water. For many Earthy Salc Exhalations do both fal into the Sea in fhowers, and flow thereinto with Rivers: alfo che Sun exhals out: of the Seache moifter and{weeter parts of che Water, leaving behind the more heavy and Earthy. And therefore on thetop theSea is falter, then towards the bottom, becaufe the’ Sun doth moreexhale the fweet parrs ouc of the Surface: alfo the Sea is falter in the Sunimer then inthe Winter, and more inthe Eaftern and Southern parts ellen \
|). elfewhere, becaufe in thofe places the Sun beams are ftronger,
Vv As
2 PME EN A EEE D,
fiowing of the Sea bow ¢ak- fea ?
ys when |
Chap.
i io.
Asto the Ebbing and flowing of theSea, there is very great difficulty, chiefly
For in fome places there 1snofuch motion, or it isf{carce difcernable: in other places it is fo great, thac vaft fhores lie bare, andthere are places to go over dry, which were before covered with Water: in fome places the motion is flow, in other places fo quick, that in che {pace of an hour or two many miles will be covered with the Flood, and as many bared by the Ebb, fothat men can hardly run faft enough co fave them- felves from the fury ofthe Tide comingin. Nor doth chis motion keep the fame timeinall places. For che moft parc, it flows fix hours and Ebbsas many. Yet in fome places is flows feven hours and Ebbs five: in others, it flows four hours and Ebbs eight.. In which Variety neverthelefs there is this regularicy, chat bing and flowing rogether laft but twelve hours.» In very many places the greatelt floods are at full moon; yet infome places they happen at new Moon. Touching which variety of this Motion, you may read in Cardan, Lib.2. Subtil. p.168 Scaliger in Evercit. 52. Cafpar Contarenus in Lib. 2. de Elementis. Collegium Conimbric. de Met. Tr. 8. Cap. 4.
Now touching the Caufe of this motion there are fo many feveral opinions, chat you can hardly tel which toaffent unto. Wherefore not without Caufe F.C. Scq- Liger in his 52. Bxercit. thus writes: “My common {aying which 1 ufe every wmbere, That we know nothing, is moft feafonable in this difquifition touching ibe Motion of the Sea. And a liccle afcer. Who veill not fay that Philofopby ber felf can but ftutier inthis point ? When he fhall fee almoft tn the fame fhoars, thatitis bigh-vater at Calicut when the Moon w#full, and at the fhoars of the River indus, wben the ‘Moonis new. Thiris a point of fubtilty which thou ougbteft to bawve fearcht into, O Catdan; which if thoy canfit unfold unto us, Iwill confent that thou be counted the god of Philofopbers. You xill askme, vobat fay you to the matter ¢ Le Idid nothing but expect to bear from you. ‘But (eeing you appear not in this Point, I dare not fo much aa expect my felf. And ther- foreiffo greataPhilofopher doth here confefs his own Ignorance, what can we promife after him fave to reckon up the opinions of {ome Authors.
Fulius C efar Scaliger therefore attributes the force hereof to the Moon, and di-
vides half the Heaven which is curned about intwelve hours, into two Quadrants, -
and chat during the one the Waters do follow che Moon to the middle of Heaven fix hours, and as many more they fall back, being driven by the repulfe of the fhoars. But whether the encreafe of rhe Sea be caufed by rarefaction, or by addi- tion of new fubftance, he dares not determine; only he faies, the Sea Waters do follow che Moon, andthat they are fufpended thereby as the Iron by the Load- ftone. And herein moft Authors are agreed, that the Morion of the Seas Ebb and flow depends upon the Moon, and that it is terminated intwelve hours. And that becaufe the Moon doth not alwaies rife inthe fame place, nor isalf{o alwaies at the famie time carried above the Horizon, therefore the Ebbing and flowing dcth noc obferve the fametume. Now that this motion depends on the Moon, befides whac hath been faid, this feems alforo bea fign, wz. ihat the Flood comes every day an hour later; becaufe the Moonreturns to the fame place in abour the {pace of twenty fivehours. Now Scaliger in the fame place endeavors to render a Reafon of that variety, of {wiftnefs, and Ceffation in fome places, and of ocher things feen in this Motion; fromthe various Scituation of places, the highnefs and lownefs of the fhoars, the greatnefs and narrownefs of the Sea, the even Plainnefs of its Courfe, or the many turnings, windings and ftraits, andthe Natureand depth of the bottom.
Gontarenus conceives, that when the Sea flows the waters are rarified and fo fwel and are onall fides poured outro the fhores; and that in the Ebb the Waters are condenfed and contracted into themfelves and{o leavethe fhoars; and that thera- xefaction proceeds from Heat, the force of which heat depends upon the Moon. And to explain the time of this motion, he divides the Heaven into four equal parrs, with che two greateft Gircles, the Meridian and right Horizon, upon which when che Moon afcends towards the Meridian, the water {wels andis poured abroad; for then the beams of the Moon have greateft force: but when the Moon 1s moved from che Meridian to the occidental Horizon, the water flows back again, and gathers it fel! into it felf, becaufe of the weaknefs of the Raies of the Moon. But why,
the Eb-’
Batt pout itd Wa led Sea
Shs La i ee HER he
| f |
y 4 ge
t itt Canny Dut he then Lies Body, dire | Cardy | at | leak ha? Othe]
~ >
Uf
Chap. 1.
whensrhe Moon is moved from the Qccidenta | parc of the Horizon
(Of Fath, Be
Caufe isto him unknown,
> Unfothat part orizon, the Water fhould iwelagain, and es from the.Subterranean Me
tidian to the himfelf, nor can. fee any
why. in fome
gitfelf into che inmoft parts of the great violence flow from all the fhoars For there where the, Sea em
plies its Waters it is depreffed and fal
Sy, that.the other he Caverns. of the Earth being fil~ according to the Largnefs of the oft, and afterward fetcles by des tly forfaken, an addition alfo of Waters
le bofome of the Sea is filled with Wa-
« oe e Gs icy > {Ope AD
et of the Meridian which is beneaththe H
Bi afterwards decreafe when che Moon go
O quick oriental Horizon, he faies he can find no probable, caufe od, and made out by others, Alfohe profeffes the
them, places. thereis no Ebbing or flowing of rhe Sea. be fame Taurellus holdsthus: The Sea disburthenin : Ye Barth, . is the caufe. that the Waters wich “Sand - LOund about corhat Gulph orinlet.
the Bh. | ato the Cavities of rhe Earth, there alfo
“et || Waters may ftom all parts creep thither, which(t ‘ching led) being gathered from all fides into one place
Scaler Sea and the force of the Waters. it is raifed al
Wimbry, grees, andreturns tothe fhoars forme
being made fromthe Rivers. Thusthe who
5 that ters, cil che upper Cavities of the
Sy f| the Sea, cofwallow up after the forefaid manner.
| edeg,
I tig
at whey sobs hs oe oe he os oe Ms eo oh ot le is a ok ltt GAD OK OEOXS OX CROLOZ: OL O86: if thoy ek ee et Le oo. Sr ee Yr ee eae ‘Si ly Fl
ae | ; a ya THE
1 We \ | adrants, a6 Book i Bo iD
|
. 1 an folv cain nothing inthem befides cist bur herein they are miftaken. phere 4 then that the clo) faies rightly i pall Body, although it is no hit different fromthe four jl" Cardan for beleevi eft HY = that rhe Load-ftone can dr thers ut why, | ations nor were they
qiel
- -Of the Elements,
Of Minerals and «Metals.
firfttobe known; that man
in his Brerci
Elem
freak, their Seminary forms and Vir
ry
Soul, Casfor example
Meteots, we are next to difcoufe of Bodies
Chap. 1. Boe beh hee Freer StL Oe, 2S* ed. Now Bodies perfectly ea SEAS lefs, others living, BAe i] tT? 4 des Bs A iets word all thin ‘ ay A - j aly > &2t9 ph. SB. ae ftood, aS appears by t 2 OLkO2a” Book. Late Wricers call them in e abe G) ao) Se } ar? B Pars Hb Bde Paes che ip ob caufe che Quarries and Pits CSSbe penne Mines. Now
lements, and t
For tation 1.37. Seé. 2 ents.
aw Iron.
The lifelefs are Metals.
thei£t operations are y can be deduced fromche Elements alone.
Of Earths:
mixed are of rwo forts:
he preface of Diofcorides
ar
RELELELE LOL: Db Sad bd g ONS 5 (OX. GAO La om
eo ror re cree Ts
perfectly mix.
fome life-
For by that gs bred in and digd out of the Barth
are under- to his Fife
general Minerals: be. whence they are digd are termed
concerning the Nature of all chefe kind of things, this is y men conceive, that thefe Minerals and Metals con-
hat they are only fimply mixt bodies ;
o. That every forme of a pe
that of an Adamant) Ws a fift Andin his Exercitat. tor. Set. 14. h hg; that only by the mixture of the
th
> and by thofe forms chey are perpetua-
te) *)
of a far other Nature, And therefore Scaliger
rfettly mixs Nature far
¢ reprehends Elements it can come to pafe For even thefe things have alfo, tues, put inco themb made afrer the Creation of the worl but were created by God
at I may fo
y Godat cheir firft @re- d; by the various confin®
»
ie
/
Earth being empried chey require mote Water of
whence Minerals have their forms ?
Oe kaa a eee eae hin ey ge ee Te ae Ch 132 Boox VY, Of Earths. Chap. I; “ ted; and from thofe forms proceeds not only the formmg of their Bodies, (which i isno lefs admirable then in fome plants,) andctheir wonderful Virtues, but alfo |) ah their Propagation and Perpetuation. For the form of Minerals and Metals can mul- wl tiply itfelf; and cthofe Bodies have in their Creation a power given them by God ie to'multiply themfelves in a fitting matter and a convenient place. Which’even [4 jig Nicre dothteach us. For though out of Nicrous‘Earch the Saltbeonceextratted )9 i
by boiling: yet ouc of the Mocher of Nitre, as they callir, new Nitreisgenerated; | Ay
and that noc once only, but very often; which our Salt-peter mennowadaiesknow [fy { very well. Nor was ic unknownto the Ancients, as appears trom Pliny, B.31. JY te Cap. 10. where he writes, that the froth of Nitre was made, whenthe Dew had | Si fallen, the NitreMines being Pregnant, but having notas yet brought forch. By {J vel reafon of which form it comes alfoto pafs, that chough inthefe Minerals thereis a | at mutation in their exrernal form, io that they are reduced into Pouders, or Liquors, i
or Glaffes: yet they nevertheleis eafily rerurne into a Metalline Body 5 becaufe My their incernal form continues fafe and found, as May befeeninMercuty, Antimony, only Lead and other things. Andcherefore when the Queftion is touchingthe Genera- [J 4.
tion of Minerals and Metals; icis not enough to have recourfe to thdfe Vapors cont mentioned in che Doétrine of Meteors, but there isneed of more determinate and Thol opecifick principles. | or Now whatthefe are, cannot in general be wel explained. For there is great *) variety of Minerals, which muft firft be propounded. Now they are by others ‘79 ii. otherwife divided. Ithink ficinthis placetoretain the divifion of Albertys ‘Mag- | rit
nus, who makes three kinds of them, Stones, Metalls, and Middle Natur’d Miner- va
als; by which Name he comprehends all the reft,- which havea cercain middle Na- : "
ture becwixt Stones and Merals. sii
And that we may begin with che laft kind, it contains many things under it; a Earths, Stones, Sulphurs, Bicumens, and fome things mixc of thele, coming | i nearer the Nature of Mecals. As for whac concerns Bartbs, we donot thereby un- i derftand the fimple Element, nor yet that Earth which is every where plowed u He
by Husbandmen, and which is fit to fow Corn and to fet Herbs in: which uouok y
it benot fimple, yet it comes nearer to the Nature of che Element of Earth, then ii,
the Mecalline Earths do. Although here alfo is great variety, and fome ground in partakes liccle or nothing, another parcakes much ofa Metalline Nature. Now ind thatmany grounds partake much of Minerals doth hereby appear, in that when : they are burnt they fend forth a Sulphureous Vapor, as Metals and Minerals are a wont co do. But by earch in this place,we underftand a Body digd out of the ground, | ths which parcakes of a Minera! Nature,and which (water being thrown onit)dillolves, | . i
and turnsto Ciay. ‘ S Potters . Among thefe kind of Earths the moft vulgar is Argilla and Potters,Clay 5 which ah Clay and isaClammy Earth, and breaks not when it is molded, nor chops when it is dried. i : Argila, There is alfo great variety hereof, according to which the Vellels differ, which are hc IN
made not only for Kitchinufes, but for other Houfe occalions, and for the ufe of Gold-Smichs that melt Metals, and for Chymifts. For of every kind of Clay all Fort
Veffels cannot be made, and one fort will endure the Fire better then another : hati
alio one fore wil be molded more delicate, thin and fine then another. Whencethe Mack, excellency of Potcers Clay is eftimated. | Menack
Marga, Afcer Argilla andthe feveral forts of Potters Claies comes ‘Marea or Marle. Now aut Mare. thisis a Fat Earth, being asit were the fatnefs ofthe ground, and thenamecomes | a fromthe High-Dutch, and’tis called Steinmarck.as if you wouldfay the Marrow | Moc
of Stones; andic is found fhucup amongft Stones. Now there are fundry kinds | ‘ul: thereof; Pliny reckons fix, White, Red, Dove coloured, Clayifh, Sconey, and /@ Veda Gravelly. And ofeach of thefe there are again many differentforts. ” Lis found in’ rear,
maby patts of Germany, and amongthem the “Marle of Rochlich is moft famous; | Chy ai which they ufe in the ffead of Bole-Armeniack. ¢C| Mf
To Earths allo belongs Cretg Chalke,by which name alto Earths are underftood, Mas char
ar Which areufedto Polifh, Clenfe, Rub, Paincand Colour. There are Le
e Vp
many kinds [gm Ytpaed
thereof, yet becaufe ic is chiefly digd up in the Ifland of Creta, therefore all forcs |] Mt
hove borrowed theic Name from ic. , a tue,
2 ( “There are alfo many other kinds of Earth, which are uled partly by Phyficians, d Malt,
«) pattly by other Mechanical Artifts, which differ in Rarity or Spunginels, in Clam- © There }
a nee aa a
minefs,
b Re may, Ca
: (Which Nally | mule | MOY God | Ich even AlTadted icrated. know
Bay, | Lew had rth, by Eig g *lQUors, Decaule itimony, (ener > Vapors Mate and
1S otear Y others 1 ‘tus Mag. ‘Miner. ddle Ny.
ndet * coming eby Wa owed up ‘though th, then ¢ ptound Now at when tals ate gt ound, ilfolves,
; which isdeied, yhichare. |) heute ot
¢ comes Martow } ey kinds ‘4 ney, aut bi found fa i
Of Earths. Boox \.
minefs, in colour, caft andufe. Andasto their Medicinalufe; fome binde cool and dry, asthe Eretrian, Samian, Lemnian, Armenian: fome with their aftrigti- on havea certain bicing quality, either from Nitre, as the Chian, Selinufian, Ci- molian, and Pignits, which are Abfterlive or Scouring; or from Alum, as the Melian Earths, andtheClay of many Baths, which are good for the Gout and Ma- lignant Ulcers: or they have in them fome quantity of Bitumen and of Sulphur. Alfo chere are fome Earths which give a black Tincture fit to make Inke, as Calcitis, Myfi, Sori, and Copperas. . 3 The moft renowned among thefe Earths are Terra Lemnia and Bole-Armeniack. The former is fo called from the Ifland wherein it is found.
pie
1D Tervd Alfo icis called Terra Lemnia
Sigillata or fealed Earth, fromthe Seal imprinted thereupon. Galen avers chat Sigil/ata.
he faw with his own Eyes a certain hill near the City Epheftzades, wherein no plant grows, thefoil being as ic were bnrntup, ofa red colour, out of whichthe Earth is digd. Alfothat there were three differences thereof : that one was ofared colour; but not ftaining the hands, being the moft excelent of all, which the Prieft mighc only touch, asafacredthing; afd he fealed ic with Diana her fignet, which was ‘the Picture ofa Goat: the other wasred Oker which did colour the hands of the touchers ; the third was ufed to {cour Cloathes, becaufe of irs clenfing faculty. Thofe who at this day fail to the Ifland of Lemnos, do fay that itis gathered inthe Dog-daies in a moorifh ground, that itis figned witha certain Seal and fent tothe great Turk, andthatcherefore it is hardtocomeby, and not publickly fold. Buc thefe fealed Cakes have not all che markes of the old Terra Lemnia. Now the old Terra Lemnia had an excellent Faculty to refift the Plague and Malignant Dif- eafes.
Bole-Armeniack or Earth of Armenia was brought out of that part of Armenia potecay.
which is next to Cappadocia. fine powder likeas Chalk will, being held inthe Mouthic would mele like Butcer: it was drying and binding; and therefore it was ufed for the Dyfentery, the loofnefs of the Belly, and {pitting of Blood; for Catarrhes, and Ulcers of the Lungs; alfo it was good againft the Plague.
