Book IL

To reflore clam my wine.
Rue is an Anti¬ dote to poyfon.
How the Itali¬ ans difleft an /inatomy.
iowre like Vincger, you may do it with Leek-feeds, or by calling in fome tendrels and leaves of the Vine.
Corrupt clammy wine isreftored with Cows milk moderately faked: Some attempt to do it with Brimftonc, Quick-lime, and Allum$ but that they may do men no hurt, I could wifh they would add Orris root and juniper-berries to them.
That wine may pleafe the pallat, and be well liked for tafte and fmcll j put an Orange or Pom-citron., ftuck with cloves, into the vcflel, that it may touch the wine and fwim in it, for it would :rot by being wet 5 it will contract no dead or mufty tafte, but will have an excellent rellifh.
Since Hearb-grace is fit for many difeafes, and hath many excel¬ lent properties ; yet this (hews the wonderfull force of it, bccaufe a Weefii by biting Rue beforehand will deftroy a Bafilisk that is a mod venemous lerpent : whence we may eafily guefle what force it hath againft venome, and contagious difeafes.
The Phyfitians in Italy do beg of the Governours that they may have fuch men as are condemned for wicked adfions, to diflcCt their bodies, that fuch as are ftudious in Phyfick may be cxercifed in Anatomy. Wherefore that no humours may be diflipated, or their The foe rcofo - grofler fpirits vanifh, and that all things may appear plainly, they pum. kdii fuch as deferve to dye, with Opium, that is the juyee of black
Poppy, to the quantity of two or three drams given in the ftrong- eft wine, when they have drank this potion, they firft begin to be merry, and have as it were a Sardinian laughter, then they fall faft afleep and die, foritfo fuddenly runs into the veins and vitall parts, that their bodies that died of Opium being differed, it is found to ftick to the heart. If Wine or Ale, fet in- the Sun and 2SEK* wind are long before they grow fowre, Salt pounded and mingled [oonforvre. vvich Pepper and fowre leaven will foon do it. But if you would have it done fooner yet 5 caft a piece of Steel, ora brick made red hot again, and again; into the veflcl,cr infuferadifh roots in it ; and they will foon fowre. Alfo Medlars,and Cornels unripe, Mul- berries or Blackberries, Sloes, cut in pieces, A&ian Cherries, that More en cier- j00^ black vvithouc, and are red within as bloud, will make any
liquor fowre, and exceeding red: alfo the fiowre of Meadow Wind' fiowre will do as much, and the berries of both Elders, and themoft beautifull fiowre of Clove-gilliflowers. For that field poppy that commonly grows amongft Whear, colours drinks of a very red Scarlet colour : but the ufe of it is hurtfull and dangerous fo that their errour is to be abandoned,that in the Quinfey, or pain ofthcfide,do give either the decoCtion or infufion, ordiftilled li¬ quor of it, for it is of an aftringent nature, and an opiat, and ftupe- fics, and doth nor caufe expectoration. Elcphantiafis commonly called the Leprofv, is a fowl abominable dileafe, and fuch as arc Jrof? tht U~ infcCted with it are flout without the City walls. And becaufe fometimesit is hard to know it, the Low- Dutch appoint men to judge and cenfure it. I try it by their urine, into which I ftrew the A Ikes of burnt Lead : and if they fink to the bottom of the glafte
they
nes.
mid Poppy it hurtfull .
Chap. 52.
. — _ _ _ _ -
Divers documents of Nature.
tnty arc not any waycs infe&cd in tneir bodies with this diicafc.
Butjf taey flotc and lVick on the top of the urine, I judge them to be infe&ed. For it thews a groffenefle of the humours, and that a burnt corrupted melancholy is diffufed all over their bodies.
When Gold-fmiths will gild cups with gold, they do it with ^ Quickfilver, which being put into the hot fire, will flye away into c^tl(^lver* fmoak and offcnfive vapours. And if youfpread a cover over, and receive thefume, that will come again to Quickfilver, and con¬ geal, as the fmoak from Coles turns to a grofTe and thick foot. But Q uicMver how much that mineral body is affedted with Gold,! fpake before, loves Gold.' Yet this is wonderfull that one who is anointed with it for the French-Pox, if he carry a Gold ring in his mouth, and turn it up Gold good for and down with his Tongue and Teeth, the Quickfilver that fwims fuchasha™fa in the body from the anointing, will come to the ring, that it will F9*' leem to be but Silver, and will not be made like gold again, but by putting it into the fire. Wherefore I advife all thofe that are anointed with this oyntment, that they do this often, for great a quantity ofQuickfilver will flick in their bodies , for it hath been det of Quick- , obferved when a vein was opened that fome drams of it have run ^ lver' forth : and hence it is that fuch men are alwaies pale and tremble fo long as any part of the Quickfilver remains in their bodies. And therefore I wonder at fome that will give a fcruple weight to wo¬ men in child-birth to make them to be the fooner delivered, a doubtfull and uncertain experiment, as alfo for children to kill the worms 3 yet I fay that pure Quickfilver is more harmlefTe than the reft, and then that which is killed with fpittleor fome other li¬ quor. For fublimate that is extracted by the heat of the fire from Vitriol, Allum,Salt,Nitre, Ammoniac, and Arfenick is mod perni¬ cious, and next to this is red and yellow precipitate, which fome Empiricksgivetofwallow down half a fcruple for thofe that hatfe the pox, but it exulcerates both their Gums and Jaws.-but outward¬ ly it is good for rebellious Ulcers. Alfo Aquafortis that the Gold- fmiths part Gold from Silver with, is as bad. Though fome of our Matrons are not afraid to make their locks yellow "with it 3 with great hurt to, and fometimes the Ioffe of their hair, for the roots of their hair thus dried wither, and they become bald and ugly, without all hopes of their hair growing again: And if you put this into a rotten tooth it will eat the gums.
/
Cc i
Levtnia
i8o Book III.
9999«m9m9mmmmm?f
Ltfvinus Lemnius 3a Phy fitiao ofZirizge,
OF THE
Dignity and E xcellency of Nature.
The Third ‘Booh
CHAP. I.
How children are forced to endure the reproaches and difgraceS of their Parents ; and the faults and wicked aftions of their Progenitors , are fofar imputed unto thefe , that by reafon of them , they lofe their reputa¬ tion or fubjlance, and goods of fortune, or fuflain fome dammagis in their bodies or minds,
THere is an excellent Sermon in Ezechiel, or rather a fevere and reprehenfive expoftulation of God with them who complain’d that they fuffer’d for their Parents faults, and that it was un juft that children fhould be cenfured by rea* fon of their Parents wickednefle. what is it, faith the Lord , t hat you turn this Paraile into a Proverb, faying everywhere : The Fathers have eaten fowre Grapes , and the Childrens T eeth arefet on edge l As I live faith the Lord, you fhall no more ufe this Proverb , for all fouls are mine, as the foul of the Fathers , fo of the Children alfo ; the foul that jins , that jhalldye. Wherefore God taking away this Proverb pronounced that every man (hould dye for his own fin ; and that the wicked- nefle of the Progenitors, nor any of their dilgraces fhould be deri¬ ved to their pofterity, unlefle they go in the fame way their parents did, or follow their vitious footfteps. For whoever, as he fpcaks at large in this whole Chapter, defpifing and forfaking God, and imitating and following his forefathers fins, ufeth the fame ungod¬ ly pra&ifes his Anceftors did, and contaminates and pollutes himfelf with rapins, ufuries, calumnies, adulteries, frauds, deceits, cavillings, idolatries, filthy lufts, and other ungodly waies, and will not obey Gods precepts and Commandments, but rejects his
' - wholcfome
Chap, i . Hon> children are forced to endure the reproaches ef their ‘Parents. 1 8 1
wholefome inflations, as he is in the fame fault with his proge¬ nitors To fliall he partake of the fame punifhment; Wherefore children do God will not fuffer it that the Parents fms (hall be imputed to the M* forth™ children, or that any children (hall be punifhed for their progeni- p**™* faults. tours offences, unleflc they do as bad as they did, but every one *
(hall be guilty for his own tranfgreifion, fo that as St. Cyprian faith.
