CHAPTER XI.

ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS: ROBERT FLUDD.
THE central figure of Eosicrucian literature, towering as an intellectual giant above the crowd of souffleurs, theosophists, and charlatanic professors of the magnum opus, who, directly or otherwise, were connected with the mysterious Brotherhood, is Robertus de Fluctibus, the great English mystical philosopher of the seventeenth century, a man of immense erudition, of exalted mind, and, to judge by his writings, of extreme personal sanctity. Ennemoser de- scribes him as one of the most distinguished disciples of Paracelsus, but refuses to number him with " those conse- crated theosophists who draw all wisdom from the fountain of eternal light." He does not state his reasons for this depreciatory judgment, and the brief and inadequate notice which he gives of Fludd's system displays such a cursory acquaintance with the works in which it is developed, that it is doubtful whether he had taken pains to understand his author. I should rank the Kentish mystic second to none among the disciples of the " divine " Theophrastus, while in the profundity and extent of his learning, there can be no question that he far surpassed his master, who is said to have known little but to have divined almost everything, and who is, therefore, called divinus, in the narrower sense of that now much abused term.
284 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
Robert Fludd was born at Milgate House,1 in the parish of Bersted, Kent, during the year 1574. By his mother's side he was descended from the ancient family of Andros of Taunton in Somerset. His father, Thomas Fludd, was a representative of a Shropshire stock, and successively occupied several high positions. He was victualler of Bewick, and then of JSTewhaven in France ; afterwards he was made Receiver of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey, and being appointed treasurer of the army sent under Lord Willoughby to Henry IV. of France, "he behaved so honour- ably that he was knighted, and on his return to England was made treasurer of all her Majesty's forces in the Low Countries." : This was in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; he was constantly a justice of the peace where he resided, and was also treasurer of the Cinque ports. " He bore for his arms — vert, a chevron between three wolves' heads erased, argent, which coat, with his quarterings, was confirmed to him by Robert Cook, Clar., Nov. 10, 1572."3
I have succeeded in compiling from various sources the following scanty genealogy of the Fludd family :—
1 " The seat of Milgat was formerly esteemed a manor. It was anciently possessed by the family of Coloigne, one of whom, Robert de Coloigne, died feifed of it in the 35th year of Edward III. In pro- cess of time his descendants came to be called Coluney, one of whom, Thomas Coluney, as appears by an old survey of Bersted, possessed it in the 14th year of Edward IV. In the beginning of the reign of Henry VII. it was become the property of the family of Stone- house, whose ancient seat was at Hazelwood, Boughton Malherbe (Philpot, p. 68). Robert Stonehouse was of Bersted, Esquire, at the latter end of Henry VIII. His son George, at the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, alienated this seat to Thomas Fludd, Esquire, afterwards knighted, and who considerably improved and augmented it. " One corner of this edifice is still said to remain built in the manor-house erected on its site when the old house fell into ruins. — Hasted, "History of Kent," vol. ii., pp. 486, 487.
- Hasted's "History of Kent," vol. ii., p. 486.
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ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS : ROBERT FLUDD. 285
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286 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUC1ANS.
According to this genealogy, Robert Fludd was the youngest of five sons. He was entered of St John's College in the year 1591, at the age of seventeen. Having gradu- ated both in arts and medicine, he appears to have travelled extensively, for the space of six years, in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. On his return to England, he was made a member of the London College of Physicians, and took his degree of Master in Arts in the year 1605. His first published work appeared in 1616, about which time he was visited by Michael Maier, by whom he was probably ac- quainted with the Rosicrucian controversy, and with whom he corresponded after the renowned German alchemist had returned to his own country. Fludd appears to have re- sided chiefly in London, then as now the great intellectual centre of England. He had a house in Fenchurch Street, according to Fuller,* and another in Coleman Street, where he died in the year 1637, on the 8th day of September. He was buried in the chancel of Bersted Church, under a tomb which he had previously erected — " An oblong square of dark, slate- coloured marble, occupying a large space of the chancel wall on the left as you stand before the altar, looking up the body of the small church towards the door. There is a seated half-length figure of Fludd, with his hand on a book, as if just raising his head from reading to look at you. Upon the monument are two marble books in- scribed Misterium Cabalisticum and Philosophia Sacra. There were originally eight books. The inscription to his memory is as follows : —
" 'VIII. Die Mensis VII. A° Dm, M.D.C.XXXVII. 0 dori- bus vrua vaporat crypta tegit cineres nee speciosa tvos ovod mortale minvs tibi. Te committimus vnvm ingenii vivent 1 "Worthies of Great Britain," p. 78 of the second part.
ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS : ROBERT FLUDD. 287
hie monumenta tui nam tibi qui similis scribit moriturque sepulchrum pro tota eternum posteritate facit. Hoc monu- mentum Thomas Flood Gore Court in oram apud Cantianos armiger infoelissimam in charissimi patrin sui memoriam nexit, die Mensis Augusti M.D.C.XXXVII.' " l
Bersted Church is situated on high ground, at a small distance south of Bersted Green. It is dedicated to the Holy Cross, and, according to Hasted,2 is a handsome building, consisting of two aisles and two chancels, with a square beacon tower at the west end of it. This is in the Perpendicular style, and at three angles of the summit are three rude figures, said to be three dogs or bears seiant, but so defaced by time that they cannot well be distinguished.
