part inthe middle, which the Light cannot pierce into, expreffes a certain deep=

nefs remote from us a great way: but in the outmof parts through which the lighe paffes, icfeemsnearertous. For every thing that 1s black,’ dark and obfcure, al- though it beas near as that which 1s white, yet it feems further off thenic > for whire things do more work upon the fight. And therefore painters alfo being toexprefs a thine depreffed and remote, doufea black Color or chat which is near to black; but to exprefs a thing raifed and eminent, they ufe white. Afcer the fame manner Ditches & alfo Ditches are made. Forinthem there is only more depth, then in the forefaiq other f- Gapings. Of other Colors and Figures appearing in the Air, the Caufe is the fame. tne For according to the various difpofition of Clouds in their feveral parts, in CeLPe Gh pearing. : of thicknefs and thinnefs, the fhapes of divers Animals are reprefented, of Moun- tains, &c. They fay that a Gaping is made after a fecond Manner, whena thin ex- halation burns above fome Cloud, and atténuates the faid Cloud in the middle, more and more, fothat it feems to be divided into two parts. Which being dove, the Exhalation it felf appears all on Fire, and the Heaven being as it wexe opened, feemsco burn. Yet probable ic is that fomtimes fuch Prodigious Apparitions are by almighty God placed’in the Sky, toDenounce fonie Impendent Calamity, and Experience teaches as mnch,
Chap. 3: Of the Winds.
Frerthe Fiery Meteors, we ate to treat of Winds and Earth-Quakes. 4 \ though of old fundry Men have had feveral Opinions -con the Winds; and that Opinion chiefly was m
Now al-
cerning the Nature of wind iz
oft Famous and common, Which holdset the ir
that Wind is the Agitation of the Air, oras Seneca defines ir, Ruel. Nat. Lib. 5, *siteted.
Cap.1. Flowing of agicated Air : yet that chefe and other Opinions are of no yalj-
dity, Ariftotle thews in B. 2. Meteorol. Ch. 4. But Ariffotle himfelf held thus con- The wana erning the Generation of the Winds; that all the Water which falls down inney of the
thowers, is totally diftributed into the Earth, and che Earth hach in ic felf much Generati-
heat and Fire; and theSun doth not only draw that moifture which lies in the up- % of Wind
per parts of the Earth, but alfo by its heating Faculty dries the Earth ir felf; which mys 5 Humor beine drawn aloft in vapors, is driven back by the Coldnefs of the middle yj. Region of the Air, and agitated and moved athwart .
For che Matter of Winds, a
e
ccording to the Ariftoteleims, is an Ex y produce thefefignes. For-in the fir s Cardan faies in his 16. de Sibtil, P- 792.
halation hoz The atet- Place Windster of wind Cand experi- Y> Ora red Moon, or W%5 Only becaufe they argue
aa ‘ ;
A Gaping,
/.
=
NOR ao Pb 5 et ior f ASSESS NAR
ga ag eal
oad
i esta ote PE heal
2 Boox LY.
argue that many Hot and Dry
the mater of Winds isfeldoma
other fome, becaufe two forts of Exhalations, ofthe Earth; and again, becaufe they are mixed with Exhala- and therefore alio the Qualities of ds appear, by reafon of the yapors they
drawn joyntly out tions and Vapors, through which they pais - feveral Winds are different, as fhal afterwar with them out ofthe places through ld be the Caufe of the Motion Piccolbomineus,Lib. de ‘Meteor. Cb. here is no fmal difficulty and ob-
bring
The Eff-
cient caufe. Giffer, asm
Conimbric. de Meteors,
{curity.
Region ofthe Air, orth becaufe by rheir own Nature they are the violence of the cold Air they are driven co move Athwart or Crofs the Air, ney, if it meet with Wind is beaten d way alabroad: fo they ting with checoldnefs o
by.
Ariftorles
opinion ex- nefs, amined, ryaifed out
and obferved concerning the fame.
Now what fhou ay be feen in Francifc. Trat: 6. C. 3. And verily “But moft Menhold, that dry Exhalations being carried up to the middle ereabouts; are by the coldnefs t
chink it
Now as we donot wholly reject this opinion, fin that after Rains Winds are raifed in the neighbouring places, vapors being of the Earth moiftened with fhowers 5 yetfome things For firft, chough chat fame violent motion of dto Exhalations: yer the Air it {elf doth encreate
Winds be chiefly to be attribute chat motion, which being moved by the Exhalations is it felf cibly carried this way and th
Hand, by Wind.
Moreover, although Winds are hardl Jation. fincerarely hinders but chat Cold and moift Vapors may rience teaches us that there are many cold W
Thirdly,
many Exhalations doa arifes from the furface
Foot deep,
Winds, which oftentimes
a Whip, or Fann, one kind of
2Tis indeed eredib]
ofthe E more or lefs, out
divers daies together 5 efpeciall
Winds do blow out of the hollow Caverns 0 Surface of t more vehement Winds aret out of Rivers and Lakes, yea and Storm fome think
by the wor
oftentimes found it foto be, totheir grea FEolia (which Virgil defcribes in his 1#Boo
as he faies,
Fourthl
halations raifed alofr, are driven bac neverthelefs certain ici¢,thae they w henthey -hey are not defticute of all force and motion;
Pools, Fi do arife.
it improbable, that
{cend; but Credible ic is n
can fend forth fuch frore of
- but withoue all queftion f che Earth.
pure Exhalation; and fome ‘winds are drier then
which they blow.
.
and Agitation of Winds, authors
22. Collegium
hereof driven back; and light and endeavor to mount upwards (but by down again,) therefore they are forced For juft as Smoak afcending out of a Chim- own, and paiies obliquely this way andthat
no abfurdicy cofay, that an hot Exhalation mee=
at ways
€ the middle Region of the Air, is driven back there-
ce experience it felf doth wit-
are to bevadded
agitated, and for=-
Even as when it is moved by ones
we petceive ic makes fomwhat which refembles
y bred without an Hot and Dry Exha-
exhalation afcends without another : yet nothing
of
be the marcter
Winds; and expe-
inds, and many Winds moilft.
e, thar out of the Earth moiftened with fhowers
arth, andthat the
of thefame Quarters do
ot, thacallche matter of Winds Earth within the compafs of ten Vapors as willferveto make moft vehemently blow,
-when the Earth continues moult even when the
the greateft part of Winds do break For inthe Winter Seafon, whenallthe he Earth is hardned with Froft and Cold, yet neverthelefs more and, hen raifed, then inthe Summer tume5 and Winds arife s arife out of the Sea it felf.
And alchough
Windsare raifed out ofthe bottom of the Water, king of che Fire whichisinthe Bowels of the Earth, yet Mariners have
cdanger and dammage. k of the Travels of Aineas,) out of which, -
Far this 1s that
Buf: puf Winds make all to an Head, and where the Gate's open, a bluftring blaft, and Blow the Land over.
Out they Rufb, with
y> Alt
odds and lakes, but Now the Winds in
either from the multitude of W
chruft. forth the Air
oe a PGE Lr AoE ERR ATOR ON Ei
and Vapors there fhut up 3
hough 1 will not now difpute this point, whet [ k by the coldnefs ofthe middle Region: yet break out of the Caverns of the Earth,
and that not only an Air arifes out of
her Vapors and Ex-
even.out of the Calm Sea oftentimes ftormsiof Wind
the
mean while do receive this force at that time,
aters which break into the bowels ofthe Earth, and
or from the Fire contained in
the
~
1M the Bal B {ets an
ee Chat —_— ihe Yap" (ont sion hin Fat; tt fave gota \ which oral onal watd rer Be fore which final p fit, che lar thet) Hot Planet thisott fhutual place, The fen tt rated Lib and the ofth tileb the Et North. Winds ie and
fote add aithe’T Be +a fher Sut Which} dAticy,
BD the Zod iy ht Circ
7 dbal yj
Uintth and Wr Phen
lim Na: Ra
9 llory ; O Corie
Uf tho Eiteing
with th
lei
VW
OWES y ids Or teh
make
blow,.
en the break allthe re and i atile hougl Hater, rs have ythat
yhich,
aa TENTS
NRT Sa ey aE
them Incermediate or Quarter Winds.