Since the brighrnefleof the Gofpel hath fubdued tne Law, God in his divine Juftice doth not judge the Race but the perfon ; if any what guile man obje& that original fin was brought upon all mankind by cameb*Pgfc Adam, whereby all mens minds are grown blind for want of divine light, and their will is made contrary unto Gods will, that iseafily anfwcrcd.
For being that he was the common Parent of all mankind, and from him the nature of man being traduced, was thereby vitiated this guilt and corruption and depravation of nature was fpread by propagation into all his pofterity, as it falls out with them that are 4n ex born of fickly Parents from faulty humours and corrupt feed, an from^nupt hereditary difeafe will flick to thefe children fo long as they live. body- Wherefore we are chiefly fubjeft to that fin but not to fins of ano- Actual pnt. ther kind, whereof fome are proper and peculiar toother humours, and thefe are called attual fins, or are learned by cullome orimi- tation by keeping company with wicked men, and are not bred and born with us, and part of our nature; yet for the moft pare thefe fms fprowt, and come forth of the former fin.
Wherefore fometime neither the faults, nor yet the vertues of ^mtslnd the Parents are tranflated to the children. For the Father may be children *re of an Idolater, a Spend-thrift, LuAfull, a bawd* a Gameftcr ; yet the divers tempers fon may be a thriving man, and free from all thefe vices. But as andcondnms* we received this fpot from Adam, fo we have the fame principles of our birth, with great pain and labour in travail, and the fame kind of end a?d death with great fear and trembling. Where¬ fore as we were begot by him, fo were we made of the fame earth, and become guilty of the fame crime* And no man of fo many thoufands but had done the like, if the fame occafion had been a Umenm preiemed, and he had flood in *Adam$ room, he would have been bom3anddye baited and allured with the fame baits and allurements and pro- alUrth*f*mt mifes, and any of us would have fallen into the fame fnare, and Fuck in the fame mud, if the fame fraud had been ufed unto us, to entrap our minds with. But as, befides Kings and Princes, the Go- vernours and chief officers of Towns and Cities, which is now a A [mlufrom common thing in the Low-Countries, with adclire to help the fuc^.as are °p~ Cotnmon- Wealth, do burden it with debt, and bind themiclvcs ^euedhufurJ' and Citizens in ftrong obligations, and for the money received bind themfelves and the Cities to yearly payments, and their heirs al- fo, fo that if they keep not the days of payments or do not pay as they fhould, they may be arrefled by ftrangers, and imprifoned, that they cannot freely go forth, or remove but they muft pay their penalty, cither by laying down money, orputting in good fccuri- ty : even fo almoft are w.e bound to the Divel, and like bank-rupts ... fo?
I 8 2 Ho;v children are forced to endure the reproaches of their ‘Parents. Bock m
Colof. i.
How anginal fin is blotted out .
Cods Judge-
ior Adams iranigreiiion arc wt entangled' in molt grievous dam- mage, forby his fault we are fallen into the fame inexpiable cr- rour and wickednefle, that no man could poffibly get forth of it, or untangle him fell, unletfe our m oft merciful fatlfcr having con¬ n’d the tyranny of the Devil by his ion Jefus Chrifi, had redee¬ med us into liberty, blotting out the hand- writing that was againft us3 as St. Paul iaitn, for he took that away, that the enemy prefled us with, and faftnedit unto his Cr ties and powers, making a (hew of them, openly triumphing over them, that he had wholly di veiled and caft down* and pardoning all our offences, that there is no danger, that what any man hath formerly done amiflb fhould be imputed unto him, f0 that he henceforth by a firm faith rely on God, and truly repent himfelf wo.* jn of Ills former mifdomgs. But to proceed in what I began It falls
TunlXuml out fometimes that children are plagued and fuffer Ioffe for their topotkrity. Parents faults, when they chance to pofTcffe an inheritance pur- ivhen children. by fraud and wickednefle, which oft-times are ruined by
fuffer for their a iecret Judgment of God, and come to nothing, either by fire Parents faults. or water, or fome other fad mifchances 5 So that God will not fuf¬ fer their innocent children to grow rich by their wicked rapins,and frauds of their parents, or long to enjoy thofe pofleffions that were heaped of injuries and injuftice.
Like wife fome dye fuddenly before their time, when the Pa¬ rents for the Childrens caufe indulge unto themfelves overmuch* and do nothing but gripe and plot for wealth, potfeffons, honours’, dignities, and lofty titles ; and they make their way unto them by right and wrong, and without any firm truftin God, do all they can to mount to high preferments; whereas God oft-times foon takes their children from this life, and will not let them live long, and the empty hopes of the Parents perifh. Which is confirmed by that faying of the Wile man : He pleafed God and was helmed of
him, fo that living amongjt finners he was tranflated, yea fpeedily teas he
It kfrom God lf ‘S’** ™tckfd“e0 e \hould alter bis under ftandind, or deceit
that Parents begun htsjoul , therefore hafied be to take him array from the midft of the aredeprived ef wicked. tyind when tnenfee this, fait b he, they underfund not the caufe Children. 0ftt nor can they tell why they dye fo foon, and come jo f uddenly to an
So fometimes it falls out by the providence of God, that the heir diech, and all hopes of pofterity and the very pillar of the family falls. Alfo Hofeas profefleth that God takes away fome mens children for their Parents wickedneffe. For fo God threat- neth wicked men there. The, r glory jhall fiye away like a Bird, from the birth and from the Womb and from the conception .- that is, they (hall Betntnnejfe and be barren and unfruitful!, nor fhall they beset or conceive anv
Zi&ld. g« 1 flay them, §and take "hem awaj
from the earth. There are m all ages innumerable examples of this matter : For we fee the chief Nobility and Lords in Court not one- iy to want and be deprived of their children, but to run in debt exceedingly. But that T>avid was deprived ofthe child he had by
j, J Bath”
Whence corns death before the time.
wifdome 4.
Chap. %
Chap. I . How children are forced to endure the reproaches of their Tarents. 183
fheha tne wife of Uriah, tnere was great real'on lor ic in the Judge- % . x ments of God. For a grievous revenge from God followed that * W ** Tragedy and wickcdneffe committed, Gods anger being kindled both againft David and the child. For God broke the child with an incurable fickneffe, that it died on the fevench day, as it ul'eth to be in very acute difeafes. For the provident jufticc of God would have none remain that wasfo begotten : though David as the Scripture relates, fell down upon the ground, and wept and prayed continually that God would have mercy on the child. This Hiltory affords every man a wholefome lellon, that fo far as mans frailty will permit, he Ihould keep himfelf from all difhonefty,and Adultery t0'be efpccially from embracing thofe that are lawfully married accor- ding to Gods infticution to other men.
And again ifGod take away a mans children he ought not to vex, toil, and perplex himfelf, and deftroy or hurt himfelf with im- faZfe0ofm!‘-ch moderate forrow : For what a madneficis it to afflid a mans felf dren.°C U“ for thofe things that cannot be reftored, or poffibly live again $ WhereforeDrfwWrcoutage defer ves praife,& his great moderation bfhis paffions info fad a condition. For as loon the child was dead, whereas a little before he was in a very fad cafe, lying in duff and David rvamn allies, as the cuftome of that country is,& could poffibly lament no more than he did ^ he prelently fhook off all forrow, and fat down death. * * to eat in his Kingly majefly. But as for the other part of the Tra¬ gedy which had as lamentable an end as the former j God offen¬ ded with David's wickcdneffe, denouncethaterriblc threats againft him by Nathan the Prophet, for that having ravifhed fo oh a lie a adultery no: Matron, and killed £0 faichfuil a Captain Uriah, he had. given oc- Tfynfstz' cafion to the Enemies of God to blafphcme, and not onely to infult over Gods people, but to revile and fpeak hardly of God himfelf.
