Part V.

He faid, that whofoevernegleSedh'mfelf for ■ another., was the mofl happy of all perfons,for he enjoyed neither.
Oiie Leo, an eminent Citizen, being blamed for- loud and immoderate clamour in the Senate, This Is, faith he, to be a Lyon indeed.
His Difciples wondring, that Xenocrates , levere all his life time, had laid fomething that was plealant, Do you wonder (faith he ) that Rofes and Lilies grow among Thorns ?
. ; y Xenocrates by reafon of his fevere Conver- ' fation , he advifed to Sacrifice to the Graces.
He ufed to fay. Prefer Labour before Idlenefs, unlefs you efteem Ruft above Brightnefs.
He exhorted the Young Men to good Life, ‘thus i Obferve the different nature of Vertue and Pleafure ^ the momentany fweetnefs of the World is immediately followed by eternal Sorrow and Repentance, the fhort pain of the other by Eternal Pleafure.
He faid, that it was a great matter in the education of Youth, to accuftom them to take delight in good things ^ otherwife, he af¬ firmed Pleafure to be the bait of Evil.
He affirms Philofophy- to be the true help * of the Soul, the reft ornaments ; that nothing, is more pleafing to a found Mind, than to fpeak and hear truth, than which nothing is better or more lafting.
To fome, who demanded what kind of pof feflions were beft to be provided for Children : Thofe ( faith he ) which fear neither ftorms, nor violence of Men, nor Jove himfelf.
To Demoniciis asking his advice concerning the education of his Son .- The fame care(faith he ) that we have of Plants, we muft take of our Children ; the one is Labour, the other Plea- ' fuie. But we muft take heed that in this we
be not too fecure, in that too vigilant.
To Philedonusy who blamed him that he was as ftudious to learn as to teach , and ask- . ed him how long he meant to be a Difciple as long, faith he, as 1 am not ajhamed of growing better and wifer.
Being demanded what difference there is betwixt a Learned Man and an Unlearned, the fame, faith he, act betwixt a Phifcian and a Pa¬ tient.
He faid. Princes had no better Poffejfons tlTan the familiarities of fuch Men who could not flatter, that Wifdom Is at necejjhy to a Prince, at the Soul to the Body. That Kingdoms would be mof happy jf either Philofophers rule, or the Rulers were infpired with Philofophy for nothing is more pernicious t han Power and Arrogance accompani¬ ed with Ignorance. That Subjells ought to be fuch at Princes feem to be. That ,a Magiflrate is to be efleemed a puhlick, not a private good. That not a part of the Common-wealth, but the idhole ought to be principally regarded. plut.Sympof. Being delirousto take off Timotheus Son of 6.pr£fat. General of the from fumptu-
vivf. ous Military Feafts he invited him into the Academy to a plain moderate Supper, fuch as quiet pleafing fleeps fucceed with a good tern- ipr of Body. The next day Timotheus obferv- ing the difference, faid, They who feafted with Plato^ were the better for it the next day ^ and meeting Plato, faid unto him j Lour Supper, Plato, is at pleafant the next morning as over
night, alluding to the excellent difcourfe, that had paftat that time.
Hence appekrs the truth of the Poet’s faying, who being derided for aUing a Tragedy, none being prelent but Plato, anfwered, but this one P erf on is more than all the Athenians befides.
CHAP. XII.
His Will and Death.
Hus continuing a fingle Life to his End, not having any Heirs of his own, he be¬ queathed his Eftate to young Adimantus, (pro¬ bably the Son of Adimantus, his fecond Bro¬ ther )- by his Will •, thus recited by Laer- tilts.
Tl:)efe things Plato hath bequeathed and di/po- fed. The Eniphifidiean Grounds bordering Nort}?, on the high-wayfrom the Cephiflan Temple,South on the heracleum of the Eniphifliades, Eaf on Archeftratus the Phrearian,Wef Philip the Cho- lidian phis let it not belazvfulfor any man to fell or alienate, but let young Adimantus be pojfeffor thereof in as full and. ample manner as is pojflble.