(Oo ee
the Caverns of che Earch, andrefolving the Waters and. other fubject mattér into Vapors: cowhich may be added fome Huge Fragment of Earth fa ling down inco fome vaft Cavern of the Earch, and thereout violencly expelling thé Air. Howbeir, amongft thefe Caufes, the chief feems to be the under-ground heats and man things argue chat ic is no lefs effectual to raife Winds, then che Heat of thé Sun, For, as hath been lately faid, they break out of Rivers, Lakes, and the Sea alfo inthe Winter time, when the flurface of the Earthis hard with Froft, And that fame inftrument which Chymifts ufe inftead of bellows to blow their Fire, doth nota lictle declare this bufinefs. They have around hollow Globe of Copper; which being filled with Water and clofe ftopped, there is a {mal hole on one fide or a Pipe witha imal paflage: andthe faid Globe being filled wich Warer is laid on a Chafing- Difh of Coals, andthe forefaid Pipe is inftéad of bellows turhed to wards the kire which they would blow: when the Globe prows Hot and the Wa- cer begins to rarifie, there is a perperual Wind blowing forth, which blows the forefaid Fire like a bellows, tilall the Water in che Globe be confumed. To alk which caufes neverthelefs one feems fitrobe added; vx. The contrariety of hofé {mal particles, whereof the Exhalations which arethe matter of Winds do. con- fitt. Forthele patcicles (as appears by many Chymical operations, wherein for che fame caufe the Veffels are violently broken, while they abhor and fly one from ther) do raife iuch @ violent motion. :
Hlowbeit, The motion and pofture likewife of the Scars, and efpecially of the Planets, dothalfo contribute coche Generation of exhalations; which being in chis or chat part of Heaven confticuted, or in conjunction with others, ot having mutualafpecis; chey move fomtimes this matter, fomtimes chat, fomcimes in one place, fomcimes in another, and varioufly drive and force the fame:
The number of the Winds is by various Auchors varioufly reckoned; as may be The nus feen in Ariorle, in his 2. of Meteors, Cb. 6. in the Author of the Book de “Mundo dedi= ber of li / cated to Alexander Ch. 4. Senecain his Queft. Nat. L. 1... 16.: Pliny in ‘Hif?, Nits Vindsunt- | iH Lib. 2: Cap47. Gellius, Book2: Gb. 22. Who alfo differ fomwhat in the Names ine. 1 > | and Situations of the Winds. Thus we thal Mufter them. All prance thac chofe aré ferteds Hy ie
the four Cardinal or Principal Winds, which blow from the four Principal poincé ofthe Horizon, or the four cornéts of the World. For from the Equinaétial San tife blows the Eaft-Wind; fromche Noeone-fted blows the South Wind 3; From the Equinottial Sun-fet, the Weft-Wind; and from thé Pole Arétick blows the North-wind. ‘Lhe Ancients contented themfelves with the norice of thefe four Winds : the Ape following added four more. For,becaufe the Sun doth not alwaies rife and fet in the fame place, bur che Equino@ial Sun-Rife and Sun-fer from whence the Eaft and Wett winds blow, are different from the Solfticial Sun fet 3 andthe Winter Sun-Rife andSun-Ser is .alfo different from chem: they therz fore added yet four Winds more, ‘blowing fromthe four points of the Interleétion ofthe Tropicks and Horizon, of from the points of the Summer Sun-Rife and Sune Set; andthe Winter Sun-Rife andSun-Secr. For that which blowsfrom the Sum= mer Sutt-Rife, they called Czciass That from the Winter Sun-Rife Vulexriys 3 that which blows from the Summer Sun-Sec, Corwss thac from che Winter Suu-Ser, Africus. Tothefe Pofteriry added yet other fout, which blow fromthe Poles of the Zodiack, and their oppofite points; or from the fides of che Poles and the Po- Jar Circles, or from the points marked by them in che Horizons fo chat every Car- dinal Wind cameto have two collateral or tide winds: Abd they called chac be- twixt the North andthe Summer Sun-Rife Thraftidss and ‘that betwixt che South and Winter Sun-Set, Libonotwss that betwixt the South and Winter Sun-Rife,
Pheniciaa, Andthisis the moft ufual number of Winds among Authors. Later The mint Navigators have amplified the number ofthe Winds to thirty two.. For they divide ber of the the Horizon into eight parts, co which they attribute eight Winds ; which chew 45 ex-
yeall principal, vig thofe which blow from the four cardinal points of the Horizon, spe
e Zatorse
oF corners of the World, and {uch as blow fromthe points exactly in the middl ofthofe. To thefe they addeight others, holdingthe middle places betwixe che principal, ahd-call chem the middle ot half Wimds : to thefe they add fixcéen more, which they infert iti the middle fpate betwixt the principal andthe middle, and cal
Chaps'3, is«éOf the: Winds, Book IV. ii
s fhelh
=)
GPR PEED,
Pe ag oD
i SE
————
peesintine rae
——— ee ae ee ae Se
z SS. = Sem ae rr eR ee scoala tincmeperaieiialiapaniiniietibeeetiaiad os —
Se ae
i ES
i nen ee
the Ps
che Seuch andthe South-Weft chereis che Libonotus, the Souch-Souch Weft wind, @ / betwixt the Souch-Weft and the Weft chere 1s Africus, che Weft-South-Welt (8 Cie’ wind ; betwixt the Weft and the North- Weft isthe Caurus, Corus,or Weft-Norch- | swiny Weft wind; betwixt che Norch-Weft and the North blows the Circins or North- deft North-Weft wind; betwixt the North andthe North-Eaft blows Boreas, Aquilo, TheS er the North-North-Eaft wind; becwixcthe North Eaft andthe Eaft blows the Store of Cacia, or the Eaft-Norch-Eaft -wind. Thes - The chief thing obferveablein chefe Winds is the contrariety. Now thofe Winds || 9 jeiny te 'é’¥ are moft contrary one to another which are moft diftant one from another in place. The ‘ Now chofe are moft diftant in place which are Diametrically oppolite one toano- Wher ther, or by a Line drawn through the Centre of the Horizon. Hence the Eaft is wit oft oppofedco the Weft, the Sourh cothe North; the Wonter Sun-Rife co the Summer The’ Sun-Set, the Winters Sun-Set to the Summers Sun-Rife : and therefore the Winds hadet alfo which blow from thefe parts are oppofite onetoanother. So the Eaft-South- The Eaft wind is oppofite to the Weft-North -W eft ; the Souch-Eaft windto the North- Clon Weft; the Souch-South-Eaft, to the North-North-Weft ; South-South-W elt to pur the North-North-Eaft ; the North-Eaft co the South-Weft; the Eaft-North-Eaft “Th wind is oppofitetothe Weft-South Weft wind. The rhe winds © And here it is to be obferved, that chefe winds obfervea Rule in blowing. Thofe | huddi blow in « Which are contrary, becaufethey are Diametrically oppolite, cannot blow at one (9 yin, certaine andthe fametime, but the ftronger of the two fupprefles the force of itsoppofitce: Ff... Methed. or if it happen that they blow sh itis with mighty contentionandcaufesan 9 4,.1,) hideous ftorme. Now, this order the winds do commonly obferve, that whe al one fals that which is next it doth rife; or the contrary to that which ceafes doth * I begintoblow. Moreover in contrary Lines contrary Winds do for the moft pare Te blow: concerning which fee Arifiotle, Lib. Meteor. 2. C. 6. Pliny in bis Natural a : ; ring an Hiftory, Book 2. Ch. 47. wise The tem-2 Again,: Here is tobe notedthe Temperament and Qualicy of the Winds. For Crs per «nd though chey al agree in matter, and confift of an hot and dry Exhalation: yet fince t , ie Qualities that isfeldomraifedup alone, (but chat for the moft part out of the Sea, and the jf ute pe Earth watered with Rains and Snows thefe two Exhalacions are drawn cogether, 8“ * afford matter tothe Winds ;) moreover that they pafs through places Hot, Cold, jj Alo Dry; therfore there isalfo a great difference of Winds in refped of the places from jf eae whence they arife and chrough which they blow. For the Winds havenot onlythe § vali Qualicies of thofe places from whence they arife, but their chief qualities chey have ne tanh from the places through which they pafs. hale Hippocrates in his Book de Aere, Aqua, « Loc#s, divides al the Winds intoHot "a and Cold, becaufe the force of thefe qualities is greateft : whom .4riffotlefollowing § pc, in his 2. Meteor. Cap.6. divides all Winds inco North and South Winds, even in ‘eddy re{peét of Heat and Coldalfo. Tothe Northern he adds the Weftern Winds, and ig “wit tothe Southern the Eaftern, The North-Winds’are the coldeftof all otherand jf Mth ‘ Dry; for they arife from Snowy cold places, and pafs through places out of theSuns MPliny way and far from the Heat thereof. With thefe agree che Weft Winds, For thefe } “tin _ are cold Winds, becaufe chey pafs through places not much heated by the } And} Sun. To the North-W ind the Souch-wind is oppofed, an hot wind, which paffes” | bet a
through |
eas Wp, 4
‘onder | UNorth |} Win; | South. t| def beef] eBay, |] ¢ Weg hy th |
iil, | Ker Sun. We thal fi and the South. F betwixt | wind: Fy Ue f] Northe f North. : Anuil, | OWS the Bl | Winds place | Loam Bl hats
Lome | Winds South: | North | N eft tO | theEati i
Thole at ole
polit:
, For " et nce and the
eet
Cold)
es {LOM DR ily te be ey have
nto Hot) [lowing f evell Ilia ds, ant i U1 cher a0 ee che Su
fo There arealfo other winds
Chap 3... Of the VVinds. Boox IV. 118 through the Sunsroad, andthrough places heated by theSun: in Libya indeed it is dry, becaufe the moift vapors are there confumed by theSun:; but tous ic is moift, becaufe ic comes over the Medicerranean or Mid-land Sea. The Eaftern Winds are Hot anddry. FortheSun is carried long over thofe places through which they come.
The Eaft-wind is Hot, Dry, temperate, Sweet, Pure, Subtile, Healthy, efpe- cially inche morning: andtherefore ic brings no Venemous blafts. The Eatt- South-Eaft becaufe nearer the South is moift and cloudy, and therefore when it blows all chings do feem to be bigger then indeed they are,.as Ariffotle hath ic in the 26. Seétion of his Problems, Problem 56. The Eaft-Norch-Eaft, is inconftant and fomwhat cool. It drives noc the Clouds away, but drawsthem to it felf; whence the Proverb: he draws evils to himfelf as the Eaft-Nor-Eaft Wind draws the Clouds. The Weft wind melts the Winter Snow and Frofts, being ofan Hot and moifttemper, making the Herbs and flowers to grow; and therefore cis thought co have its Name in the Greek Zepburos, as if you would fay Zoen Pheron. bringing Life.