But to pafte to the other part of the Argument : ic falls out fome- timesrnat children for the Parents faults undergo fome marks and notes ot Infamy and Ignominy, and fome dilgrace comes unto them thereby. For example, if the Mother commit adultery, jf whettchiidrefi fhe be a drunken fot, or noted for any notorious crime, part of this TJr'tbdXx dilgrace is derived to her children. So ifany one be born by in- temfauits.*' ccft, ot unlawful! copulation, or by natu&l conjunction, but be¬ fore marriage (whence by cuftome fuch children are called naru- what children ral) the people will commonly feoff at fuch children, and deride Arenatural. them, as the nature of mot cal men is, to be ralh*petulant,feproach- Man* reproach. full, and injurious.* but this repfoach proceeds commonly from /***#• men of depraved manners and affections, fince the children are in no fault; For the writers of theGofpel were not afhamed in fet- ring down our Saviours Genealogy, to feckon up many that were
not lawfully begotten in the ftate of Matrimony 5 which Chryfo- Math. 3 * jiome thinks was done purpofely, and fo do many more, that no man might grow proud by the dignity of his progenitours, nor be dcjcCted if he were born of mean Parents, or that were not fa- mousfor their vertues, fo they tftcmfd ves endeavour and contend to do what is worthy to be commended : For every man is en¬ nobled
I
T 3 1. How children are forced to endure the reproaches of their Tarents. Book III.
noblcd by his own worth and not by that nobility he derived from proud ef rinio- his Predeceftours by his birth. And as an idle worthleffe man is not tniity of his ra- made glorious by his Parents vertues or glorious country he was rents. born f0 a noble minded man is not to be difhonoured tor his Pa¬
rents faults.
Meumr.L'it’
For race and birth are not our works. Nor ours can be [aid, -
Juvenal Satyr. To which purpofe fpeaks the Satyr#.
8.
what is me tf thou be noble as Ach il Ies flout,
nobility „ Born from T berfites bafe3 / had rather ,
Than thoufhould’ft like Therfttes prove a lorvt , cHnd boajt that Achilles was thy Father .
All which thews that true nobility and honour are not to be* fd much mcafured by the ftock and noble defeent men come from, as by their own vertue, integrity of life, and finccrity of manners. And, Laftly that men of good parts are not to be defpifed, though they be of mean place or Parentage, if they aim and endeavour themftlves to perform noble a&ions. Which is fhewed in that whole narration of where this matter is fully amplified,
and the ra(h Judgements of men and their inconsiderate and re- proachfull fpeeches againft God? are ftrongly convinced and repre¬ hended.
♦ '■ *• ^ tzj'+w.
CHAP. II.
wherefore when men grow well after a djf *af ?, do their genitall parts f 'well , and they naturally dejire copulation : and of this matter here is a fafe admonition , and whole fame caunfelf ep down , .
WHen people that were fick recover of" th?ir difeafes, they, do not prefently grq|/y well and regain the ftrength they had ; but they are reftored by good diet and wholefome nutriment t for though the difeafe be (taken off, and the Feavourifh heat extin- guifhed, yet there remain in the body ftillfome prints and impref- lions, of the health deje&ed and caft down j fo that by reafon of feeblenefle no part almoft can well perform its office, when we jkeTuarf" fhould ufe them 5 onely the genital parts ordained for procreati- newlyrtcove - on of children recover firft and get ftrength to do their bufinefle, ui* and are very prone thereunto and lufty, yet it is very pernicious
to ufe venerious actions in this cafe. But thefc are certain and un¬ doubted arguments that health is reftored, and that no reliques of the difeafe ftay in the body, when the genital parts fwell, and ftand ftiff, though all the other parts are weak and feeble, and can do nothing in conjugal matters, nor can endure the labour of it. I
. think
Chap.2.
whole f )me counf ell given to men. I g ^
think the reatonis, bccaufe. the obftru&ions of che veins arc ca- ken away, and the paifages are opened, and the Liver and Reins, covl****" and ocher parts deftinated todiftribuce the nucrimcnt, do firft en- tovtwy^*1 joy the benefit of the nourilhment from meats5 and therefore are reftored before the reft: whence it follows thar they grow ftrong, and are abundantly filled with natural and vital! fpirits, by the motion and agitation wnereof the obfeeneand fecret parts lwell, and are frothy and luftfulls when the remoteft parts, as the feet, arms, fhouldtrs, ankles, hips, thighs, neck, checks, are Jater watred with alimental and vitall juice. When therefore thefecrecsby the office of the Liver, are filled and fatted with exquifiteand wholefome nutriment, they firft of all recover and get ftreogth, that upon the leaft luftfull thought, the Cods fwell, and fhew what force they have. Alfo young Boys fhew fome to- signs of health kens of this, for though thofe parts be weak in them, and want inb°y^> the faculty of generation, yet the fpirits ftretch them out and caufc erection, and they grow ftitf by their lying on their backs, wich is a fign they arc well and in good health. So though men newly recovered be weak and feeble, and being wafted with the di- gcnult^fnlf feafe, their body is lean and ftarved : yet that fecret part which health. J' ° * Tully calls Mentula, firft gives figns of health reftored. For in re¬ gard of nearneffe, the nutriments are firft carried thither, and be- caufe that part is joyned co the principal parts, and produced from one ftock of veins, nerves and arteries. If then thofe that are rmy hurtful freed of their difeafe, and upon growing co be well, fall to venery for min that are before it is fit, and the ftrength of their bodies will allow, the vitall fpirit and purer juice being exhaufted, they are mortally af- iiitted, and all grows vvorfe and worfe with them. For the more fincereand pure part of the nutriment, and the dewy humour wherewith the dry and decafyed parts are wet and moiftned, is drank up, and caft forth like to Cream, whence it falls out that the forces that began a little to increafe fall again, and are caft: down. But as for women the re a fort is otherwife, for they arc not fo much wearied by copulation as men are, but rather they get ffrengrh by it, fo that fome who are extream letcherous, fome- times fain chemfclves fick for this very caufc, that they may allure . . * their husbands to embrace them, and to lye with them. Hence ^‘mousmz the Low-Dutch have a Proverb, The wife that fick would almiet havefomething. Whereby they mean that when their wives arc fick, it is not alwaies for fwcet wines and delicate meats, but for fomething elfe, that men can better pleafe them with, then by prefenting them with the greateft prefents you can give them:
Whence Solomon compares their yawning, and wide open dores,to the Jaws of hell and the grave, that arc never fatisfied. Where- Proverb.30. j fore if they that arc married will take good counfel, when they re¬ cover ofa difeafe and begin tobe well, let them not prefently fall to lying with their wives, to be milked by them, but let them mo¬ derate their affections, and put reigns on their plcafurcs that are exorbitant, for they have then nothing to fpare 5 as young tender
D d trees.
i86
ivholefome council given to ynenm
1300k ill
An example from young Trees.
trees, that muft not be iopt nor have their branches cut* off from them. For it the difeafe thus chance to revive, and a man fall into a relapfe; they either dye fuddenly, or very hardly reco-
VCI)\nd if lufty and flout men when they firft marry can hardly out, when they too frequently ufe venerious a&ions, and,
/i 1 it; f \ifjc fnA Atfrn
hold
immoderateve- ncry [foils beau¬ ty-
Each peril hub its inbred fa¬ culty*
what is to much is alUfaiu naught,
Why Smiths are half deaf
rAU parts have their difiinff offices*
DUAL! uui) wnwu iuv; 1 r \ J 7
to fpeak in Tullys language, enter their wives too oftcn,how much more muft weak and fickly men be dejected and caft down > And fuch as are uxorious will make this appear, by their Weed 1-co¬ lour, for being too much given to venery they look yellow, burnt., or like Box, or bloudkfle, Lead-colour’d, their limbs and joynts are feeble and weak, whereas others that ufe this a&ion mode¬ rately, all fuliginous vapours are difeufled by it, and they appear freih in their countenances, and lively^ and their faces fo comely red as if they were painted.
There is indeed in every part an imbred force and vertue, as fight to the eyes, hearing to the ears, fmelling to the Nofe, to the Tongue tafte and favour, which is of all the fenfes the inoft vo¬ luptuous : the bladder and its mufcles ferve to make water, and the Inteftins to void other excrements : the genitals to prpereate children, and for copulation , fo other parts have other offices they are defigned for, and in all of thefe there muft be temperance, and moderation ufed.
For the eyes with continual poring are toyled and grow dim. The Ears with too great noife grow deafe, as we fee that Smiths are thick of hearing. The Tafte is abolifhed with immoderate eat¬ ing or drinking, and all things become unfavoury and unpleafant, fo that the ftomach loaths and refufeth the meat.The Noftrils that have a fmelling faculty, when they are full of fnot, cannot fmell the moft fragrant fents. Alfothc generative parts, that all the parts doferviceto, and if by chance they fail or be exhaufted, other parts will affift them in their courfes (for from the whole body* humours and fpirits flow thither, and are derived unto them,) and if they be tired with immoderate and profufe luft,notfo much they, as the whole body decayes and iuffers.