Moreover there are many other Earths, Eretria, Samia, Selinufia, Chia, Cimo- lia, Pignites, “Melia, Rubrica, and Sinopica, Precious Earths fo called moft of them from the places where they were digged. Of which fee Pliny Book 35.Ch.16; and 17.
And indeed the Ancients ufed fuch Earths as were then known tothem, and weré brought out of neighbouring places; and feeing we have hardly now any certain notice of many of them, andthe Quarries of the Ancients by injuries of timeand the change of Empires are either unknown or exhaufted, and every where in other places and in our Countries the like Earths are found: it is better co afcribe the Vir- tues of .thefe Earths to che kind then the place, and to value every one according co its own Nature, and to try the Vertues of Earths by Experi- ments. a
For there isin Hungaria Bolus Tockavienfis, which Crato in his Epiftles tels us that ic will melt in the Mouth like Butter, and hath all the figns of true Bole-Arme-
It was of a pale colour, would quickly be reduced to meniack.
Bolus 3
niack, and is very good againft Catarrhs 5 and he prefers it far before the BoleeAr- enfis.
meniack which we have at this day, yea before that which was brought che Empe-
roroutofTurky. Wefaies he found by experience that ic holp many of the Plague
at Vienna. | | Moreover there is the Terra Sigillata of Silefia, which is preferred before the
Terra Lemniaand the Surkith Earths which we have at this day. For itis now pro- Sigilata ved by many experiments, thatit hathrare Virtues againft the Plague, Malignant of Siefe,
Feavers, the bitings of Venemous Beafts, the loofnefs, and the Bloody flux. The Chy mifts call it AxungiaSol. The finder out thereof was Fobannes Montanws a Siefian, who publifheda Writing or Treatife concerning the fame, how chat Gold was changed by the ordination of God and Provident Naturesinto a moft excellent prepared Medicine, efpecially good againft Poifons, no lefs then thofe Medica= ments which are made with great Coft of Hungarian Gold. And if chat be true, I wonder why icis diffoled rather with Spirit of Virriol then Spirit, of Salc. K
. » There is alfo found another abous Lignitium and Gold-berg in Silefia, which the
Chymitts
}
\
Tockavi-
Terra
V>
»
DANS AC ES Tn APE RNP mS HER
Bs:
LETS,
IRE OPO Ge
34 Boox Vv.
eee RS accep ae re SS a — ea — =
hi ae a 4S i ; il i ie a; i iit Wid #9) MM i i tS)
‘ 6
Of Salts. Chap. 2. ‘Chyntifts term Axwngia Lune: and inmany other places other fiich Earths are found. And therefore, asl faid before, thefe kind of Earths are nor fo muchto be
elteemed accordingtothe places, as their own peculiar Natures. | And becauilethey |
have all their Virtues from Minerals and Metals, when we would judg of the Vir- tues of any fore of Earth, we mult confider with what Mineral or Metal ichath affi- nity. And now we proceed to other things of this kind.
Chap. a OF nalts.
S concerning Sale, there are many kinds thereof. Firft,:There is common Sale: which again is threefold: digdSalc, Sea-Salc, andthat which is boiled out of Salc Fountains... Now what che original of Sale is, is nor fo manifeft. ?Tis com- monly faidto be engendred of a watry and thick Earthy Juyce mingled together. Buc this doch not fumiciently explain the matterPnor is the caufe rendred why ic is found only infomecertain places. The more probable cpinion and moft likely
is, that Salt as other minerals and Metals, was atthe beginning of the W.orld crea- - |
ted in the Racth, wherein it ftil Preferves and Multiplies it elf, by a faculty placed therein by theCreator. For if the fimple Elements, info many Mutations and Viciflitudes of Sublunary things, do preferveand multiply chemfelives, and fo re- maine enrire, from the beginning of the world to this very day : I fee no caufe, why we fhould deny the fame power tothefe Bodies. For that which was before faid of Nitre, istrue of commonSalt. And therefore it isnot bred inail places, but in thofe only where thac fpiric,(or Seminary principle, if | may fo cal ir,) is prefents as Nitre is bred only in thac Earth, in which there is the Mother of Salc-Perer. And from the principle of Salt, inthe Caverns ofthe Earth, where there is no great ftore of moifture, Sal Foffilis or digdSaltisbred. And according as that matter which by the Principle andipiric of Sale is coagulated intoa Body, is purer or impurer : fo this digd Sale is bred purer or impurer, and fome is blackifh and dark colourd, otherfome is white and tranfparent like Chriftal, which is called Sal Gem.
But if che faid principle of Sale be mixed with much hunidiry and Waters fli- ding through the Caverns of the Earth ; Salt Fountains, out of which Salt is boiled do thence arife. . Some indeed conceive that Sale Fountains arife fron: the Sea, But the Sea Water doth not contain fo much Salt init as many Sale Fountains do; which experience dothteach Nor ler any man fay, chat the Waters whilethey flow through the Caverns of the Earth do exhale, and are confumed by the under-
round Heat, and that fo {ome Fountains come to be Salter then the Sea. For if ~
this were fo, the Salt Fountains which are farther from the Sea fhould contain more Salt inthem then thofechat are nearer, which neverthelefs agrees not with Expe- rience. Others conceive that Salc Fountains proceed from waters ‘which run through the Caverns of the Earth containing much digd-Salt inthem. Bur, though this cannot beabfolutely denied; yet the queftionis whence that ground Sale hath its Originaland Durabilicy. For if Fountains were made Salt only: “by their Wa- ters flowing through ground-Salc, they would noc laft fo many Ages; bur the ground Salt-being melted into the Waters would be confumed, bur efpecially thofe Fountains would not alwaies afford alike quantity of Salt, fecing the Sale being melted by the running by of neighbouring Waters would be wafhedaway. Ther- forte we muft of neceflicy add the Spiric of Salt, the primary principle of the Genera- tion of Salt.
r
Sea-Salt is made of the Sea warcer, the Heat of the Sun confuming the Watry_ | 1
moifture.. And if che Heat of the Sun be not fufficient, it is perfected by Fire: anc to make it whirer and purer, ‘itis purged by Solucion and Coagulation. There arg
alfo certain Lakes, which by rhe Heat of the Summers Sun, curn to Salt, whence’ |
we have the Tarencine and'Phrygian Sale.
The ufe of Lhe chefule of Salv is toSeafon Meats, and alltheSpicein the world will not
mjke meat pleafant, withourSalt. It Heats, Dries, Scours, and confumes fuper-
Zatous moifture, and therefore preferves from putrefaction. And although ic des fends from Putrefaction, yetis it not good in putrid Feavers ; not only becaufe it is . |]
Hot, but becaufe ic dries too much. \ Befide
Ne
if
cul dot the chet bet Aph a(t) ald hing ful Init ly of
pou calf they Feave mation Uap.
Fou Decay Dutid | Medioy dng, And ay Mans {| rides Pee Tenow
| ae uy
— a | LE CAPER ea Kear Deo Ss ee SHON BOR Ve Sat ~_ Befide Salcufed in food, there is another ground-Salt, called Armeniacus ov Ammoniac be Ammoniacus, caVd fo from Ammos the Sand, becaufe itis found ander che Sand Satt. they congealed inco plates, inthe Cyrenaick Countrey. It was ofa blackith color, ang Vie | il)-tafted. And therefore it is now adaies out of ufe ; and Sal Gem is ufedin fread haf | thereof. Butcthac Sal-Armeniack which is commonly now fo calledy and which | theChymifts ufe, ismadeby Arc. It is made of five parts of Mans Urine and one part of common-Salc, and halfa parc of the Soor of Wood, boiled together til the | moifture be confumed. That which remains is {ublimed, diffolved again and coa- culated. This Sale isextreamly volatile, andrenders all fixt things volatile, and there- a fore Chymifts ufe ic in the Solution and Sublimation of Metals. And in Plants and Milt; |" Animals, fince cheress found both a fixt and Volatile Sa lt, che Volacileis frequent- Ottof | ly by the Chymifts called Sal Armeniac. Concerning Sale fee Pliny Lib. 31. ‘Nat. Ons | Hift. Cap. 7. and 9. and Diofcorides, Lib. 5. Cap. 85. : ete, | Thirdly, Nicre alfo it felf belongs to the family of Sales, and itis bredina Pe- aVjrre or hy t | culiar kind of the Earth, upon Walls and Rocks, where ic {prouts out like whice Salt Petre. likely | down, andtherefore’tis cal’d Sal-Petre Salt-Petre, that is Salt ofche Rock. Alfo Uctea-_ | they relate that it breeds of ir felf in Afia, foric drops down in Caves and is ga- plvel | thered and dried afterwardincthe Sun. The Lydian is the beft, whichis knownto isan) be true by its lightnefs and crumbling, and color almoftPurple. This fortis called tote) Apbronitrum, as if you would fay, the froth of Nitre. Alfo it was bred of its own ‘,Wiyf) - accord in Macédoma among the Ancients, by the Coagulation ‘of Water, and they fda | ¢ald it Chalafticum, being white and pure, and the likeft co Salt. By Art and boi- bitin) Ling ir is extragted out of che Nitrous Earths. Now this fame Salt is of a wonder- ida; ) ful Nature. For to light ic appears white; tothe touch cold: yet it contains iak | ita Spirit exceeding Red, Hot, and extreamly apc totake flame, and perfe¢t- tot | Ly ofa Fiery Nature. Ali the ftrengcth of Gun-pouder proceeds from Nitre, only which Lrim-ftone makes it {peedily take fire: yet becatife all the Sulphur is not inflamed jer: || AS it Were ina moment, but fucceffively and by parts; but Nicce after ic hath once ourd, taken Fire fuddenly and forcibly burns all away, (and becaufe being fet on Fire it ed Sl}) =. cannot be contained in the Room wherein it was before; and befides the Nitre and
Sulphur areas it were Enemies ; ) hence comes that fame thundering force of Gun- tsfix|, pouder. The Chymifts take Nitre wel purified before and purifie it yer further, by Sa Prise
boiled | cafting into it when it ismelted over the Fire divers parcels of Sulphur3 and chis aelle. 16 Sey they call Nitram Preparatum and Sal Prunella, becaufe itis of rare ufein burning indo} |) = FFeavers, .efpecially chofe wherein the I ongue and Throat is inflamed, which infla-
erty mation is called Prunella. Concerning Nitte fee Pliny, in Hift. Nat. Book 31. unde. F - Chap. 10. For Fourthly, Of the Family of Salts is alfo Alum, called by the Greeks Stupteria, amore}, Becaufe of irs vehement aftringency. For all forts of Alum do Heat, Bind, purge Eye |) Pucrid Ulcers, dry up moifture, quel proud flefh, and therefore ic is ufed in many iimm|) Medicaments ordained for Ulcers. It is foundin its mines, andis extracted by boi- hough |} ding. And where Alum is bred, there commonly is found Vitriol and Sulphur. Jrhab|| And asit is boiled ic contains much fatcinefs in it, which cannot be feparated but by. Vir }} ans Urin, which being poured thereon, it makesic fallco the bottom. ‘Diofco~ juethe || 7#des reckonsthree kinds thereof; Digd-Alum, Round Alum, Liquid Alum. There Kinds of arehow more kinds known, “The firft is Alumen Ru peum or Roche, Rock-Alum or Alum:
_Roche-Alum; which Greek word ‘Rocha ferves the greateft parc of Europe to fig-
nifiea Rock, as Scaliger faith in Exercit. 104, Sef. 6. Alfo they call ic Ice-Alum nav t) Pecaufe’tis congealed inthe form of Ice > andRoman Alun. This is moft ufed in ae l ftead of the Natural forts, and is made inthe Roman Territory, ofa certain Stone ‘wey burot. Scaliger, in the place forecited, fhews all themanner of the work. Then
cgi}, there is Alumen Saccbarinum, made up hike a Sugar-Loaf, of Roche: Alum, the
| Whites of Egs and Rofe-water, for Women to beautifietheir Skins. lumen § quam-
“i el, Mmofuim or Alumen Scajole Cfor Scajaand Scalia fignifie a Grutt or Scale; Scaliger
went | Exercit. 104. Sett. 7.) tis made of a Scaly Scone, tranfparent like Glafs, which ,
being burne divides into plates, and grows whice like Plafter. Moreover there is
_ atore of Alum made of Lees of Wine, burntinthe Fire. Alfo Alumen Gatinur, || made of the Afhes of che Plant Kuli or Soda. But thefe are rather Artificial ands
y,
i ee | Compound Salts of Plants, fuchas Chymifts do at this day make, of all forts of 49) ‘ Plantg. \ | \
ae ; | | : / :
Aluwee
oe
i Rie SE fanaa
136 Boox V. Of Bitumen and Sulphur, Chap fae
Plants. Tothe kinds of Alum is referred alfo Lapis Amiantos, Alumen Plumofum, Fetherd-Alum3; which neverthelefs is not properly Alum, nor hath ic the fame fa- culties with other forts of Alums.. It grows in Mineral Guarries, Interwovenasic were amongft the ftones; being fo fixt that it will bear the Fire;whence tome term it Linum Vivum. Concering Alum fee Pliny in Nat. Hift. Lib. 35. Chap 11-
Fifcly, Amongft the Salts chereis Vitrioi fo called from its Glaffie clearnefs, and by the Greeks Chalcanthon, by the Latins Atramentarium Blacking, becaufe Skins and other things were therewich died black. This kind of Salt is of an admirable,and perfectly fiery Nature,and contains in ic a burning Sulphur; and therfore it performs more then other Salts, inthe diffolving, colouring and generating of Metals; and the fpiric thereof changes Iron.into Copper. Now it contains init two fpirits, the firit white, of great and known ufe in Phyfick; the other red and inthe Earth ac laft remains the fixed Salt. Now Vitriol is eicher Natural, Congealed in the Ca- verns of the Earth, or dropping therefrom 3 or elfe Artificial, which is boiled out of certain Vicrolous Stones, or out of a rufty kind of Earth, or out of an Afh- colour’d Earth, fpeckled with green and red Spots, which neverthelefs makes no difference in che effence ofthe ching: evenas Salt digd cut of the Earth, and that boiled out of Sale Fountains differ nor effenctially. CUcher differences are rather to be obferved, whence alfo the difference of virtues depends. For alchoughall Vi- triol do parcake of che Narure of Brafs, andtherefore vitriolated Water ‘changes iron into Copper, .whichis practifed in “Hungaria and at Goflaria: yet fome par- takes more of che Nature of Brafs or Copper, and other of the Nature of Iron 5 and therefore fome is ofa Blew, other of aGreen Colour, and chat either a deep Green ora light Green. The Blew partakes of the Nature of Copper the Green, of Iron. And that is beft which isof a deep and pleafant colour, andtranf{parent. The Cyprian, Romanand Hungarian are commended ;-nor is that a bafe force. which is found in fome parts of Silefia. The beft now adaies is made by Chymifts out of Copper, ofa delicate Azure colour : which they cerm Vitriolum Venerss. ‘There is
alfo white Vicriolfo called. Now Vicriol keats and is aftringent, confumes mot- fture, contraéts che flefh, dries, and preferves moift flefh: from corruption. The
Ancients alfo gave it inwardly, to kill Worms and to refift rhe Poifion of Toad- ftools.. But now, as was faid, afpiric is drawn out of it, whichis more fafely given, and hatha rare faculty to dry and refift Putrefadtion ; and therefore itis pro- fitably ufed in putrid Feavers and Peftilences. See of Vitriol, Pliny Lib. 34. Nat. ‘Hift. Cap. 12.
Chap. 2. Of Bitumen and Sulpbur.