The Weft-South- Weft, is Cold, Moiit,Rainy tempeftuous. Hence Virgil calls ic Creber Procellis, in the firft of his Aineids, ful of Scorms. Thé Weft-Nor-Welt, is stormy, Snowy, Hailing, Cold. Therefore it, andthe Norch-wind, are che col- deft winds of all.
The South- wind is moift, Hor, Thundering, Peftiient, engendring Clouds and Store of Rain,making the Air thick and Cloudy.
The South-South-Weit is acemperate wind, Hot, Rainy, and fomtimes Thun- dering.
The South-South-Eaft wind is Hot and Moift.
Wherefore the South- wind,the South-weft wind, Weft-South-weft winds are hot, but of chefe the South-windis Hotteft, Hurcful and Peftilent,
The South-South weft is more moiftthen Hor. WHowbeit,confideration muft be had of the Climate and the place.
The North-Nor-Eaft wind is Cold and Dry, the Author of Cold, cutting the Clouds, ftraitning our Bodies and fhutting their Pores : making the Humors more pure, and Purging the peftilential Air.
The North-Nor-weft is the Author of Snow and Hail.
The North-wind is Cold anddry, without Rain, hutting Flowers, Fruits and budding Vines. Andthereforethe North-Nor-Eaft, North and Norch-Nor-wef winds do Purge the Air; andif they be not vehement cold, they make ic clear and fair weather; but efpecially the North-Nor-Eait and the North winds; and che North-Nor-Eaft brings Hail, and the North-wind brings Snow, And Ge- nerally all winds from the North and Weft are drier chen from the South and Eaft.
Hence fome winds are healthy, others unhealthy. But in general che Southern Of winds winds are of all other moft unwholefome. For they caufe moifture and putrefacti- (ome are on: and therefore when it blows, neither Cellars, nor Houfes, nor Libraries, nor beality, Granaries thould be fet open. The South-wind is more violent in the Night, raat ih the North-wind inthe Day : the South-wind on the Sea, and the North-wind on
the Land.
A fhort and moderateSouth-wind makes the Air clear; buta ereat and lafting South-wind Clouds the Air, andis wont tobe more furious at the End then at the beginning: and therefore ic brings more Rain at the Conclufion, thenat fir: buc the Norch-Nor-Eaft wind doth the contrary. ,
Thofe winds which come through Populous places, asCicies fulof people, and where a great Army hath been long incamped, through Stinking and Venemous places, are hurtful: but thofe which come through healchy places, as pleafant Meddows, woods, and along running waters, arewholfome, for they are Seafo-
»ned with the Steams of Flowers, Leaves and Herbs. More obfervations concer-
ning the force of winds are to be read every where inthe writiags of Phyfitians, and in Pliny in. the place fore alledged;alfo fome things may be broughe out of .4ri/forla touching this fubject, Probl. Sett. 26.
And thefe are che common winds which blow every where all che world over. Prowinti peculiar tofome places: The former are termed com-“ ¥4%
S 2 mon
a
4
~ wi % —e- a eer oe Te ae = - = : = ps ease = oe v ae 5 Fare fp SSO SAR AQY
ate
rece
Sn ee = - caer
Fyre
eas
TT een ets
Aniver- here are alfo univerfary winds, which return every year at fertimes, andcthey fary winds ate chiefly three: The Onithiai or Bird-winds,.
Bird wind,
116 BOOK LY.
a a
Of the Winds.
Chap. 3. monctoall places, not becaufe fo many blow in all places ; for there are fome Re- gions where thofe common winds cannot come, by reafon of High-Mounrains and other Caufes: buc becaufe, no where theve are found any more. Andthe latcer are termed Provincial winds, becaufe they go not beyond a certain tract of ground and abide in the place where they were ingendred not being able to blow further : becaufe: they are bred of a {mal Quantity of matcer, which failing, they alfodo fade away. And fuch are commonly thofe winds which are called Subterranean, which come out of Caverns ofthe Earth, and from Exhalations bred in thofe Ga- vities which are neareft the Surface of the Earth. Or becaufe they are particles of the common winds, feparatedfromthem by the height of Mountains, deepnefs of Valleys, or the Heat or Cold of the Place. Of which fee Seneca. Queft. Nat. B. 5. Cb. 19. Pliny in his Natural Hiftory Lib. 2. Cb. 47. Gellius Book 2. Ch. 22.
the Prodromo1or forerunners, che Btefsat or Annivetfaty winds Particularly fo called. The Bird-winds called alfo the Rofe-winds, are a fore of Wefterly winds, which blow gently every year in the Spring Seafon, whenthe Swallows and orher Birds returneto our Patts, and
Foverun- hen Roles flourith. The Prodromoi or Forerunners, ace Northern winds which
METS.
Eteftan winds.
Turbulent winds.
Ecne phias
—
The whirl- wind
coine eight daies before the rifing of the Dog-Star, fo called becaufe they proceed the Erefian winds. The Etefian winds are fo called from Etos Annus, asif you fhould fay Anniverfary winds Particularly fo called, becanfe they keep cheir courte moft certainly every year, two daies after rhe Rife of the Dog ftar, and blow forty daies together 5 now they are Northern winds, pleafing and healchfulco man and beaft.. For by their blaft they moderate the Heac, break the violence of the Summer, and defend us from the violence of the hotceft months. They rife ac che thirdhour ofthe day, and therefore they are called fleepy winds and Dainty Nice winds by the Mariners, as Seneca tellsus, Nat. RQueft. Lib. 5. Ch. 11. and at night commonly they leave blowing. Authors conceive thofe winds are bred by great heat, melcing che Snows yet remaining on the Northern Mountains. For’tis likely, that the Lands disburthened cf the Snow and uncovered do breath out more freely. Andtherefore they do not laft beyond the Dog-daies; becaufe afcer them all places are bared, or at leaft very few do continue covered with SnOW, ‘
The winds do fomtimes raife great Fempefts, and are exceeding turbulent; the chief whereof are Binepbias, Typbon,and Prefber. The generation of the wind Be- nep” ida is thus defcribed by Seneca in his Lib. 5. Quefs. Nat. Cap. 12. when a great inequalicy and diffimilicude of Bodies, fenc out by the Earchs vapor, doch aicend aloft, andfome of thefe Bodies are dry, others moift, from fo great a difcord of Bodies fighting together, when they are gathered into a Globous Body, °tis like that fome Clouds are made hollow, andthat Fiftulous {paces are left in them, in mannet of hollow ftrait Pipes. In thefe {paces a chin {pirit is intercepted, . which defires a greater {pace, when being fmicten and cuft together in its narrow paflage at grows hor, and fo becomes wider, and cuts afunder itsinclofures, and breaks out into a Wind,which is really ftormy, coming down from alofc and falling vehement- ly and fiercely upon us,and making it felf way by forceand fighting. This windis called by the Greeks Ecnephias, becaufe it comes rufhing Ec ton ‘Nephon, out of the Clouds.
But if the faid Exhalation be divided into parts, and breaks either out of divers Clouds, or out of divers parts of the fame Cloud, it caufes a Whirl-wind. For, becaufe the wind feeking Egrefs meecs another, and is forced as it were out of a wide into a narrow place, it is alwaies driven to one fide where it may finda paffage, and makes a wheeling motien; by and by being conglobated and mixed with fome parc of the Cloud, it is carried Head-long, and being repulfed and beaten back by
the Earth carries what ever ic meets with ics whirling motion, aloft into the ©
Air; it isthe chief Plague of Mariners, as Pliny faies in Lib. 2. Nat. Hift. Cap. 48- bowing and breaking, not only their mafts but che very Ships themfelves.
« But if che faid Exhalation be of an hotter Nature, and by Antiperiftafis or Motion be f¢c on Fire, and carry the Flame along with ir, tis called Prefer from burning. Seneca calls ic the Fiery whirl-wind , Queft. Nat. Lib. 5. C. 13. This doth not only
‘overthrow, but buru al chac doth ftand inits way; and-herein only it differs from
a Thunder-
bis et
Wonteary the Cire QO Ou, the ith Ahae tnthe(, HOt moy averng Which fl cold, an
Ratified
Fite,
eqn le Ci.
4S, 5,
te IS, RI
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_Earth-quakes have not ceafed till rhofe winds included have made an Eruption: which eat: Ariftotletels us did happen about Heraclea of Pontus, andthe Ifland Hiera, inthe 2 of i | |
~Boox lV. 117 _
ismore Flame and lefs wind. And fo much for Winds.
Chap. 4. Of the Earth-Quake.