Wherefore in prefervingthe forces of nature, and corroborating the ftate of the body, all things muft be ufed temperately and with moderation, that every man may feafonably and maturely grow old without troubles for luftfull youth will when old age comts, ieaveafrowardandpeeviftimind,anda decayed and tcebie bo¬ dy.
Chap. 3. Of the eftett of the ^Ajre^ and gentle Mafi's-.
1 87
CHAP. III.
Of the ejjettoftbe Ayre, and gentle\blafls, and of the names of tr e winds, with their forces and natures to Caufe dif *af *s, and to hie the burnout s,
which being agitated fame times move the mind an dm .left it.
• . - - » ■» •
Here arc two external accidental things, that are no kfle Jl. hurtfull than they are healthfull to our bodies. Which do fupporc our health, and fometimes make us fick • namely nouriih- ments, and the Ayre that furrounds us, by the agitation and mo tioh whereof, there arifeth wind and blafts, to which our bodies are expofed every moment, and thereby fuffer manifeft changes. B it winds and windy vapours breed in our bodies, partly by rea ion of the external beating of the Ayre, and partly from meats and drinks that being taken in, caufe winds, and ftretch the belly: as ate Beans, Peafon, raw hearbs, Rapes, Radifhes, fruits of Trees, fwcet wine, new beer and Ale^ and W inds riling from thefe trou- blethe ftomach, and are offenfivet© the Inteftines, and the hypo- chondrcs and Middriff. Thefe, as alfo thofe blafts chat ufe to en¬ ter when we feed greedily, or drink in hafte abundantly either come forth by belching or by breaking wind backwards, hue if they (layover long in the body, or fallen upon any parr, they caufe pains, and muft be excluded by applying hot remedies outward¬ ly, and inwardly by fuch things as difpell winds*, as Cummin, Bay-berries, Annifeed, Fennel-feed, Carvvay-fced, ftrong Wines, as Malmfey and Candey Wine.
The Afe anA winds fome~ times make us well, and feme- times fick.
n hence come winds in the body.
To drink gree¬ dily fills the bo¬ dy with winds.
sex-
fell winds.
V
For thffe will force and make the winds to mr*. And to fly e out where they can find a dore .
&neid.
JU
But lince outward winds are commonly offen five to us, and by their penetrating force do us much hurt, I fhall chiefly (peak of them here. For they fomccimes get feerecly into our bodies, and fometimes openly, and by violence they ruth in, and do' great hurt to men, beards of cattle, Corn, hcafbs, Trees. The wind proceeds The original of from the Ayre and Imall blafts moved^and tolled, whence it is, ***&• that fometimes it is gentle, caly and pk afant • fometimes ftrong, violent and vehement, as the Ayre is calmer moved.- Where -whatthewind fore the Wiftd Is nothing clfe, then an effulion and ft owing forth of *« the forces of the Ayre troubled, which receives ftrength and nu- trimenc from the exhalations and valours of the earth. Or as fri- truvitu faith, The win 1 is the flo wing fourge of the Ayre, moved by uncertain and unllable motion. Which when our Saviour ^n,*' r fpeak> of, he faith, The wind bloweth Where it lifteth, and thou Gofpeiextiai- heareft the found thereof, but canft not tell whence it cometh nor ned- whither itgoeth. For taking a fimilicudc from the outward blafts, | lie inftrubb Tgjcodemus by what force and what fei ret operation * the fpiricof God affe&s the minds of men. For as the aereal blatl
, * D d 2 \ ic
i88
Of the efjetfs of the Ayre, and gentle Maps. Book III.
Gods /pint compared with the winds.
Hunger when hurtful *
III Ayre worfe than ill diet.
Ob few at ion in
making-aur-
dotes.
Hippocrates ceunfel in the Plague.
Varro’s Coun- fel in the flague-time.
I, i chap. %•
is noc quiet nor obedient to any mans command, but is reftleffe and unquiet, and is carried by its own violence, and driven here and there: fo that being diffufed all over, it {hews itfclfby the effea and iioife otic, and not by fight Sometimes wholefome for the earth, and fomeiimcs hurtfull : fo the Spirit of God by a fc- cret and unfpeakable blaft beats upon the minds of men, drives, forces, inflames, ftirs up, transforms, and makes fpirirual of carnal men 5 But as the mind of man fubfifts and is fupported by the fpi- rit of God 5 fo this animal living body of ours is no lefle refrefhed with the wholefome outward Ayre, than with meat and drink. For the ufe of Ayre and breath that we draw into our bodies is as need full for us as our nourifhments, for without them mans nature can fubfift a while, for fome have pined away feven or nine dayes for hunger, but without the outward Ayre, and gentle blafts, no man can fubfift one moment but he would beftrangled. Now the purer and the lefle contagious the Ayre is, the more wholefome it is for the body. For if the Ayre be peftilent and contagious, it is more hurtfull than venemous and faulty meats, for fuch meats may be vomited up again or digefted by the heat of the flomach : but peftilent and contagious Ayre, cannot be eafily conquered or altered, when it is once taken into the body; for it prefently in¬ fers the heart and vitall fpirits : Wherefore this common Ayre that fer ves us to live in, and by help whereof we draw out and put in our breath, muft be carefully regarded. And no lefle refpe& muft be had in preservation of our health, unto the winds that pro¬ ceed and arc diffufed from the Ayre, and that not onely in regard to an open and free Ayre, that we arc expofed unto, but alfo in bu ilding of our Houfes, Galleries, Porches, Windows, Dores, and all profpeas, by which the Winds without may enter into our Chambers and Dining-rooms, that we may be refrefhed with wholefome blafts, and great and unwholefome winds may not of¬ fend us. Which Hippocrates carefully observed in the Plaguc- tirne that wafted almoft all Ajta and Greece, and thereby he freed many thoufands of them from it. Alfo Marcw Varro when he was at Corcyra^ and the fick people generally lay to flcep in all forts of houfes, he caufed them to flop up their Windows that looked to¬ ward the South, and to make new ones looking to the North and to change their dores, and by that means he fecured his company and family. So in the Low-Countries near the Sea, bccaufe ma¬ ny Cities, and Towns are expofed to the South and South-weft, Men are fick thegreateft part of the year, apd fubjeft to fiegma- tique defiuxions. To this belongs that of ViHru'im. In the Ifland of Lesbos there is a Town called Mytileney built moft fump- tuoufly and bravely, but not prudently fcituated, in which City when the South wind blows, the men fall fick ; for that wind cau- feth corruption when the North-weft that is neighbour to the South-weft blows from the Weftern folfticc, men are fubje# to Coughs, but when the North-wind blows they are well again. Whereby it appears plainly that the unftable moving of the winds
Chap. 3. Of the ejjeRs of the Ayre , and gentle blafts,
bring fkknefles to mens bodies, and makes them have their health worfe : which if we could avoid and ihut out, every man would Idle fall into difcafesj or if by any caufeatnan do fall lick, if you bar out ill winds he will recover the fooner. The Ancients becaufe there are four quarters of the world divided the winds into as ma¬ ny, and Ovid elegantly defcribed them.
The Baft wind went where fir ft the morning Sun Doth fhtne, the weft where the Sun fets> the North Invaded Scythia, when they begun,
The Cloudy South from Southern parts came forth,
' . «
Others that thought to do it more cxadly number twelve winds.