He Third kind of Subterraneal Bodies or Minerals we told you were Bitumen
and Sulphur in their feveral forts; wiz. All {uch things as are Oyly and Fat,
and are therefore eafily mingled with Oy! 5 whecher they be liquid ordry. And
Theerigs Chat fomwhac may be faid in general touching the origina! of them all; ’tis com- nalof 8i- monly held, chat chefe kindof bodies are bred in the bowels of the Earth. ofan tumen a0¢ For and Dry Exhalacion. But what was faid before of Earths and Salts, the fame falpire - ruft now be faid of the forts of Bitumen and Gulphure, and afterwards of Metals; thac we deny not the mixture of the Elements in thefe things 5 but Leeing chere is no fpecifick Form of any Natural Body, which had not.God fer its author inthe firft Creation of the World, we muft needs hold, that thefe things have nor begun to
be after the Creation ofthe world, by Reafon ofthe Various concourfe, Fight,
and mixture of the Elements, buc that they were made by almighty God at the be-
ginning of the World, and that they received fromthe fame Author this mixture |
which they have, with their Specifick Form, anda power to multiply themfelves,
where Bi. and co change fitting matter into themfelves. Whenceit is, thar though there arg tumen and no where wanting Eléments that may be mixed 3, yet cannot Bitumen and Sulphur falphur are he bred inall places, any more then Salts and Metals; but there only where the generated. Specifick Form of Bicumen and Sulphur is found; which when new Bitumen and | Sulphur is ingendred, is the principal Caufe and DireGrix of the mixture of the Ae\ements. And therefore though we grant that fuch Bodies confift of Elements : ,
4 Q Xe ‘ ‘ (| yet we deny that they have their Forms fromthe Elements, but here alfo makeufe of
7 th im Wa
| a
7s plop
mB cear im teda goal cular B And , Hot, | Gey | ietane
Wnts
rede
| in
i”
r his Car IB teCen
Pah Itis q OfBinun
changes ie pat- 13 and D Green of lrou, tS The vhich's BY out of hereis @ smo FF » The § f Toad. Bl lately ' P19 10
| ae |
1
the fit .
chere al
c rhebe nite enlelre I { Sulph I ;
i
i , ji si i vides.
apa OimealSiple. Boon vTap
of that paflage of Scaliger formerly cited, out of Exercitat.'137. Set. 20. thac every form of every perfectly mixt Body, as ofan Adamant, though it be no Soul, isa fift Nature, far differing fromthe Elements. _ os .
And although we grant that che Matter of Bitumen and Sulphur are Elements: yet +), sop arethey only the remote matter : but the immediate mactcer and whereof all {orrs of Sulphur, of Bitumen and Sulphur do partake, isafimple fimilary Body apt ro take Hame, and bite and Fat, and which may in general be termed Bitumen and Sulphur, as you pleate: zz. where with afterwards when the Salts concure,efpecially that of Nicre, Waters and other things, either Spiricuous or Fluid, or Dry and Eaithy Metallick Concreticns,
(the formative principle directing allcofome certain form )thence are made fundry
forts of Bitumen and Sulphur. Now Bitumen and Sulphur are bred in the Earth;
or inthis Globe conlifting of Earth and Water. For although fome fuch thing fomcimes falls our of the Aire: yet was it firlt drawn up inform of an Exhalacion
out of the Mines intorhe Air, wherebeing coagulated it falls down again. Now
when ic is ingendred in the Earths Caverns ic is voided forth eicher incothe Sea, and
3s there caft afhore; or it flows ouc of the Earth, either alone or with Fountain Waters, or tisdiggedup. Andthere is {carce any Region in the World, wherein : fome fort of Bitumen and Sulphur isnot found. -Now aptitude co cake flame is sirwmen is proper toal Bitumen, and after it hath once taken flame, to burn fiercely, and if ane? take W acer be iparingly poured on, not tobe extinguifhed but to burn more furionfly. f™ The Reafon whereof is, becaufe {uch Bituminous fubftances, after they conceive
flame, do not only take flame onthe top, as Wood and other things, but they do
totally cake fire and break into flame. Whence it comestopafs, that though the
oucer furface be wet with Water; yecthe inner part which allo flames receives nor
the wet, but rather gathering ic felf into ic felf 1c grows more ftrong, diffipates its Enemy Water, and flames more luftily. .And hence alfo ic comes to pafs, char
fome mixtures of Bitumen do burnunder the Warerit felf.. Andthe burnings of The effedts certain Mountains, Territories and Waters, do proceed from Bitumen and Sulphur. of Batumen Now all Biruminous Bodies have the Faculty and Hearing and Difeufling; and = therefore fountains and Baths that. have Bitumen and Sulphur in chem are profitably ufed to diflipate cold Humors, in Palfies; Epileplies, and fuch like
D feaies,
And there is a great vatiety of fuch Bituminous Bodies... Yer they areallredu- The dif cedto two kinds, whereof one is liquid, which fows like Oyl, the other coacula- ference of tedand condenfated. And againchere are many forts of both, . The Liquid, which Bitumens. go allunder the Name of Afpbaltum, are Napbtba, Petrolexm, Liquid Bitumen pe- culiatiy fo called, or Native liquid Pitch. .
And ‘Napbtha mm the ficft place is the liquid parc of Baby loiiiar Bitumen, being Nepbehe, Hot, Dry, and of a Nature perfectly Spiricuous and Fiery; which hath fo much Affinity with Fire, chat the flame will leaptoicara diftance, and it may eafily bé fer on Fire by the heat of the Sun. And therefore Plutarch in his Alexander, writes, that Napbtha was by fome called Medeas Medicament with which the fmiea- ted the Crown and Vail of the Daughter of Creon, and fo burnt her. What if Hercules. coming to the Altar to facrifice, with a Garment fmeared .with Naptha, his Garment caught flame, and fo he was burnt; and this was the Blocd of the Centaure Neffws, of whom the Poets Fable? Of whom Ovid, ‘Metamorph. 1.9.
Fab. 3. |
Ic is queftion’d amongi{t Authors, whether Napbtha fhould be called by the Name of Birumen, or Sulphur, or Oy]. But feeing thefe Names are not alwaies nfed in thefame manner, youfhalnot offend, whether you cal it an Oyl, viz. a Native Mineral Oyl, or a moft delicate Bitumen. Indeed, ic is a bituminous Spirit; and ic feems to be to Bitumenas {piric of Wine is to Wine, and Spirir of Turpentine to Turpentine. The moft pure and excellent kind of Napbtha is white : yet they re= port that there is alfo founda Y ellowifh,and alfo a black fore. AS
By Reaion of its extream aprnefs co take flame, ’cis hardly uféd about anything: TheP¥ire otherwife amongallthe forts of Bitumens, it is moft Hot, Dry, and piercing, And tes of , therefore it may beufed as an Oyntment to difcufs cold Humors, alfo for Cholicicg Napethe fleepy Difeafes, Apoplexies and Palfies. Concerning Napbtba fee Diofecrides ,
Lib. 1. Cap. 85. and “Matthiolus and: others that have commented upon Diora.
7 »,
sayy
9 pee So lea S Bi + \ 2
f
wy
eee
» eee RE hes
Petrolenm.
Liquid Succinum ee Liquid Ambar,
Liquid Bi- bKrmBtne
Maliba.
Halos an- thos flows of Salt, or S perma Ceti.
Its Hfe.
Ambar Greece. .
¢
(
Boox V.
Rock, becaufe ic diftils out of Rocks, with a very itrong {mel.
; phe beft ofall other, and moft prerious 5 fomtimes harder, other whiles fofter, for.
Of Bittmen and Salpbur. Chap. 3.
Next to Napbtha is Petroleum, as if you would fay. Petre Oleum, Qylofthe Ic is a Bituminous Oyl not fo fubtile, nor fo {pirituous as ‘Nepbtba, and therefore ic neither takes flame at a diftanc, nor do fuddenly. ’Lis of a Various colour; the beft is white; the worfe Yellow, Red; Black. Hiutherto belongs liquid Szccinum and Liquid-Ambar, which are nothing but certain forts of Petroleum. It is found in many Regions. In Italy, inthe Country of Muatinum, it drops out of the Rocks, whiteand Red, ofavery ftrongimel; 1n Sicily ic twims upon their fountains, and they cal it Olewm Siculum, anduteit for Lamps inftead of the Oyl, andalfo Pliny commends it for Scabby Cattle, But icisfound in very many places befides; nor muft we efteem ic from the place, but according toits Nature. itisal ofan heating drying faculty ; by reafon of che thinnefs of its Effence ic penetrates, and difcuffes excremencitious Humors, and therefore itis good againft the Palfie, and Told pains and Difeafes of other parts, efpecially the Nervous parts.
Inthe Third place is liquid Bitumen,fo called by tranflation of the general termto one {pecialforc; icisthicker then Petroleam, which they mingie with Tallow, to Smear the Axletrees of Goaches and Carts. If black Pitch be mingled therewith, ic ferves alfoco Pitch Ships and is called Piffajpbaltus. Now chete three, Napbtha, Petroleum, and Bitumen Liquidum, feemto differ, notin original, feeing they a- gree for the moft part in one Root, but in the thinnefs of their parts; fo that the thinneft and moft {pirituous is cermed Napbtba; the middle and Gyly fore, Petro- leum; andthe thicker andmore dreggy is called Bitumen Liquidum in afpecial manner. And the difference of thefe Birumens may ealily be obferved in the diftiilation of Ambar: wherein, that which is thickeft and remains at the borrom refembles the Picchy Bitumen 3 the Oyl refembles the Petroleum; and the moft fubtile parc relembles Napbtha, and like ic doth alfo foatch the flame to it feif.
Finally, Amongft the Bitumens is “Maltba, although it feems not tobe meer Bi- tumen. buc a Liquor thereof mixt witha Clayifh flime; of which Pliny Lib. 2. Nat. Hift. Cb. 104. makes mention: in Commagenes,faithhe, a City of Samofate, there isa Lake which fends forch burning flime cr mud, which they cal “Maltha. If it couch any folidthing, it {ticks to it: Moreover, being couched, it followsthem that gofromit, &c. Tofmear and daub Walls, it ferves inftead of Chalk or Lime.
Vitruvius tels us it was ufed to build the Walls of Babylon. Lib. 1.. Cap. 5. Alfothere aremany kinds of Concrete and Coagulated Bitumen. The fiilt is
Halos antbos the Cream of the Sea or of Salt,commonly called Sperma Ceti; it be- ing as it were the Froathy Fatnefs oftheSea. Itisno part of the fubftance of che Sea, but acertain matcer that flowsin from elfewhere, which may neverthelefs contract fomwhat from theSea, efpecially falrnefs. Whether Halos anthos and Sperma Ceti be one andthe famething, is here no place largly to difpute. Seethe Commentators upon Diofcorides Book the 5. Ch. 88. Only this I muft advife you of, that this Name is given a Medicine, now fufficfently known, from a falfe opinion, that ic is the Sperme flipt out of che Womb of the Shee-Whale: whereas indeed. andin truth itis afatnefs ofthe Sea; and therefore fome call] ic, not amifs, Am- bra alba and Succinum“Marinum, white Ambar andSea-Ambar.. The rare efficacy of Sperma Ceti in diffolving Clotted Blood is knownrothe common people: it is alfo profitably given to attenuate chick Humors in the breft, andit is good for fuch as have the Tiffick.
Moreover among thefe Bitumens is Ambra Odorata, Ambra Grifea, Ambar Greece [#at ts Ambar gray, or gray Amber, for Greize and Greixely fignifie gray , though nove objolete.] New the Name of Ambar is vulgarly ufed for all the kinds of Succinum.
Ina {pecial manner the Arabians by this Name underftand a cercain moft Odori-~ ‘Hermolaus ,
ferous Medicament, which the Latines call Ambarum and Ambracane. Barbarus firk cal’d it Saccinum Orientale,Eaftern Succinum. And although the que- ftion aboutthe Nature and Osiginal of Ambar greece is moft intricate: yer their «pinion is moft probable and founded upon the moft Reafons, who will have it co be akind of Biumen.. For itis a certain far fubftance, moft Odoriferous, found in theSea, ef{pecially inthe Indian and Aechiopian Seas, or on the Sea fhores, which is
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eeficacy Fi Je: its Fy
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Chap.3. Of Bitumenand Sulphur. Botox V Pye
the moft part brittle, yet fothat under the Teeth and Nailes it may be wrought and. drawn out like Maftick. The colour fomtimes is uniforme, and hath otherwhiles yellowith or white {pecksinterfperfed. And although ic be found in the Sea, yet is it not bred in the Sea, but is a kind of Bicumen or Oy! flowing out of its fountains, and being on the top of the Seaexpofed tothe Air itis Condenfed and Coagulared hike Succinum or white and yellow Amber. AndtheHifteries of che Indian Voy- ages do ceftifie chat infome places of India a moft noble Oy! or Balfam flows our of certaine Fountains. That fame moft grateful and pleating {mel {prings froma moft noble kind of Sulpbur. Yea, Crato writes that it is Sulphur, or that
-thereis Sulphur in Ambar Greece. It hatharare faculryto Roborate the Animal The Vir
and Vital faculties: andtherefore it is good forthe Brain and Heart, and makes al ives of thefenfesmore lively, ?Yis good for old Folks, andcold Natures; it is profitable 47” againft {wounding fits and Melancholly. Greece,
Afcer Ambar Greece, follow Succinum, yellow Ambar, which the Greeks call gycctaum Blettron, the Arabians Carabe, allo Ambra Citrina ye\low Ambar (in way of diftin- or yeHow étion from the forefaid Ambar whichis called Gryfea or Chryfea ) alfo Gagates and Ambar. Vernix. . That is now beft known which is found on the fhoar of ‘Boruffia by the Me- diterra@nean Sea, in fhape of a Mafs or Clod without any form or Figure, hard and . folid like a Stone, fomtimes pure and fincere, fomtimes mixt with Herbs, Woods, little infeéts, a certain black vicriol, and other filch. Hence fome Lumps are tran- {parent andclear, fome dark: che color is alfo various; the {mel pleafing in its kind. Beingrubbed witha cloath it draws co it dry Chaf and Straws, by its {pi- ritgoingforch. Being puttoche flame ofa Candle ic cakes fire, flames and fends out much footy Vapor. 7
Touching its Nature and Generation there are fundry opinions, whiles fome hold itto beavegerable, othersa Mineral, others partly vegetable and partly Mineral; all which here to relate,€ with the Reafons which are brought to Se tas each opini- on,) andtoexamine the fame,would becoocedious. We fhal propound therefore only that opinion whichis moft likely to betrue: viz. That Succinum or yellow Ambarisa kindof Bitumen. For it hath all che proprieties thereof, andi is got out of Mines in the Earth, in Germany, France, Italy, andit hath been found on the outlide Coagulated and abloluteAmbar; and within pure Napbtha or Petroleum.
Alfo chat Melanteria, Chalcit,and other Minerals did grow toAmbar. Finally By ChymicalArc an Oylisdrawnout of ic, agreeing with Petroleum. And chis Bicu- men, according as it is White, Yellow, or Red, Black, Pure or Impure, fothe like Szccinum or Ambar is bred thereof. Now ic doth not confift only of Bitumen, but alfoan Aluminous, Nitrous and V itriolated {pirit do concur, and therefore in many places where there is Petroleum no Succinum is bred, becaufe thefe {pirirs arewanting. Now, At firft Succinum or Ambar is liquid, but afcerwards when ic is fhed into the Waters,withowc any Exhalacion of parts and evaporation, it is Coa- sulated and grows hard by means of a Nicrous, Aluminous, and Victriolated {pirit, the Salrnefs of the Sea allo, Peradventure, Concurring. And that thefe are the immediate principles of Ambar or Succinum, Chymical cefolution ic felf doth fhew. Fora Virriolated, Aluminous, Salt {piric comes out with the flegm: and more- over good ftore of Salt fticks tothe Neck of che Retort. Inircs Redtification, ifthe work be diligently plied, a white fpiric afcends, like the Napbtha Babylonica, which takes flame, fothaticis noc fafeto hold lighted Candles near the Veffels wherein Succinum or yellow Ambar is diftilled. “A twofold Oyl may be drawn forth, Yellow and Red an{wering to Petroleum. The black Feces or Dregs, if ic a fuffered to ftil cillicisdry, do grow together into a Birumen very like thac of udea.
It Dries and Warms; it helps the diftillasions of the Head, the Falling-ficknefs, The viv. Apoplexy, Palfie, Mother-fits 5 is good for {pitting of Blood and the Confumpti- tves of yet- on, alfo for theGonorrbea, to Facilitate Child-Birth, and to provoke Urine: 4” «bay, the Smoak thereof is an Enemy to Venemous Beafts, and Detects fuch as have the Falling-ficknefs. | s
Of kin to Succinum is Gagates or Jet, fothat fome take‘ic to bethefame.. Itis» fet alfo a kind of Bitumen, ora Bituminous ftone, for the moft parc black; yet fom- time ofa pale or yellow colour. ’Tis foon fec on Fire, fmels like Bitumen.
ma 2 ! deteéts
\ Sy )
her a a CSG a hi lee
140
Afphaltue,
Terra Am- pelith,
Sea-cole ov
Boox Y, Of Bitumen and Sulpbur. Chap. 3.
detetts fuch as have the Falling-ficknefs, by the Smoak thereof; and hath a foften-
ing and difcuffing faculty.
general Name Afpbalius.
filth mixt wich it,
ken. It is weighty and of a ftrong {mel.
There is yet another kind of Bitumen, but more concrete, which is called by the i si it is an hard kind of Afpbaltus or Bitumen, and hath no |§ © gai
a ak: ORES Me NNT Oe yom commeneens rt NN
It is of afolid fubftance, and fhines like purple when ic is bros | git
Of this kind, that of Sodomis the beft. |§ alo
That which is moreimpure doth not fhinefo, nor hath fo ftrongafmel. It Dries [9 jy and Heats, Difcutfes, Mollifics, and fodders Ulcers: it takes away fits of rhe Mo= JM jgth
ther in a Suffumigation.
mentatries of Mattbiolws and others.