Panes relates the differing opinion of Authors touching the Earth-Quake, (which the Greeks term Seifmos,) in his 1B. of Meteors Cap. 7. Seneca Lib. 6. Queft. Nat. from Chap. 5.to 21. Plutarch in by 3. de Placit. Poilofoph. c.15- Pliny B. 2. ‘Nat. Hift. c. 79. Gellius B. 2.cb. 28. from whence we may fee how careful the Ancients were in fear- ching out the Caufe, why that which ts che only immoveable and fixed ching inthe world, which fubftains us and all chings on itfelf, upon which Cities are built, which fome have called the foundation of the World, doch fomtimes reel and ftumble. We, defirousco obferve Brevity, omitting the examination of other Opinions, fhall only fay open the Truth, Seeing the Earth is of it felf immoveable,. nor canbe moved by any thing which Ex- ternally goes about the fame, as winds or waters, (agiinft che Motions and moft Vehe- ment Tempefts whereof the Earch hath formerly ftood and doth ftill ftand immove- able:_) ’cistobecthoughr, thacic is moved in Earth-quakes from fomwhat within ic felf. Now in the Caverns of the Earth are included Waters and two kinds of Exhalati- ons. Now although that Gellivs telsus, Lib. 2. Cap. 8. thatthe moft Ancient Greeks waters are were of Opinion, thatthe Earth was moved by the Floods and Violence Motions of #9 the Waters abounding in the Caverns of the Earth ; ( and therefore they call Neptvene the ps earth-fhaker: ) yet waters being not very aptto move, nor difpofed co molt {wift and vi- quakes. olent Motions cannot be accounted the Caufe of Earth-quakes. Which is alfoconfirmed — VN by what Scalager relates in his 38 Exercitation. There is faieshe in the Wefterne part ae
of the Ifland of ‘Hifpaniola a Mountain of huge Height, which hath many hollow i n Caves withinit, whereinto Rivers aretumbled down with fogreat a noife and roaring NB of the waters that they are heard five Miles of, yet no Earth-quake is caufed thereby. | iW And the like Judgment we are to make of moift Vapors. Mt if | ¥ vi
The Canfe therefore ofan Earth-quake muft needs be hot and drie Exhalations. For fiot The erdé and dry Spirits are fitting to raife Motions moft fwift, Violent and Vehement, which °##¢ isalfoapparentfrom Thunder, Thunder-bolts, Winds, Whirle-winds, Storms, and Guns: and every hot ching doth of its own Nature tend upwards. Alfo there are o- ther Tokens hereof. For Hiftories bear witnefs, chat forthe moft pare, after an Barth- quakes a great abundance of winds and fpirits have broken forth, and have catt Stones,’ ny Afhes, and other Obvious things ouc of the Caverns of the Earth; yea and the moft : Manon
bis‘Meteors, Chap. 8 Moreover, moft Earth-quakes happen, whenthe Sea is Calnie Uti alia and the Air free from winds; vx. When all the matter of Winds is contained if : Hitdal ofthe Earth. You may finde more fignsin.4riffotle, inthe Place foreal- edged, . , | Now fome hold, that chefe Spirits are either bred inthe Caverns of the Earth by the Heat of the Sun and of the underground Fire ; or that being bred without, they enter in; or thae they are driven thither by the Antiperiffafis of the cold Air ; or chat whentwo contrary Winds do blow atonce, the one being vanquifhed bythe other doth pais frito the Caverns of the Earth which it meets with; or to avoid Vacuity,: when the waters go out, che Exhalations infinuate themfelves into the hollow parts of the Earth. But the firft amongft thefe Canfes is either the chiefor only Caufe. Now che Spirits which fhake the Earth are contained inthe profound Caverns thereof. For chofe which are in the Cavicies next the Surface of the Earth, feeing they can eafily find an Egrefs, do not movethe Earth. Nowchefe Blafts are moved, becaufe they have no place in the Caverns of the Earthy fit and large enough, or becaufe they are preffed by the Waters which flow to and from the Sea ; or becaufethey are thus up by the Antiperifiafis of cold, and gathering force, and theirheat being Augmented, they are Attenuated ind bee which alfo may be performed by the Szbterranéan or Under-ground ires.
Frofi
se A ee
118 BooxlyV. Of the EarthsQuake. . Chap. 4.
—— i
ON a e
From the Premifes therefore it appears, that an Earth-quake is caufed, when hor.
* Pe. of the Book de Mundo Cap. 4. andothersdoreckonup. Yetallof them may be refer- Bes oF (hi red totwo, whereof one may be called Tremor a trembling ; which is caufed, when Earth. much Spiritis fpread ont Long-waies and Broad-waies: the other Pulfus a beating or
widening of the pulfe. From what hath been hitherto faid, it appears, that the whole Earth cannot be fha- ken at once. Forthe Spirits fhutup inthe Caverns ofthe Earth have no proportion (to {peak of) tothe whole Globe thereof, norhavefo much ftrength inthem. And there- Univerfal fore, if there be any univerfall motions ofthe Earth, they ought to be referred rather Earth- eq the infinite power of God, thento Natural Caufes. With the Earthquake is toyned quakes a noife, caufed by the vehement Motion of the Spirits running to and fro in the Caverns aye NOE ove * c Mae : . natural. ofthe Earth, and fmiting againft the fides of the Earth; which noife fomtimes goes be- fore the Earth. quake, and is a fign thereof fuddenly to follow; fomeimesit accompanies the fame,and itis various, according to the Quality of the matter receiving, and the form of the Cavities, or paffages through which it goes. How long The duration of an Earth-quake 1s not one and the fame alwates, bur divers, according the Earth. as the Earth doth more or lefs refift, or gives an eafie or difficult paffage co the winds; quake _ or as the Spirits themfelves are plentiful or fcanty. For few Spirits are fooner difcufled lafts, and fooner get away, but ftore of Spirits abide longer; alfowhen there is a wide paflage for them to go out, they go outapace; but whenthe paflage is fhut up or is very nar- row, they get out more flowly and continue their Buftling longer. So Seneca in ‘Nat. Queft. Lib. 6. Cap. 30. Relates that Campania trembled continually for divers daiestogetber. . And Livy in‘Decad. 4. Lib. 4. Writes thus: In the beginning of the year, when L. Cornelius, and &.Minutivs were Confuls, there were fo many reports of Earth-quakes,that Men were weary not only of che thing it felf,but of the many Solemn daies appointed becaufe of the faid Earth-quakes. And che fame Author inhis 4 Decad. Lib. 5. tels us, there was an Earth-quake for forty daies cogether; yea and .Arzfiotie in Lib. 2. Meteor: Cap. 8. and Plinyin the 2. of Nat. Hift. Chap. 8. tels us thae Earth-quakes ‘ave fomtimes lafted a year or two years together, and that they have returned at certain Times and Seafons, The won- The Effects ttuly of Earth-quakes are wonderfulland horrible. For many times, (as derfulef- Senecain Lab. 6. Nat. Queft. Cap. 1. Speaks, it doth not only {wallow up fingle art Houfes, Families or Cities, but it overtbrows whole Nations and Tegions, and. Quakes, Somsimes overvobelms them with Ruins, otber-rbiles covers them in a deep Gulf, not fomuch as leaving any appearance of them: fo that ibe Barth is fpread over moft Noble Cities, not leaving any marke of their former Exiftence: which happens’ when by impulfe of the Spirit the Gaverns of the Earth are fhaken and fallin. And fomtimes indeed, the Cities and Houfes are not fwallowed up in the Cavities of the Earth, but the Earthraifed upinatumor, theyfaldown flat. Hiftories are full of fuch calamitous accidents) In the Reign of Itberins Cafar 12. Cities of Afia were in one Night overthrown with an Earth-quake, as Pliny relates in the 2. B. of bis Nat. Hift. Cap. $4. He alfo relates tharin Crete a Mountaine was broken by an Earch-quake, “Book. 7. Cap. 16. heodoretus tells us im the 2. Book of bis Eclefiaft. Hift. ch. 25. how the greateft part of Nicea wasoverthrown. Ofthe overwhelming of Helice and Bure Seneca writes in Hit. Nat Book 6. Ch. 236 26. 32. And Ovid inthe 15. ©. of bis Metamorphofis. | Many times alfointheSea a Gulf hath been opened, and the waters {wallowed up, as Rivers onthe Land, fo that the Fifhes and Ships have ftood on dry ground. ‘Contra~ rywife, many times the Earth {welling on high hath not fetled again, producing Moun- caine onthe maine Land, and Iflands inthe Sea: whereuponalfo fomtimes the Sea her : een
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Chap. 5. Of the Clouds.
‘been raifed aloft like a Mountaine, and hath afterwards fell in upon the Neighbouring Lands. Suchan Earth-quake Socrates {peaks of in the 2. Book of bis Eccleftaftical Hiftory, Chap. 3. For the fame Caufe the Courfes of Rivers have been fomtimes chan- ged by Earth-quakes, viz. a Tumor or {welling of ground being raifed up in the middeft of the former Channel. Somtimes new Rivers have broken forth, the ways being opened through which the underground Waters arecarryed. Somtimes Fire and Afhesarecaft out by an Earch-quake: fomtimesa Venemous Spirit is belched forth, which proves banefulco Man and Beaft. Senecatells in B. 6. Nat Queft. ch. 272 ofa Flock containing Six hundred Sheep, all kil’d by an Earth quake... Many other mifchiefs alfo an Barth-quake brings with it, all which were contained in that one Earth- quake which happened under ‘Theodofins, which is defcribed by Exvagrins in the 1 B. of bis Ecclefiaftick, Hifb. Chap.17. )
And we may wel believe,that Earth- quakes bring not only prefent mifchiefs,and that the danger is not alwaiesin the motion, bucthatthere is as great or greater foretold by Earth- quakes ; and Pliny faies wel, Lib. 2. Nat. “Hift. cap. 84. that Rome was never fhaken with an Earth«quake, bat it was the fign of fome Eventto follow. And very many Hiftories Teftifie, chacehe fame hath happened in other places.
And therefore look what the Romans did of old ,who when they felt an Earth-quake,or heard tidings thereof, they made Proclamation that the people fhould keep Solemn daies for that Caufe, as Gellivs tells us, B. 2,chap.28. much more fhould we, when fuch Ga- Jamities are prefent or impendent, caluponGod by Prayer. Forthat which the Romans feared, (asthe fame Gellius records, inthe fame place,) viz. left by naming of one god inftead of another, they fhould engage the People ina falfe Religion, and therefore they durft noc in their Edict, as was the ufaal manner, Name or appoint to what god the People fhould facrifice ; that have we no need to fear,to whom that God is known, who being anz ery, che Earch trembles and the Foundations of the Hils are fhaken,2 Eqngs. ch.22. ver.3.
Chap. 5. Of the Clouds.