But in our dayes the Art of Navigation, by reafon of the vaft and fpackus circumference of the Ocean, and the long voiages in the Mediterranean Sea, hath found out thirty two winds, and the The Manners Pilot and Steerman do continually behold them in Marriners Compaffe, and in the darkeft and moft tempeftuous night they fleer their courfe by it, and come to their defired Haven. And this compafle is ho new invention, for Plautus makes mention of it. • r* ■ 1 ■ ■ '
, • : > .v • r. - f‘ . " ? t
■
But do you think that it is loft ? frlnum.att. 4;
Take the compare-- -
But Politick men that are not ufed to the Sea, do not fo much regard the number of the winds as the nature of them. For every °uceis**rem* roan chat would take care of his health, by Hippocrates rule mull obferve the four quarters of the year ; and alfo cold and hot winds that we arc expoied ro. For tne concourfe of winds and Ayre rhtAyrtani have great force to preferve health, and drive away difeafes. For winds change not fo much the bodies as the minds of men are changed by reafon eUf of the Ayre and winds. So that men in health are otherwise affed- 7be mind non. ed when the Ayre is tempeftuous and troubled, and otherwife Uedbydifttm* when the weather is calm and the sky clear, otherwife when the teroftbt4r*> Weft-wind blows, otherwife when the South or South-weft, chat rot oncly mens bodies are more adive, but their minds are more ready and more tradable, all fullennefic and frowardnefle being caftoff, when the Ayre is pleafant, and the calm gentle winds blow as in the Spring of the year. But that all things may be done by rule, Ifhall letdown the conditions, effeds, forces, and Names of all the winds that are known both to learned and ignorant men.
Whereby every man may decline what feems to be hurcfull, and may fafely expofe himfeli to fuch winds that feem to be health- full and harmldle. The Haft-wind, the High-dutch call it Ooft, rbeefRof the Italians Levante, is moft commonly wholefome, and drives away lorrow of mind, but it is cold m the morning before the Sun tbeEa(t, rife, at noon when the Sun is Southward it is moderately warm, wc call it Luke-warm, when our bodies are not troubled with
over-
Car dinal Winds we four,
Metam. L. 1.
1 90
O the efjefts of the tAyre, and gentle l la [Is. Book IIL
over-great heat, but .faint with a mean hear, that makes them to naufcac, Cor . Cdfm, and OWifcall.it neither hoe nor told.
The cold North, the Lukewarm South . . =?.
I ’ 'jL.. \ l A , . J .•* - -■ ■ . V t -5 t_
\
The place of the Eaflwind and effect.
Eafl Soutb-Eafl caufeth the Plague forne- times.
*
Eafl Sontb-Edfr is moH cold in Winter .
The nature of jhe North-Eafl
wind.
The effett and I late of the South- Eafl . wind.
A fimile from the waves of the Sea tejfed with the winds.
The winds di- fiemper mans mind alfo .
Opportunity to be ta^en.
But at Midfummcr, when the Sun is hot, the Eaftern wind cau¬ feth heat, and kindles yellow chollcr, and from the inflammation thereof burning Fea vers fpring up": But in the winter it is. fome - whac milder, and not fo fharp and cold as the Nortlhwiftd. The Eafl- wind called Eurus is kind to the true Eaft-windy^y declines a little on the left hand towards the South, it is called Eutm from Aura, becaufc when the Sun firft rifeth, it caufeth gentle blafts, they comniofily call it Baft Souch-Eaftffor it is in that point of the world, next totheEaft. In Summer it is very hot, and caufeth burning Feavers : And I have oft obferved it in the Low-Coun* tries, that when any popular difeafe fpreads, as it doth when that wind blows, it caufeth Carbuncles and contagious fwellings to rife in the groin, and under the Arm-pits, and the Mcafils and lmali Pox that boil forth to the outmofi skin. For this wind partaking of a warm heat, namely fome moifture being mingled with ic, it affords fome caufe of corruption, and inflammation to the bloudv But in Winter it caufeth extream cold weather, that is common^ ly attended with fnow, and bitter frofts, fo that fuch as go fortfe , when this wind blows, can hardly defend their nofes, faces, eyes,, .-t checks, from the piercing and deadly cold of it ; and the fame force isaferibedby fome to North-Eaft wind,that is a very fierce
blaft, and differs fomething from the Eaft South- Eaft ThcSouth- Eaft wind is next the South, which in Summer for the moft part is calm, though fometime it not onely troubles the Ayre with clouds, but the minds of men alfo. For this wind being turbulent makes the mind melancholly • but it lafts not long, for it is no fliarp bitter wind to ftir the humours as fome winds are. But as the waves of the fea by the violence of the winds, fwcll and are lif¬ ted up, fo in mans body the humours are moved and rage, by the fame force, the vapours and fumes whereof carried upwards, trouble the mind and make it peevifh, froward, angry, hard, and urura&able, that whilft that diftem per of the affections laft, you fhall hardly obtain any petition from tbofe men, efpecially from women, or covetous old men .* who as they are jealous, and fufpft. tious, they thinjethac men craftily come to delude them, and # therefore they will repell them with great incivility and pivcw them ill language, unleffe they come very feafonably and in good ' time that is the chiefeft of all things. For thofe,that takeopportu- nity by the forelock.
Virgil JEneid. t. 4*
Do prove their pajlage, and confider when Ids time to [peak, and hold their peace aoen .
Since therefore there are many things that are apt to change j, mans
♦
Chap. 3 . Of the ejjeBs of the Ajre> and gentle flaps.
mans condition, efpecially the concourfe of the winds and linka¬ ble motions of the Ay re can do it, by whofe violence not onely our bodies but our animal fpiritsfuffer wrong, and the mind it felt is fomewhatdiftemper’d that as the Ayre and winds vary, fo is it calm or troubled ; though the diet and Intemperance in meats and drinks is ofgreat concernment, toconftitute the habit of the body, and $0 loiter our affc&ions. The South wind amongft them all it flleft hurt full and offenfWe to mans health, being by nature ai\4 operation hoc and moift. For when that wind blows, the rain #ctMhe earth abundantly, whence it is chat our bodies and humours arc foon corrupted, and Catarrhs and defluxions fall upon our throats, vocal artery, and Lungs. Whence arife Poles, hoarfnefle, Coughs, Epileplies, Vertigoes, Lethargies, Apo¬ plexies, Blear-eyes, deafnefle, noife in the Ears, and many more difeafes, that fcatter every where when the South-wind blows. I haveobferved oft that when the South-wind blew long, great bel¬ lied women did mifearry, and by an immoderate fiux arifing, to have been in danger of their lives. For when the parts of the body thatferve to carry the burden, begin to flag, namely che ligaments Nerves, Mufcles, Membranes, Flaps, Cauls, and the Matrix from top great mo iflure, begins to grow (lippery and to be dilated by degrees ; it cannot be that nature fhculd carry the burden to the full time, efpecially when after a dry time moift weather falls Ini which as it is not hurtfull for dry and cholerick people, fo is it extream ill for women and children and flegmacique conftituti- ons, and fuch as dwell in boggy and fenny lands. Hence Infants and children are troubled whn an implacable cough, the Low- durthcall it Rindtboep that comes forth with a kind of Hiccop, and will give them no time fo much as to take their breath. For when they cough continually and painfully, and never flop at all : yet all their draining is in vain, nor do they prevail a whit, fo that their breath is ftopt, and they are ready to be ftrangled, and all their Pipes of breathing being (hut, their breath that goes and comes will come forth behind and break out, hot without great danger of their lives, if you do not hold their buttocks clofe pref- fed together with both your knees ; that fo the breath chat ftrives to come out behind the wrong way, may be forced to return back, and come forth at the wind pipes as it lliould. This kind of cough comes by a chin fluxible humour that doth not clot, and grow to¬ gether but falls into the receptacles of the Lungs; fo that the fa¬ tality and power of nature cannot caft up fo moift an excrement thatisnot corripa&cd together. For as a drop of water or any other liquor powred on a table doth not cleave together, but runs all abroad, fo that you cannot take it up with the tops of your fin¬ gers ; fo the humours falling from the head upon the throat, the vocal artery and Lungs, and fibres, cannot be taken away, though nature by a continual! tough ftrives to drive it forth, yet all in vain, and yet it is fo thin that it cannot be touched but it will flip' away; alio groffe fiegme that flicks to the Lungs like Birdlime-
troubles
191
The South wind is unfla- ble.
what difeafes the South wind caufeth.
The South wind caufeib abortion.
The South wind not ill for cholericlt people.
The South wind naught for flegmatiqtte people.
A cough ill from liquid hu¬ mour.
A cough that , (IrangTeth chil¬ dren.
A f mile from & moift running matter.
I
Xt)2
Or the effects of the tA i re> and gentle il.jjis. Bock HI.
The South •Wind caufetb the jojnt- Gout to move.