And likewife the Enerifiadjcan farm which I bought of OdWimzidms, adjoining onthe^ North to Eurymedon the Mymmihn,on the South to De- .moffratus Xypeteron, on the Eaf to Eurymedon the MymmAidn,onthe Wef to(Xp]iiIPeiS',Three Min'ce of Silver 5 a Golden Cup weighing 160, a Ring of Gold, and an ear-ring of Gold, both to. gether Weighing four drachms and three oboli Euclid the ^tone-cutter oweth me three Mines,
Diana I remit freely, I leave Servants, Ticho,
BiUas, Apolloniades, Dionyfius Goods^^where- of Demetrius keepeth an Inventory. 1 owe no Man any thing. Executors, Softhenes, Speufip- pus, Demetrius, Hegias, Eurimedon, Callima¬ chus, Thrafippus.
• If this Will be not forged, that of Apuleius .
is falfe, who averts the Patrimony he left ‘
a little Orchard adjoyning to the Academypwo Jer~ vants, and a Cup wherein he fupplicatcd to the Gods -, Gold no more than, he woi'e in his Ear when he was a Boy, an Emblem of his Nobility.
He died in the J3th year of the Reign of Lmt. PZj;7//,King oL Macedonjm the firft of the 108th Olympiad; the 8ift(acco.rd!ng to Hermippus, Ci- cero,Seneca, and others ) of his Age(not as Athe- *
■nccus the 8 2.)vvhich number he compleated ex- aUly, dying that very day whereon" he was born »
For which reafon the Magi at Athens facrifi- ced to him, as conceiving him more than Man,- who fulfilled the moft perfeU number, nine multiplied into it felf.
He died only of Age, which Seneca afcribes i* sS to his Temperance and Diligence ; Hermippm ; faith, at a Nuptial FeafI: ; Cicero faith, as he was writing •, they thereibre who affirm he dy¬ ed (as Pherecydes) of Lice, do him much In¬ jury ; upon his Tomb thefe Epitaphs.
The firft.
Whofe Temperance and Juflice all envies.
The fam’d Ariftocles here buried lies If Wifdom any voith renown indued.
Here was it moji, by envy not purfued.
The
%
6^
PLATO.
pAR.T. V.
• The fecond.
Earth in her bofom PlatoV iody hides^
His Soul amongfi the deathlefs Gods rejides. AriftoV Son who/e FamS to Strangers fpread^ Made them admire the /acred life^ he leM.
Another later.
Eagle ^ why art thou percht upon this Stone^ And gaze/ thence on fome Gods Jlarry throne ? I Plato’j Soul to Heaven flown repre/ent^
His Body buried in this Monument.
Fhavorinus faith, that Mithrid^tes the Fer- fian fet up Flatd% Statue in the Academy with thislilfcription ;
MITHRIFATES SON OF RJfO- EOBATES, THE PERSIAN, DE¬ DICATED THIS IMAGE OF P LATO, MADE BY SILANION TO THE MUSES.
CHAP. XIII.
His Difciples and Friends.
Two Women, Lajihenia a Mantinean., and ' - ’
Axiothia giPhUaflan. who went habited like a Man.
Theophraflus., as fome affirm.
Orators, Hyperides, Lycurgus., Demo/henes.
Lycur^us (irnkPhiliflus) was a perfonof great parts, and did many remarkable things, which none could perform, who had not been Plato's Auditor. Demojihenes^ when he fled from Anti¬ pater., laid to Archias^ who counfelled him to put himfelf into his 4lands, upon promife to lave his Life ; far be it fiom me to choole rather to live ill, than to die well, having heard Xenocrates and Plato difpute of tlfe Souls im¬ mortality.
Menefi/ratus a Thaflan.
To thele reckoned by Laertius.^ add Ari- jiides., a hocrian.
Eudoxus ^ Gnidian., who at a great Feaft made by felt found out the manner of fitting in a circular form.
Hermodorus., of whom the Proverb, Her-^^^^^ modorus traffiques in Words.