See Diofcorides in his 1 Book, Chap.83. tc. andthe Coms | yr:
Finally, To the Family of Bitumens are to'be referred certain Bituminous | i Earchs and Stones. For it matters not much whether you calchem Harths ox ftones. § che Their firft and chief Original is from Bitumen, with which as chere is more or lefs dep of an Earthy and $Scony matter conjoyned, fo it receives this or that Name, And | : hence it isthatinthe Nature of Bitumens we meet with greac difficulty, whiles 0 Writers regarding che places where they arebred, or the outward Figure, but lit- ote tle confidering the internal Nature, either they feparate things of the fame kind, or ike’ confound and Joyn together things of different kinds, | ith
For this Bitumen of which fuch kinds of Earths and Stones do confift, is not fin- | i cere and pure Bitumen, but mixt with Earthy Juyces,Mud, Potters Clay, Veins of jj wt Metal and Stones. Ofthis kind is Terra Ampelitis fo called, which is black like | 4 sea-Coals, andrefembling Bitumen ; it diffolves in Oyl, refiits worms, and Dries || vet and foftens as .Afpbaléus doth. Some account this Amspelitis Earth and Pit-Coals | We
tobe all one, but others makea difference.. Ifthey are not juft one andthe fame, at leaft they are much of kins whence come the fundry Names ofthe Germans | ite
which they give thefe kind of Bodies, as Schwartfe, Kreide, Koblerd2, Steinkeblen, * Bergkolen, Dorff, and‘Durpte. Forthefe kinds whether of Scomes or Earths, have : all one Root and Mother, viz. Black Bitumen: the Particular difference J *) proceeds from the Various manner of Concretion and Admixture of other | + things. na
For chat which the Germans cal Dorff, and Durpte, Peat and Turfe, are Biru- |] ‘ minous Earths which they Cut and Dry for Fewel. itis digged in Weft-Prife-Land, | i Gelderiand, Flanders, Brabant, Zeland. It is alfo found in Collao a Province of " Peru, which Monardys defcribes in thefe words. In Collao a Province of Peru there A % is a place quite bare, without Tree or Grafs, becaufethe Earth is Bituminous, out ‘a of which the Indians draw a liquor, goodto.curevery many Difeafes. The man- ay ner of their drawing of the faid liquor is thus. They cut the Earch into Turfs, ig which they lay in order upon poles or thick Reeds ina sunny place, having veffels |@ but under them to receive the Liquor. For by the Heat of the Sun this Bitumen Melts,. J att or the Juyce included inthe Earth diffolves and {weats through. Afcerward the Hl Turfs remain Dry, andRobd oftheir Oyly Liquor, and fo become ficfor Fuel. |g O™ But the Fire made of them is hurtful, by Reafon of che thick blacknefs ofthe Smoak, |] bith and the ftinking {melic makes. “Yer for want of other Fuel they ule the forefaid thy turfs. The Liquor which fals from them is good for many Diteafes, efpecially il fuch as proceed from cold. Forit Mitigates pains, and difcuffes cold fwellings. At Wounds are.curedtherewith, and other Difeafes for which Caranna and Tacama- |§ Mt bacaare good. Its color is dark Red inclining to black, andits {melis ftrong. In | Ula Saxony, Mifnia,Low-Germany, Scotland, and other places, Bituminous and Fat Turfs 9 are found: the Germans cal them Motten. Bun,
Lithanthrax, Carbo “Mineralis, or Foffilis, or Carbo Lapideus, Scone-Coal, | tt Mineral-Coal, Pit-Coal or Sea-Coal, is harder and.of a ftoney Nature, confifting | j Ath of Bitumen and a ftone making Earthy Juyce, Black, good to make Fires, efpeci- || iting ally for Smiths Forges. *Tis found in Germany, Bobemia, Scotland, in many places. | ¥ “4
And fome hath in ic more Bitumen, and fome more of the Scone ma king Juyce: ANd
and therefore fome of it wilfeafily burne, but fome wil not burn, unlefs ic be mixede || tals with other Coals and,elown wich bellows.
. But he that would know more concerning Bitumens, let him read theCommen- |) Pl taries upon Diofcorides, efpecially that rare third pare of Andreas Libavins, iy dd wherein largely and learnedly heexplains the Hiftory and Nature of all forcsof | § y; Bicumen. a halt
In “|
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; a ife- Land, F ovince otf my there
ie)
iS, Oi
E ae ie Malls t i , q ' j E |
0 Tutt, § ig vellels | en Melts, § ward the f for Fuck ie e SmOak, forelaid (pecially wellingss Tacant ong. ln Fat Turis
nye=Coal, i sontifting je 5 peel | ny places: o Lycée: tel ee }
Commer Y Laban forts
if
Chap. 3: Of Bitumen and Sulpbar. Boox Y.
141
In the next Place comes Sulphur, or Brimftone, which the Greeks call The'on; it isa Mineral Juyce, confifting of one part which is inflamable and fends fortha grievous {mel, and of another par: which is Earthy, thick, and fixed, having a vis triolaced Juyce mingled therewith. » icisreputed the Agent and Father in the Ge- neration of Metals, and Coagulates the Mercury, ifthere be conjoyned a Metalline Spirit, anda Seminary Principle. Of which if it be defticure ic deftroies Metals, and confumes fuch things as are volatile. Now it is twofold, Native or Quick, Apuron, which hath not feltthe Fire. For icis engendred pute folid and in clods, fu chat there needs no Fire to feparateitsImpuricies. The Ancients def{cribe ic co betranfparent. And now adaies there is hardly any fuch found ; but ic is of an Afhy color, and when ic isbroken, Yellowifh within. Faticious or Artificiai Brim- ftone is boyted out of the Sulphurous mine which is digged out of che Ground. Now there is fome difference inthe Artificial, efpecially in regard of Purity and colour depending thereupon, and fomeisyeilowifh, other fome paler, and fosne encli- ning roan Afh-color.
Of Sulphur and Quick-filver ismade Cinabrium Faéitium, Artificial Sinloper. Of the Smoak of inflamed Sulphur received ina Glafs Bellis made a tharpe Liquor like Spirit of Vitriol. And flower of Brim-ftone is che purer part thereof, being Sublimated with Salt and Calcined Vicriol.
Brim: [lone
Now Brim-ftone is of a digefting, difcufling and drawing faculty, itis good for The vir. e iS : 2 Viva
fuch as breath fhore and have an Empyema, taken in an Egg. Externally eapled me wich Butcer and Hogs-Greece, ic Curestheltch 3 and with Turpentine it heals the 3vim@-flone
Teter. Neighbor to Brim-ftone is Arfenick, Orpment, and Sandarach, which feemto
Ar fenicks
agreein Nature and Faculties, and only to differ, becaufe the one is more the other Orpment Jets digefted inthe Bowels of the Earth; or that one hath more or lefs Quick-filver 474 San- and Salt mingled withthe Sulphur. Some take Arfenick fer the kind. and cal} 24a
Orpment Saffron-colour’d Arfenick; Sandarach, red Arfenick; Rilagal, white ‘Arfenick. But that which they cal white Arfenick, is now adaics known ‘by the Name of Arfenick abfolutely : viz. Orpment fo often fublimed with Salt tilit be. come white, and Tranfparent like Chryftal: the ftrongeft of all Eating and Tyierk cing Purrifying Poyfons. Now Orpment isa Sulphureous Mineral Tuy cey Hs joyned therewith a little Quick-Silver,and the Spirit of Salt. Al che kinds are caus ftick and corrolive, and Enemies of the inward parts, which they frec, and con- fume the radical moifture. Yea, it isnot fafe to apply Arfenick externally by Reafon of its extream Venemous and Corrofive Nature. Bur ifit be Calcined wich Nicre, its volatile mercury and inflamable Sulphur are taken away, and acertain buttery Fatnefsremains, which is ufed externally for Fiftula’s and Ulcers hard to cure.
Hither alfo we mutt refer Antimony, Stimmi or Stibium. which although it feem¢
havin g
rocome nearer the Nature of Metals, yet isic a Mineral Body, refeibling Lead Antisionys f >
but britcle, confifting of Sulphur, crude Arfenick and much Quick-filver of an Ear- thy Nature, bucall ofthem volatile. And therefore it yieldsa ftinking ae hurc- ful Fume, which for the moft partis Mercurial, but in fome part Sulphureous and Arfenecal. Being crude applied extérnally ic imitates the Virtues of Lead and is binding, hinders the growing of flefh, takes away the filth of the Eyes, ane ctites Ulcers. It makes great work for che Chymifts, who make thereof fundry purging and {weating Medicaments 5 of whichthey have written whole Books, wherewith you may confult. ’ :
Finally, Betwixt Antimony. and Lead is Bifmuthum, whichi ) Ath-roloued Lead; being a Mineral Body ehigte and Livid, Beis ds a fitting of Earthy and crude Mercury, ‘ and eae |
And that we may conclude this fubjec&, thofe various kinds o d Mi rals which we have muftered hitherto, (and if there be any ee cobeeeee a
Brittle, con- Sulphur and Arfenick, and all of chem impure
) : wie ; 5 they have their original from the Roots of Minerals. For inthefe alfo there hap-
penfundry corruptions. For although Goldand other Metals now perf Gly dice. fied donot putrifie, and feem incorruptible 3; yetin their firft Orivinal shew tbe corrupted. So Terra Sigiliata, of which we {pake before,is thought to be rorhiigeelie but che firff matter of Gold, Silver, or fome other Meta} (for chere are fundry kinds
q
thereof )\,
Bifmus 3 huis
ens Canle.
Caule of Concretia and Coa-
gulation,
“742 Boox V. Of Stones and Jewels.
The Ge- : : ps : pyc “eration of by che concourfe and mixture of Elements,the firft and Second qualities Co-opera-
The effici-
ioe oe ss ca
Chap. 4;
thereof ) corrupted, v1. When the principles of Metals do norremain united, but the Sulphur and Mercury are Separated and Sublimated, and either tausferred into fome other place, or difperfed into the Ai. So Antimony feems Co be no- thing elfe but crude or raw Gold, cortupted before it was ripe; and Bifimuroum, isumature Silver corrupted.
Chap. 4- Of Stones and Fewels.
He hardeft of Minerals are Stones. And fince that under this kind are compre- hended both common Stones and Precious Stones or Jewels, we mult firft {peak fomrhing in General of the Generation of Stones. It is commonly held,cthac
cing, Scones and precious Stones are produced. Andthough it 1s not to be denied, but that the Elements do concur unto their Conftiturion; yet the Elements alone do not fuffice, and are only che remote caufe of Stones and Jewels. Bethe Ele- ments mixed how they can, yet the Primary agent being abient, no precious Stone is made of them.
They who would produce a nearer Caufe, have made exhalations the matter of Stones: but thacalloiscooremore, nor wil it fulhce alone, umlefs it be more ipe- cially decerminéd. Avicenna therefore and Albertus Magnus, chat they might come more near cothe bufinefs, ‘have held the matter of Stones to be Clay and Juyce, vig. A clammy roaping Clay, tothe mixture whereof more Earth hath concurd then Water: anda Juyce that beenhath fucktin, and raked off from the Earth, or thac hath a Tindture of {ome Meral. This opinion others follow, and holdthat Stones are made of Clay or Earth glewed together with a clammy moifture, fuch as are darks and witha Tranfparenc Liquor fuch as are clear and Iranfparenc,
Yer in truch, not only Water and Earth, but al) the Elements are in Stones, e{pecially preciousones. “Yea, andthe Chymifts think the-Elements are not fuf= ficient, buc that as Metals fo Scones and, Jewels they fay are made of thofe three principles, Mercury, Sulphur and Salt. Of which opinion I fhall {peak elfe- where.
This only we fhal hint in this place; chat che matter of Metals, Stones and Jewels, is very near of kin,which not only che place where they grow but many other things dowitnefs. Fer examples fake, let ustake Pome Garnets, out of which and fron Tinctures are drawn fo like, chat it is noc eafie to difcerne one of them from ano- thers anda more bafe fore which are found in Silefia and Mifnia do refemble iron alfoin color. Alfomany Stones, if they are burnt, do fend forch Sulphureous fumes, juftas Minerals and Metals do; and of Metals Glaffes are made which do've. ry much refemblefome precious Stones. And therefore Jewels and Metals f¢em nor unfitly to be reduced to common principles ; andic feems poflible to reduce jewels to fome certain Merals. ;
Authors do ftick yet morein Explaining the Efficient Caufe of Scones: and the moft have recourfe/herein to Heat and Cold, and favour nothing beyond the Ele- mentary qualities. Andamong Stones, chofe which they coun: to be made of Clay, they think are coagulated by being baked together by Heat and drynefs: and fuch as they conceive to confift of a watry matter, they hold to be Coagulated and hard- ned by vehement cold, as Cryftal. But many fuch dark Scones are generated in che midft of Waters andfprings, whofe Coagulation cannot be made by the ba- king of heat and drynefs. And they are truly. coofimple, who think that Cry.
fials, Adamants and fuch like Stones, are frozen together by the Cold 5 fincethey .
are generated in the horteft Countries on the Surface of the Earth, both Adamants and other tranfparenct Tewels 5 nor willthey melt wirh Fire,
The true The Chymifts hold Salt to be che Canfe of Concretion and Coagulation : againfk
which opinion of theifs although fome fiercely difpure, yet is it novabfolutely to
"be rejected feeing many evident Documents do prove the fame ; and certain it 1s,
rhat many things are Coagulated and grow together in moift {ubjects, where neither
, doubt Atynels, Heat, nor cold have place.. Yet, feeing there are two forts of Concreri- mn double “ 2 3 z ; i Pt mon, which happen without adding ortakingaway any part of the matter: they
f ~ Be ale
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le Nan nel “Uy othe
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i
i
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Chi at i pets The
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put (olve folid: togtt {oret agill mgt0 Stone bur.no And Juyce,
dicys forma i ig di tip al but, a things ciple a duftind ‘noth Plant: isto
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Whetege ofthe Sy Revions Hecioy uid difp Weitign, lows 4 Of the “anes (0) te éfore |
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nce they daman's
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(iy, therefore their effects are lefs excellenc. But precious Stones confift of a more pure "gf and Subtile maccer, and bave a more noble form. Fot che Chalk-ftone, andother > 4
ee ee ee re
Chagng Of Scones and Fewels. ook Ve 443
are inno wife tabe confounded, and we muft {peak diftin@ly of che diltin mans ners of Coagulation.
The former manner of Concretion is feen in Salts,as in common Sale, Vitriol, Nicre, Thee
07-4 - : \ é : -- Abe fone
Alum, Urin, andin cheSairs ma de our of Plants and Animals nay be feen; and it cretion of ig proper toSalts, which nacuvaily tend co fuch a Coagulation, and indeed under a Salig certain Figure; asthe faid divertity is co be {een in Nitre, Vitriol; Alum and other
things.
But becaufe Salts have nat hardnefs of themfelves, but are eafily brokeg and dif= The Cauife folve in moifture, but Jewels andStones do not only grow together, bit they are of folidity folidand hard; and do not melt in moifture: this kind’ of Concretion Or growing and barde together is differentr'fromthe former. The caufe of which concretion {ome doal-"* fo refer to Salt, ‘and the hardnefs to the admixture of Earth therewith - But others again (& that probably enough) do hold thar chis Stoney hard concretion or erow- ing together of Bodies doth proceed from a Stone making‘{pirit or Juyce, which Stone making fpiricand Juyce is every where found in che Earth and in the water, buc.not without Salc. ,
And thus the immediate caufe of Stones and Jewels is agreed to be a Stone making The Ine Juyce,that isto fay,a matter of ics own Namuire tending to fuchan hardnefs atid (oli. mediate dicy. Now that feveral Stones and Jewels are geucrated, proceeds from the efpecial 4#/e form of each. For every precious Stone hach its proper and {pecifick form whereby piece : ic is differenced from al other,which ic obtains from,(as 1 may fay )icsSeminal prin- ne ear ciple of Generation. Which doth not proceed from the Mixrure of the Elements, but, as Scaliger rightly Names it, | it is a fift effence, puc into this force of Natural things by almighty God, ac che firft Creation of the world. Which feminal prin- ciple and Arcbitettonigh Spirit, alchcugh ic doth not appear ina Body peculiarly diftinet, asin moft plants, nor.can its Effencebe fufficently explained, yer muit it not be therefore denied. For asthe Willow, though ic produce no Seed as other
Plants do, yetit hath aSeminal principle difperfed chrough the wholetree, and fo is propagated by a bough cut off and ftuck ia the ground:fo the Seminal principle of Jewels and Stones lies concealed in the Scone making matter; and in this dark- nefs of out Minds its effence is unknown co us, as al other forms are ; andtheir diffe- rence is not known fave by the diverfiry of their faculties, operations and Qualities, For upon.this diverfity of Forms, fic matter being Joyned thereto, depends the di- verficy of colours and external fhapes.
