I. whereby, t hrougb the difference of living Crea¬

tures, Phantafies not the fame are derived from them. This we colle of their Generations, and from the difference of the Confitutions of their Bodies. Of their Genera¬ tions, becaufe of living Creatures, fome have their Without Coition ; othtts by Coition. Of thofe which are produced without Coition, fome come of Fire, as the Crickets in Chimneys; fome of Cor- rupted Id’ater , as Gnats ; fome of four Wine, as Snipes; fome of Earth, whereof/ome of Slime, as Frogs ; fomeofi^/rt, as Worms ; fome of Afhes, as Beetles ; fomeofP/ij»f/, asCaterpillers; fome of Fruits, as Maggots ; fome of putrify’d Animals, as of Bulls, Bees ; and of Horfes, Wafps.
Of thofe which are produced by Coition, fome are begotten by creatures of the fame Species, fuch are thc^greateft part ; others by Creatures of different Species, as Mules. Again, of living Creatures, fome are brought forth alive, as Man ; others come from Eggs, as Birds ; fome from a lump of Flefti , as Bears. It is therefore proba¬ ble, that the Diflimilicudes and Differences of thefe Generations effedl great Antipathies , re¬ ceiving thereby contrary Temperament, Dif- cordance, and Repugnance.
Moreover the difference rf fever al parts of the Body (efpecially of thofe which Nature made for Judgment and Senfe ) may caufe a great re¬ pugnance of Phantafies, according to the diver- iity of livingCreatures. Thofe things which to us feem White, they who have the Tellow Jaun¬ dice affirm to be Yellow, and they who have a Ilyphofpbagmc in their Eyes, Red. As therefore, of living Creatures, fome have Eyes Blood-red, others Whitifh, others of ocher Colours, it is
likely they perceive Colours after different man¬ ners. Even to us, if we gaze a while upon the Sun, and immediately after look upon a Book, the Letters will feem of Gold, and as if they moved round.
Foraftnuch alfo, as fome living Creatures have naturally a certain Brightnefs in their Eyes, and emit from them a quick rare light , fo as they can fee in the Night, we think it probable, that External Objedfs incur not into their Senfe, like what they feem to ours.
Again, Juglers, by anointing Candles with a Liquor made of the ruft of Brafs, or with the Blood of the Fifii Sepia, caufe the Standers-by to feem either 0/ the Colour of Brafs, or Black, by that little infpertion of Unguent; Much more (a) ^
likely is it, that the humours, mixed in the Eyes of living Creatures, being different, they have different Phantafies, from the fame Objetft.
Again, if we pinch the Eye, the Forms and Figures of vifible things Jeem long and narrow:
It is therefore likely, that all living Creatures which have Eye-balls oblique and narrow ( as Goats, Cats, and the like) have a peculiar phan- tafie of Objetfts , different from thofe which have round Balls.
Looking- glaffes, according to their feveral Forms, fometimes reprefent the Objetft lefs, as when they are concave ; fometimes oblong and narrow, as the convex ; feme there are that re- prefent the head of the behoMer downward, and his feet upward. As therefore of the Organs of Sight, fome are extuberant, fome hollow, fome plain ; it is likely the Phantafies are different, and that Dogs, Filhe^ Lions, Men, Lobfters, behold not things as great, or in the fame Form, / as they are in themfelves ; but according to the various Impreffions which the fight fuffereth from the Objeft.
It .is the fame in other fenfes; for how can we fay. That Creatures covered with Shells, with Flefh, with Prickles, with Feathers, with Scales, are alike affetfted as to the Touch ? Or, that they which have the hole of their Ear nar¬ row, and they which have it wide ; thofe which have Ears full of hair, and thofe which have fmooth Ears, receive found alike ? Seeing that we ourfelves, (b) preffing the Ear, hear itdi- pgj,f,3p5 ferent from that which it feems otherwife.
Moreover, the Smelling may differ according tothedifference of living Creatures; for, fince we our felves are affeefted one way, when we have caught Cold, and are opprefs’d with Flegra; another way, when the Parts of, and near the Head, abound with Blood, ( dilTiking thofe Scents which to others feem fweet, and thinking ’our felves, as it were, hurt by them : ) And fince of living Creatures, fbrne are naturally fleg- matick, others fanguine ; fome cholerick, others melancholick, it is poffible, that from thence.