Heracleodorus, to whom Demojihenus writing, reprehends him, that having Wrd Plato., he neglefled good Arts, and lived diforderly.
t Euphrates., who lived with Perdiccas King Atben. ddpnl of Macedonia., in fo great favour, that he ina n. manner lhared command with him.
,*See alfo Sttb.lib. 13,
TH E Fame of this School attra£ied Difci¬ ples from all parts : Of whom were Speuflppus an Athenian, Plato's Sifters Son, whom he faid reformed by the Example of his own Life.
Xenocrates a Chalcedonian, Plato's beloved Diciple, an imitator of his gravity and mag¬ nanimity : Athen£us laith, he was firfl the on¬ ly Dilciple of .^/chines, and relief of his po¬ verty, feduced from him by Plato.
Ariftotle2i Stagirite, whom Plato uled to call a Colt, forefeeing that he would ungrate¬ fully oppole him, as a Colt, having fuckt, kicks at his Dam .* Xenocrates was How, Arijiotle quick in extremity, whence Plato faid of them. What an Afs havel, and what a Horleto yoak together /
Philippas, an Opuntian, who tranfcribed Pla- to's Laws in Wax j to him - fome alcribe Epi- nomis.
Hejiidcus a Perinthian.
Dion a Syracufian, whom Plato exceedingly affeded, as is evident from his Epigrams ; lee- ing him in the height of honour, all Mens Eyes fixt upon his noble Adions, he adviled him to take heed of that vice, which makes Men care only to pleale themfelvesj a confequent of Solitude.
Amyclus (or as JElian, Amyclas) a Heracleote. ^ Eraflus and Corifcus Scepfians.
Pemilaus a Cyzicene.
Eiiizmm { Lampfacene.
whom Arijiotle calls Par on, and Hera- elides iEnians.
Hippoih/es and. Qallippus , Athenians. Demetrius of Amphipohs.
He rac Tides Pont us.
Euagon of Lampfacum. Pirndciis of Cyzicum. Charon of Pellene
Athen. IbiA Athen. Ibid. Athen. Ibid.
^ Ifocrates xFq Oratour, with whom Platon uest. was very intimate : Praxiphanes publifhed a difcourfe they had together, in a Field of Plato's who at that time entertained Ifocrates as a Guefl:.
AJier, Phadrus, Alexis, Agato, youngMen, whom Plato particularly affeded, as appears by his Epigrams.
t Arijioiymus, Phormio, Alededimus, his fami- f caf. 10. liar Friends, already mentioned.
CHAP. XIV.
His Emulators and DetraUors.
AS Plato’s eminent Learning gained on one fide many Difciples and Admirers, fo on the other fide, it procured him many Emulators, efpecially amongft his fellow Difciples, the followers of Socrates -, amongft thefe,
Xenophon was exceedingly difaffeded towards him they emulated each other, and writ both upon one Subjed, a Sympofium j Socrates Iris Apology, Moral Commentaries : One vvrit _ of a Common-wealth, the other, the Inlfitution . of Cyrus ; which Book Plato notes as com-^ mentitious, af^rming Cyrus not to have been- fuch a perfbn as is there expreft. Though both writ much concerning Socrates,ytt neither makes mention of the other , except Xenophon once of Plato, in the third of his ’Commentaries.
Antifthenes being about to recite Ibmething that he had written, defired Platoio be prefenti Plato demanding what he meant to recite, he anlwered, that to contradid is not Lawful.
How
o
4
174
PLATO.
Part. V.
* Laert vit. Diog.
t Laert.
* Seneca, f Laert,
* Athen.
\Tret\. chi¬ liad.
^Laei't.
How come you, faith to write upon j
that Subjeft ? And thereupon • demonftrating ; Anaxandrides in Th^/eo ; that he contradifted himfelf, Attiijihe/tes writ a Dialogue againft him entituled Satho. .