Fence the Cryftal and Adamant of Hungariaand Silefia have an Hexagonal or Six-corner’d fhape 5 the Occidental Smaragds are four Square; the Bohemian Gra nate and che Scone Geodes have a Globous Figure; and other precious Stones have other fhapes.
Now I conceive the Colours of precicus Stones may chiefly be drawn from the pence th Sulphur of Metals.’ For,Carbuncles, Rubies and Granats,do participate in their Tin- Colowr off ture with Gold and Iron: The Turkojs ‘hath the Tin@ure of Copper. And there precions may by Spitic af Sale, Urine, and other liquors, Tinétures be drawn out of Metals, (cones is: which do perfe@ly refemble the Colours of certain precious Stones. And fromthe famecautes, viz. Uhe forms and Mineral principles, other qualities alfo of Scones and Jewels, as hardnef{s and weight. &c. As alfo cheir Virtues and properties do flow.
Asto their Native place, Stones are found every where; precious Stones, asin The Nec many other Countries, loin Mifnia, Silefia, Bobemia, and ocher places of Germa-surel place ny. But the more noble precious Stones are chiefly found in the Indies. The caufe of preciang whereof 1s diverily by divers aflioned 5 and che moft refer the fameto the pofture Stones: of the Sun and Stars over the Zenith. Yet fince in Africa, America, and other Regions which are under the fame climate, there is no lich fore nor fuch excellent precious Scenes found: the caufe is rather ‘to be attributed to the Nature wmd difpoficion of the Soil, and the Seminal ptinciple implanted therein at che Creation.
Now Stones arefome vulgar, others precious, according tothe Purity or Impu- 34, differs. rity of the: mactrer whereof they conlift, and the nobility ofthe Form. For vulgar ence of Stones Con{ift of agrofs andimpure matter, and havea more Ignoble Form :, and ftonzs:
yy
commo”,
Pa
e 1) " gee a 4 ‘oe
¢€ ¢ erage VA
a : 2
“Stones and Jewels. Chap. 4
144 Boox V. Of
pe
common Stones have alfo: their fulphur , which is fufficiently difcovered
} Chi “ ih
when they are burnt; but much thicker and impurer then the Granate or | are Amethyft. ; red” Ground Now Stones are fome Spungy, others Solid. Amongft thofe kinds of Stones | otal! unicome that is juftly in che firft place co be explained which is vulgarly taken for Unicorns fof 0 Horne; andfome cal ic ground ivory, others ground Horn. For in Ibvringia, as world: alfo in Bobemia and other places, fuch Horns are founds; yea, and not only horns Jf sft but other bones alfo ; which are faidto be good to Sodder wounds and to healUl- } fowis Tis Ufe CEES: But efpecially, experience hath caughe chat thele Stones have no {mal ufe in | appeal the Falling-ticknefs, Malignanc Feavers, the Peftilence, gripings of the Bellyin =f gran Infants, andthe Cure of other Difeafes; and therefore they are commonly given altho out for Unicorns Horns. . Howbeic they may eafily be difcerned fromtherrde =} Bu How't ty njcorns Horn. For che crue Unicorns Horn is hard and folid,thaticcanhard- | gi! a ly be rafped, much lefs can it be beaten to pouder : nor doth it much cleavetothe yea from true Tongue 5 But this Scone is not hard, but as it were calcined, itis ealtly broken and Jf goctut Unicorns rub’dto pouder, and being put tothe Tongue it fticks fatt, like Terra Sigillata or them; Home: Bole-Armeniack. ah she wo Touching the Generation thereof, Men are of feveral opinions. Someconceive “} ge kt they are the bones of an Unicorn overwhelmed in the Earth by a flood, or 9 |ed;a fome other occafion, which remain after the flefh and fofter parts havebeencon- — § [aid fumed by Time. But this opinion is not agreeable to reafon. For how fhould 99 inwha there be fo great a number of Unicoriis, in Thuringia, the Hercinian Foreft, near “7 hers Elbineroda, a\fo about Heidelberge, Hildefbeme, 11 Mifnia, Silefia, Moravia, and ©) ofplac in many other places? Andwhy are thefe horns foundin thofe places rather J} not f chen eliewhere, where itis more likely that there are Unicorns? Moreover ftones — jj place are found, which reprefent the Bones not of this Creature only, but of others = ff iheind alfo. Wis i saga tis imme. wore probable therefore itis, that thefe are Mineral Stones. But what is their that diate mat- immediate matter is not ealie to tell. Some hold that.it is Bitumen or corrupted Am- dian ter: ar; others, as Anfelnus Boetius, Lib. 2. Cap. 242. that itis Marga, ora kind of ork Marle; others chat it is foie putrified androtcenStone. This is certain, that it is plea 4 mineral matter, not unlike tome Terra Sigillata, or a Mineral Juyce mingled with Merid fome fuch Earth, and fhaped into che Form of an Horn, Tooth, or other Now bone. creales Nor let that fame external form ftumble any man. For though no man canea= ff 49, orf fily tel the Caufe of its Conformation, though many have labored todoits; yet | thee certain it is, that many wonderful things are fhapedin che Earth. Notto {peak of I vtohey other things at this cime, ee fufficiently known, how many fundry fhapes are feen BD found ch in Stones digged up at Ilebia and elfewhere. For there are feen inthofeStonesiun- “9 pn; ai) dry fhapes of Animals and Plants 5 ofaFrog, aSalamander, aSerpent, a Viper, 9 maio.). an Eel, aCarp, a Giltbead; a Gudgeon 5 Yea,andthe Pictures of Princes andre- | ithe Ho nowned Men. And what fhould be the caufe of thele Pictures *cis hard forany f they ne man totel. f . ) W fous Astothe Virtues of thefeStones, *ris certain they are very good againft the Fal- | thar ling-ficknefs, and Malignant Difeafes, and therefore they are many times § bei fed no lefs fuccesfully then the Horn which is counted to be the Uni- | loai-fe corns. ; : ting of spuney Now vulgar Scones are either Porous or Solid. The Porous or Spungy Stones, § Yeth fines: are the Topbus oc crumbling gritty Stone, the Pumice, the Offifragus the Jj hin Ofteocolla, Stalattites, and molt of thofe Scones which are bred. in living Crea- jj then tures. é al cdi Solid the folid Scones are many, the Sand-ftone, the Chalk-ftone, the Flint, the jj ting (tones: Fite-ftone, the Whet-ftone, che Touch-ftone, the Smiris wherewith ehey cut | hie i Glafs. Sundry kinds of Marble, Alabafter, Serpent-ftone, Porphyry-Stone, Fre¢- jy,’ : ftone, Ceraunias oc Thunder-ftone, the Belemnites, fo called; andvery many | ay | “ more, 5 i bi 0 Alfo there are other Scones of a middle Nature betwixe thofe commor Yt mt grofs Stones and the Noble precious scones : Ifhall only {peak alitcle of oneor jj mh two of them. an | mth Ne al Moule
4 } 4 ee = a nt 5
eyes
— ), 4, Veted © or
tones Corns | Md, & homs NUL |
fe in
lly in qf \
dive | ttle hard. tothe Nand a Or
Pe eS
b ceive q 1, or Leon & hould | y eat F 4; and rather frones het
s thelr
ed Am. Hl bindot kind of
hats
1 eg edwith § otter
We ie
this point.
Chap. Ae Of Stones and Fewels. Boox V.
red corender. ot of Irontoucht withche Stone; of of both the Stone and Iron. fects of the Stone are, to draw Iron to it, and to curn cowards the Poles ofthe world. Thatic drew Iron was athing not unknown co moft ofthe Ancients: buc its faculty of turning to the Poles of the world, as it is at this day very well known, fo was itnoc knownto the Ancients; nor hath any man been able as yec to make it appear, thac it was knownto Ariftotle, Diofcorides, Theopbraftus, Lucretins, Pliny, or any ofrhe Ancients: but this Virtue was firft difcovered iome few Ages fince ; although ic is uncertain who was che Author or Inventor.
But what is the Caufe of this motion, and whether it fhould be fought in Heaven or in Earth, is very obfcure. Butthat we may fearch ic out as much asis poflible; we muft prefuppofe this in che firft place, that the Load-ftone in many places doch not turn exactly co the Poles of the world but cowards chem, declining a little from them, in fome places more, in others lefs. Which declination fromthe Poles of the world is altogether of great ufeand moment, For whereas the Ancients at Sea knew only in the day time by the Sun in whac Meridian of the world they fai- Jed; andin che night they knew by the Stars the Elevation of the Pole; and in what Latitude of the World they were : now by the help of the Load-ftone they can find in whac Longitude they are: and feeing ic is confeffed by all the Ancient Geogra- phers, that nothing is more difficult in al Geography then co find out che Longitude of places, for which caufe they do fo much vary in affigning the Longitude of the moft Famous Cities: by help of the Load-ftone alone the Longitude of every place may moft eafily and exactly be foundouc. . The Ancients indeed reckon’d their deprees of Longitude from the forcunate Ifles, and there they niade the begin- ning andend ofthe Globe of the Earth. Brttrhe late Cofmographers obferving that the Pole of che Load-ftone andthe Pole of the world -did coniift in-one Meri- dian, inthe centh degree beyond the fortunate lfles Welt-ward, aboutche Azores or Flandrick Iflands; they make the beginning of Longitude there, not only to pleafe themfelves, but moved thereto by this Natural reafon Namely becaufe in that Meridian the Poles of the Load-ftone.andthe Poles of the world do agree togethers: Now from that Beginning and Meridian, towards the Eaft, the Detlination en- creafes more and more, andiris greater or leffer; according’ as ‘the place is nearer to, or further from this firtt Meridian. In Germany, e{pecially aboutNorinberge, the Declination is ten degrees 5 here at Wittenberge about nine.’ The Hollanders who'havefailed into Normey and the neighbouring places towards the Eaft, have found the declination of the Load-ftone from the Meridian tobe fixceen degrees ; and at Nova Zembla feventeen degrees inthe more Eafterly parts, provided they made their obfervations with exact Inftruments, And ic is probably afferted, chac ifthe Hollanders fhould finith their Navigation cowards the Eaft,che more Eafterly
_ rbey went andthe nearer to China; they fliould find the declination ofthe Load-
ftone from the Meridian fo much the more abated, and they fhould at laft comeco thar place cowards the Eaft, in which.the Poles: of the Load-ftone and:the world would bein one Meridian, and that there would:be no deflection of the Pole of the
Load-ftone inthe hundred andeighty degree of Longitude, oppofice to the begin-
ning of Longitude inthe Weft. | Yet chere is a certain learned Man who holds that the HoNanders are deceived in For when they looktupon their compaffes chey did not confider that theCompaffes were fo made, that the Iron-toucht‘by the Load-ftone was:not pla- ced juft under the Flower-de-luce paintedupon the cardsbut was diftanc therefrom certain degrees. And therefore whiles che Holanderslookt upon the Flower-de- luce, and faw that it pointed direétly towards the North, they conceited that there was no Magnetical declination in thac place; whereas the Iron couche ‘with the LLoad-ftone was fome degrees diftant:from the Flower-de-ltice or the true North- point.
Load-ftone atall. In which point experience-muft be judg. “Yee icfeems tome
| | » amprobable, that the Hollanders who knew very wel how to make their compafies,
thouldbe fo:heedlefs in fuch a Cafe. se fei Bue
VAS. f ‘The Load-ftone in the firft place, is aftone fufficiently known; and its effects tbe Load- are wholly wonderful, the caufe whereof many learned men have hitherto labo- “one and Now the effects of the Load-ftone are‘ either of the Stone alone, 7%, The fimple ef= (0/4
. Aud therefore:he placed the firft Meridian, with the Ancients, in the for-. - | ‘tunate or Canary Iflands, becaufe! in that place there was no declination of che
Boox V. Of Stones and Fewels.
~~ _‘Bue be it howic wilbe, this is cercain and confirmed by manyfold experience, that the Pole of the Load-ftone is diftant fromthe Poles of the world twenty rhree degrees or thereabouts,
And hence fome do probably collect, ‘that the declination of the Poles of the Load-ftone from the Poles ofthe world, and the declination of the Poles of the world from the Poles of the Zodiack, is one andthe fame ; and {ince the ucmoft de- clination of che Planets is cwenry three degrees and fome minutes, that doubrlefs therefore che declination. of the Poles of che Load-ftone fromthe Poles of the world is thefame. :
The Caufe But doubcful it is whether che Caufe of this fnotion of the Load-ftone towards of tke the Pole is inthe Heavewor in the Earth, and where inthe Heaven, or in the Earth. Loadftones Some are indeed of opinion that chere are certain Mountains of Load-{tone under turning tO rhe Pole, to which the Lead-{ftone moves byfimilicude of Nature. But they can- area noc welrel what or how great rhofe Muuntains are; nor are mines of Load-ftone wanting in other parts of the world, but they are found in many Regions, efpecial-
ly in Leypt. ” Other: fay the Load-ftone turnes to the Pole-Star, others that ic cures tofome
the Pole; fave in fuch places where the Meridian goes through the Pole of the World and the Pole of the Load: ftone both at once: in al other places it de- clines.
Moreover, that which is faid of the converfion of the Load-ftone to the North pole, is now adaies called in queftion by learned Men. And fome domake two oppofice points in the Load-ftone, whereof one turnes to the North, the otherto the South, ifthe Stone hang moveable and free, Which though others do not whol- ly deny 5 yet they fay that point is ftronger which turns to the South then chat which turns tothe North, and fo they holdthat che Load-Stone turns rather to. che South thento the North. . And though there were nothing in the Load-Stone which did Naturally turntothe/North; yet its turning to the Southis fufficient to fhew the North-Pole. For fince the South-Pole is juft oppofite to the North, if one parc of the Load-Stoneor of che cardtouched with the Load-ftone turne to the South, the other end mutt of neceflity pointco the North. Of whichthis is a remarkable token, that chofewho make compafles. and Sun-Dials with magnetick Needles, do rub the Load: ftone upon chat end which ftands to the South, and not uponthe Croffend which Looks:to che North; and therefore the Magnetick Needle turns primarily to che South,: and the oppofice part points co and fhews the North.
Hence therefore fome have come to be of opinion, ‘that the Load-ftone is turned towards the South; becaufe all the Planets have cheir Efficacy and Operation in the South... Since chey move fromthe Eaft, through the South, towards the Weft. Yetinvery deed, although ic go fo in our Regions: yet there are oppolice places, wherein the’ Ecliptick. declines from the AEquator towards the North, and the Planets perform their courfes, fromthe Eaft, through the Notth,towards the Weft. Moreover the Planets donot abide in che fame place, but one in one place, another in another 5 moreover they do not fick faft, but pafs over che whole Heaven every day. -Iftherefore the Load-ftone fhould looktowards the Planets, ic could nor look towards one place, fince: there are divers Planets; nor would it ftand
nets.
“The opinion of others is more probable who hold, that as other things tend to their-own proper place: fo che Load-ftone unlefsitbe hindred doth alfo defire
lefs we muft.confulc withexperience, and enquire how the Load ftone is Scituate
in the Mines. But thac\Opinion is moft probable, that the Load-ftone is moved towards itt own Pole in the Earth, which is diftant about twenry three degrees from that point _. which anfwers to the Pole of the World: and that either the South only, or if che Load-ftone have two Poles, and one parc thereof curnsto che North, another to the South ( concerning which wemuft again confult with experience) yet thatiit
! iy, . ftone
Stars about the Pole-Scar. Buc the Load-Stcne doth not look directly to |
ftill, but fhould be alwaies moved, following the motion of the Pla
alwaies the fame Scictuacion which ic had in its Native place. Wherein neverthes -
chiefly tends rotheSouth : and chac it-hach fome affinity with ics own place, or. | Ce, with the things that arethere; andthact doubtlefs the point to which the Load- ~
hepto¥ fo that ! Load! Ale!
uit tiie i th fincé t\
frogn th the Bal
MB janders, | Geogiad wan (0.
] |
therea ( Vath alone
tobe
appr
CES; | No
A hachit
s
Load. Hie 18.00 diomes againtt
B itheded
if 4 i 1 { |
:
a |
had a § uch, 1 a ah 18, hh * butthe] lower letecke Butiy ay thn
i there)
Ocont theregf Andh
@ Shotip
j () il
| |:
lubitan leldom Netick.
Fro, ihe Tg Lad,
+ hy
)
Of the Mt de. bees f the
Watds |
‘arth, Under Y Cae fone | lecigl=
St
Ofome tly to of the |} itde.