Scents feem different to them.
The like, as to the ; fome have a Tongue rough and dry, others very moift, ( even we our felves having our Tongues drier than or¬ dinary in Feavers , think , that fuch things as are given us tafte earthy , unfavoury, or bitter.)
This we fuffer, through the difterent prevalence of Savours in us. Since therefore in living Creatures, the organs of Tafte are different, and abound with different Humors j hence
'art
XU.
S C E F f 1 Cl S M
479
V
1#
^ t!;ey may in Tafte receive differenc PhantaHes fiotvj the fame Objedis.
For, as Meat digefted turns here into Veins, there into Arteries ; here into Bone, there into Sinewes, and fo of the reft; manifefting a diR ferenc power, according to the difference of the parts which receive it. And as Water, oneand the fame fpecifically, being infufed into Trees, here turns into Leaves, there into Boughs ; here into Fruit, Figs, Pomgranacs, and the reft. And as one and the fame blaft cf a Mufitian in a Pipe, here is Flat, there Sharp : and the touch of the hand upon the Lute, makes fometimes a high, fometimes a low found; fo is it likely, that ex¬ ternal Obje cording to the different conftitutions of the li¬ ving Creatures, to which the phantafies occur.
This we learn more evidently from the Ap¬ petite, and Averfion of living Creatures. Un¬ guents feem fweet to Men, but to Beetles and Bees are intolerable : Ovl is wholefome to Men, but kills Wafps, and Bees, if fprinkled upon them ; Sea-water, to Men , is unpleafant of rafte and unwholefome ; to Fillies fweet and potable. Swine delight more to wallow in filthy Mire, than in pure Water.
.Moreover, of living Creatures, fome eat Herbs, fome Boughs, fome Sperm, fome Flefii, fbme Milk, fome love putrified Meat, fome frefh ; fome raw, fome rolled. Generally, what is pleafant to fome, is to others unpleafant, diftaft- ful, and poyfonous; as Hemlock fattens Quails, Henbane Swine ; Swine delight alfo to eat Sa¬ lamanders, as Stags do Serpents, and Swallows Cantharides : Pifmires and Snipes are unplea¬ fant and unwholefome for Men to take down ; but the Bear, if he fall fick, recovers his ftrength by feeding on them. The Viper, if it touch a Bough of a Beach Tree, is taken with a Gid- dinefs ; fo the Bat, if it touch the Leaf of a Plain- tree; the Elephant flies from the R am ; the Lion from the Cock; Whales, from the crack¬ ling of bruifed Beans; the Tiger from the found of a Drum. We might inftance many more, but net infill too long hereupon ; if the fame things are to fome pleafant, to others diftaftful ; but pleafant and diftaftful, confift in Phantafies; then different Phantafies are arrived to feveral living Creatures, from the fame Objedt. Now if the fame things feem different to feveral Crea¬ tures, what the Objed: appears to W'e can fay, but as to what it is In its ewn Nature, we will fufpend ; for we are not competent Judges be¬ twixt our own and other Creatures Phantafies, our felves being parties in the difference, and confequently requiring a Judge, rather than be¬ ing in a capacity of judging.
Again, neitlier withoux Demonftration can we prefer our own Phantafies before thofe of irrational Cieatures, nor with Demonftration ; for, to prove, that there is no Demonftration, perhaps the Argument or Demonftration will either be apparent to us, or not apparent; if not apparent, we fball nor entertain it with be¬ lief; but if apparent, feeing the queftion is con¬ cerning things apparent to living
Creatures, and the Demonftration feems appa¬ rent to us, who are in the number of living Creatures, the Demonftration it felf will be que- ftioned, fforaftruebasitis apparent^ whetherit
be true. Buticis abfard, to endeavour to prove a thing in Queftion, by a tiling which is like- w/ifein Queftion, forfo the fime thing lhall be Credible and Incredible; Credible as ufed in Dccnonft ration ; Incredible, as requiring to be demonftrated. We (hall not therefore find a De¬ monftration, whereby to prefer our own Phan- tafies before thofe of other living Creatures, cal¬ led Irrational. Now if Phantafies be different, according to the variety of living Creatures, and it be impofTibleto judge cf them, it is neceffary we fufpend as to the external Objeds.-
- C FI A P. XIIL
Whether the Creatures, comtnonly termed Irra^- tional, have ReaJojs.