The South wind hurts the mind .
troubles men as much as thin matter doth, but it-doth'roc endan¬ ger to ftranglc us. Wherefore k is the South winds that are the caule of thelcdifeafes, and inccnvenicncu s in our health, and are the feminary of many more infirmities. For the humours being melted and flowing up and down, the Gout and joy n’t aches are Birred up, whereby all the parts of cur bodies being a ffiided, they become unapt to perform their duties. But as for the inctrnall forces and offices of die mind, the mind when the South wind blows, is feeble, flupid,dulJ, dcje&ed, and cad down, and fleepy, that flue goesdrowfily about all her hufinefie. And this force puts forth it felf in inanimate and dead things. Fcr wc fee that when the South wind blows, all things in the heufe are liioPft and Bag¬ ging, Linnen Clothes, Sheets, cover-lids, blankets, Paper, skins, pictures Geographical, and the .reft of the houfhold Buff. Alfo Lakes and Mooritli places. Rivers, Ponds, Seas, arc muddy and troubled, and dark : But when the Northwinds blow, all things arc clear, lightfome, pure, and cleanfed, that you may fee the bottom and all things that are on the ground under water. The like happens in our bloud and humours, the dregs whereof iwim up when the South wind blows, and darken the mind : but when the Eaft wind or Weft blow they hide themfelves again, and fink down, andfo it is when other pleafing winds do" blow, hence it is that mens minds are very cheerful!, and ready, when the Sun fihines fair .* but there is a great contra&ion, fadnefle, and de¬ jection of the mind, when the Ayrc is dowdy and the winds bov- fterous. For the fame reafon, when it begins to be rainy weather, and when the South, or South-weft wind blows, Sinks, Lakes, when the South Ponds, Jakes, Privies, Common-fhores, and other places appoint- wind blows the ed to cleanfe away filth, do fend forth (linking vapours, and make
The South wind over¬ clouds all j and the North clears all «p.
Clear Ayre re jeyceth the mind .
South South- well winds nature .
Lakes (tint. our meats naught, that they will not keep fo long."
Collateral and middle winds, which decline lbmewhat from the South, and bend fomewhat toward the Weft in winter, have the fame force that the South and South- Weft winds have, to which is referred South South- Weft. For from that pare of hea¬ ven there rufheth forth a turbulent clowdy wind, not lefle hurt- full to the body than to the mind. For violent blafts have fuch force, that they move the humours within the body, like to the Pump in fhips : and the mind being ftirred with the vapours and fumes thereof, is diftempered, falls into paffions", grows angry, tumultuous, unquiet, and rageth,and overflows like to the Ocean ; and evill lpirits and Devills do fometimes joyn with the tempefts, ready t^domif- and adminifter fuejl, fccretly thrufting themfelves into the mind chief. % of man, and do vex and tear and torment it. It is common in the weak rind* , Low-Countries for many whofe minds are troubled, and their
(oon offended by r r j- ; -/i. _ • : _
4
e Ayre* fenfes diminifhed, or their animal fpirits tainted with any vitious quality, three daies before any tempefts or winds appear, to grow tumultuous, and to run upand down all villages, publick places, common ftreets, and corners, and by-wayes, fometimes very fi- lent, and fometimes with great noife and bowlings, that the com¬
mon
Chap.3*
Of the eff ect of the csfyre, and gentle blafts. 1 9 3
mon people will fay, there is a tempeft in the Ayre not far off, and as itufually falls out, fome great commotions and rollings of the Ayre, and Tempefts are hard by. But again, when the Ayre is calm and clear, and free from violent winds ; thefe people will be courteous to all, pleating, gentle, affable, merry, jefting 5 yet fo as they will not leave off to exprefle fome ridiculous cuftomes, whereby you may eaiily gueffe what habic of body they are of, and what is the conftuurion oftheir minds.
But for winds that belong to the South-point, and blow from The nature the Weft in winter, no wind is more vehement than the South- thesmb-m(l Weft wind, or more caufing rain; for in fummer it produceth Thunder and Lightning, and raifeth cruel tempefts, that it will throw down Towrs, beat down corn, and drive (hips upon rocks and fords, that they fuffer Ship- wrack, but in Summer it lafts not fo long as it doth in Winter ; for as it rifeth fuddcnly and is furi¬ ous, io it prefently ends and grows quiet, but the force of this wind is augmented by that Wind Horace calls fapiga, Weft smb-mfl South- Weft, audit makes all more fharp and bitter: and this wind. holds its ftation conftantly for a great part of the year; and dri¬ ving out other winds, when Winter comes on, it blows conftant¬ ly, to the great difeommodity of Sea-men. But in the midft of Summer, it is more, and not fo boifterous. But the wind that pro¬ ceeds from the equinoctial letting, namely the Weft wind, which w/l winds na* the Italians call Ponentey when the fpring comes on, and the firft me% Swallow appears, is very gentle and calm, pleafant, and delighr- fome, that falters and recreates all things : for being made warm by the Suns moderate hear, it draws forth plants and flowers, and makes all things revive, and renews them, fo that it brings forth bloud and humours, that lay clofe in the winter 5 and difeuffing forrow, and all clouds of the mind, it cheers it with joy and ala¬ crity. But when Autumn ends, and the courfe of the year in¬ clines to Winter, Wcftern winds do rage fiercely and fhake the Earth and the Sea with great tempefts; and they are no lefle hurtful! and pernicious in caufing cold flegmatique difeafes, than the Southern winds are. But winds near the Weft and North are reekned to be three, Weft North-Weft, North-Weft that winds and blows from the Weftern folfticc. North North- Weft; and all thefe othennear j* are violent winds, that fiercely fhake the Sea-waves, and breaking name! ” 1 * down rocks and Ihores, drive the Seas far iato the Land. Two parts of the year efpecially do thefe winds domineer, at the end of Autumn, and the beginning of the Spring, chiefly in^urch, in which times they caft down, Hail, Clouds, Storms, Thunder, and Lightnings from above, fo that at one moment of time, or very little difference between, thofe three winds will joyn together in one, and rulhing forth will do great milchiefs to man and beaft and corn. There come forth of thefe and many more, fudden ha- fty winds, that in fo great diftemper of the Ayre, call forth fire¬ balls , and burning Torches, as Prefer Ecnephias ; and that whirl- Ads *7. wind that was fo dangerous to Saint Paul the Apoftle. In former
E c Ages
r
194
Georg. l>2*
weak people oh. noxious to the injuries of the Ape*
ticbiUAytelZ
enough.
The nature of the Northern Wind.
The Worth and South winds caufe Catarrhs by a diver fe
Of the efjeSs of the aAyre, and gentle llafis. Bock III.
Ai^fT^erc taken notice of by others, but chiefly by Virgil, who fct them down in verfe ;all which at leveral times of the year, happen to us with great mifehief, and detriment to Corn.
What I huld / tyeak of Autumns forms and lights ;
Andwben the d ayes grow fhort, and heat abates ,
Or men Should mark when rainy tyring delights,
Jn harvefl I havefeen the deadly hates OftVinds that fought, and made formy weather, fphil’jt the %eafer bound his jheaves together.
Rending the Corn byth’ roots out of the ground ;
Whirlwinds andrain mens works and Corn confound.