Arifiipptfs was at difference with him, for which reafon (in Phadone J he covertly reproves ArifiippVi., that being near 2xMgina when So¬ crates died, he came not to him. He writ a Book of the Luxury of the Antients ^ fome alcribe the amatory Epi^ams to his Invention, his defign in that Treatile being to detraft from eminent perfons, amongft the reft from Socra¬ tes his Maljer, and Plato and Xenophon his fel- low-Difciples.
JEfch'ines and Plato alfo difagreed ; Some affirm, that when Plato was in favour with POionyfms,, JEfch'ines came thither very poor, and was delpiied by Plato,^ but kindly enter¬ tained by Arriflippus : But the Epiflle of JEfehines put forth by Allatim.^ exprefleth the contrary. The dilcourfe which Plato re¬ lates, betwixt Crito and Socrates in Prifon, Ido- meneus faith, was betwixt Socrates JEfch 'ines-y by Plato.^ out of ill will to JEfch'ines.^ attributed to Cr'ito. But of JEfch'ines he makes not any mention in all his Works, except twice flightly > once in Phedone., where he names him amongft the perfons prefent at Socrates his Death ^ and again in his Apology, fpeaking of Pyfamus’^
Father.
Phxdo.^ if we credit the detraQions of Athe was fo much maligned by P/^/o, as that he was about to frame an IndiHment againft him, to reduce him to that condition of Servi¬ tude, put of which, by the procurement of crates.^ he had been redeemed ^ but his defign being difeovered , he gave dt over. Befides his Copdifciples,
Diogenes the Cynick derided his Laws , and aflertion of Ideas ^ concerning the firft, he af ked if he were writing Laws ; Plato aifented.
Have you not written already a Common¬ weal th,faith Diogenes} Yes,anfwered Plato.Had that Common-wealth Laws, faith Diogenes
Plato affirmed it had. I'hCn replied Diogenes., what need you write new ^ ^ Another time, Diogenes faying, he could fee the things of the World, but not Ideas : Plato anfwered, that is no wonder, for you have, and ufe thofe eyes, which behold fuch things: But the mind, which only can fee the other, you ufe not.
+ Molon., in detraftion from him, laid. It was' not JlrangOj Dionyfius Jhould be at Corinth, but that Plato Jhould be at Sicily.
From thefe private differences, arofe many Icandalous imputations, forged and ipread abroad by fuch as envied or maligned him ; as That he profeft one thing and pra8;ifed another .* •fThat he loved inordinately Ajler^ Dion., Pha- drus^ Alexis., Agatho, and Archeanajfa., a Cur- tefan of Colopho : That he was a Calumniator, envious, proud, a gluttonous lover ofFiggs ; t That he was the worftof Philofophers^a para- fite to Tyrants, and many other accufations a- like improbable : From thefe the Comick Po¬ ets ahd others took liberty to abule him j * Tljeo- pompus in Autodjare,
for one is none,,
'IPhen Olives he' (live Plato) doth devour • Timoni
As Plato feigns, in framing t Wonders skill d. t Alexis //^ Meropide,
Aptly thou come ft, 1. walking round could meet (Like Plato) nothing wife j but tir’d my feet.
And in Achiiione,
of things thou underjiandji not 40 cnee JSiile and Onions know.
Amph. In Amphicrate,
What good from- hence you may expell to rife, I can no more than Plato's good comprife i ’
And in Dexidemide,
Plato, thou nothing know'ji, but how To look fevere, and knit the Brow, '
Cratylus in Pleudobolymso,
A Man thou art, and haft a Soul, hut this With Plato not fore, but Opinion is.
Alexis in Olympiodoro.
My Body Mortal is grown dry, ' •
My Soul turn'd air that cannot die ;
Taught Plato this Philofophy ?
And in PataRto.
Or thou with Plato raveji alone,
in objeQs to Plato and*
lome ^I'tends of his , that corrupted with Mony they det faded from marry perfons > that they went proudly habited, and they took more care of their outward Beauty, than the moji Luxuri¬ ous : See Athenaeus, Lib. ii.
Andtwo(asP\atoholds)ii hardly one.