The list of Fludd's works is as follows :—
Apologia Compendiaria Fraternitatem de Eosea Cruce suspicionis et infamise maculis aspersam, veritatis quasi Fluctibus abluens et abstergens. Leyden, 1616. 8vo.
Tractatus Apologeticus integritatem Societatis de Rosea Cruce defendens. Lugduni Batavorum, 1617. 8vo. A duplicate of the preceding with a new title.
Utriusque Cosmi majoris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in dua volumina secundum cosmi difFerentiam divisa. 2 torn. Oppenheimii, Franco- furti, 1617-24. Fol.
Veritatis Proscenium . . . seu demonstratio quaedam analytica, in qua cuilibet comparationis particulse, in appen- dice quadam a J. Kepplero, nuper in fine Harmonise suae Mundanse edita, factae inter Harmoniam suarn mundanam et illam R. F. ipsissimis veritatis argumentis respondetur. Francofurti, 1621. Fol.
1 Hargrave Jennings, "The Rosicrucians, &c.," p. 364.
2 "History of Kent," vol. ii., p. 489.
288 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
Monochordum Mundi Symphoniacum, seu, Eeplicatio R. F. ... ad apologiam . . . J. Kepleri adversus demonstra- tionem suam analyticam nuperrime editam in qua Robertas validioribus Joannis objectionibus Harmonise suse legi re- pugnantibus, comiter respondere aggreditur. Francofurti, 1622. 4 to.
Anatomise Amphitheatrum effigie triplici, more et condi- tione varia designatam. Francfurte, 1623. Fol.
Philosophia Sacra et vere Christiana, seu Meteorologica Cosmica. Francofurti, 1626. Fol,
Medecina Catholica, seu mysticum artis medicandi sac- rarium. 5 parts. Francofurti, 1629-31.
Sophise cum moria certamen, in quo, lapsis Lydius a falso structore . . . M. Mersemio . . . reprobatus, cele- berrima voluminis sui Babylonici figmenta accurate ex- aminat (Summum bonum, quod est verum subjectum verse magicse, cabalse, alchymise fratrum Rosese Crucis verorum in dictarum scientiarum laudem, et insignis calumniatoris . . . M. Mersenni dedecus publicatum,, per J. Frizium). 2 pt. Francofurti, 1629. Fol.
Doctor Fludd's Answer unto M. Foster, or the squesing of Parson Foster's Sponge, ordained by him for the wiping away of the weapon-salve. London, 1631. 4to.
Clavis Philosophise et Alchymise. (A Reply to Father Gassendi.) Francofurti, 1633. Fol.
Phylosophia Mosaica. In qua Sapientia et Scientia creationis et creaturarum sacra vereque Christiana . . . ad amussim et enuncleate explicatur. Goudse, 1638. Fol.
It will be seen from this list that the Rosicrucian mani- festoes found an immediate defender in Robert Fludd, that is, if the " Apologia " which bears his name is to be con- sidered his work. There is some uncertainty on this point,
ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS: ROBERT FLUDD. 289
but it has been disputed on insufficient grounds. As a maiden effort, it will not of course bear comparison with the dialectical skill of his mature productions, but the prin- ciples it propounds are those of the " Mosaicall Philosophy " and the " Tractatus Varii." " What was the particular occa- sion of his own first acquaintance with Kosicrucianism is not recorded," says Buhle. " All the books of Alchemy or other occult knowledge, published in Germany, were at that time immediately carried over to England —provided they were written in Latin ; and if written in German, were soon translated for the benefit of English students. He may therefore have gained his knowledge immediately from the Eosicrucian books, but it is more probable that he acquired it from his friend Maier. ... At all events, he must have been initiated into Eosicrucianism at an early period."
By whomsoever written, the "Tractatus Apologeticus " is an exceedingly curious work, so astonishing occasionally in the nature of its arguments that it is difficult to suppose that they were put forward seriously. It was called for by Andrew Libavius' " searching and hostile analysis " of the Eosicrucian Confession, and was written to clear the Society from the Infamies, maculce cast on it by the accusations then brought forward, and above all from the charges of detest- able magic and diabolical superstition. It is divided into three parts, and various chapters are illustrated by appro- priate quotations from the manifesto it is defending, whose underlying principles are developed and explained. The first part treats of the various departments of magical science, of the Cabala, of the Books of God, both visible and invisible, of the secret characters of Nature, and of the value of astrological portents. The second part is devoted
T
2QO HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
to a lugubrious consideration of the impediments and de- generacy of the arts and sciences in modern times — de scientiarum hodierno die in scholis mgentium impedimentis. It enlarges on the urgent necessity for a reformation in Natural Philosophy, Medicine, and Alchemy.
Concerning the first, the author declares it to be impossible for any one to attain to the supreme summit of the natural sciences unless he be profoundly versed in the occult mean- ing of the ancient philosophers, but the minute and most accurate observer who does achieve this height will not find it difficult to adapt the materials which are prepared by Nature in such a manner as to produce, by the application of actives to passives, many marvellous effects before the time ordained by Nature ; and this, he adds, will be mis- taken by the uninitiated for a miracle.