N/ E have Hicherto explained thofe Meteors which are bred of an Hot and Dry Ex- halation ; we come now to thofe which are bred of a vapor in the middlemoftand loweft Regions of the Airs Inthe middlemoft Region are ingendred Clouds,Raine, Snow and Hail.
A Cloud is engendred wheh vapors being raifed alofe, either by heat which they have received from the Sun,or other heating caufes, orby hot Exhalations mixt with them, are
affembled in the middle Region of the Air, fo that they cannot be penetrated by the fight. ‘
For a Cloud is nothing elfe buta vapor raifed up inthe middle Region of the Air, and there compacted 5 which appears hereby, in that in the lower Region of the Air, whea
vapors and Exhalations ate raifed out of things which boil or burn, they reprefent Clouds; ©
and becaufe they that walking beneath fee Clouds upon Mountains, when they afcend-to
the tops of che faid Mountains, they walk through the Clouds as through Mifts. and be= -
canfe as foonas the faid Exbalations.are condenfed they remain no longer Clouds, bue turn into Rain. .
_ Touching the Height of Clouds, Authors are at variance. Some conceive thatthe Clouds are not above three inilés diftant from us ; yea and chat fome of them are not above halfamilehigh. Ochers write that no Cloud is above nine miles diftant from the Earth: Vitellio is of opinion, chat the vapors afcend $2000, paces, or 13. German miles. Cardan in his book de Subtil. Lib. 4. p. 205+ reprehends Vitellio, and avers tliat the higheft which vapors mount is 772000. paces, or 193. German miles. Howhbeit, ’tis like enough, that the height of che Clouds is noc alwaies che fame, but various, according to the variety of the matter, placesand times: Yea, and we often fee wich ourEyes, thacat the fame time and intbe fame Region, one Cloud is higher then another, and that one goes above ano= ther. — I my felf have feen two clouds carried with contrary motions: and one moving above the other, towards che Eaft; the other moved under thecother, toward the Weft; Alfo experience fhews that clouds are not fo high, asfome imagin. Forthe tops of fome Mountains reach abovethe clouds. Forthe Mountains Olympus and Athos are fo high thac Afhes fefe upon their tops all the year long have neither been blown away: by Winds, nor wafhed away with Rain. And fuch as have ftood on the top of
~~ Vefuvius have obferved that fome clouds were juft-as high as the Mountaine, and forme
... much
Boox LV: 119
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How & nih Cloud is. ital ingeadrede
What & ‘ lond is. Af
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Fis Bdouwl¥. Guaang aS Chap
much lower. To which thatagrees which Zabarella writes in his 8. Chap. de Regi- onib. Aeris. I rventfaith he, to the top of Venus Mount, whith is che higheft in che Territory of Padua, and there Lfound the Air clear all day long; but beneath, about the middie of rhe Mountain, Ifaw the Clouds, which hindred me from feeing the Valleys : and inthe Evening being come down from the faid Mountain, 1 found that there had been a great Rain that day, below, whereas it Rainednoc at all on the Mountains top. Francifc. Piccobbominews de Meteor. C714. faies the fame, how thac Men living upon high Mountains, or Travailing thereupon, do fee the Rains below chem inthe Valleys 5 whereas they themfelves are in clear weather 5 and he faies the fame happened to bimfelf travelling over the Alpes and the Apen- nine Hills. And any man may obferve the famein Mountanous places.
The Colors The Colors of Clouds are various, according to the various difpofition of the
of Clouds.matcer réceiving the Beams of the Stats, and efpecially of the Sun, which ‘Ponta- nus thus defcribes.
Hiv anien The white Cloud’s not very thick, and mixt with a thinfpred Vapors ter verfes. Through which the Sun with bis raies doth break to the infide. The black Cloud is ful of a thick dark Smoakand a Vapor, Not at allto be pierced through, by the Beams of the Sun- fhines In a Purple Cloud's much beat; and Good Store of Humor In the blew colord Cloude bid, vobich luftily Raimeth.
Chap. 6. (Concerning Rain.
Ome Clouds are termed barren, which are white and Tranfparent, and do ra- a? ther by agitation of the Winds turn into Air then fhowers: others fruitful; what Rain Which being moifter then the former, are fic co engénder Rain. For Rain is no- is and bow thing buc a Cloud, Cooled, Condenfed, andturned to Water. And Rain is bred, is bred 2? when the vapors which make a Cloud are yet more condenfed, and turned iiito Waters ‘which being heavierthen the Air fals down of its own accord in drops. For Rain is made after che fame manner as hot vapors upon che walls of Baths, of in the Winter in hot ftoves, upon Globes of Glafs, Iron or Tin jugs that are cold, | ave turned as we fee into Watry drops. Diver fry. Now there is fome diverficy.of Rains, proceeding fromthe variety of the Clouds, of ‘Rains. and of their place, whichis fomtimes higher andfomtimes lower. For when the Cloud is High, Unequal, Spungy and Barren, and few {mal drops fal like Dew, Pfetades.théey are'called Pfecades heat-dtops... Butifthe Cloud be more near and compact, aber, andche drops fal down thicker, *ctis called Imber a fhower. Finally, if the Cloud be yec thicker and fuddenly condenfed by a greater cold, and greater drops falk Nimbas.more thickly, "tis called Nimbus a ftrong fhower. Yea and fomtimes whole Clouds are fo condenfed by a fudden cold, that the waters defcend not drop by drop, but The Lamp Come down in ftreams, and deftroy Towns and Cities ; and then they fay a Lump of 4 (lond. ofa Cloud is fallen down. _, Alfo there.are Prodigiows Showers fo called, fuch ‘as we read of every where in Hiftories, Tit. Livins relates in Decad. 3. B.7. that it Rained Milk, as doth Pliny alfo in B. 2. Nat. Hifi. C.56. and Livytels.us that it Rained Blood, Decad.3. Brau Decad. 4. B..10.. and Pliny. inthe place forecited. Alfochat ic Rained Fleth Livy telsus in Decad. 3. B. 3. and Pliny in the forefaid place. That ic Rained Stones in Many places Livy relates, Dec. 1. B.7. Dec. 3. B. 1. 2340:6.9: 10. Dec. 4. B. $s 68./Dec. 5. B. 1,2, 3. That it Rained Earth the fame Livy informsus, Dec. aa Be due 57-Dec.5.‘B. 5. Pliny, inthe forecited place writes, chat it hath fomtimes Rained Tron, Wooll, and Bricks. Authors telus that Fifhes have fomctimes fallen down. | an Showers of Rain: apdthofe Frogs and worms whichare feen afcer Rain are by fome thought to have fallen down with the faid Rain. Yeaandfome relate out of Avicenna that once on ‘a time a Calf fel out of che Sky: Theiry.. Mott of theke Prodigious Rains aretobe afcribed to Superior Cdufes, wiz. To God watning Men of Evils tocomes andto the Devil, indeavoring by fuch Prodi- #€6 so draw meninco Errors and Superiticions : yet fome of chem may alfo be!
/ referred
Prodigtous Rains.
béu fe Se
| Chape 7. Of Snow and Hail. Boox IY. 121 oN | *xeferred to Natural Caufes. True Bood and Milk cannot Naturally defcend in b inthe | fhowers 3; fince they are bred only in living Creatures. Yer nothing hinders but “ath, | fomwhat hke them may fall down, viz. When by the Sun-beams a vapor is drawn Inlttog out of ared or white Earth, oris aloft fo digefted, chac ic may fhew fucha color, ban » {fong and being afterwards refolved into Rain may refembleMilkor Blood. And that ay al oy {mal Stones may be made bya great heac of ftore of dry Exhalacions in the Air, a 3 ft, _ ~ isa matter founding like Truth. | | ee th As for thofe kind of living Creatures which may otherwife be bred of Putrefaction, ah rahe fuch as Frogs, were muft hold, that either they are ingendred of {ome matter in the He Aven, | Earth moiftened with fhowers (which ieems to many men moft probable) or chac i | they lie hid in the chinks and Caverns of the Earth, and by the falling of the Rain ay Mn of the | are called out asic were and fo leapforth. ‘But incredible ic is that more perfect iy ay "Pte |) Animals which aie generated only of Secd, and great Stones fhould bebred in the i] N, Air: but likely itisthey have been caughe up by whirlwinds in one place, and LUN | thrown downinanother. Now chere are cercain figns of Rain as of other Tempefts, _ ‘ i, ‘| ' _ which would be too long to reckon up in this place, and long Catalogues of rhe fame a ty) |
are fer down by others. But the principal may be {een in Plinzes 8. Book Nat. Hift, 4M
: Me
C.35. Andin Virgils 1 Book of Husbandry.
: | Chap. 7. Of Snow and Hail. A |
O* the fame matter with Rainis Snow alfo made. For Snow is bred of a Va- How fiow por raifed tothe middle Region of the Air or fomwhat lower, or of athinis bred 2
cloud before ic is turned into Water and Rain, congealed by vehement Cold, and Hs NE
| torne into parts or flakes, which defcend like {ofc Wooll, fomtimes greater, hea 1 dott other whiles leffer, according co the vehemency of the Cold. Now Snow is bred vie uituls | in the Winter time chiefly, becaufethe cold is chen ftrong and vehement, fothat eat 1S NOs | it is able noc only to condente vapors into clouds and Rain, but alfointolce. For | Ci ais bred, | Snow as Seneca faies, Queft. Nat. Lib, 4. cap. 3. is nothing buc a kind of Ice bred in | mE Ned to | the Air. indo, | Now Snow is white, becaufe ’tis ingendred of a Spungy tran{parent cloud. And. The calor Hae Baths, of | thac which is tranf{parenc, after icis terminated, doch next of all become white, bes of Snow Li
wecold,}} caufe chat coloris moft of kinto tranf{parency.