Alfo they caufe many difeafes to mens bodies, and fhake them no lefTc than they doftubble. For in Spring and Autumn, efpeci- ally in the Month of March, they heap upon the joynts, nerves, mufcles, membranes, tendons, prickings, colds, contractions, pal¬ pitations, ulcerated wearineffe, fo that chey who are fo affeded, do (hew figns of fome tempefts at hand , and can undoubtedly fore¬ fay and certify what weather we (hall have: we call them wea- therwife, that is, fuch as can know befcre-hand what weather we (hall have, and filch people are commonly thofc that are fickly and troubled with the Pox or fome fuch difeafes. And as theie winds caufe difeafes and Feavcrs, and many inconveniencies to mans health, fo alfo they are hurtfull to fru.tfu land and tilled grounds, hindring the feed time, and a plentiful} xrop. For the Earth when it is blowed upon by chill winds, will no lefle bring forth unwholefome hearbs, then it doth when it is over-wet with cold unpleafing rain, alfo it fends up Darnel, Cockle, wild-Tares, Briers, Buftes, Thorns, Docks, all which choak the feed and Plants, if they be not carefully pulled up by the roots. Next to thefe is the North wind, Italians call it Tramontana , bending a lit¬ tle towards the Eaft, North North-Eaft, and North-Eaft holds the middle place between the Summer or Solftitial Sun-nung. But Eaft North-Eaft is environed by theNorih-Eaft. The North wind is by nature and effeft cold and dry, commonly clear, yet fometimes rainy, but it abates the violence of North- VV -ft, and
of vehement Southern winds. For when they have raged as much
as thevean, and are almoft weary, they commonly conclude in a
VT u ;nA fo that prefently the Ay re grows calm, and the tem- oefttd wh°e^orPe the Inhabitants defire oncly that thofc ivluds might be changed into this, for if they turn toward the
South, the Tempeft grows more raging, and colleas new forces:
whence it is that many great Ships and lys ate endangered, and almoft in the very havens entrance, and fall upon (helves and Qnick-fandsand fords, where they are broken in pieces, to the Merchants incredible damage and Ioffe of his Merchandise. Wherefore the North wind is not onely more healthfull, than the North- Weft, or South-Weft; but alfo more calm, and more mild
Chap. 3 . Of the efleft of the oAyre, and gentle blafts. 195
in railing of tempefts : chough in winter iomecimes it be fierce, ?he North and and blow violently, whence it caufeth Catarrhs, Pleurefies, Quin- south winds ics, but by a different reafon from the South wind. For when the cauJ'c fdtarrbs South-wind blows, the humours are melted, and diflolve of them- rcafw™'^ felves, and fo run from the head to the parts that are under it. But when the North wind blows, becaufe the Mufcles are thereby bound, and fo are the Membranes, fiegme is prefled forth, as when we crufh a fponge of water between our fingersjclinching our hand a fimiie fom together to wring it out. But what time foever of the year thefe Tefinl0fa winds blow, they make the body cold, they flop the pores, they p°nge' diflipate contagions of the Ayre, and keeping in natural heat they help conco&ion. The Southern winds by diflblving the frame of the body, and affe&ing the limbs with fainenefle and idlenefle, make men flecpy, dull,flothfull, naufeating, and unfit to perform any duties or function. But the North winds, as Hippocrates faith, l. 3. a p&. make men active, lighefome, merry, lively, ftirring, and fit for all employments, efpecially fuch as are of a more moift temper, for they better fulfill the gifts and functions of Nature, and all things pro¬ ceed more healthfully with them, as a moift ftacc and condition of the Ayre is moft wholefome .for dry withered bodies. For fo south and they are the lefle chill’d with cold, or burnt with heat. Since Nmhwinds therefore thefe two winds, North and South, and thofe that border ^nglh^Ayr^ upon them, doconftitutealmoft in all Europe the yearly changes,
I think that thefe two Lhould be chiefly regarded. For no wind through the whole courfeof the year blows more conftantly : For one of them having done blowing the other begins, and keeps its ftation; yet the other winds I fpake of before keep their turns, but they fooner leave off, and give out. Wherefore we muft have re- fped to thefe two winds, notonely for prefervation of our health, and driving away inconveniencies, but when we undertake a voy- ageby Sea or land expofed to the open Ayre. For I have found this by long experience, that the North-wind rifing in the ni^ht will not laft long and ftand, nor keep that point for three dayes together, which vfriftotle confirms, and Homer lhews, wnil’ft he taxed the erroursof Ulifjes.
The TS^orth wind for three nights doth never blow.
Thereafonis, becaufe it hath but a few exhalations, and little plenty of matter for to fubfift by, and to blow longer. For the motion and agiration of the Ayre that makes the wind, and re¬ ceives from it force and augmentation, is feeble, weak, thin, fmall, that it Wants forces, by help whereof it might proceed and endure. For as in difeaies,* and Fcavers, the abundance of hu mours make? the dileafe longer, and the fit more violent, and la fling ; fo a violent agitation of the Ayre, and a frequent and thick concourfe of exhalations and vapours that come forth of the earth, exafperate the winds, and make them both violent and loner fai fling.* And as the fire is prefently put out where, there wants
E e 2 dry
when the North wind ta(is not very long.
A futile from the {It of an
gut.
A [mile from the fees fuel.
1
i $6
Of the ejfefts of the *A ye , and gentle llafls, Bool; lilt
Pilots an A Ship- Matters are mofl ebfer 'vant of the winds.
Andre a sab Aurea an ex fert Pilot.
Andreas ab Aurea his COH/lftll to
dry fuel, and wood to feed it. So the North wind, riling in a dark tempeftucus night, of about the twilight of the evening, va- nifluth prefentFy and leaves its Ration; and thence it is that experienced Marnoers will not cafily uuft the North wind at the fir It riling , and will attempt nothing till three dayes be over^ and yet they will tiuft the South wind the firft day it rifeth, that it will continue and blow a long time and this the Italian Pilots, and Mailers of iRips, make a Proverb of. The firft South wind, the third days North wind,
A (dress ab Aurea being addi&ed to that opinion, who was Ad¬ miral of the Caelarian Fleet, amongft the Genuenfes , gavethis coun- fcli to Charls the fift, who was Emperour, to take notice of that. For when he intended an expedition into Africa , and the Empe¬ rour thought at the firft appearance of the North wind to go againft the Chores, Andreas admonifhed them, that the Galleys muft not ftir, nor the Fleet adventure to Sea, unlefTe the North Chaiis tbcEm- wiBCj had continued blowing three djaies, but if the South wind percur. blew, to Launch forth prefcntiy?at the firft fight, without any de¬ lay, if all things were ready, and the Navy fitted to fet to fail ; for there was no fear that the South wind would prefently give over, and not laft Jong } being commonly fupported by thick clouds and vapours, and compafled with grofle daikncfTe, that give hopes that ic will be conftant and continue a long time.
ThcNorch'Eaft is next the Eaft, at very little diftance, on the right hand } it is not fo violent as the North wind, or fo loud, nor is the cold fo piercing and extream, becaufeitis nearer the Sun, How the North- but it heaps and wraps up the Clouds, and draws them to it, be- Eajt draws caufe they being driven by meeting with fome mountains or clouds
doads. they flye back again ; which I have oft obferved in Rivers and flouds, and flowing of the Ocean itfelf } wherein the floud runs not in a conftant channel, but on both Tides of the fhorcs and banks it turns back and is retorted, the ccurfe of it being diverted and turned on the right and left hand the contrary way, nor can I fee any other reafon for ic. From the nature of this wind,the Proverb vroverba 1S raifed concerning wicked people } Wicked things attraft unto gai»Jwl£~d them as the North-Eaft wind draws clouds. As now night-oppref- foursdoin all quarters, who meet in tempeftuous nights, and break open houfes, and kill or torture the Maftcr and compell the fervants to fhew where the treafure lyeth, which they trufte up and carry away. They are commonly now called Knevelaers Robbers, from the violence they do, and from wrefting the limbs of mens bodies. But to draw fome wholefome inftru&ion from natural things. I would have all men know that all thefe effe&s of the Ayre and nature, depend on the free will of God the Supreatn work-Maftcr, and are all at his command, and done by his power. For Fire, Hail, Snow, Froft, Ice, Whirl-winds, and Tempefts obey his word. For he fends Snow like Wool, and fcattereth hie Froft like Ajbes. who cafeth out hu Ice like Morfels, and makes all things \to be overlaid with Ice, as with a plain : who is able to abide his frofl > B e
fendeih
The North-Ea(l wind and its nature.
people.
Pfal. 1 48.
Chap. 3. Of the ejjeBs of the Ay re , And gentle blafls.
1 97
fendeth out his word and meltetb them , and prefently the waters flow, He takes away the Faft wind , by his word doth tfeSomb- weft wind blow .
He rules by his power over the Sea, and with-holds the violence of its waves, he bringeth forth the fcorching wind, and dries up the buds of the Earth: God indeed fuffas this world and the nature of all chings toot carried along by the order and manner of it, as he firft ap¬ pointed it. The Elements, Stars, Seas, forces of winds, and tinv s Godufethtbe of Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter are difti guifhed, yet ntfbZ[St°^ fo as he holds the reins in his hands to rule them all by. For when he thinks it fit and good, he exafperates fome of them tor to punifh mans wickcdneffc, and makes them more fierce, and by them he bringeth many lofles and mikr'ies upon man, that fo he may rowfe our minds and awake us that are faft afleep in pleafures and de¬ lights and thus he threatens to all thole that forfake his worfhip.