Like others of his school, he insists on the uncertainty of (L posteriori and experimental methods, to which he unhesi- tatingly attributes all the errors of the natural sciences. " Particulars are frequently fallible, but universals never. Occult philosophy lays bare Nature in her complete naked- ness, and alone contemplates the wisdom of universals by the eyes of intelligence. Accustomed to partake of the rivers which flow from the Fountain of Life, it is unac- quainted with grossness and with clouded waters."
In Medicine he laments the loss of that universal panacea referred to by Hippocrates : — " But absolutely nothing re- mains of that one and only medicament of which Hippo- crates makes mention (darkly and mystically, I admit) in several places, and still less are its operations understood, inasmuch as no one now searches with lynx-like eyes into the profound depths of true natural philosophy, to gain an accurate knowledge of its composition and its virtues."
ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS : ROBERT FLUDD. 291
Concerning Arithmetic, he asks mournfully, and with apparent earnestness, " Which of us has, at this day, the ability to discover those true and vivific numbers whereby the elements are united and bound to one another 1 " And then, with regard to music, which, as he remarks, non aliter succedit Arithmetical quam medicina Philosophies Naturali, he cries after the same fashion : — " But, good God, what is this when compared with that deep and true music of the wise, whereby the proportions of natural things are investi- gated, the harmonical concord and the qualities of the whole world are revealed, by which also connected things are bound together, peace established between conflicting ele- ments, and whereby each star is perpetually suspended in its appointed place by its weight and strength, and by the harmony of its lucent spirit." It is impossible to read with- out a smile when the author urges the necessity for a musical reformation, on the ground that we have lost that art of Orpheus by which he moved insensible stones, and that of Arion by which the fishes were charmed.
The cursory review of alchemy is equally gloomy : — " The art, also, of alchemy or chemistry is surrounded with such insoluble enigmas that we can scarcely gain anything bub ignorance therefrom, and ignotum per ignotius.^ He enlarges on its fictitious vocabulary, and quotes Maricinus as fol- lows : — " The magisterium of the philosophers is hidden and concealed, and wherever found is known by a thousand names ; moreover, it is surrounded by symbols and is re- vealed to the wise alone, yet this is, notwithstanding, the one, only, and lineal way of the whole operation." Then he himself continues : — " Neither common fire, but Nature herself, neither artificial furnaces, but natural matrices, are needed in this work, which is the work of Nature only, and
292 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
wherein nothing is required save the brief co-operation of her minister, by whom things natural to things also natural, and species to their congruents, are duly and accurately applied." Mathematics, optics, and astronomy he treats after the same fashion, comparing their tame and common- place frivolities with the sublime knowledge of the ancients.
The third part is entitled " De Naturae Arcanis," and treats of the mysteries of Light, &c., developing in a small space a curious and profound philosophy. It describes God as the ens entium, eternal form, inviolable, purely igneous, without any intermixture of material, unmanifested before the creation of the universe, according to the maxim of Mercurius Trismegistus, " Monas generat molem, et in seipsum refledit ardor em suam" Earth is defined to be a gross water, water a gross air, air a gross fire, fire a gross ether, while the ether itself is the grosser part of the empyrean, which is distinguished from the ethereal realm, and is described as a water of extreme tenuity, constituted of three parts of luminous substance to one aqueous part ; it is the purest essence of all substances, and is identical with the luminifer- ous ether of the latest scientific hypothesis. Its place is the medium mundi, wherein is the sphcera cequalitatis, in which the sun performs its revolution. The sun itself is composed of equal parts of light and water. Light is the cause of all energies — nihil in hoc mundo peradum fuerit, sine lucis media- tione aut actu divino. "It is impossible for man to desire more complete felicity than the admirable knowledge of light and its virtues," by which the ancient magi constructed their ever-burning lamps, forced fire out of stones and wood, kindled tapers from the rays of stars, and naturally, by means of its reflections, produced many wonders in the air,
ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS : ROBERT FLUDD. 293
such as phantom writing, and, more than all, by the true use of the lux, invisibilis, made men themselves invisible.
The information scattered through the various parts of the apology on the different departments of magic is also noteworthy. It distinguishes between natural, mathe- matical, venific, necromantic, and thaumaturgic magic. " That most occult and secret department of physics by which the mystical properties of natural substances are extracted, we term Natural Magic. The wise kings who (led by the new Star from the East) sought the infant Christ, are called Magi, because they had attained a perfect knowledge of natural things, whether celestial or sublunar. This branch of the Magi also includes Salomon, since he was versed in the arcane virtues and properties of all substances, and is said to have understood the nature of every plant from the cedar to the hyssop. Magicians who are proficient in the mathematical division construct marvellous machines by means of their geometrical know- ledge; such were the flying dove of Archytas, and the brazen heads of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus, which are said to have spoken. Venific magic is familiar with potions, philtres, and with the various preparations of poisons ; it is in a measure included in the natural division, because a knowledge of the properties of natural things is requisite to produce its results. Necromantic Magic is divided into goetic, maleficient, and Theurgic. The first consists in diabolical commerce with unclean spirits, in rites of criminal curiosity, in illicit songs and invocations, and in the evocation of the souls of the dead. The second is the adjuration of the devils by the Virtue of Divine Names. The third pretends to be governed by good angels and the Divine Will, but its wonders are most
294 HISTORY OF THE ROS1CRUCIANS.
frequently performed by evil spirits, who assume the names of God and of the angels. This department of Necromancy can, however, be performed by natural powers, definite rites and ceremonies, whereby celestial and divine virtues are reconciled and drawn to us ; the ancient Magi pro- mulgated in their secret books many rules of this doctrine. The last species of magic is the thaumaturgic, begetting illusory phenomena ; by this art the Magi produced their phantasms and other marvels."