This appears in Chry ftal or Tranf{- why white, parent Glafs, andclearlce; whofe furfa
ceifa man render uneyen, fo chat it is no
Cloud, | longer tranfparent, or break and grinde it into {mal parts, in room of tranfparency vey rhen te || Whicenefsis produced. It happens fomtimes, chat, when che lower Region ofthe aoe keDew,|) Advis alittle hocter rhen ordinary, the Snow as it fals down doth mele whenit i -ompad | comes there; and fo, that which 1s Snow above, is Rain below. And therefore ie Clu} . tLequencly when ic Rains in Valleys, it Snows upon the high Mountains. And for yin rops fall} eClous| © £lain ground; there hath been Snow lying, even in the middle of the Summer. |
op bi Touching the good which Snow dothto fruits and Trees, read Pliny his 2. chap. of {Ful
alan thes. Book of bis Natural Hiffory.
Befides Rain and Snow, of Clouds alfo there is bred Hail. For Hail is nothing Heit what yieein}) DUC congealed Rain; and icis bred, when aCloud is diffolved into Rain and de- Ha, _ Pe lm || 4¢ends, and in its coming down by extremity of cold ’cis congealed into (me. PS | liccle round Balls. Now Hail is congealed, not only in the middlemoft, nerased. — EY
ian) | but alfo in che lowett Region of the Air. Which may hence be ga- js )| Shered, becaufe fomcimes Chaf is found congealedin Hail-ftones, which Chaf as
9,5}| i Was coming down the cold alfo intercepted, and fhuc up in the congealed Water. i th 8 , 94); 1£the cold beremifsa cerrain imperfeé and foft kind of Hail is bred, of a middle ei
sated b Nacure betwixe true Hail and Snow, which they term Granula, and refembles {mal ak } endow) > Sugar-Plums, and this fals chiefly about the End of W inter. _ Before the falling of i vat Hail, forthe mo pate great and terrible founds are heard in the Au, which are } i md | caufed by the great conteft of Heatand Cold incheClouds, Hairs, and Chaf, and ie : | other things which are fomcimes enclofed in Hail-ftones, have been carried alofe au WE by che Winds, and congealed together by the Cold. > Mhanytines 1 vl it And whereas fonitimes ftrange Figures are faid to be feenin Hail, ic is parcly tobe ribs are » Aad ie ,afcribed co the Fancies of Men, who looking igtently uponthe Snow, do conceive atin f He seftttl B | tT there , a, “ih
2
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oR as
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fiji | Below DV: Of a Mift, Dew, Hoar-froft, Ch p 8.
therein Sundry Images, ‘as they do in the Clouds; and partly coche divine Power, which may imprint certain refemblances inthe Snow, whereby men may be admo- nifhed of fome faults in their life and Converfasion.
Chap. 8. OfaMiff, Dew, Hoare Froft, Honey and Manna.
AL. of a Vapor fome Meteors are Generated, in the lower Region of the Air,
£4 which muft alfo be muftered. And to begin with aMift, the Author of the
what a Book de Mundo, inhis fourth Chapter thus defcribes ic: A “Mift a certain dewy
Mills? . expiration, not aptto tern to Water , thicker then the Air, more fpungy then a cloud. Ts bred either of the beginnings of a cloud being rarified, or of the Reliques of a cloud. In which words he decermins that a mift isacertain vapor, thickerchenthe Air, thinner then a cloud, hovering over the Earth, bred of an Exhalation growing thin, which fhould otherwife have been the matter of acloud; or of the thinner parts of acloud, unfitto ingender Rain, and remaining after ic.’ And therefore a Miftis a token of Fair weather to follow. There is alfo another Mift, which confifts of thicker vapors, exhaling out of che Earth, which alfc by Reafon of their thicknefs, and che {mal heat inthem, ‘cannot be carried aloft, but fetcles in che loweft part: of the Air; andfothey cauféa darknefs; andif bythe heat ofthe rifing Sun they be difcuffed and extenuated, they intimate fair weather 5 buc if they be drawnupall togetherintothe Air, being there congealed by the coldnefs thereof they become matter of Rain.
The Dew Now Dew is made of a {mal Quantity of a thin vapor,which becaufe of the weak- where and ne{s of the heat reaches no further then the loweft Regionof the Air, and indeed oe below che upper part thereof,and being by the cold of a cemperate night turned into
ie {mal drops of Water, it fticksto Plants and other things. For the dew is chiefly
found on the Leaves and Flowers of Plants, efpecially where they are {mooth and thick; andfomtimes alfoin other partsofthem, asalfoupon Stones. Forthough ic fals alikeupon all places below 3; yet either by reafon of their frequent pores, and roughnefs, or by their heat, itis drunkup and diffipated. Omnhigh Mountains there isno Dew bred; andfomtimes alfoitrifes nor abovetwo cubits, and only the grafs is -moiftned thereby, but things a liccle higher remaindry. Dew therefore differs: from Rain, only inthe paucity of che matter, the place where it is bred, and the weaker heat whereby it is congealed. “Now Dew is Generated chiefly in the Spring and Fall: bucinthe Heat of Summer and Cold of Winter ic isnotbred. Forthe Heat confumes the matrer3; andthe cold fuffers notthe Vaporstoberaifed. Alfo it isnot Generated, but when the Sky is calmeand clear; becaufe when the Sky is troubled and agitated with winds the vapor is difpelled, and cannot be congea- ted into Dew. Likewife Dew never fals but inthe morning and Evening. Forinthe day time itis confumed by the Suns hear,’ and degenerates into a very thin and light Spiric, fo that if an Eg-thell be filled with Dew, ‘andthe hole ftopped with Wax, orother Glew, and it be then expofed tothe Sun, the Eg-fhel!l will mount aloft; The Na-¢he Dew being changed miro.a moft thin vapor and fpitic, which afcends upwards,
ue of -and carries the Eg-fhell with it. The Chymifts teach, that Dew: contains init che rtd
plaind by os oh eee the chy- “the Earch, and therefore tt isufed to make Extracts.
mills. Hore Froft doth not very much differ from Dews for Hore Froft is bred, when Hore-frofe’s thin Vapor in a fmal Quanticy is lift up from the Earth, and cannot rife high, bur
bow mech 4 che vehement cold of thenight iris congealed, before icturnisto water. There- ’
dred. ie : ) : : ; ‘fore, look what Snow is inthe middle Region of the Aire, that is Hore Froft inthe
- loweft Region 5 and whatis Rain above, is Dew below. what honey Alfo Honey is toreckonedas a kind of Dew, touching the generation whereof, is,aud bow this is the common Opinion : that wich the Vapors which are drawn upin the day iis bred © Sine out of Waters and Moift places, for the moft part, Hor, Fat, and fubtile
Exhalations are lifcedup, not only out ofthe Earth and Water, but alfo out of |
Plants andother things, which beingthroughly mixed with Earthy Watery and
_ aery parts, atid concocted by the heat of the Sun inthe day time, and then by the , “moderate cold of the Night condenfed, they ftick upon Plants like Dew. And -
that
Senpeeneenineeeee eed
moft fubrile part of Nicretand Volatile Sale: whichis contained in che furface of_
Chet
tba fl
ved a
Af. | cals \(orte pacar! Plants: lels 15.
p
wer fame, tain is itr] It 001 Now
Wilder ; Sac 1g Ve
Many thi LO this of ground.) itlsy Ry Tebremy power of
the Ain, ot Of the ht dy 1a Cloud, | } A cloud | Me Air, | ng thin,
Darts of |) Mathis g
atts of || hicknes, |} t par of they be i | Mnupall i
become f | ti
he weak 1 indeed | ned into chiefly yorh and though ores, and gins there the graft | differs" | and the | e Sprig || Forthe | } |, Alto P} heSky i} > CONged Torin the | and light | ith Wax, | yat alot | upwards | g INCL use |
d. when e | igh; be | There oft
here the dal id {abe fo out
1 rat gli atch}
pits m ti
op YY? PF hy ers!
Chap. 8. Honey and Manna. that Honey is nothing elfe buc a juyce, confifting of Exhalations and vapors, mings ledand digefted inthe Air, by the Heat of the day, and congealed by the nights Cold, and fo defcending in the manner of Dew.
Which opinion as it is not quite to be rejected: fo it feemis nor fatisfactory of ic felf. For if the Dew be ealily elfewhere diffipaced and difcuffed by che morning beams of the Sun: How comes itchac Manna and Honey are not alfo diflipated. A\fo manna and Honey differ nota little from Dew; nor hath Dew of it felf any Fat orClammy parts. And therefore this alfo feems fic to be added L thac out of Plants a certain juyce and Native Vapor doth diftil or breach out, which nevercthe- lefs is diflipaced by the day-heat of che Sun: butic is at nighc mingled wich che fal- ling Dew, which hinders ic from being diflipated, and grows with it into one Nature. From whence ’ts eafie to fhew a Caufe, why there is more Honey gathered at this or that time of year, in this or that conftitucion of the Air. |
And therefore though all Honey is {weet of it elf; yet fomrimes beth its Taft and Smel is changed, according to the Nature of the Plant from whichit is gathered: and therefore it is fomtimes Venemous, whenit is gathered from venemous Plants.
Whereof fee Pliny Lib. 21. Nat. Hift. Cap. 13. Diofcorid. B. 2. Cap.74. and Book é. Cap 8.
