Part in.

SOCRATES,
6
* Syynpof.
In this War was Socrates thrice Perfonally engaged firtt at the Siege of Polyd.ea^ in the year of the Olympiad, againlt which the Athenians fent one thouland fix hundred choice Men of Arms, under the Conduct: of Phorniis.^
Galiies,' and on the Land fide by a Wail : amongit thefe vt&iQSocrates and Akibiades : La¬ ertius faith, they vtere on the Sea Jide^ and that there was no means to come on the Land fide further ' Plaio^ iLciX they Serve d both on Loot ^ which difagrees not with the other 5 for there was not any Sett Battle during all the time of the Siege, only Sallies and Skirmilhes. Here ' phi.iympof.* Akibiades his Comrade, attelfs, Socrates out¬ went all SbUiers^ in hardinefs ^ and if at any time^ faith he, as it often happens in War^ the Provifons failed^ there was none could bear the want of Aleat and Drink like him^ yet on the other- fide in times of Leafing^ he only feem^d to enjoy them, and though of himfelj he would, not Drink, yet being invited, he far out-drank all others, and which is firangefi of all, never any Man faw him Drunk. The Exceffes of Cold in the Win¬ ter, which in that Country are extraordinary, he as wonderfully endured, when the Froji was fo fltarp, that very few durfi go out of their Tents, and thofewr aping their Legs and Thighs in Skins, and Furs, he went along with them, having no more Cloaths than thofe he ufually wore. He walked bare -footed upon the Ice with lefs tendernefs than ethers in Shoos, to the wonder of the Soldiers,who thought themfelves Reproached by his hardinefs. His Contemplative Rapture at the fame time was no lefs worthy Admiration *, he fell into a deep Contemplation one Morning, and continued all the while fianding in the fame Pojiure •, at Noon it was taken notice of by the Souldiers, who told it from one another, that Socrates had flood fill in the fame place all that Morning : in the Evening fome Ionian Souldiers wraping themfelves warm, came and lay down by him in the open .Field, to watch if he would cont inue all night in the fame Pofture, which he did, untill the Alorning, and as lib, 2. cap. I. Sunarofe, Saluted it, and retired. Of
thefe kind of Raptures A. Gellius faith he had many .We muft not omit how he behaved himfelf * Pht.Symp. there in Fight ^ » feeing his friend Akibiades Mhen. no/, deeply engaged, and much wounded, heftepped wring Antiflhe- before him, defended him and his Arms from the Enemy, and brought him fafely off. Nor was his Modefty inferiour to his Love or Courage, for whereas after the Battel, the Generals were to beftow an Honourable Reward upon him that had fought belt, the Judges affigned it to So¬ crates, he declined it, and by his earneft inter- ceffion, procured that it might be conferred up¬ on Akibiades.
The fecond A8:ion of Socrates was in the firft year of the eighty ninth Olympiad at Delium, a Town in Boetia, which the Athenians took. The Boetians ( faith Thucydides,) Led by Pagon- das, followed them, and bid them Battel, the left Wing of the Boetians, to the very middle of the Army was overthrown by //;£• Athenians,, and fled 10 the other parts, where they were yet w fight- hut the Right had the better of the Athenians, and by little and little forced them to give ground,
. and followed them from the very firfi. Pagoii- das, whilfl the left Wing of his Army was in
Apud Flam,
Flat.
lies.
Difirefs, fent two Companies of Uorfe fecretly about the Hill, zohereby that Wing of the Athe¬ nians which was Vitlorious, apprehending upon ihetr fudden appearing that they had been afrejb ^Army, was pt(t into a Fright, andtbe/whole Ar- who Befieged it from’ the Sea by his my of the Athenians, now doubly terrified by this
Accident, and by //jd- Thebans that 'continually won Ground, arid broke their Ranks, bet 00k ihem- felves to Flight, fome fled towards Delium and the Sea, others the ADuntain Pumas, and others other ways, as to each appeared hope of Safety.