When speaking of the wonders wrought mechanically by Eoger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, and Boetius, the apologist of the Rosicrucians tells us that he himself, by his assiduity in mechanical arts, constructed a wooden bull which lowed and bellowed after the fashion of the living animal ; a dragon which flapped its wings, hissed, and vomited forth fire and flames upon the bull ; and a lyre which played melodies without human intervention, as well as many other things, which by the simple mathematical art, apart from natural magic, could not have been accomplished.
The scientific and philosophical principles of Robert Fludd were attacked by Father Mersenne, with special reference to his belief in the Rosicrucian Society. Some twelve years had passed since the appearance of the "Tractatus Apologeticus," which he probably no longer valued. He replied to the attack in the work entitled " Sophise cum Moria Certamen," without mentioning the Rosicrucians. But the " Summum Bonum," by Joachim Fritz, which accompanied this reply, contains an elaborate defence of the Order, to which, in one of its phases, Fludd is said to have belonged. The authorship of this defence he is supposed to have disavowed. Buhle, however, points out that as " the principles, the style, the animosity towards
ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS: ROBERT FLUDD. 295
Mersenne, the publisher, and the year, were severally the same as in the ' Sophise cum Moria Certamen ' which Fludd acknowledged, there cannot be much reason to doubt that it was his." But as I am unwilling to consider that a man of Fludd's high character would be guilty of deliberate falsehood, and as it was not his habit to write either anonymously or pseudonymously, I prefer the alternative offered by the German critic when he says, " If not Fludd's, it was the work of a friend of Fludd's." In either case, his opinions are represented. On the title-page of the " Summum Bonum," there is a large Rose on which two bees have alighted, with this motto above — Dat Rosa mel apibus. The book treats of the noble art of magic, the foundation and nature of the Cabala, the essence of veritable alchemy, and of the Causa Fratrum Eosece Crucis. It identifies the palace or home of the Rosicmcians with the Scriptural house of wisdom. Ascendamus ad montem rationabilem, et cedificemus domum Sapientice. The founda- tion of the mountain thus referred to is declared to be the Lapis angularis, the corner-stone, cut out of the mountain without hands. This stone is Christ. It is the spiritual palace which the Rosicrucians desire to reveal, and is there- fore no earthly or material abode. There is a long dis- quisition on the significance of the Rose and the Cross, a purely spiritual interpretation being adopted. At the conclusion, the writer anticipates the question whether he himself is a brother of the Rose Cross, since he has settled all questions as to their religion and symbolism. His answer is that he least of any has deserved such a grace of God ; if it have pleased God to have so ordained it, it is enough. To satisfy, however, the curiosity of his readers, he supplies them with a curious letter supposed to have
296 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUC1ANS.
emanated from the society, and which has been quaintly translated in a manuscript of the seventeenth century.
This Epistle was written and sent by ye Brethren of R. C. to a certaine Germaine, a coppy whereof Dr Flud obtained of a Polander of Dantziche his friend, which he since printed in Latin at ye end of his tract, intituled, De Summo Bono.
Venerable and Honourable Sr-
Seeing that this will be ye first yeare of thy nativity, wee pray that thou mayst have from ye Most High God, a most happy entrance into and departure from out of thy life, and because thou hast hitherto been with a good mind a constant searcher of holy philosophy, well done ! Proceed, fear God, for thus thou mayest gaine Heaven. Get to thyself the most true knowledge, for it is God who hath found out every way ; it is God who alone is circum- ference and centre. But draw thee neere, listen, take this to thee W, for he who increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow,
because that in much knowledge is much griefe, wee speake by experience. For all worldlings, and vaine-glorious, vauntinge boasters, gorgious men, talkers, and vaine people doe unworthily scandalize, yea, and curse us for an unknown matter. But we wonder not that ye> ungrateful world doe persecute ye professors of ye true Arts, together with ye truth itself. Yett for thy sake wee shall briefly answer to these questions, viz. : What wee doe ? What can wee doe *? Or whether are any such as wee ? In John, therefore, wee reade that God is ye Supreme Light, and in light wee walke, so that wee exhibit light (although in a lanthern) to ye world. But thou man of ye world that deniest this, thou knowest not or seest not it behoves thee
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to know that in thy vile boddy Jesus dwelleth. This thou hast from ye apostle. " And Jesus knew all their thoughts," to whom if thou adherest, thou are at length made one spirit with Him, and being such, who prohibeteth thee with Solomon to know as well ye wicked as good contentions of men. And this thou mayest take from me out of ye premises. And hence it is that wee doe not answer to all, viz., because of the deceitfull minds of some. For whoso- ever are alienated from God are contrary to us, and who is so foolish as to permit a new-come stranger to enter into another man's house 1 But if thou objectest that this union is onely to be expected in ye world to come, behold now in this thou showest thyself for a worldling who extinguishest light by thy ignorance. Also thou are not ashamed to make ye apostle a liar, in whom those things are more clearly manifested in these wordes— " So that you may be wanting in no grace, expectinge ye Revelation of our Lord Jesus Christ." But thou sayest that this is not to be un- derstood of this inferiour life. What therefore does ye folio winge verse intend 1 " Who shall confirme you even to the end," for in the Kiugdome of God there is noe end, therefore in this temporall state will appear ye glory of ye Lord, and Jesus glorified. If any thinge is further de- manded concerning our office, our endeavoure is to leade backe lost sheepe to ye true sheepefold. You labore there- fore in vaine, 0 miserable mortals, who enter upon another way than that ye apostle wills by putinge off your taber- nacle, which way is not walked in through dyinge, but as Peter willeth when he saith : "As Christ hath taught mee," viz., when he was transfigured in ye mount, which laienge down, if it had not bine secret and hidden, ye apostle had not saide, " as Jesus taught mee," neither had ye