CHAP. XV.
H'ls Writings.
f
THe Writings of P^rd? are by way of Dia¬ logues of the Invention of Dialogue we have t already Ipoken^ now of the Nature ♦ thereof
A Dialogue is compofed of queftions and anfwers Philofophical or Political, aptly ex- preffing the Characters of chofe perfons, that are the fpeakers in an elegant Stile 5 Diale£lick . is the Art of Dilcourfe, whereby we confirm or^ confute any thing by Qpeftions and Anfwers of the Dilputants.
Of
Par-t V.
PLATO.
75
Of Flatonick there are two kinds, fary to lay Ibmething thereupon. ^oyiMTi^eiv
Hyphegetick^ and Exegettck^ fublcribed thus
Hyphegetkk
■ 'Xh ear e tick. ^ EraBick.
5 Logick.
^ Fhyjick. 5 Ethic k.
^ Folitick.
Exegetick
5
Gymmiftick. S Maicutick.
^ Fhyfick.
Agomjiick^ 5 EndeiBick.
^ Anatreptick.
We know there are other divifions of Dia¬ logues ^ as into Dramatick Narrative mixt . But that divifion is more proper to Tragedy than to Philofophy.
Of Fluids Dialogues are
Fhyfick.
Logick,
Ethick,
Timneus.
The Politick. Cratylus.
Farmenides.
The Sophift. •
f r Apology of Socrates. CritO.
Fhado.
Fhadrus.
Sympofium. Menexemus. Clitophott. lEpifiles.
Fhilebus.
Hipparchus.
'The Rivals.
Fplitkk,
'Majeiitick.,
Pirajiick,
The Commonwealth. The Laws.
■ Minos. . Epinomls.
The Atlantick.
Alcibiades.
Theages. .
Lyfis.
Laches.^
Euthyphron.
Menon.
Ion.
Charmides.
Theatetus.
EndeiBick, ^ Protagoras.
Anatreptick.
Euthydemus. Hippias I. Hippias 2. Gorgias i. Gorgias 2.
It being much controverted ( continueth Laertius ) whether Plato doth dogmatize, fome affirming, others denying it, it will be nec;ef-
to dogmatize is to impole a Doflrine , as voyo' to impole a Law , a Doftrine is taken two ways, either for that which is decreed , or the Decree it lell ^ that which is decreed is a Propofition, the Decree it fclfan Impo- fition. Plato expounds thofe things which he conceiveth true : Confutes thole which are falle, fufpends hiS opinion in thofe which are doubtful. He alferts what he conceiveth true under one of thele four Perfons,^^?^;-^/^^, T/W- axj an Athenian Guelf, an AFTian Guelt •, The Guefts are not as Ibme conceive, Flato and Parmenides, but imagined namelcfs Perfons, as what Socrates , Thnxus Ipeak , are the Decrees of Flato. Thole whom he argueth of falfehood are Thrafymachus, CalUclcs, Folus, Gorgias, Protagoras, Hippias, Euthydemus, and the like.
In Argument he often ufed Induftion of both 1 Ibrts. Induffion is a dilcoui fe , which from certain truths collefls, and inferreth a truth like to thole : Of Induffion there are two kinds, one from Contraries, another from Confequents: From Contraries, as when he who is quelfion- ed, anfwereth in all things contrary to himfelf^ as thus 5 My Father is either the fame with yours, or not the fame ^ if therefore thy Fa¬ ther be not the fame with mine, he is not my Father : And again, if a Man be not a li¬ ving Creature, he is Stone, Wood, or the like j but he "is neither Stone nor Wood, for he hath a Soul, and moveth himfelf, 'therefore he is a living Creature ^ if a living Creature, Dog and an Ox. This kind of Indubfion by Contraries, ferves not for alTertion , but confutation : Induflions by Confequents is two-fold i one, when a lingular being fdught, is concluded from a lingular, the firlt proper to Oratours, the fecond to Logicians -, as in the firft, the queftion is. Whether fuch an one were a Murtherer, it is proved from his being Bloody at the fame time. This In- duftion is Rhetorical, for Rhetorick is con- verfant in lingulars, not in univerfais it in- quireth not after Juftice , but after the feve- ral parts thereof : The other is Dialeffick, whereby Univerfais are concluded from Sin¬ gulars, as in this queftion -, Whether the Soul be immortal , and whether the living are of the dead, which is demonftrated in his Book of the Soul,by a general Maxim , that con- • traries proceed from contraries, this being ge¬ neral, is proved by lingulars, as waking fuc- ceeds lleeping, the greater the leller, and lb on the contrary. Thus he ufeth to confirm what he aflerts.