The Boetians,. efpecially their Horfe, and thofe Locrians that came in afier the Enemy was De¬ feated, followed, killing them. Socrates in this Engagement behaved himfelf with his atcullom- ed Valour (lo well, that " Laches conielleth, if the reft had fought like him, they had not loft the day) and care of his Friends for strab. Lib, feeing Xenophon unhorfed in the Flight, andt-icn. thrown down on the ground {himfelf likewife having his Horfe flat n under him, fought on fool) he took him upon his Shoulders, and carried him many a fiadia, and defended him till they g me over the Rurfiit. And beihg thus' at the lofs of the day, with others dhperled in Flight ('amoHgft whom was Laches the Archon, and Akibiades) ‘ in the confiant fioxenefs of his Re¬ treat expreffed a Courage far above Laches, fre¬ quently looking back and round about, as greedy to be Revenged of the Enemy, if any fhould Fur,- file them •, which was the means that brought him off more fafely, for they who exprefs leafi fear in their Retreat, are lefs Subjecl to be A (faulted, than fuch as repofe their confidence in Flying.
f As they came to a way that was divided into two, Socrates made a Stand, and adviled thofe that were with him not to take that way which they were going into, along the MonU' tain Tame, but the other by the way Retijfe, for, faith he, I heard the Damo/fs V oice. Tlie greater part were Angry, as if he had trifled at a time fo ferious fome few were perfwaded to go along, amongft whom were Laches and Akibiades, and got fafely home ; thelreft were met by fome Florlemen, who returning from the Ptirfuit, fell upon them ^ they at firft refifted, but at laft enclofed by the Enemy who exceeded j them in number ^ they gave back, and were in the end oppreft,and all kilPd^ except one who by the help of hisShield getting aw^ay, brought the news to Athens, and Vyrilampes Son oP iFntipflon,sN\W) being wounded by a Javelin, v;as taken Prilb- ner ^ and when he heard by thofe that were lent from Athens to Thebes to treat of Peace, that Socrates and the reft with him got late home^ he openly profefs’d to the Thebans, that Socrates had often called him and others of his company back*, who not following the advice of his Genius were ilain.
I’he laft Military Engagement was the fame s pUtt Apd. year at « Amphipolis, '' which was then taken by Brafidas the Lacedamonian G^wtiA.
Flut. deds.- T/ion. Sxr. (hr Socr.it.Epijt.i,
Thucyd.
CHAP.
.86
SO CRATES.
Part HI.
Var, hifl. 3.
CHAP. IX.
How he carried himf elf in the Democracy .^and the Oligarchy.
S Derates forbore to accept any Oflnee in the Common wealth, ( except in his latter years that of Senator ) either ( as Mlian faith ) becaufe he faw the Athenian Govern¬ ment, though under the form of a Democracy, t Apol. was yet nearer to a Tyranny or Monarchy, ort as himlelf profefleth, being dilTwaded by his Genius from medling in publick affairs, which Advice was his Prefervation, being too ho- neft to comply with the Injultices of the Commonwealth, and to oppofe them was extreamly dangerous, as he found experimental¬ ly in that fhort time.
^ He was chofen to the Senate for th^ Anti¬ ochian 'Vnhe, whereunto (t aswe have faidj Alopceexhe Town where he was born belonged.
* Plat. Apol. Gorg.
■febap. I.
* Xen. memor. ^ a^d in order thereto took the Oath which
appointed to be given to every Senator, General in the firft year
that Afperfion of rorfhyrius , that he was Icarce able to Write, vvhich when he did-, it was to Derifion) but the true reafbn is by Athenaus acknowledged to be his cPnftant forti^ tude, in that he would not violate the Laws of the Common-wPalth contrary to the Oath he had taken, to which he took more heed thaii ^ a to the violence wherewith he was threatned for when the Senate proceeded to their con- * Lam. demnation, ■^he alone oppofed it with hisfuf-^^ ^ frage , whereupon many Orators prepared to ^ accufe him, and the People cried out withnl>!:; , loud Clamours, that he might he brought to an- TinA be chofe rather to hazard him^ yuv. felf for Law and Juftice, than through fear of Imprifonment and Death to confent to injuftice- as the death of thefe Men was afterwards known to be, even to the Athenians themielves : and was foon after puniflied in Theramenes by the like, wherein gave the fame Tefti-
mony of his Courage upon this occafion.
Athens A'iQt 3i long War with the Lacede¬ monians of 27 years, being taken at laft by Ly-
'^Plat.Apol.