298 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
Supreme Truth saide : " Tell this to no man," for accord- inge to ye vulgar way, vulgarly to die was known to all men from ye beginninge of ye world. Be yee changed therefore, be yee changed from dead stones into livinge philosophical stones. The apostle shews ye way when he saith : " Lett the same minde be in you as is in Jesus." Also he explains that minde in ye followinge words, viz., when as beinge in ye form of God, he thought it no robbery to be equal to God. Behould these things, 0 all you that search into ye abstruse secrets of nature ! Yee heare these matters, but you believe them not, 0 miserable mortals, who doe so anxiously run into youre own ruine, but wilt thou be more happy, 0 thou most miserable, wilt thou be elevated above ye circles of ye world, 0 thou proud one, wilt thou command in Heaven above, this earth, and thy darke body, 0 thou ambitious, will yee performe all miracles, 0 yee unworthy ? Know yee, therefore, ye rejected, of what nature it is, before it is sought. But thou, 0 Brother, hearken ! I will speake with S. John, that thou mayest have fellowshippe with us, and indeed our fellowshippe is with ye Father and with Jesus, and wee write unto you that yee may rejoyce because God is light, and in Him there is no darkness at all. But that thou mayest come unto us, behould this light, for it is impossible for thee to see us (unless when wee will) in another light. In this, therefore, follow us, whereby thou mayest be made happy with us, for our most immoveable pallace is ye centre of all things, likewise is it much obscured, because covered with many names. Enter, enter into ye glory of God and thy own salvation, ye gates and Schoole of Philosophicall Love, in which is taught everlastinge charity and fraternall love, and that some resplendent and invisible castle which is
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built upon the mountaine of ye Lord, out of whose roote goeth forth a fountaine of livinge waters, and a river of love ! Drinke, drinke, and againe drinke, that thou mayest see all hidden things, and converse with us ! Againe beware ! But what 1 For thou knowest very well that nature receives nothing for nutriment but that which is subtile, the thick and foeculent is cast out as excrements. It is also well disputed by thyself, that those who will live in ye minde, rather than in ye body, take in nourishment by ye spirit, not by ye mouth. As for example, it is lawful to know Heaven by Heaven, not by earth, but ye virtues of this by ye other, and if you understand me aright, no man ascends into Heaven, which thou seekest, except He who descended from Heaven, which thou seekest not, en- lighteneth him first. Whatsoever therefore is not from Heaven is a false immage, and cannot be called a virtue. Therefore, 0 Brother, thou canst not be better confirmed then by virtue itselfe, which is ye Supreame Truth, which if thou wilt religiously, and with all thy might, endeavour to follow in all thy wordes and workes, it will confirm thee daily more and more, for it is a fiery spirite, a glisteninge sparke, a graine impossible, never diinge, subliminge his own body, dwellinge in every created beeinge, sustaininge and governinge it, gold burninge, and by Christ purged, pure in ye fire, allwaye more glorious and pure, jubilatinge without diminution, this shall (I say) confirme thee daily, untill (as a certaine learned man saith) thou art made like a lion in battle, and canst take away all ye strength of ye world, and fearest not death, nor any violence whatsoever a divellish tyranny can invent, viz., seeinge thou art be- come such a one as thou desirest, a stone and a worke. And that God may bless thy labours which thou shalt
300 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
receive in most approved authors under a shaddow, for a wise man reads one thinge and understands another. Art thou imperfect 1 Aspire after a due perfection. Art thou foul and unclean 1 Purge thyself with teares, sublime thyselfe with good manners and virtues, adorn and beautify thyselfe with sacramentall graces ! Make thy soule sublime and subtile for ye contemplation of heavenly thinges, and conformable to angelicall spirits, that it may vivify thy vile ashes and vulgar body, and make it white, and render it altogether incorruptible and impassible by ye resurrec- tion of our Lord Jesus Christ. Doe these thinges, and thou wilt confess that no man hath wrote more plainly then I. These thinges the Lady Virtue hath commended should be told to thee, from (or by) whom, accordinge to thy deserts, thou shalt hereafter be more largely taught, these read, if thou wilt, as the apostle willeth, keepe that which is committed to thy trust. Farewell.
F. T. F., in Light and C.
By his talents and intellectual ability, Eobert Fludd is a character so important in English Rosicrucian literature, that I propose to give a short sketch or syllabus of his sin- gular cosmical philosophy. The substance will be taken from the " Mosaicall Philosophy," and the folio volume entitled Tmdatus Varii, and it will be rendered as far as possible in the philosopher's own words.