Pop BR LO:
This fame Honey istwofold, Manna called alfo Ait-Honey, or Dew-Honey, and: po forts
which in a fpecial manner is called Honey. For Manna isa Honey or Dewy Hus of koncy.
mor, mixt of a vapor and the Subtile and Fat Exhalations of Plants. and by the temperate coldnefs of a clear night congealed; tticking upon Plants, Scones and other things near the Ground; which at firft is more liquid, and afterward che thin= ner parts refolved it becomes harder, and having attained ics confiftency, ic is coa- gulacted into certain grains. For although fome hold, and amongthem Cbrifto: pborus a Vega Lib. 2. de Art. Med. Se&.3. cap. 11. That Manna is the work of certain {mal bees refembling large Gnats, from which Bees fitting in {warms upon the Trees the Manna drops down like {weat: yec moft likely ic is, that thefe {mal Creatures are rather drawn thither by the fweetnefs of the Manna, then that they make the fame. There is much bred in the Eaft, becaufe of the purity of the Air and a cer tain moderation of heat and cold in thofe parts. *Tis not bred in cold places : there is litcle bred in Italy, favein Calabria, from whence itis carried as a commodity into other parts.
Now whether that Manna wherewith the Ifraelices were fed fourty years in the
; : k ihe wWherh Wildernefs, was the fame wich this of ours, Auchors vary. Vallefius in his B, de ox rnd
Y MaAnK
Sacra Philofopb.chap.57. and other later writers hold it was the fame kind of thing, bethe (ame
Many things faid of that Manna of che Hebrews, Bxcd. 16. Numb. 11. do alfo avree which the yet herein that difagrees from ours, becaufe thereof,( beaten or rtp
to this of ours :
ground.) Cakes or Cracknels were made. For our Manna is not of fuch an hard- neis+ But however herein all agree, chat manhy things which ha ‘Hebrews Manna cannot be attributed to Natural Cautes, power of the moft good and great God.
Buc vulgar Honey differs little from Manna, and the matter of both is one andthe fame, fave thac the matter of Manna is thicker, more compaét and Earthy; but that of Honey more fubtile and more digefted.
phed touching the buc only to the infinite
Commoner
e 5 tas, : For Honey is a certain Dew, ga- Simhat
thered by Bees, and receiving alreration from the little bladders they have wichin y¢..°”
them, and afterwards ftored up by them in litcle cellé in manner of a pure Liquor wherein afterwards it works like new Wines andis by ics Natural heat concoéed
diff-ving 3 from man » 24, bow
and grows thick, as Ariftotle relates in his 5: de Hiftor. Animal. Cap. 22. and Pliny Sineraicer
in ‘Nat. Hift. L. 1. Cap. 13.
Honey is chiefly gathered by Bees both wild and domeftick - Yea and Drones alfo and other infects, being much of the Nature of Bees, do gather Honey, out of all Herbs which have hollow flowers like Cups, and out of others wherein thepecis any fweetnefs: whichis done without any detriment to the flowers. Youhave
more of the Nature of Bees and Honey in the fame pace of Ariffotle, and in Plinier B. 21. Nat. Hift. fom chap. 5.toche 16.
Tie CHAP.
oe
METS Saat ar ie
ss
RE Pe pe Oe ae poet
Ep cee ee a ai a == a ne ee a - om — — = * ce ae Se! — tee —s = = a :
aA
oo
What the Rain- bow zs?
{54 BOOK I Vs Ofthe Rainebow, falle Suns and Moons, frakes Chap.9.
——— —- ———
Chap: 9. Of the Rain-bow, Falfe Suns and Moons, ftrakes in the Sky, and Circles about the Moon.
Frer Clouds and fuch things as are of them ingendred, there remain to be-hand~-
led certain things appearinginthem, called Phantafmata, apparitions; fuch as are the Rain-bow, the Halo or bright Circle, and other like images.. And to begin with the Irs or Rain-bow, which they fay hath its Name ab Ezrein to cel, be- caufe ic foretels Rain or Fair weather, (and therefore ic 1s by Poets termed Funos Meffenger,) It isa bow of three colors, ina Dewy cloud, caufed by the beams of the Sun or Moon oppofice tothe faid Cloud, and therein retradé& and re- flexed.
And chat ic may be better underftood what the Nature of a Rain-bow is, allthe members of the definition muft be weighed. The fubject of a Rain-bow is a dewy vapor, ora Dewy Cloud, which is beginning to be refolved into drops or Rain 5 but ic isnot yet Rain, only itis condenfed into little drops like dew or the Water which a man blows abroad out of his mouth half fhur. Kor a continued Cloud is not the fubject of a Rain-bow 5 but chofe parts thereof which do no longer hang to- gether, but being by the cold ftraitened and condenfed are every where diftant one from another, divided into very many {mal drops, which are like little Looking- Glaffes, and are ofa middle Nature betwixc a perfect Rain and a Cloud.
The fubject Now that the Rain-bow cannot be made in any continued vapor, but that ic may of the Rain be generated in many little round Bodies, is demonftrated fromthe rules of Op-
bow,
The effici-
ent canfeof and reflected in thefe drops. _ @Rainbow king of a Rain-bow,
ticks concerning the Nature of reflection. We fhall only here produce what ex- perience teaches. Let a man ftand with che hind part of his Head to rhe Sun, and with his mouth or other Inftrument let him throw water into the beams of the Sun, fo that the Water may lofe its continuiry, and berefolved into yery many very {mal drops: which being performed, a Rain-bow as it were will appear in thofe lictle drops, which reprefenttherorid Vapor. The fame may be obferved when che Water is {catrered by Oares, or falling violenrly upona ftone: 1: is fcattered into the Sun-beams, Andtrheough ‘the rorid Cloud, which ische fubjett of a Rain= bow, is no longer continued; yet tous it appears. continued, by Reafon of the Vi- cinity of the parts, and its overgreat diftance from us.
The efficienc Caufe of a Rain-bow, are the beams of the Sunsand Moon, broken And that reflexion is altogether neceffary co the ma- ence appears; becaufe both che incident Raies and the re. fratt do go intothe part oppolite ro the lightfome Body, nor do they pafs onto che parc feen by the lightfome Body 5 nor tothe fight, whichis averfe from the
lightfome Body in fuch as beholdthe Rain-how,: canthey come, unlefs they bere-,
fle&ted.. Therefore in the fame manner, as We fee in looking-Glaffes the Images of things behindus, even forthe raies of che Sun or Moon are reflected in thofe little loo- king-Glaffes.
Howbeit, ’Tisneceffary that there be alfo refraction. For wnen asa Ray of the Sun or Moon comes to the firft drop of the Vapor, it pierces the fame being through nearnefs of the Sun not yet much condenfed, yet foas chat it is refragted. From thence going to another hindermore drop, which is thick enough, it is pre-- fently refleéted, if no other drop of a rorid vapor ftand before the fame: but if any fuch drop ftand inthe way, the beamis-firft refracted, and afterwards fo refragted icis reflected co our fight. Alfo many Raies are refradted in many obvious drops; and whiles they fallin, and pierce through diverschinner dropsto one thicker, in which they are refleted; then by fuch alike drop they are again refle@ted., For. every Ray, as wel the incident as the refle&t, is twice refract in fuch a drop. Firft, Towards a perpendicular line, whenitenters the drop; becaufe it fals out of che thinner, Air into a ghicker.Rorid Vapor: afterward, ’cis difjoyned from’ che perpendicular, when it goes again out of a thick drop. into the chin ‘Air.
The Rain-bow therefore is bred, when fome rorid Cloud is in making, and begins robe: refolved into very many fmal drops, and co be candenfed into Water :
Which ‘
|
a |
I
¥
| F | |
others n the Ligh whiteng
Feta: y H itlleted
Dacktel place mo Compact
the had yal ol
NOTE are,
hetks of [
thts
Ghap. 9. in the Sky, and Cirtles about the Moon, Boon IV. 3 25 Whien drops are yet neverthetefs more thin, andnot quice turned into Water, fo ascofall down. For if the Sun or Moone fhine juft oppolite rhefeupon, che lucid
beamsbeina varioufly refracted in thefe drops, and refle@ed to our fighe in form of 2 Pyramid, cheir hight being confufed and mix: with the Heac and thadow of
Now moit Ratn-bows are caufed by theSun, few by theMoon. And therefore Seite, Ariftotle cellsus, chat in the Space of fifty years chere were but two Moone Rain- Manne bows feen. Forco the making of a Moon Rain-bow, belides a ficcing vapour,” cis py, requifite chat che Moon bein the full; otherwife its beams atetoo weak; alfothat it be near the Horizon: al which do feldom fall out. tnehe Year 1599 foregoing, at Mid Summer, afcer great Thunder, Lightning, Thunder-Bolcs and Rain in the Night, betwixt the ‘North and Eatt we faw a remarkable Rain-bow, which might compate with fome Sun-Rain-bows, in the Brightnefs and Beaury of itsColours. Now why only the Sun and Moon make Rain-Bows, the Reafon 1S, why the becaufe the beams of thefe Scars only canreach Crofts the Horizon to che Clouds, Rai2 bow and be from thence reflected 3 thofe of the Sun becaufe they are moft ftrong; thofe ‘s made of the Moon becaufe they arenear athand. Bucthe Beams of the ocher Stars are a ee either too weak or too far off. Or if they be fo {trong as to be able toreach crofs Mane the Dianeter of che world to the Clouds: yet are they not fo ftrong as to be reflected to our fight. For reflect Lights are weaker chen thofe that fhoor their Beams direétly, according to the Rules of Opticks.