North cecwo We her t0 whol. i 1 that | Lote which | ‘ofew F ne part: A South, akable les, do jonthe } le tus i “y turned ation ih i e Welt, | places, F and the § e Welt another ap evely
ot} 0t li
ae
f the a
Chap. 4. Of Stones and Fewels. Boox VY. ftone moves muft beheld co be rather in Earth thenin Heaven. Forthatfame oint is fixed; but che Pole of the Zodiack,or any other Star thereabouts to which the Load-ftone fhould be, moved, doth ic felf move and finifhes its round in the {pace of twenty four hours ; whereas the Load-ftone doth perpetually turn to one oint. Nor canitbe perceivedthatthe Load-ftone, or the{malleft lron Wires touche with the Load-ftone do ever move upwards towards Heaven. Contrari- wife, good Authors relate that the Load-ftone sends cowards the Earth, which may be proved, they, fay,bythefe experiments. If you place a Needle in Aquilibrio fo fo that bothends are equally diftant fromthe Earth, andthen couch one end with a Load-ftone; they fay-thac end will bow towards the Earth more then the other: Alfo if you weigh pieces of Iron Wire, and after they are toucht with a Load-ftone put chemin the Scales again, you fhall find that they weigh more then they did be- fore they weretouched, becaufethey enclinetowardsthe Earth. And cherefore, lince two Poles of the Load-ftone are to be conftituted in the Earth, one diftahe about twenty three degrees from the poinc juft under the North-Pole of the world, towards the place now called the ftraits of Anian, the other inthe South part op- pofire, Scicuate in the Meridian which paffes through the Ayores or Flandrick
-{flands, Caput Viride and Caput Corvo, or Cas others will have it) which pafles
throughthe Canary Iflands :. in all places under this Meridian. there is:no declina- tion of the Load-ftone, but the Needle touched by the Load-ftone falls exattly with the Meridian; in all other places of the whole Earth the faid Needle declines from the Meridian of the place, fomtimes more, fomcimes lefs, fomtimes-towards the Eaft, otherwhile towards the Welt; whereof fee the obfervations of the Flol- Janders, andthe Mathematical Memorials of Simon Stevinus, inthe 5 Book of his Geography. But whacthatisto which the Load- {tone is moved, is hard for any man totel: let thac fuihce us, which Sealiger writes in his 1314 Exercitationy where there are alfo other things concerning the Load ftone, worthy to be read: ‘Nature (faith he) being linkt in a league of Amity to 1 felf, bath allied all things aswell rbofe above as thefe bere below. in a perpetual band of friend{hip, vobich makes all this world to be one thing adinirably difpofed 5 fo that there are not only certain, degrees as it were of
approach and diftance inthings feparated : but alfo the Commixtures of thofe fubftan-
ces, which are quite parted one from another. ! ee Now concerning the Virtue of drawing Iron (for Ido not here difpute, as Scaliger
hatch icin Bxercit. 102. Sett.6. whether the Load-ftone draws lron,.or: fon the Load fione
Why the
Load-itone; for which fo ever iris, the Caufe is one andrhe fame) the Controver-arawsiros
fic isnolefs. ‘Epicyrus isfaidto have held, chat from the Iron and, Load-ftone Aiomes. do flow, which agreeing in Figure do imbrace one another, and itrike againft the Bodies. of the Load-{tone and the Iron,, from whence. being reflected they draw the Irons Anaxagoras. held that che Load-Stone had a Soul and therewith drew. the Iron... From whom Cardan., differs not much, whoalfo avers that the Magnet or Load-ftone doth lives; whom Scaliger op-
pofeth Exercitat. 102. Set. 5. ‘Marfiliws Ficinus in Lib. 3. de Vit. Coelat. Compar:
Cap. 15. fetches the Caufe hereof from the Conftellation of the Bear, to which Both che Load-itone and Iron ate fubject, and both do orderly follow the Bear 5 but the Load-ftone hods the upper degree in the propriety of the Bear, and Iron the lower ;,and that fo the Load: ftoneas being in the upper order draws the Iron, which he reckons _.to be inthe lower. Ny
But in good ¢arneft, if we fhal diligently weigh the matter, we fhal hardly fud any thing more probable chen that fame mutual confent of things Natural... For therein well-near al learned men that have pondered the. Nature of the Load-ftone do aay that the Load-{tone is a kind of Iron Mine; and that Iron may be made thereof. ,
And here is to{be obferved,that the whol body of that which we cal theLoad-dtone,
jis not indeed the Loadftone, for the whole Stone doth not.draw Iron but. thac che fubitance of the Magnet is difperfed in its ftone like Veins even.as other Merals are
feldom bred alone and pure, but in their Macrixes or Wombs, and therfore the Mag-)
netick-{ftone draws the lron only withthat parc,where isthe V ein.of theLoad-ftone. From whence this alfo follows, chat the Caufe of, Attraétion is, rather in the Load-ftone then in the Iron, .Forthe Iron is already.afixed metal: but the
’ ‘Load-ftone is not yet fixed, and therefore ic ean more freely {fend forth its ftrength
and {piric, bay: Andres
3
148 “Book V. Of Stonesandjewels. == Chap. 4. | ch
Andreas Libavius, Part. 3. Singul. Lib. 1.Cbap.12. where he treates of the ac- sali trative Virtue of the Load-ftone, endeavours to aflign yet a more ipecial Canute, nN and writes that the Nature of this principle inthe Load-ftone is Bicuminous,’ which off is reduced and directed to a fingularity with the jron, by fimilicude of thar ‘confpi- wll Facy and mixture, whereby the fame principles have grown together in Iron: and and that an Iron and Bitunuinous {piric is commonto them both, but that irdoth noc | ita flow fo ftrongly nor fo continually from the Iron as from theLoad-ftone,becaufe of walt the different Coagulation or Confiftency. Where we willingly grancthat a cerrain $0 Sulphur or Sulphurous {pirit is common to the Load-ftone andthe Iron: which 9 if if Libavius pleafe to cal Bicumen (for he counts Bitumencobeathingmore general jf dote then Sulphur, and that Sulphur hathics original from Bitumen) Iwillnot contend 9 5, with him about the Names but that Bicuminous or Sulphureous things only havea | i mutual Appetite one to another, Ifee not how he can prove. Nor dothherelus, i i whether they mutually defire one another, by Reafon of their Sulphur, or of cheir f whole effence. But whatever isthe Caufe of the affinicy betwixt the Load-ftone | he andthelron, which cannot be denied; that general Rule there laiddownby Li- | fs
baviws holds true : one Nature covets another of the fame fort, and hike willto like, MY
Pazar, or Pagan, which fignifiesaGoat. Orhers think ’ris derived from the He- brew word Pel which fignifies a Lord, and Zaar whichis Poyfon. Butan Antidote jin 1 Antanth
is by the Arabians called Bedfoar, and therefore they call all Medicines good againft | Poyfon, by thegeneral term of Bezoarcick Medicaments: whence Bezoar-ftone — jf "ider}, feems to be fo called becaufe of its rare vertue againft Poyfon. Xo Th
what Bee. NOW Bezoar ftone is not digged out of the Earth, but is bred inthe belly ofan ., fj Meh xear is. Indian mountanolis She-Goar, fhaped fomwhat likea Buckor Hart, andischere- |} "hth. fore by fome cermed the Hart-Goat.. The Stones are long and round, and ff te i: fomtimes like Chef-Nuts’ or Acorns. Their colour is fomtimes blackifh, fom-€ — Hf;
times yellowith, grechifh, ‘Afh coloured, dark Red, or blackifh Green. Onthe | Needing
« coutfide it is fmooth and flippery: Icis not very hard butis eafily broken. Itc grows © [f Noy, tovether by Scales, Scale over Scale, asan Onion is made up, upon fomefmal — Bt pry, Foundation, which is commonly a little Straw or Stalk; cowhich acercainhumor — Sie, eleaves. : ‘And therefore this Scone is madeup of many Plates as it were, being grea- « Siang
‘5 as much asic can; efpecially there where the Virtue arifes and fticks, and appre. | ‘ae hends another like it felf. yan M4 The Load. We muft not in this place pafs over the armed Load-ftone, whofe forceismuch —] !” ve a fone ar- Mtconger thenthat of the unarmed. Fora Load-ftone unarmed will draw onlya §& ae ey med, Packeneedle or abit of Iron hardly weighing a dram or two: but ifit be armed, ic bone Bhi draws fixteen ounces or more. The Art of arming them, isthis. Seekout ina Ne a) | Lump of a Load-ftone its Poles, which may be done with the help of a Needle in on Baie a Sun-Diall; che Poles being found, lerthe Load-ftone be polifhed, and reduced In, Bert into fuch a fhape as it is capable of (howbeic the long fquar is the moft convenient iy Dea | fhape) yerfothat the Axis reaching from the one tothe other Pole;may Jie in the Cha Pi middeft betwixt two parallel lines, equally diftant fromeach of them. The fides ye Sal. 7 | be ng formed, let alfo cheupper and lower parc be wrought and polifhed, as alfo i Dae | the fides, tothe ends ofche Axlecree. Then leccwo plates be framed of the beft Hon i Steel, of which the one fide which touches the Load-ftone muft be {mooth and even, batc Mae, if che fides where the Poles are be plain; or of what fhape foever they be, they . | of; Bea, muft be fo ficred co the fides of the Load-ftone that no {pace may be lefrbetwixt [qld h the Steel and the Load-ftone, but the other fide muft bea little round, andonthe | isdia A a lower fide the plates muft hang a little beneath the Load-ftone3; andthe partsthac | The Bae hang under muft be fomwhat thicker and fquarer chen thereft ike Pillars. The § that w iy Plates being thus formed muft be applied coche Poleson eachfide, andtokeep jj Muti aay i them faft they muft be bound with tworound hoops of Silver or brafs, which muft [9 Ma ay go about the Load-ftone above andbeneath. Alfo lec che upper fidethereofbeco- | Toth Bay vered with a Plate of Silver or Brafs, with a Ring whereby to hangup the Load- | Mice fi] ftonethus armed. When icis hung up apply unco the litcle Pillars of Steel which anes, | toi come beneath the Stone a Plate of Steel as big as it can draw and there let ic a Bai ~ hang. TF thugte Bas! Bexoar i the next place we muft not forget Bezoar Stone, whereof Many things areex- | rittot aa Ste. ‘tantinche writings of Phyfitians; feeing it is both precious andrare, andefpecial- |} hire Bai ly commended againft Poyfon. Some think ’tis fo called from a Perfian word | sea Mh nes, i | Une |
ee rer
Certain Which eral ‘Ontend lave q tel ty, Or thejy dit ne
bys. |
] Kt) Ke,
appr fe
Wmuch | oily a Med, is
Out Ina
eedle in eduiced | enent |
nthe |
he fides
asallo | the beft ideven, |
they
betwixt |
lon the
tsthat
. The
to keep. | chmutt _} fbecos |
é Load f which re let It
$ qie CX" fpecal- Ni word the He- ntidote gall
gt fone
igre d, and
, font!
nthe t grows me fe " hymot
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Jy asa |
if
|‘ five. precious Stones are known and ufed in the Apoth | ‘Stones are the Sapphire, che Hyacinth, the Sardius Smaragd. :
i 7 The?
Chap. 4e Of Stones and Fewels, Boox V.
nal are {mooth and fhining.
Now there are two kinds of Bezoar-ftone, the one Oriental, of Perfia, Egypt, China, Cathai, and the bordering countries, which is more ex- cellent then the other ; the other is occidental, which is brought out of Aniericz and Peru. This Stone is very much commended againit all Po
in malignant feavers, to expel Worms in Children, and againft Melanchotick Dif- eafes.
Some take Lachryma Cervi, or the Hares Tear, to beBezoar-ftdne.: Buc thou h, Lachijine as I {aid before, the word Bezoar is ufed by the Arabian Phyficiansco fignifie Anci- CeӴ#:
dotesin general; andthe Lacbryma Gervi hath atare Virtue againft the lague and Poyfons; Yet Bezoar Stone and it are divers things. Now concerning the Lachry- ma Gervi, which he faies he keepsas a great rarity an his ftudy , Scaliger thus writes in his Exercitat.112. lt is not bred in the Hart, before bebe an bundred year old. Af- ter that age it grows at the Corner of bis Bye, to the bones themfelves, and becomes it felfa ae bones. of fucb bardnef as exceeds that of the Horn it felf. That part robich flickr bunching out 7 round, of arare brigbtnef, of a yeHow colour, not with- out fome {hero of black Veins. _Ttisfo (mooth that you can hardly feelit, and it fips from between your Fingers,’ aaif it could move itfelf. It is an excellent remedy againft Poy- fon. Its giventd {uch a are taken with the Plague, with a little Wine. Whereby fo great @ fweat # caufed, that you would think the Patients whole Body were mel nigh Melted. Touching Bezoar Stone fee a peculiar Treatife of Cafparus Bai- binuse Moreover, of this kind chere is Coral, Litbodendron, orstone- tree, being a Sea- fhrub, which when it is caken out of the Watercurns to Stone.’ The reafon where- of is; becaufe there is much Salc and Stone making juyce in the Plant: which the Chymical refolution thereof: fhews, for all the coral well near turns co Sale. i And this is che common opinion of all Authors well-near, touching che Genera- tion of Corals, who hold that Coral is foft under this Water, and afterward grows hardin che Air. Yet Beguinws in Tyrocin. Lib. >. Cap. ro. queftions the truth here- of, and faies it is aFable, and relates from the report of credible witneffes and
certain experiments, chat Coral isvas hard in che Sea and under the Waters,as afcer ic is drawn out into the Air.
There are three forts thereof - Red, Black,and White. The beft is the Red and The farts
Is; Cures che flux and thereof s + Ichelps che Falling. us wes
that which hath many-clufters. "It Binds, moderately Coo vomiting of Blood, the Gonorrhea, and Whites in Women licknefs andisa ftrengthener.
To this family alfo belongs the Scone Ftites or Eagle-ftone, fo called becaufe *cis Eagle Boxe
believed thac che Eagle carries ito her Neft to help her bringing forth of her young ones. It contains another ftone within ic. Tis found in many placés : the Orien. tal ones are beft. Buc they are found alfo in Saxony, Mifina and Silefia. Tis thought co furcher Child-birch andto prevent abortion. To prevent abortion they tie 1c to che Womans Arme: co further Child-birth, co her chigh. °
There are alfo other Stones found in Living ‘Creattirés, as the Cock-ftone, the Swallow-ftone, the Toad-ftone, Crabs-Eyes fo called, Carpe-ftones, Perch. ftones.
Before, Lib. 5. Chap. 2. among che forts of Alum me ‘Amtantbos, which is commonly cal’d Alumen Plumofu under that Name; but it belongs rather co chis place, into Thred and Woven into Coverlids as if it had—been made Funeral Coates for the Bodies of Kings, chat che:A mighe be thereby feparaced from the other Athes, fame it at this day unknown.
Of this Family alfo is ‘Hematites, the Blood-ftone, bleeding.
Now come the Nobler Scones and Jewels. In the ficit
In daies of old it Was.made Wooll, and thereof they fhes of cheir burn Bodies ° But the manner of weaving the
Place, the fragments of caries fhops: and rhofe » the Gramate, and tha...