But if you will not obey all my Commandments, / will appoint over you Levit. a$. terrour and corf urvptions, and the burning Ague, and caufe forrow of heart and mind, l will rtmke tkjuHeaven above you to be Iron, and the Earth Brafje, that after all your labours taken in vain, the Earth may bring forth no Corn, nor the Tre stulates with his people. I have raifed over you a [torching bind I have [mitten you with blafhng and Mildew, when your Gardens , and jour Hint-yards and your F/gtrees, and your Olive- Trees increafed, the pal- wer-Worm devoured them, and yet you have not returned unto me, faith the Lord, Whence it came to pafle, as another Prophet teftifies, Hafri.&sl that the earth with-holds dew, rain and thowers, and all plants are fpoi I’d with hail, blafting, and mildews, which are a leffon to teach every man that, Tempelh, Clouds, Hail, Thunder, Light¬ nings, Whirl-winds, do proceed from natural caufes, but they grow more cruel, and vex men the more, when God will punifh men to make them to amend their lives. Who, when man repents ismorepleafing and his anger abates, whereby he takes 0$ the rod, and pumfhments and calamities, and miieries from us, and makes ail things to proceed more happily with us, promifmg a fruitfull increafe of Corn, and that the fields fhall bring forth „ abundantly, that the rain lhall fall down in its fcafon, and an in . Dtiiterjl; ereafe ©fall things fhall follow, Harveft,threfhing riowre, Vintage, flocks and heards of cattle fhould ahfwer our defires, wc fhould enjoy health of body, and be ftrong and lufty, all our fubftance ’ and goods fhould contiuue found and firm, and our minds fhould be void of all fear, peaceable, quiet, and at cafe and reft, and ha- .
ving a faft confidence in God, whence we have our Courage, we fhall nor eafiiy be fhaken,' or be afraid with any fear or ter- rour.
CH APa
V
i
fCH AP. II I L
Of the Marriners Compafle, which Plautus calls Verforia, by obferva - tion whereof Marriners fail to Sea ; and by what vertue , and for what reafonft alwaies points to the North .
Since I fpake of the winds before, and that fomewhat largely 5 It is requisite I fhould fay fomething of the Marriners Com- patfe;becaufe Marriners, by the ufe and benefit of this, make their voyages to Sea; and do thereby pafle over the long and vaft di- fiances of the Ocean, and come to places that are feituate very far off; and they can exadly tell hereby how much of their voyage is The Needle over, and how much more they have to fail, and they brin %ewf'int by thin§s t0 the compaffe as to a certain rule : And the needle obtains Z'tueoftbe thls vertue,by being rubbed with the Load- Bone, which hath a Loadpone. fingular vertue in drawing Iron, uqjeffeitbegreafed with Oyle, Oyi takes from or fome fat matter, for then it will not attrad. Our men call this the Loadltone the Zeylfleen0hec2Lu(e they fail by it,& Marriners dire# their courfe
forcT g as this &uids thcm:Undtr Ihis there is a little turning compafs,
. - made of Paper, plain, as round as a, pair of GompaBes can make it,
fhfcm, p# lijat is fuPPorted with » ^in Iron divided into two parts. In the and its tart:- Center ormiddle of this,there is a little brafs fharp pointed Box like a Tower faftned(for Iron in that place woujd hinder the operation of itjwch lies upon a very (harp pin or point, & upon that it playes hereand there equally ballanctd, and when it Bands Bill, that
part that hath the Flowre-de-Luce painted upon it, and where the
needle touched with the LoadBone ends, turns conBantly to the North, and regards the North-pole, whitherfoever the Ship turns about by the turning of the Rudder ; in the Circle of this rundle thereare drawn from the Center to the circumference thirty two lines, that represent the winds and the points in the heavens, and 'mmnmufe fhew the fpaces of Sea and Land diBindly by their Ports, and by 9Ut the running forth offo many glafles with Sand now, but formerly
made with water, theMarriners can tell exadly how many leagues they have failed, & how many more they have toSai!,& how great HovotheLoad- is the diBance from the place they fet forth. But by what venue the pone attracts LoadBone in the Compafs doth perform this,alwaies turning to the iron. North, 8c looking to that coaB,it is not eafy to affign a reafomyet the
fearch of this thing hath fadly difquieted the brains of many men. Some refer this to fympathy and mutual agreement, whereby the one is by fimilitude wonderfully affeded with the other, &; thence comes the attradion ; as if the LoadBone did Rent the Iron in the Northern Mountains, out of which the LoadBone was dug ; even rA [milt from as vultures do by quickneffe of fmell, by nature difeern dead car- *£**4 cafes at huge diBances, and that twodaies, asmanythink, before any battel is fought or men flain. It is evident that many things are done by fecrct and hidden properties, that it will be hard for us co give reafons for ; we fee the effeds of things, but we know not
the
Chap. 4-
Of the Mart inert Compaffe.
l99
whence hear be have their pur¬ gative venue*
A Sun-dial be- caufe it [hews the Sun,
.cr,* -rj\ S
A Mamner.
The little Bear calkd common¬ ly by Mariner $ UJ*-
L> 4.
the caufes.SoRhcubarb and Scammony purge out yellow choller ; Epithyme, Poly pod, Senna, the Mclancholiqye humour • Agarick,
He°rne Amber ,Jet,thc Diamond,draw chaff and ftraws'Quick- iilvcr loves Gold, and will delight to joyn with it. Which ver- tues we fee alfo in hearbs, for fome delire to grow together and embrace one another, fome again difagrec and cannnot endure tj be near. By the fame affection and inclination doth the Load- ftone do thefe things in the Mariners CompalTe, and Solar minuts, by which, when we enter upon our voiage, we try thefe hours by the Sun, where the utrooft end of the needle is polifhed, and not rufty , being rubbed with this ftone, and it ever turns to the North, and fhews the pole. Sea-men call this, Leyt, which is. a word borrowed from conducing, for Leydtsman is a conductor, or companion in the journey, by whofe help we fteerour courfe ; The little Bear, as the Antients called it, is by long ufe and experience obferved by thofe that go to Sea, becaufc it is fixed and unmove¬ able *, but the great Bear is called Helice , which Cicero fpeaks of in his Academicks, almoft intlrcfc words. CCI do not diredt my thoughts to that little Bear, but the great Bear, called Helice, or CbarU-min , thofe famous l'even North Stars, that is 5 Thefe reafons are larger and not fo narrow, and therefore I muft wander and exfpatiate a great deal farther: whereby heintimates that he can¬ not be bounded in fo fmall a compaffe, but muft have leave to pro¬ ceed and go farther our j yet the more certain courfe, and not fo wandring, ifjitiat is performed by looking upon the little Bear.
As i/iratus declared*
Here fhines JoveS nurfes , Great and Little Bear ,
By the great Stars the Grecians ruled are.
But the Thoenicians do the leaf refpeft.
And Sea-wen on thofe Stars do mofrefleB :
Their courfe is jhort, and certain, and perfet^
This figure Cicero borrowed infpeakingjfrom Marriners, where- eicero bhfmi- ©f fome that are cxa little Bear, but others that are not fo curious, nor in any danger, look' on the great Bear. So Cicero who would not follow narrow ^l0a“j£sCi~ and ftraight waies, but walkover the large and broad fields of cadmicisex- RJjfforicians, takes the gf eat,Rear for his Pole-Star, for fo he hath i^m'd, rbfcfe itp; wander. in^afplbafufe, and is not fhut up in any certain bc^h^^I^iirtWTaferand more certain failing is, and the Ship takesiSStife greita cota^afft, where the letter Bear, (which is cal¬ led the Pole , and by our men the Leye, that is the guide) is regar¬ ded. But our Marriners befides the Tole which they do not care- lettely regard, look to the Compafle conftantly, by the ufe and commodity whereof, in the darkeft arid moft tempeftuous night, they (land at the helm and fteer the Ship. I dare not certainly fay fl,ether the whether this be a new invention or our age, Or that this mftrument anrwmvcn - was of Antient ufe. Yet I perfwade my felf that Marriners com- ti9n*
In Phanrn. '
Ill
1 'if, I
J I t:'
If ':! Jf:j' !j!
I
m
t-i !r
i
2 OO
Of the Marriners Compare.