Thrafilus faith, he publilhedjiis Dialogues according to the tragick Tetralogy •• His genuine Dialogues are fifty fix, his Com¬ monwealth divided into ten' they make nine Tetralogies, reckoning his' Common-wealth one Book , his Laws another. The firft: Tetralogy hath a common Subje£f,_ declaring what is the proper Life of a Philofopher ; every Book hath a two-fold Title *, one ftoni the Principal Perfon, the other from the SubjeU.
nc ! "lO
The
76
PLATO.
Pa rt. V*
The firft
The fecond
Tlie third
The foiirth
The fifth
The fixth
Euthypron., or of Piety : FiraflicL Socrates his Apology ; EthicL Crito.^ or of that which is to be done : EihieL Phado^ or of the Soul : EthicL
Cratylus.^ or, of right naming ; LqgicL Pheatetus.^ or, of Science : Pirafikk.
The Sophifi., or, of Ens : Logick.
The Politick.^ or, of a Kingdom : Logkk.
Parmenides.^ or, of Idea’s : Logick.
Philebus., or, m Pleafure : Ethick.
The Sympofmm , or, of Good .• Ethick.
Phadrus, or, of Love : Ethick-.
Alcibiades i. or, of Humane Nature ; Majeutick. Alcibiades 2. or, of Prayer : Majeutick. Hipparchus, or, the Covetous : Ethick.
The Rivals , or, of Philolbphy : Ethick.
t
Theages , or of Philofophy : Majeutick. Charmides, or, of Temperance ; Pirajiick. Laches, or, of Fortitude Majeutick.
Myfis, 01, of Friendlhip : Majeutick.
Euthydemus, or, the Litigious : Anatreptick. Protagoras, or, the Sophifl : EndeiSick.
Gorgias, or, of Rhetorick : Anatreptick.
Menon, or, of Vertue : Pirajikk.
f Hippiof, firft, or, of Honeft : Anatreptick. r 1. J Hippias, lecond, or, of Falle : Anatreptick.
Ylhs-. hraftki.
Menexenm, or, the Funeral Oration. Ethick.
Clitophon, or, the Exhortation : Moral. ‘ ,
I'he eighth ^ T/ji? Commonwealth, or, of Juft: Politick.
° ' Timettfs, or, of Nature : Phyjick.
Critias , or, the Atlaiitick : Ethick.
Alinos, or, of Law : Politick.
Laws, or, of Legiflation : Politick.
Epinomk, or, the Nocturnal Convention •, or, the Philoibphers : Politick, The ninth Epijiles thirtoen , Ethick, in the Infcriptions whereof he uleth su
to Ariflodemus one ; xoArchitas two ;to Dionyjius four to Hemtiar, Erajius, and Corifcus one ; to Leodamus one 5 to Dion ono 5 to Friends two. Thus Thrafdaus.
Others, of whom is Arifiophanes tho Grammarian, l^uce his Dialogues to Trilogies, pla. cing in .
3 The Common~wealth.
Timteus.
Critias.
I ,
. f The Sophijier. ...
Th^itcondiJ The Politick.
^ Cratylus.
i Laws.
The third. Minos.
I Epinomk. '
( Theatetus.
The fourth.^ Euthyphron. . . ..
\ Apology. j
C Cr ito,
The fifth ^Phado.
X The reft fingle without orders
T..
nvc