149 ter inanold, leffer ina young Goat; and all the Plates both Internal and Exter- a
which is brought out les kinds
yfons% it is g’ven res wf,
Corals:
Ation was made of che ftone Amisg- m, Fetherd Alum, and fold thus
7
efpecially good to fEop Tue blood Sroge
tx0—Ss« Book V. Of Stones and Jewels. Chap. 4 =| Cup
Be OG eek feara Sindh a Tis eae Oe ee Re | Bier
tbe Sep- The Sapphire, in che firft place, is of aSky-colour, like the Heavensonacleerday. The ~ - | ib | \\C
pire. . whiter Sapphire is called the female. Ic refifts Poyfon and ftrengchens. Being worn ic ee hinders Peftilential Garbuncles from breaking forth, and laid upon a Carbuncle ic excingui- , [ thes che fame, and hinders venemous exhalations from pafling thence to che Heart : being Ne
el
worn by a lafcivious Perfon) it loofeth its brightnefs and beauty. Ie hinders flefhiy defires, ce
alfo cis commended againft Difeafes of the Eyes, and is faid to ftrengchen them. vai
the Hya- The Hyacinth is ofa yellowifh rednefs, and glifters as it were Gold, and imitates the Poe
cinth. flames of Fire. Icis commended co cure the Plague, being worn ina Ring or buing about che
Neck. ng
theSardi-. The Sardins, fo called becaufe firft found at Sardm; «alfo C arnéolus, Cornelian; becaufe on
ws or Cat= + colour it cefembles bloody water wherein raw flefh bach been wathe. The Sacdius worn: | ied
neolw» “=. (id co, recteate the Mind, to driveaway Feartulnefs and fad Dreams ; to which intent tt p Scoma
oes into the Ele@uary de Gemmés. Being drunk with harfh red Wine ic ftops che Gour-
- {es, and Blood flowing from any part of the Body. } et
the Garnet... The Garnetis ted, butwith fome yellowithnefs refembling Fire, and it hath the colour yf Suttac
of Vermilion. ? Tis faid to ftrengthen che Heart, and cefaft Sadnefs and Melancholly. f cheleol
the Sma The Smaragdisa moft neat Jewel, the moft excellent of all green precious Stoner, and ment
raga: by ats pleafane Greenels it refrefhes and tecrearesthe. Eyes, tis given againft Poyfon, p cothe:
and the bitings of venemous Beafts, and peftilencial Feavers. Being cied to a Womans p fone
Hip cis faid.co further. Ghild-birth 3 and being laid on her Belly to prevent Abortions.» Ee 7p Hone,
is contrary to-all Venereal matters, and if ictouch che Skio of the Man chat is in His carnal =) The)
ha Embraceménts, *cis faid to break afunder. Wornina Ring or hung about the Neck .1t pre= B mxtue | ferves from the Falling-ficknels. I} Bucelps \ i | the Adee There are alfo many other precious Sronésand Jewels. The Adamantor. ¢ as we fay) © jf filing Hy mant or T)iamond; 3s fo called, becaufe it is unconquerable by Iron or by Fite. | For’ ic is the har- feries | 4 Diamond: deft ofal\ Jewels, tranfparenc like Water. Rare virtiies ave by many atrributedito the Di- and gro i | amond; andi is faid co be an Amulet againft Poyfon and Witch-cratc, frightful Dreams, — jj wht
! | | and che Night- Mare 5 andto refift peftilential Caufess Lay i al . the Car--, Lhe Carbuncle hath ics name froma burning Coal: eas commonly beleevd co give light Litho ha huncles anche dark,. but there isno Bye-wicnefs thereof. And: therefore learned Men conceive, Gold as chac if these be any (uch Jewelasa Carbuncle, it isa greaciand a noble one. thetdl Yi the Ruby... The Buby; whole brightnefsand flaming rednefs{hines above otherftones. fe refiftsPoy- of Ph
ij A fonand pucrefaétion, preferves from the Plague; it drives away {adnefs: and: fearful Watiar j 1 || | Dreams, and exbilerates che mindy © >.» . | } And er Md ibe Gra-\,. Granates or. Garnety are as 1k WEE i@perfectand rude Rubies, of which we have fpoken talsand
‘) i RALEs before. BS ae 371 Tiat B tutatio
| i) S on Am- The Amethyft is fo called, becaufe it is thoughs to prevent Drunkennefs, icisofaviolec {pha Hig thy[t.... color, mixtas it were with Purple. B vhich 1 f The Opal is an exceeding beautiful Scone, whicti alone-hath an ic alithe coloturéofother ) > Lyi,
ee a“ recious Stones, For there is ig the Opal, as Pliny in bis 37. B. ch. 6. writes; che thin fire‘of —f tadasy gheCarbuncle, thebright purple of che Amethy ft, the Greennels of the Smaragd, all thining B green, b cogether with an incredible luftre, And therefore is Cannot be cdunterfeived, asvocher:pree Full
cious Scones may. And.as ichach the colours of all otber Scones; fo ic is chougheto have Ff Ueno;
all cheic, Viraues... Buc it. is. moft commended: for -preferving the Eye-fight;: being jj \obleas
WOLNs H Nowe
the Topaz The Topaz, which is now called che Chryfolice ( though fome difference them by the | lid Pih or Chryfo- briphtnefs.ot che colour ) receiveth it name from its colour: for ic isa Jewel tranfparentand | Hons of
Sh taememeciaee
a =
sia ofaGoldencolor, Iciscommended to ftrengthen the Heart and to drive away \Melanchole © § lotiies ly: bucisefpecially ufed againft the Falling-ficknefs, and applied to Woundstoftop the} 'ytoly
The Beryl in us color seprefentsthe Greennefs of che Sea when ie is calm, orvhe caloud |} l0tlyo, ofa watry. Hyacinth.; Itis. chiefly commended for Wounds in the Eyes, being reduced cof} ad loo) mott fine Powder. H Eyetal
she cry-- Ube Cryftal. indeed was named by the Ancients fromIce, and therefore fome*have had dvoppiy, feat... chat Gryftal is made of Ice frozen together upon exceeding cold Mountains. But this is § bir{y falfe.. For, Cryftal as generated alfoin Cyprus, and other Mountains, where Heass never (| fee mops wanting. Again it wilnoemels with Fire, as thofe chings ufe todo which are frozen: ‘bul Jen, ,
_ /the Fire. ceduces1t into Earch and Salts And doubtlefs it is coapulaced by a Sale {pict a | Poetyg, Ne c ftone-making juyce. Being made into fine Powder, and given witb Honey in, Wine ¢ ¢ | MM: ee Brosh, ic is aid co encreafe Mijk by a propriety which 1c hath. Held updec che Tong: ~
(
the Beryl,
Chap'4. OF Stones and fewels. =Boox Vi 35
ic quenches thirft. A dramtaken with Oyl of {weet Almonds isa prefenthelpfor > ~~ fuch as havetaken Mercury Sublimace.Alfo it cures the bloodyFlux,and the Whites in Women. |
The Fafper is of many colours, and therefore they make divers’ kinds thereof: That which is reddifh is much commended againft aFlux of Blood from the Nofe, Womb and Hemorrhoides; Yea, and ic is alfo commended. for Wounds: and
Chef afer
tie credible perfonsreporr, that a Flux ot blood andthe Womb Flux, which could If the by no means be ftapped, hath been ftaid by a Jafper Stone boynd to che Womans i
Thigh; as alfo Noje-bleeding that no other Remedies would cure, hath be€n ftop- " auf ped by hanging the Jafper Stone about the patients Neck. Alfo ris com- i Worn mended to cure the Falling ficknefs, if ic be worne upon the Mouth of the / cot | Stomach. a ; h Tae | Some few years fince there hath been brought out of new Spain a Stone called La- The Neo
ps Nepbriticws, the Kidney-ftone 3 which is juftly counced.asa kind of Jafper. Ig phritick Da | ‘Surface isalwaies fat, and asic were {meared with Oyl. There are fundry kinds Stone. i) f hereof in refpectofcolour. For the moft part ic is of a whitifh Green. | It is com. } and ; mended againft pains inthe Kidneys, from whence it had.its Name; and being tied i il
| yo, B cotheArm it hasia-wonderful Virtue, yet confirmed by experience, to break the i; omit 4 one and drive ic out by Urine: of which later. Phyfitians. chat have written of che ORE: nk | ftone, do every where {peak. ant il cal «~The Dxrcoifeis a Stone, not tran{parenc, yet.of a very pleating colour, being a The tur na itpite | | mixture of green and blew. . Ic is believed to ftrengthen the Hearc and Spirits, cafe. i
| Buc efpecially chey attribute thereunto admirable Vircues to preferve a Man from my ‘fy) falling. . ForifaManbe any waiesin danger of a fal, and wear chis ftone, it pre- it Nw rhe We ferveshimharmlefs 5; andthey fay the Scone it felf will break dr lofe its Colout : : Di f and grow Pale, whenthe party is indanger ofafal. The fame it wil do, they fay, . @ am, § whenchewearer isnot well. | 4
| Lapis Laguli fo: called by the Arabian Phyfizians, and by the Greeks Cuanor Lapit Lao Win relgt = Litbor, isalloaStone thac isnoctranfparenc, of a deep blew color adorned with %Hie Hi Mi nit, © ~=©Goldenf{pécks. ThisSconehatharare Virtue to purge Melancholy Humors, and ie therefore it helps Difeafes {pringing from that Humor: of which fee che writings : . (i in Poy i of Phyfitians. Of Lapis Lazuli is made that. moft- ex cellent blew colour, cal’d Ul- Hin fail | = tramarinus, whichis dearer then Gold. Alfo Gold is got out of ,the faid Scone, ta | And even this Scone alone doth teach us, that chere is one common principle of Me- Metals @ ew)! {poke ® tals and Stones, as was laid before _ and thac the matter of Metals doth fuffer Many Stones | a mutations, and that chence various Minerals may be generated, each of which hath have the — heey ave = @ peculiar affinity cothat Metal co the veneration whereof the matter was difpofed: [ame cam- wan : f which leavetoche diligent confideration of others. Mon prine | of thet P Lapis Armenus is in colour and Virtues of kin tothe former. But chis is not fo Ones. l
‘et
Tia
i green, blew and blackith {pecks. | | ; mens. a ber oe b Finally, let us conclude this our Doctrine of precious Stones with Pearls; which Pearls, hata a: we are Not indeed generated.inthe Earth, as other Jewels are, yet are as precious and a At bine Nobleas they. | ; | a gh Now they are bredin certain Shel-fifh, of that Humor whereof the Shel of the |
by the faid Fifhis made, |, The moft excellent are found in che Perfian Sea, and inthe Rea ean n ral | gions of China and the Eaft Indies: the occidental Pearls becaufe they have ba a wy Hoc the. Silver glance of the ocher are of lefs value. Now Pearls havea rate facul. a pal » ty toftrengrhen a Man, and co reftore his Spirits; and therefore they retift Poyfon OE itp Puccefaction and Peftilencial Feavers, they cheat. the mind, they are a Remedy na
for fwooning, and Melancholick Difeafes. They are good againft a flux of Blood eh
ball and loofnefs of the Belly, they do ftrengthen the Brain and Nerves. Mixt with wate
edu! ) fye-lalves they fcour away the Clouds and Filth of the Eyes, and confume che Bes id | dropping moifture thereof. | j MT
we 9 Burfo much may fuifice to have {poken in brief of Scones and Jewels. Y on may Haas
pu § fee more in thote Authors who have wrote peculiarly of chis fubject, as Brancifcus .> >
asi Rueus, Georgins Agricola, Fobn Kentmannus, Andreas Baccius, and efpecially } ~ .
ott: B* Boetwus, who has publithed an excellent Hiftory of Stones, Be Mey |
t Lae | [ITEM RAK \. he }
With Bo, : 'e G9
ap ae . ere ee
) :
The Avi- ftoteleans opinion Concerning the matter of Metals.
The opini- on of the
Chymifis.
oO”
¢
«| * Spirit drawn much alike.
Chap. 5.
ee
Of Metals.
—— ne
Chap. 5- Of Metals.
Ow concerning the generation of Metals the opinion of Authors is various. N Andastothe matter of Metals, the Ariftoceleans do hold chat as all other rhings digged out of the Earch are made of a Smoaky exhalation, fo all metals do {pring from a vaporous Exhalation, and that moifture is prevalent in them, becaufe they may beMelted and Hammered.And they teach that Metals are generated, when a Subterraneal Vapor included, efpecially in Stones, in regard of adry Exhalation which drew itupward, is gatheredinto one, and Coagulaced like Dew into very {mal drops, which cannot be done without cold: yet with this difference 5 that in the Generation of Dew and Hoar-froft the forefaid drinefs which carried the Va- porupwards is feparated: but inthe generation of Metals that fame feparation is not’ made, buc the dry Exhalation is contained and Coagulated with the Vapor.
Howbeits this opinion is not to be received unlefs it be otherwife explained. For it fuppofes a matter too remote, and {peakes of the generation of Metals, as if it fpake of Meteors. And thofe who hold thus concerning the Generation of Me- tals, feemto be of his mind, who intending to {peak of the Generation of Animals, fhould make, not Blood and Seed, but an Exhalation Dry or Moift,. the principle of Living-Creatures. We
The Chymifts therefore do better, who having more diligently fought into the Generation and Refolution of Metals, hold their principles to be Sulphur and Mer- cury ; to which later writers have,not without Caufe, added Salt, ora Metalline, Copperafated, or Vitriolated Earth: andthatin allthefe a Formative and Semin- al Faculty was atthe Creation implanted by God the Creator 3 which as Scaliger faies Exercit. 307. Set. 20. isa certain fifc effence far different from the four Ele- ments, and which asthe principal agent makes Metals of matter thereto difpofed. And therefore wherever this Seminal Principle is wanting, no Meral can be made of any Exhalation, Dry or Moift, by the power of any efficient whacfoever.
And that the Matcer thus ftands, is apparent from the Meral mines, che meltings, Probations, and refolutions of Metals, and the very Proprieties of the Metals them-felves. For in.all! Mines ‘thefe principles are found, and out of all the Oare where-in all Metals ace Generated, Sulphur is boiled. Alfo ‘ris very well known to Chymifts, ‘that Metals may be changed into running
Guick-Silver, and that of Quick-Silver Metals may be made. Yea any nian may judg by his Nofe and Eyes, that there is Sulphurin metals; becaufe in the Calcinations and melting down of Copper and Iron, a greenith and reddith flame is feen, and there is aime! of Brim-ftone. And moft Difeafes wherewith dig- gers and refiners of Merals are troubled, have their original from: Sulphur and Mer- cury. The Refolution or Diffolving of Metals fhews the fame, which is not into Dry and moift Exhalations only, but into things of kin to Metals, retaining their own Nature and properties, in fundry alterations and external slucations. For Lead being turned into Ceruls, although it feem to have quite put off ics Nature, yet may it be melted into Lead again. Yea and Stibium doth turn again co Antimony without muchado. The fpecifical proprietics of Metals do arguechefame, which witnefs, thatthey have not their original only from the mixture of Elements. For that which is true of che Load-ftone, as Scaliger writes, that it cannot by any fa-
culty of the Elements draw Iron: the fame may be faid of many proprieties and o-.
erations of Metals. ; ae? And the Mercurial matter is the chiefeft in the Conftitution of Elements; which
being fundry waies mixed with fixe or volatile Sulphur, anda copperafated Sale of
Garth, makes fundry forts of Metals. And the Chymifts do commonly call Mercury the Mother and Feminine Principle, and Sulphur the Father and Mafculine princi- le. Now withSulphur is mingled Vicriol or Metallick Salt; andin Sulphur there
48 Vicriol, and in al Vicriol, Sulphuc - whence it happens,that ouc of both thereisa
Bucci im xecal| | Br An that chem
iDat inter im ovlre ch
4
1 1: (K Ding + ‘hy
Hota
MK
ty lous other als do ‘Caule When ation 0 Very that in he Vq. C100 js th the
lained, s, asif Of Mee bimals, inciple
to the & IMere ¥ line, Semi caliger Out Eee Upofed, cat be | ever, s. the ties of | , and . Alf running ea any becaule ‘reddih ith dige and Mer jot into 4 thett , Foy ure,yet ntimony if , which | nts FOU
y aly ft- .
erly
pe pute | |
pu the qheseid
fit
ER
U
be added,
5]
Of Metals.
Bur chat-ochers do chink otherwife inthis point, the chief caufe is; inafmuch as
flame.
Butunlefs they were blinded with the darknefs of Chymical Ignorance they might, ealily fee thofe principles in Metallick Veins. for they do not al- waies appear under one and the fame vilible form and fhape; though fom- times they-ate found in the mines, in the very fame fhape:: buc fomrimes chey wander in the fhapes of Exhalations, and Spirits, fomtimes they are Coagulated intorhe form of a Juyce, an Earth, orfome other form. Yea, andthe Meralsthemfelves arefound fomtimes Fixed, other whiles Volanl. Fer Nature Generates Mercury after aSpiritual manners to which ifa Cupperafated Sulphur anda formative principle, it is Coagulated intoa Metal. But if Sulphur andthe formative Principle be wanting, 1c growstogether into.a peculiar matcer and isfound alone. For oneofthefe doth not fufiice to makeaMeral, bur all of themarerequifice. Andtherefore in fuch Mines, in whichoneis prefent and the reft are wanting, Merals are not generated. BuctherealoneMecals are bred, where aSulphuteous Vitriolated fixative Spirit isexattly mixed with Quick-Silver in.a matter fii cobecomea Metal. Thofe Bodies do not make Metals, buc che Spirit muft of neceflity be mingled moft intimately. Butin this formation, before they grow quice firm and Dry,and come to Maturity,they are often found in the liknefs of a Mi- neral Juyce, and unripe Metal: andat lait they are Coagulated and compacted into a perfect Meral.
Andthey that are {tumbled atthe inflameable. Nature of Sulphur, mult know, that there is no neceflicy that Metals muft take flame becaufe they have Sulphur in chem. Simple Water Wets, but icdoth not fo in compounds; Air afcends up- wards, bur not in mixed Bodies. Again, they are-ignorant that an inflamable and Volatile thing may fo be fixed, thac i¢ fhall cake fame no more. For it is the properry of all Sulphurcobeinflamable, but noc at all times: and the more icis tixed the lefs it conceives flame 5 and the more ic is fixed, the lefs fubje& Metalistoburn. Hence it comes to pafs, thatIronand Copper are burned, and fend forth a norable flame; but Gold by reafon of che fixednets of irs Sulphur with- ftands che violence of Fire. :
From hencealto, iris eafie tojudg of the
eint of Merals : fecing Metals have already an internal Caufe of their Coaculacion andare diflolved by heat; coldonly gives occaftonof their Coagulation. Fur if that internal Caufe of Coagulation be wanting, noexternal cold is iuficient to Coa- pulare che fame. Which istobe fren in Quick-Silvec, which nocold can congeal, and yer it. 1s Coagulated with the Spirit. of Lea d. Yea, in the very "Fire itfelf, by Cementations and other Cadctions, Coagulation and &xation is made.