The author distinguishes in several places between the Divine ffo which is only mystically revealed to mankind, and the wisdom which is derived from the invention and tradition of men. He declares the philosophy of the Grecians, or the ethnick philosophy, to be based only on the second, and to
ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS: ROBERT FLUDD. 301
be terrene, animal, and diabolical, not being founded on the deific corner-stone, namely, Jesus Christ, who is the essential substance and foundation of the true science.
The original fountain of true wisdom is in God, the natura naturans, the infinite, illimitable Spirit, beyond all imagination, transcending all essence, without name, all wise, all-clement, the Father, the Word, and the ineffable, Holy Spirit, the highest and only good, the indivisible Trinity, the most splendid and indescribable light. This Wisdom is the vapor virtutis Dei, and the stainless mirror of the majesty and beneficence of God. All things, of what nature and condition soever, were made in, by, and through this Divine Word or emanation, which is God Himself, as it is the Divine Act, whose root is the Logos, that is, Christ. This Eternal Wisdom is the fountain or corner-stone of the higher arts, by which also all mysterious and miraculous discoveries are effected and brought to light.
Before the spagirical separation which the Word of God, or divine Elohim, effected in the six days of creation, the heavens and earth were one deformed, rude, undigested mass, complicitly comprehended in one dark abyss, but ex- plicitly as yet nothing. This nothing is compared by St Augustine to speech, which while it is in the speaker's mind is as nothing to the hearer, but when uttered, that which ex- isted complicitly in animo loquentis, is explicitly apprehended by the hearer. This nihihm or nothing is not a nihilum negativum. It is the First Matter, the infinite, informal, primordial Ens, the mysterium magnum of the Paracelsists. It existed eternally in God. If God had not produced all things essentially out of Himself, they could not be rightly referred to Him. The primeval darkness is the potentia dlvina as light is the actus divinus — theAleph tenebrosum and
302 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCTANS.
Aleph lucidum. Void of form and life, it is still a material developing from potentiality into the actual, and was in- formed by the Maker of the world with a universal essence, which is the Light of Moses, and was first evolved in the empyrean heaven, the highest and supernatural region of the world, the habitaculum fontis lucidi, the region not of matter but of form — form simple and spiritual beyond all imagination. There is a second spiritual heaven, partici- pating in the clarity and tenuity of the first, of which it is the base ; this is the medial heaven, called the sphcera cegualitatis and it is corporeal in respect of the former. The third heaven is the locality of the four elements. The pro- gression of the primordial light through the three celestial spaces was accomplished during the first three days of crea- tion. Christ the Wisdom and Word of God, by His appari- tion out of darkness, that is, by the mutation of the first principle from dark Aleph to light Aleph, revealed the waters contained in the profound bosom of the abyss, and animated them by the emanation of the spirit of eternal fire, and then by his admirable activity distinguished and separated the darkness from the light, the obscure and gross waters from the subtle and pure waters, disposing the heavens and spheres, as above stated, and dividing the grosser waters into sublunary elements. These elements are described as follows : — Earth is the conglomeration of the material darkness and the refuse of the heavens ; Water is the more gross spirit of the darkness of the inferior heaven, nearly devoid of light ; Air is the spirit of the second heaven j Fire, the spirit of the darkness of the Empyrean heaven.
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ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS: ROBERT FLUDD. 303
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According to .Fludd's philosophy, the whole universe was fashioned after the pattern of an archetypal world which existed in the Divine ideality, and was framed out of unity in a threefold manner. The Eternal Monad or Unity, without any egression from his own central profundity, compasses complicitly the three cosmical dimensions, namely, root, square, and cube. If we multiply unity as a root, in itself, it will produce only unity for its square, which being again multiplied in itself, brings forth a cube which is one with root and square. Thus we have three branches differing in formal progression, yet one unity in which all things remain potentially, and that after a most abstruse manner. The archetypal world was made by the egres- sion of one out of one, and by the regression of that one, so emitted, into itself by emanation. According to this ideal image, or archetypal world, our universe was subse- quently fashioned as a true type and exemplar of the Divine Pattern ; for out of unity in his abstract existence, viz., as it was hidden in the dark chaos, or potential mass, the bright flame of all formal being did shine forth, and the Spirit of Wisdom, proceeding from them both, con- joined the formal emanation with the potential matter, so that by the union of the divine emanation of light and the substantial darkness, which was water, the heavens were made of old, and the whole world.
God, according to these abstruse speculations, is that pure, catholic unity which includes and comprehends all multiplicity, and which before the objective projection of the cosmos must be considered as a transcendent entity, re- served only in itself, in whose divine puissance, as in a place without end or limit, all things which are now explicitly
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306 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCTANS.
apparent were then complicitly contained, though in regard to our finite faculties it can only be conceived as nothing — nihil, non finis, non ens, aleph tenebrosum, the Absolute Monad or Unity.
Joined to the cosmical philosophy of Eobert Fludd, there is an elaborate system of spiritual evolution, and the foundation of both is to be sought in the gigantic hypo- theses of the Kabbalah. His angelology is derived from the works of pseudo-Dionysius on the celestial hierarchies, and he teaches the doctrine of the pre-existence of human souls, which are derived from the vivifying emanation dwelling in the Anima Mundi, the world's spiritual vehicle, the catholic soul, which itself is inacted and preserved by the Catholic and Eternal Spirit, sent out from the foun- tain of life to inact and vivify all things.