* Xenoph.hifl. Griic. I,
of the c?4th Olympiad , there grew Lome debate concerning the alteration of the Government, from a Democracy to an Oligarchy {Theramenes Itoodfbrthe continuance ofthe Democracy, but being overlwayed by the power and threats of lyfander-., yielded to the conffitution of thirty occafion of manifefting his Conffancy. There j P®rlons, t by ritle Goverriours,in eflFefl Tyrants, jL-p.- , h.. i-.* hapned a Sea“fight between the Athenians and which number was Theramenes (whom they the Lacedemonians at Arginufe : The Athenian! bi regard of his known Moderation and
to give Sentence according to the Laws, not bi affed either by favour, hatred, or any other Pretext : In the third year of the Olympi¬ ad ( t the preheminence coming in courle to the Antiochian Tribe, and Socrates thereupon becoming Prefident of the People) he had this
Commanders were ten-,the Lacedemonians Com mander in chief’ CaUicratidas •, the Lace demo ni
Equity,^ to bridle the Rapine and Avarice of 0‘ ^hers) OvV/V/x (firft a Friend, but now 'a great
^;?xwere overthrown, their Admiral funk ^ the! Socrates for reproving his love of
Athenians went back to Arginufe with the lofs of twenty five Ships, and all the Men in them except feme few that ef taped to Land •, the ten Commanders ordered Theramenes and 1 hraflw- ins (Captains of the Galleys) to look out after the Veflels that were Shipwrackt , which ai. they were going to do, a fudden Tempeft a- rofe and hindred them •, fix of thole Com¬ manders returned to Athens , where they no Iboner came, but upon the Account they gave of the Fight, the Senate committed them to Prifon-, There me nes was their Accufer,who urg’d that they might be queftioned for not relieving tiiofe that were loft by Shipwrack ^ the Com mandersjuftly anfwer’d, that they had given order for their Relief, and that Theramenes and Thrafihulusyan whom that Charge was impofed, were (it any ) to be condemned ^ but that they would not retort the Fault on their ac- cufers , for the Tempeft fufiiciently excufed them. This fatisfied the Senate fgr that time, but at the next feaft being the Afaturia , fbme Friends of Theremenesfi^ his inftigation fhaving their Hair, and putting on Mourning Apparel, pretending to be Kinfmen of thofe that were drowned', came in that habit to the Senate, and caufing the Charge againft the ten Commanders to be renewed, fb much incenfed the People, that they by menaces contrary to all Law, enforced the Senate to condemn them. So¬ crates being ordered to write the decree againft' them, avoided it by pretending he could not write, and knew not the Form, which occa- fioned Laughter in the Senate (and perhaps
Euridamus) Charicles and others, whofe names are fet down by Xenophon., as are alfo their mur^ ders, unjuft Sequeftrations of Lands, andcon- fifeations of Goods -, they began with punifh- ment of the worft Perfbns, proceeded the richeft , and ended with the beft. Never ( faith Seneca ) was any City more mifera- ble i 1300. ( .^/chines faith, 1500.) of the beft Perfons they put to death with- . out aiw legal Try al, nor was their Fury there¬ by affwaged , but more exalperated j that City where was the Areopagus themoft Reli¬ gious Court of Judicature, where the Senate and People like the Senate ufed to affemble, was daily made a fad Colledge of Executioners, an unhappy Court too narrow for the Tyrants without reft from Oppreffion, without hope of Liberty i?/- Rm^’^'-All fted the City but Socrates.^ who all this vohile fet not his Foot out at the Gates- he was continually amongft the People, com- fbrted the lamenting Fathers, encouraged thofb that defpaired of the State, reproached the Rich, that had lived in fear to lofe their "VVealth, the late repentance of their dangerous avarice, and to thole that would imitate him, gave great Examples, whilft he walked free amidft the thirty Oppreffors.
Theramenes oppofing this cruelty and Injuftice, wasaccufed by for betraying the truft
ofthe Common-wealth, whereof he acquitted himfelf to the fatisfa£fion of the Senate ^ but Critias and his Fabfion, fearing he might over¬ throw the Oligarchy, feized upon him with a Troop of Soldiers j Theramenes run to the Al¬ tar*
I