Now why. only rhe Colcurs andinot the Image. of che Sun of Moon appears in why only thefe Looking-glaffes, there isa [hreefold Caufe. Firft, becaufe the Cloud js colors and
not a continued Body, but refolved into very little drops or Optick Glaffes, ie eee For in fo {mal Gla fles the Images alfo are very {mall, which being afterwards re- a te flected are fo weak, as thac they appear not diftiné, buc confufed, Againe, the gid moon Raies are of themfelves weakned before they come from che Luminous Body co ‘pear. the fighc. Finally add heretoche blacknefs of the Gloud, For the rorid va-
our, becaufe it begins to be refolved into water, affumes a cercain-blacknefs and
Wtacey Colour, which being mingled withthe Light, makes chat the Image of the Sun or Moon cannot diftinétly appear, biitrather a Colour.
Now the diverfity of Colours in the Rain- bow {prings from hence, becaufe fome Thi Colors raies enter more deeply into the dewy Vapour, and are refleéted by the remoter of :he Kain droplets, others are reflected from meaner vapours and refting inche furface of che bow. Cloud, by which are made diversreflexive pyramides, having bafes equally diftant.
Now the Colours are three, red whichis the upmoft, or outmoft, ‘and is bred of the greater {plendor, and the raies of that reflexive pyramid, whofe bafisis of all: others neareft our fight: and therefore its Raies are alfo ftrongeft. Now becaufe- the Light is bright fhining, andthe Water blackifh, the Colour appears neither white nor black, but a reddif Colour betwixt both. The next Colour is a Leek- green; which is the middlemoft: in the Rain bow, this is caufed by the Raies reflected froma more deep part of the vapour; and therefore it inclines more to blacknefs. Porthe Raies alfo chemfelves are weaker, becanfe refleéted from a place more remote; and thac vapour becaufe ic is farther from the Sun, is more compact, and comes-nearer to the Nature of Water then the former, Hithercoalfo the fhadows do very much contribute, which are fhed from rhe former droplets or {mal glaffes upon the hindermore, wich which the raies tefleéted from che hinde- more aremingled. Of which we have an example in the colours that arein the necks of Doves, arifing from theSun-beams. For thefe colours aré bred fromthe thadows that being fenc from the Feathers are mingled wich the Suns light. The thirdisthe Purple, which is the internal, and ‘arifes from thé Raies refleéted from a place yet more remote; and for the fame reafons whiy the Second is blacker chen the Firft, the Third is blacker chen che Second. :
And although there may be more then thefe thrée Colours in a Rain bow; yet becaufe forthe fa'd Reafons the Blacknefs is mor¢ and more increafed, after the third noColour can be perceived: and not only the feflected Raies are fo weak that they cannor reach to our fighe; buoche Light alfoisfodarkned by the Blacknefs of many fhadows, thatic is hardly difcernable by the fight. Now che fourth Colour which chey call yellow, and is feen betwixt che firft and fecond is no new Colour, but arifes from the Neighbourhood of chofe twe, Now the
Lunary
PIES re ee ORE eg APE ee ~ ns 4
\
re f ele, Pe fae op. 48 SRDS RAR»,
—_—_—
126 Book IV.. Of the Rain-bow, falfe Suns and Moon, e7c. Chap.9. ‘he Moos Lunary Rain-bow is whicer thenthe Solar: becaufe che Lightit felf of che Moon Rainbow is paler thenthat of the Sun; again, becaufethe fhadows which are by the fore-~ a more drops caft upon che hindermore are not fo ebicure and dark, ascthofe caft of the Sun. bY the Light ofthe Sun. Forche fhadow of aftronger Light is blacker, and con-
trariwife.. Add alio heretoche darknels of che night. For that which is of ics own Nature Blackifh, if ic be fet by amore black thing, it appears whiter.
But why the Circumference only of a Circle appears and not the whole and en- tire Body thereof, the caufe is: foraf{muchas that part only of any irradiaced Bo- dy isfeen, from which the Raies are reflefted tothe fame centre of fight, accor- ding to equal Angles, and of a radiated cloud nothingis feen but what is carried by Raies collected in the fame poinc of the Axis whereinthe fight is. Burthefedo only make a bow, asthe Teachers of Opticks doat large demonftrate.
why th Now why the Rain-bow never makesa perfect Circle, buc either a Semi-circle, or Rain bow an Acch lefsthena Semiecircle; and that it is a Semi-circle when the Luminary isin ery. the Horizon,but an Arch lefs then a Semi-ciecle,when the luminary is above the Ho= perfcz ©1Z0n3;%& that che Arch is {o much the wider,by how. much the Luminary is nearer rhe circle. Worizon 3and fo much the leffer by how much ic is nearer the Meridian 3 the reafon
thereof is, becaufe the Centre of the lucid Body, of the fight, atid of the Rain-bow, ,
are alwaies in one and che fame right line, And therefore che Centre of the Lumi- nous Body being placed in the Horizon, inthe oppofice part of the Horizon will bethe Centre of the Rain-bow,and fo there wil be a Semi- circle above the Horizon. But when the Sun is elevated above the Horizon; the Centre of the Rain-bow is on the other fide depreffled; and therefore chat Segment of the Circle which is beneath the Horizon is greater becaufe ic contains the Centre, and that above islefs. For we fee only thofe things which are above the Horizon. And by how much lefs of che Diameter of che Rain-bowis above the Horizon, fo muchthe gréa- ter is che Circumference of the Circle ; anda Semi circleis half of the leffer Circle of any Arch whatever that is greater,which proceeds from theRefraction of the beams: becaufe abouc the Sun-rife the Air and vapors are thicker, which afterwards by the directer beams of the Sun are attenuated. And therefore the Rain-bow which is feen through a thicker Medium, appears alfo larger. But Ipafs over thefe and o- therthings which mighc be faid of Rain-bows, fecing they cannot be rightly ex- plained without optical demonftrationsand many Diagrams, which muft be here for brevicies fake omitted. They may befeen in Arzftotles 3. de Meteor Ch.4y5. the writings of optical Authors, and in the learned Vrearife of Fobannes Fleifcberus, de Tridibws, wherein he comprehends the Dodtrine of Ariftotle and Vitellio concerning Rain-bows, and augments the fame with neceflary demonftrations.
Faf $s. Of kin to Rain-bows are the falfe Suns, or other Suns placed by the crue Sun. Now.the Parelios or falfeSun, isthe Image ofthe Sun, received inaCloud conti- nued, compact, equal, ready coturnto Water, in its forepart Tranfparenct and Po- lifhed as it were; in its hinder parc dark and terminated, and placed obliquely by the Suns fide, andreflected thence to our fight. For look as if aman fhould feta Looking-Gla{s flanting by the fide ot any thing, he willtwice fee the Image of the thing :, fo. ifa Smooth cloud like a Looking-Glafs be fet aflant befide rhe Sun,there will appear divers Suns, But Pliny writes thac to his time there had never been feen more then three at once, Hy. Nat. B. 2. Ch. 31. Howbeit they reporc that fix were feen at Papia, before the War. Now thefe falfe Suns feldom appear, becaufe there is feldom found a cloud that hath {uch a difpofition and fuch a Pofture to the Sun.
ThePare- Afcer che fame manner is caufed the Parafelene or falfe Moon, which herein only
Lp o. differs fcomaParelios, thatthe former is an Image of the Sun, this latter of che
[af Moe vi 500, Now the Images of thefe two Stars only are refledted tous; becaufe their Rates are the ftrongeft. Yea anda falfeMoon never appears bur whenthe Moon isin the ful, when her Light is moft plentiful and ferong.
Reds, and Hither alfo are co be referred the Virge or Rods fo called, which areasit were ‘
Rrakes in
the Sty cettain lines and long Pillars, whichappear-ef divers colors, in an uneven cloud,
placed on one fide of the Sun, arifing from the beams thereofrefracted. For fuch ltraks are ingendred; whenanunevencloud, which hath fome parts thicker and as it ware of a waterifh Nature,and others thinner,is placed belide the Sun. For when
oO | the Sun-beams fall chereinco, they cannot pierce equally becaufe of the diverfity i ing the
dill beats, calm, | yeithet reftatt
mon anth thick of the, ding F Founta the Ro Water, Burin | NOt true, COndenf: Loney Way pen
a¢
Far fag
em, 1aD.9, ie Ole cag NG con, KS OWN
ind eh. €d Bo, AcOre Cattied Deledg
Tel, op
ty isin |
heH os i
arer the ‘teafon
Dow, i Lum. |
On wil]
orzon, | Wison il
Deneath
cams:
by the
hich is and os
tly ex
behere |
y 5. the
rs de |
erning
pythete et heen | report
feldom
dfiuch
only. | sof the |
: theit elon
ir were
i fucl ]
and a |
i p wel |
} the
,Mahy Rivers runs rec » over: or how Fountaigs Come to amie from the cops of hi ls ’
Sh a Oe 7. LR
Chap ia. Opiate Be Te
é 127 the parts; nor do they appear contiguous, but rather disjoyned, and inthe hinder parts,through which they penetrate,refracted;and fo the
y teprefent divers colors : afcer che fame manner as the Sun-Beams coming through chinks into a clofe Cham-
ber, they reprefent lightfome Lines. Now the colors are not the fame, but vari- ous according to the divers difpofition of the parts wherein che Raies are received, which in thinner parts appear more light and whice,in thicker more black and dark, Now thefe Rods or Strakes do appear for the moft part, when the Sun rifes or when he fets, but never at Noon tide; for then his Beams are fo ftrong, chat they eafily attenuate and pierce into thickeft Vapors.
Finally, There is feenin the Clouds the Halo, which is by the Author of the Halg ibe