These mystical speculations, whatever their ultimate value, are sublime flights of an exalted imagination, but they are found, in the writings of Robert Fludd, side by side with the crudest physical theories, and the most ex- ploded astronomical notions. He denies the diurnal revol- ution of the earth, and considers the light of all the stars to be derived from the one " heavenly candle " of the sun. Rejecting the natural if inadequate explanations of Aristotle and his successors, he presents the most extrava- gant definitions of the nature of winds, clouds, snow, &c. The last is described as a meteor which God draweth forth of His hidden treasury in the form of wool, or as a creature produced out of the air by the cold breath of the Divine Spirit to perform his will on earth. Thunder is a noise which is made in the cloudy tent or pavilion of Jehovah, lightning a certain fiery air or spirit animated by the
ROSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS: ROBERT FLUDD. 307
brightness and burning from the face or presence of Jehovah. Literally interpreting the poetic imagery of Scripture, he perceives the direct interference of the Deity in all the phenomena of Nature, and denounces more rational views as " terrene, animal, and diabolical."
CHAPTEE XII.
KOSICRUCIAN APOLOGISTS : THOMAS VATJGHAN.
EUGENIUS PHILALETHES, the author of the renowned "Introitus apertus ad occlusum Regis Palatium," the "En- trance opened to the Closed Palace of the King," is so far connected with the Rosicrucians that he published a translation, as we have seen, of the "Fama" and "Con- fessio Fraternitatis," and his philosophical doctrines are very similar to those of the mysterious Brotherhood, of which he has been erroneously, and despite his express and repeated denials, represented as a member. Like them, he expected the advent of the artist Elias who was fore- told by Paracelsus, represents his most important alchemi- cal work as his precursor, and declares that problematical personage to be already born into the world. The entire universe is to be transmuted and transfigured by the science of this artist into the pure mystical gold of the Spirit- ual City of God, when all currencies have been destroyed.
" A few brief years," he cries in his prophetic mood, " and I trust that money will be despised as completely as dross, and that we shall behold the destruction of this vile invention, so opposed to the spirit of Jesus Christ. The world is bewitched by it, and the infatuated nations adore this vain and gross metal as a divinity. Is it this which will help towards our coming redemption and our lofty future hopes 1 By this shall we enter that New Jerusalem
THOMAS VAUGHAN, 309
when its ways are paved with gold, and its gates are of pearls and precious stones, and when the Tree of Life, planted in the centre of Paradise, will dispense health to the whole of humanity 1 I foresee that my writings will be esteemed as highly as the purest gold and silver now are, and that, thanks to my works, these metals will "be as despised as dung."
The date of this author's birth was 1612; he is supposed to have been a native of Scotland, but the fact of his placing a Welsh motto on the title of one of his books, together with his true name, Thomas Yaughan, which is pure Welsh, is a strong argument of his Welsh nationality. He adopted various pseudonyms in the different countries through which he passed in his wander- ings as an alchemical propagandist. Thus in America he called himself Doctor Zheil, and in Holland Carnobius. According to Herthodt, his true name was Childe, while Langlet du Fresnoy writes it Thomas Vagan, by a char- acteristic French blunder. His nom de plume was Eugenius not Irenseus Philalethes, as Figuier states.1 The life of this adept is involved in an almost Rosicrucian uncertainty ; he was a mystery even to his publishers, who received his works from " an unknown person." Nearly all that is as- certained concerning him, and concerning his marvellous transmutations, rests on the authority of Urbiger, who has been proved inaccurate in more than one of his statements. His sojourn in America is an established fact, according to Louis Figuier, and the projections which he there accom- plished in the laboratory of George Starkey, an apothecary, were subsequently published by the latter in London.
1 Ireiiseus Philalethes was the pseudonym of George Starkey, the American disciple of Thomas Vaughan.
310 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
His writings shew him to be a supreme adept of spiritual alchemy, and he despised the gold which he claimed to be able to manufacture. The history of this man who roamed from place to place, performing the most lavish transmuta- tions, but always anonymous, always obliterating his per- sonality, often disguised to conceal his identity, by his own representation in continual dangers and difficulties through the possession of his terrific secret, and gaining nothing by his labours, is a curious study of the perversity of human character for those who disbelieve in alchemy, and some ground for the faith of those who believe in it. The essential elements of fraud are wanting, and the intellectual nobility of the man, illuminated, moreover, by lofty religious aspira- tions, is conspicuous in all his works. The list of his writings is as follows :— " Anthroposophia Magica ; " or a Discourse of the Nature of Man and his State after Death. " Anima Magica Ab- scondita ; " or a Discourse of the Universall Spirit of Nature. London, 1650. 8vo.
" Magia Adamica ; " or the Antiquities of Magic, and the descent thereof from Adam downwards proved. Where- unto is added a perfect and full discovery of the " Ccelum Terrse." London, 1650. 8vo.
The Man-Mouse taken in a Trap ... for Gnawing the Margins of Eugenius Philalethes. (A satire on Henry More, who attacked him in a pamphlet entitled " Observa- tions upon 'Anthroposophia Magica,"1 etc.) London, 1650. 8vo.
" Lumen de Lumine ; " or a New Magicall Light dis- covered and communicated to the World, with the " Aphor- ismi Magici Eugenianii." London, 1651. 8vo.