We ought therefore, couching the Nature and original of Mecals, rather co credit
tle Diggers, Refiners, and Ttiats of Metals, andthe Chymift; then idle difpucers ignorant of the Nature of Metals, Who, outofanhatredto. Chymiftry, do endea- vout (by, know noc what Reafon) to perfwade us otherwife. And therefore che moff learned alfo of the Peripateticks, who have fearcht more deeply into the Na~ pure of Metals, do inchis point follow the opinion of the Chymitts.
, Now the Common A ffections of Metals are, tobe melted with heat 3taogrow hard The 4d> dgain by cold; tobe hammered and beaten out, co drinkin Quick Silver; to be suits of
diffolvedby Aqua-Fortis.
They flow and mele by Reafon of Quick-Silver:. and therefore thofe who have
moft part QOuick-Silver are more ealily Molcen; buc thofe mare hard] sulphureous drynefs and Salt are moft prevalent,
: Z Mercury
Y> mi whic
MD
And if there be good itore o&
ficient caufe and active principle in The «fice the Generatron of Metals. - For they who conceive that Mecals are Coagulated only ent caufe “by cold do difcover their own fimplicity of wit, or their unskilfulnefs in the of Metals.
id tL alse
Sete SSSSe
Se ee
\
a ae a ar
ee
Chap
Ty
————
154 Bo or :V." Of Metals. : Chap. 5.
——-
s - gation ee am
Mercury in Metals wey become {o foft, as to be melted by the very leaftheat; = |) ya! Contrariwife, fuch as are often burnt inthe Fire, their Mercurial moifture being andal!
taken away, they become at laft hardly Melcable; as alfo ifthey be fteeped in soo
Aluminous, Copperafated, and fixacory Waters. har The ti Alfo malleablenefs depends upon the Mercurial Humidity, And thofe Metals inp may be bett hammered and {pred abroad by bearing which have a Mercurial moi- . f joc{0! fture moft exactly mixed with a Sulphur proportionable. Contrariwife, thofe in ead, 1 which there is moft ofa VitriolatedSulphur, of Salt and Metalline Barth, they are _ ] ¢hangt leaft Malleable. } Nov Now Metals do drink in Quick-Silver, becaufe they have one Root, and their fub- } syiphi ftancesate of kin; aswe fee Oyls eafily mix’d wich Oyly things, and Water B which with things Watry. they Difference. Metals are by others otherwife divided : .buc they ate by the Chymifts ufually and co of cta's. divided into Perfect andimperfed. And they count that perfect which is com- Viol pleat borh in Subftance and Accidents, and excellently ficcedforufe. Such anone will 1 (Namely) as hath a fubtile Mercurial Subftance,a moft ponderous Nature ;that en- Ai, dures the Fire and all the trials chereof, without even the very leaft detriment; it Now is eafily joyned with Mercury, and moft eafily and largly dilated. Al which marks, 9) yeu), fince they are moft to be found in Gold.it is by the confent ofa) Nations reputed the 9) one: moft excellent and perfect Metal. Whereof neverthelefs you may read what Me- 9) edit vandulanusfaies, inhis Book de Aure. Bu Ge whether Now a Queftion is here raifed, whether Metals differ {pecifically, or nor. Very 9 taty Metals many Chymifts hold, that they do not fpecifically differ, buc only in degrees Of FE tos differ {pe perfection, and that they contift all of che fame matter; have the fame efficient jj Hc cifically or ©. 3 ye : ; : oe Both to, not, Caufe; are generatedin the fame place: that in Lead there isalwaies fomeGold 9 7.¢, | ; found: infome Brafsthereis Gold; and divers of them are comnionly bredtoge- ff ha a ther; they are mutually changed one into another, aslroninco Coppers oucofall “| | il Vitriol is made, and all are refolved into Mercury. Hence doubtlefs were thefe na ' fl eying of the Chymifts: Lead #s Leprous Gold: ibe Inner parts of Silver are Allo ; | i, 0 d. | 3 tt he \, g Yer, If[may {peak mine own ecpinion, I conceive that Metals are fpecifically a ae different. Forchough ic may rightly be faid thar al have one and che fame matter, Th | {| not only generical andremote, but alfo immediate ( in which re{pedéchey differ jj cilled i | from other Natural things, and for which caufe it 1s that they are turned one into bin a another, and divers generated at once inthe fame place) yet have chey noc the fame 7a A Ultimate matter; but therein chey differ, “Yet neither are they differen- | Henit Ah ced only by accidents, but by a fubftantial {pecifick form, and there is oneformof | Gold Mt) Gold. another of Iron, and another of Lead, which difpofes and Labours that com- ff Yeale i i : mon matter according to its own Nature, which appears by the effedts andopera- fj tie ; Hf | 4 tions. Henceicis, chat chough all of chem are refolved into virriol and Mercury 5 Bis 1 i ) yet that Vicriol whichis made out of Copper differs not a little from that made 9°” Me f) Pure and ii out of Iron. : if Sie Hen Ai Nor is that of any nioment which fome Chymifts fay; thac Nature alwaiesin~ jf Ce, ie tends thac which is moft perfect. Forcthisis truein every kind. “ inthe kind of i mY ia Men, Nature intends to make the perfeéteft man; in the kindofa Vine, che moft | isthe perfect Vine; in the kind of Gold, the moft perfe& Gold. “Yet coch itnoc there- Fall ; a1}
fore follow that becaufe Gold is the perfecteft Meral therefore Nature alwaiesin- J tends tomake Gold. For that is juft as ifa Man fhouldfay, that Nature in the | aN kind of Animals alwaies intended aMan, who is the moft perfect of al Live-Crea- J tures. Andif Nature alwaies incended Gold, why isthere no more to.befound? | Now they hold that chere are two perfect Metals, Gold and Silver: and four im- - | 1 a | perfect ones. ~ | hi Goldwhat Gold isthe moft perfed of all Merals, confifting of the moft pure Mercury, moft | in? —_perfe@tly digefted and ripened, by Virtue ofa moft excellenc and fixed ruddy Sulp
Lociates
i ne ‘ hur, wherewichit f-moft exadtly mixed andunited. Hence it comes to have a’ y Myc
7 in ° “~ yellow colour; icis moft weighty ofal Metals, it indures che Fire, it may be bea- \ Melay
Baa ten out exceedingly thin, and it is moft eafily of all MetalsunicedtoMercury. The j) And
: iy Mi, hy mifts do call ic Sol, che Sun. ee ei
oe Syue, silveris a perfect Mecal, yet more inferior then Gold, confifting of short * Pe) an | almo )
heb rrivat £ &
itu. F *
ficient i Gold © Loge I ofall § ethele
ver gre
ically matter, y differ
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at com: f
kindof he molt | gt theres | : yaies il" a in the} eC itt found!
| Foti tt yn | diy o have
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7 We {ay any thing thereof in chis brief difcourfe. pede | a } b
Chap. 5. Of Metals. . Boox V. almoft fixed, andof a whice Sulphur, almoft fixedalfo. For it is neither fo hea- vy nor fo fixedas Gold. And therefore although ic endures the Fire after afore, and abides inthe Afhy Cement, yet doth it not endure in the Royal Cement, Anti- mony, Sulphur. Nextto Gold it is beaten to the greateft thinnefs of any Metal. Fhe Chymifts call ic Luna, the Moon. Wie
Imperfect Metals are thofe which have principles not fo mature and we! digefted, nor fo fixed and pure: whence ic happens, chey can neither endure the thunder of Lead, northe Cement, nor Sulphur, but flie away in fmoak and {parkles, orare changed incodrofs, Glafs, Stones. .
Now they are hard or fofc. , The hard are thofe which by Reafon of their Earthy Sulphur and hardned Mercury are firft red hot beforethey melt; the foft are thofe which by Reafon of a moifter Mercury and lefs digefted are ficft melred before they are Red Hot... The hard have more Sulphur chen che foft; bucic is Harchy and contains more vicriolated Juyce. And therefore they are ealily warned into Vicriol, Hence ic comes-to pats, thac they fuffer detriment by Fire, and will not endure the tryal of more perfect Metals;- but. Fly into: the Air. :
Now the hard Metals aretwo, Brafs or Copper, and Iron. Brafsis an imper fed? Metal, Hard, confifting of a lictleMercury and very much iapure Red Sulphar, Co>per. not perfectly ripened, for the moft parc but yet not perfectly fixed beingefa — reddifh colour. Andhence, by reaton ofits Sulphur, ic is choughe to have affinity with Gold, and to contain in it the principles and Seeds of Golds; and it is believed chat by digeftion ic may attain to fome maturity and perfection. Alfo ic hathaffini- ty to Silver ; feeing in the Marchalite and the Lapis Piffilw they are oftentimes found both together: and Silver and Copper being diffolved are both of a blew colour. The Chymifts cal 1c Venws.
Iron is an imperfect Metal, confifting of a lictle Mercury and much fixed Sulphur, being of awhitifh black andBlewcolour. Hence it comes ro pafs, that itis ex- ceediny flowin melting, and bears long che force of Fire; and is readily.calcined. Alfo it is hardly Joyned with Merctiry, becaufe there is liccle Mercury init.\ Alfo it hach litcle V itriol, andtherefore itis of a whitifh lividcolour. The Chymifts cal ic “Mars.
The fofe Metals are, whice Lead which is called Tinn 5 and Black-Lead which is called fimply Lead.
Tinn or whice Lead, isan imperfect Metal, foft and whice, confifting of much Mercury, lefs puce and fixed then inthe perfect Metals, but purer and more fixed then in Black-Lead, and of a white impure andunripe Sulphur. Being mixed wich Gold and Lead ic leaves them malleable; but being mingled wich the other Fata it makes them break under che Hammer: The Chymifts cal] ic
u plier. . |
Black-Lead is an imperfect Metal, Sofc, of alividcolour, generated of much im- pure and undigefted Mercury, and ofa little Sulphur impure likewife and ftinking. Hence, being ufed inthetrial of perfected Metals ic confumes che imperfect, and carries them away with ic felfin Smoak, or turns them into drofs. ‘It is of all Me- talsche moft eafily melted. The Chymifts cal ie Saturn.
Irons
Ting Lead,
Finally, Of kin to Metals is Quick-filver, aMineral Liquor, of a wonderful Na- Duicks ture, for it flows like Water, andyecic wetsnoc. Icis the weightieft of all Miner- Silver, | als, and wil fuffer nothing to fink inco it but Gold. Now it confifts of a clammyMe- tallick Water, anda Sulphureous Earch, exadtly mingled; and it mingles wich Merals, firft with Gold, then with Tinn, chen with Lead, then with Silver; hard. ly with Copper andIron. The Chymifts call ic Mercury ; becaufe as Mercury af- fociates himfelf with all che Planets, fo doth Quick-filver with all Metals; and be- caufe its Nature is moveable and fhifting, which hath hicherco fufficiently exercifed ymany Chymifts, andis not yet fufficiently underftood. And, therefore hardly can
And hereto conclude our Difcourfe of Metals, we muft not pafs over. that con-* # eibes croverfie concerning the tranfmucation of Metals. Out of which briefly co unwind Oh oer
our felves, feeing, as Ariftotle rightly judges, itisa certain weaknels of mind so ™#Aion,
- of Metals ; et Beck pe YoSbie
) : Y NS
»
195
Bra of
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saretminnn enpiings Secret
Spe set a
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~*~ 2 at. “i " Po oe SM S
BooKwyV. Of Metals. ‘Chap. 5-
{eek for Reafons and let go.Senfe; I conceive the thallow Reafons of fome Perfons unskilful in Chymiftry are no waies to be preferred before experience. Now it is | amoft known ching, chat in Hungaria, ata Town called Smolnits, inthe Mountain re Garpathus; there is aFountain, whereito iron being caft is turned into very good. Jf ¢f Copper. The like is doneat this day in Goflaria. Nor is this performed by iNacu- | sal Waters only, bucche fame may bedone by Artalfo. For if Iron be cait into vitriolated “Water there fticks ared pouder thereto, ’ which being meltea inthe Fite becomes Copper. So Quick-Silver is turned into Lead, with no great pains. Alfo it hath been ofcen foundtine by experience, in this Age of ours, that other Mecals may be warned into Gold: andit is Notorioufly known, what that fame Alexander Sidon,a Scotchman performedat Colenius Bafil, and others places.” \-on- cerning which matter fee che Hiftoris of the Metallick Tranfmuration defcribed by Prvaldus de Hoghelande and the writings publithed by Andreas Libavins, tor de- fence of Tranimutatory Alchymy.
Since therefore by Experience ir is fufficiently manifeft ; we need not difpuce long nah of this Matcer. . One thing we thal briefly hint. That the Franimutation of Merals | is not Simply and Barely Artificial, fave'as itapplies things Natural to perform fome certain action. Nor doth the Arc proceed upon any buc meerly Natural principles; and fuch things as Nature hath generated the doth only mix aftera ote certain Fafhion. 1: :
Nee ee
ql
i 2
OU OF 2 CS Oe On CEE OTO ee OO A aaa EGU 248) Ox. ORO OG CKROROK OAOAOL ORO A O22 OIS Ge
ERLSESE PETES LEE PE IES TIDES IE ELSES EREG EE DE EG TRH
piusiid:.
7? Ix, Of the Soulin General, and of things Vegetable.
Chap. 1. Of the Soul in General:
PA. a ous
BP PS h hh es B Ince Method requires thac we fhould now treat of Living and Animal wherber See ie eae He eee Things; we muft firft {peak ofthe Soul. That there is fuch a thing there be « » asa Soul, is manifeft by the operations chereof. For we feethat Li- ep vie
ving things perform many operations which they canner do when” *
they aredead. Ic follows therefore char che Body it felf cannor be
the caufe of thofe operations’; buc that ehere is fomwhat inche Body
which performs che fame. Now fince every operaticn is a kind of
cranfienc accident, never firmly fublifting in ie felf; chere muft needs
ein the Body fomecatife, which isthe fable and confant producet
of actions; which being prefent, life and every action # performed , and when it departs,
the life ceafech: and this ¢aufe of fuch Jike actions is termed Anima, the Soul. As co what concerns che Effence of the Soul, Tamic the fandcy Opinions of che Ancients
which are reckoned up, and largely refuted by 4riftotle, Lib. 1. de Anima, Matfiliys
Bicinus, Lib. 6. 7. 8. Theologie Platonice. And ¥ {hal recain che Definition of Ariftotle
in 2.de Anima, c. 1. text. 6. whichis this, 4 Soul is the firfi a and perfettion of a Na- The Defi-
tural Body, wbich bath an aptitude to Life; or briefly, of a Natural ‘Body, wobofe parts es oe
ave Organs. For che Soul ts neither an accidénr, (fleeing an accident cannot be one part of Ties
a compounded fubfance, fuca as a living Body is, nor che firft principle of al adtions, oris neicher
make a crue difference betwixt cwo fubltances 3) nora Body, for cwo Bodies cannot be inet acci-
one place: Buc iis che act, or fubftantial fora, by which a living Body is a living Body dent, nov
indeed 5 that isto tay, by which i¢ hath an inbred power and feulcy co perform all che * 4%:
ations of Life. More may be feen touching the word Entelecheia uled in chis Definition,
1p Book 1. ch. 9. cencerning Motion, where I have at large explained the genuine fignifica -
a
tien of chis Word.
Now a Soul is nor the perfection and form of any Body, nor ofan Arcifictal, but a Natu- tal Body; nor yer ofevery Natural Body: For every Natural Body is not animated 3 bur thac Body only, which bach an aptitude toexercife the ations of Life, and is fo difpofed thac che Soul may thereby, as by Inftrumencs, exercife itsadtions. For here we muft bold ouc of Ariffotle,in 2 Metapbyf. com. 31. That che attion of an Agent does not proceed from rhe fubject without a form, nor from the form withour a fubject : for otherwife the fubject and xs form would be actually two things, Nowiffobeaétion cannor be petfors med by alubject without a form, nor by a form without a fubjet, much lefs can it be per- formed by Infruments without a Working caufe. From whence it follows, chac Action is performed by a cervain compound of Matter, Form, and Inftruments’; fo char the whol Compaund may be called the Principle which acts; buc the Form, che Principle where= with che act performed, becaufe che Compound aéts by vertue of che Form; Finally, Ake Infituments, whereby 5 {eeing the operation is performed through their fubferviency,
Moreover, There is allo another Definition of the Soul in Alvifiotle, in 2.de Anina,. cap. 2. text. 78. whichisthis: Our Soubis the Principle whereby we live, move, ufe our def rion Senfes, and underftand. of ste Sout
And teeing there are many kinds'of Living Creatures; we fhal beft come'tothe knowledy \ oftheir Differences, by obfervacion of che effedtsand operations ofthe Soul; fince every ..° )
Be cause |
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dee ar ly
Cha ay Ve
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