The Second Wash ; or The Moore Scour'd once more,
THOMAS VAUGHAN. 311
being a charitable cure for the distractions of Alazonomastix (i.e., Henry More). London, 1651. 8vo.
The Fame and Confession of the Fraternity of R. C., with a Preface annexed thereto, and a short declaration of their physicall work. London, 1652. 8vo.
Euphrates ; or The Waters of the East ; being a short discourse of that great fountain whose water flows from Fire, and carries in it the beams of the Sun and Moon. London, 1655. 8vo.
A Brief Natural History, intermixed with variety of Philosophical Discourses and Observations of the Burnings of Mount Etna, &c. London, 1669. 8vo.
Introitus Apertus ad Occlusum Regis Palatium. Phila- lethae Tractatus Tres. I. Metallorum Metamorphosis. II. Brevis Manductio ad Rubrium Coelestem. III. Fons Chy- micse Veritatis. 1678. 4to.
It is only in the introduction to the " Fame and Confes- sion " that Philalethes makes any important reference to the Rosier ucian Society. There his opinions are expressed in the following manner : — " I am in the humour to affirm the essence and existence of that admired chimera, the Frater- nitie of R, C. And now, gentlemen, I thank you, I have aire and room enough ; methinks you sneak and steal from me, as if the plague and this Red Cross were inseparable. Take my Lord have mercy along with you, for I pitty your sickly braines, and certainly as to your present state the inscription is not unseasonable. But in lieu of this, some of you may advise me to an assertion of the Capreols of del Phsebo, or a review of the library of that discreet gentleman of La Mancha, for in your opinion those knights and these brothers are equally invisible. This is hard measure, but I shall not insist to disprove you. If there be any amongst
312 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
the living of the same bookish faith with myself, they are the persons I would speak to."
The preface proceeds to discourse upon the contempt which magic has undergone in all ages, and then the author distinctly denies his personal acquaintance with the Eosi- crucian Society. " As for that Fraternity, whose History and Confession I have here adventured to publish, I have, for my own part, no relation to them, neither do I much desire their acquaintance. I know they are masters of great mysteries, and I know withal that nature is so large they may as wel receive as give. I was never yet so lavish an admirer of them as to prefer them to all the world, for it is possible, and perhaps true, that a private man may have that in his possession whereof they are ignorant. It is not their title and the noise it has occasioned which makes me commend them. The acknowledgment I give them was first procured by their books, for there I found them true philosophers, and therefore not chimseras, as most think, but men. Their principles are every way correspon- dent to the ancient and primitive wisedome — nay, they are consonant to our very religion, and confirm every point thereof. I question not but most of their proposals may seem irregular to common capacities, but when the preroga- tive and power of Nature is known, there they will quickly fall even, for they want not order and sobriety. It will be expected, perhaps, that I should speak something as to their persons and habitations, but in this my cold acquaintance will excuse me, or, had I any familiarity with them, I should not doubt to use it with more discretion. As for their existence (if I may speak like a schoolman), there is great reason we should believe it ; neither do I see how we can deny it, unless we grant that Nature is studied, and books
THOMAS VAUGHAN. 313
also written and published, by some other creatures then men. It is true, indeed, that their knowledg at first was not purchased by their own disquisitions, for they received it from the Arabians, amongst whom it remained as the monument and legacy of the children of the East. Nor is this at all improbable, for the eastern countries have been always famous for magical and secret societies."
He compares the habitation of the Brachmans, as it is described by Philostratus in his life of Apollonius, with the Rosicrucian Locus Sancti Spiritus, concerning which he quotes the following curious passage by a writer whom he does not name : — " Vidi aliquando Olympicas domes, non procul a Flu- violo et Civitate notd, quas S. Spiritus vocari imaginamur. Helicon est de quo loquor, aut biceps Parnassus, in quo Equuv Pegasus fontem aperuit perennis aquce adliuc stillantem,1 in quo Diana se lavat, cui Venus ut Pedissequa et Saturnus ut Anteam- bulo, conjunguntur. Intelligent* nimium, inexperto minimum hoc erit dictum" Quoting afterwards the description of the Elysium of the Brachmans — " I have seen (saith Apollonius) the Brachmans of India dwelling on the earth and not on the earth ; they were guarded without walls, and possessing nothing, they enjoyed all things" — this is plain enough, says Philalethes, " and on this hill have 1 also a desire to live, if it were for no other reason but what the sophist applyed to the mountains —
Hos primum sol salutat, ulti mosque deserit, Quis locum non amet, dies longiores habentem ?
But of this place I will not speak any more, lest the readers should be so mad as to entertain a suspicion that I am of the Order." He attempts, however, to show "the confor-
1 See Introduction, ante, p. 10.
314 HISTORY OF THE ROSICRUCIANS.
mity of the old and new professors," — namely, the Rosi- crucians and the Indian initiates. "When we have evi- dence that magicians have been, it is proof also that they may be. . . . I hold it then worth our observation that even those magi who came to Christ Himself came from the East; but as we cannot prove they were Brachmans, so neither can we prove they were not. If any man will . . . contend for the negative, it must follow that the East afforded more magical societies then one. . . . The learned will not deny but wisdom and light were first manifested in the same parts, namely, in the East. From this foun- tain also, this living, oriental one did the Brothers of R. C. draw their wholesom waters."
He concludes by reiterating his previous statement — " I have no acquaintance with this Fraternity as to their per- sons."