WE will ( over and above ) compare the Creatures termed Irrational, with Men, as to their Phantafie, that we. may, after the more ferious Reafons, fporc with the felf-concei- ted Opinion of the Dogm'atifis. Moll: of our party confer Irrational Creatures in general, fimply with Men ; but becaufe the Dogmatics ca¬ vil hereat, we the better to deride them, will infill only upon one Creature, the Dog, than which nonefeemeth more contemptible. By this means we lhall know , tliat the Creatures of which we now difeourfe , are nothing inferior to us, as to credit of Phenomena s. '
Now that this Creature excelleth us in Senfe, is acknowledged by the ’Dogmatics ; it is of a much quicker Scent, whereby it purfueth beafts unfeen ; it difeovers them fooner by the Eye than we, and is likewife more acute of Hearing.
Come we therefore to difeourfe, which is twofold, Internal anA Enunciative. Let us firft examine the Internal ; This, according to ( our greateft Adverfaries amongft the Dogmatills ) the Stoicks, feemeth to be converfant in thefe things ; in Eledion of things convenient, and Eviration of their Contraries; in knowledge of the Arts conducing hereto ; in comprehenfion of the Vertues belonging to their nature concern¬ ing Paffions. Now the Dog, in whom we in¬ ftance , chufeth things convenient , and fiieth the hurtful; he purfueth his Food, and runneth away from the Whip; he hath likewife the Art of acquiring things proper for him. Neither is he deftitute ofVertue; Juftice being diftributive to every one according to their merit; the Dog, whofawneth upon his Friends and Benefadors, and revengeth himfelf upon. his Enemies, by whom he is injur’d, is not void of Juftice. And if he hath this Virtue, all the Virtues being link¬ ed together, he hath all the reft , which the wifelt allow not the ordinary fort of men. We fee he is Valiant, in revenging Wrong ; Prudent by the teftimony of Homer, who makes Ulyjjes, not difeovered by any of his Friends, owned by Argus the Dog; not deceived, either by the alteration in the Body of the Man, fwervingfrom his own I comprehenfive Phantafie, (which is manifcft)he I hath in a degree above xMan. But, according to j Chrjftppus, (who oppugns irration/l Creatures ^ j w’ith moll eagernefsjhepartakescf their fo much indenton- ' cryed up DuiltQick\ for he faith. When ‘the Dog cometh into a way divided into three, he makes choice of the third by feveral^x?) Indemon- Y/ ilcsn
ftrables; 13.
» - '
I
480
sc EPT ICISM.
RT
h TheC/
nick.
c Pytkag.
ftrables ; for having fccnted the two ways by which the Beaftdid not pafs, herunsftrait upon the third, without fcenting it ; which is as much /faith the old Philofopherj as to difcourfe thus ; Thi Beafi lha 'Way^ or this "ivay^ or this
•}vay\ hut ficither this it-’/?/, tier- this way, therefore this way.
Moreover, he apprehends and cures his ovt^n Sicknefs : If a Splinter gee into his Foot, h? pre- fendy ftrives to get it out, ^y rubbing his Foot againft the Ground, and with his Teeth. If he be Wounded, f Wounds that are kept clean be¬ ing eafily cur’d, the putrid not cafily ) he con¬ tinually licks the Hurt. Me likewife ftritSly ob- ferves the rule of Hippocrates, theTCure of the Foot confiftiiig in reft ; he, if hurt in that part, holds it up, and ftirs it as little as he can. If he be troubled with ill Hunrors, he eats Grafs ; by which means, vomiting up that which difagreed with him, he is cured. Now if this Creature can chufe what is convenient for him, and fly whai: is inconvenient ; if he hath the art of acquiring things proper to him, and can apprehend and cure his ovyn Sicknefs, and is not void of Virtue, in all which confifts the perfedion of intrinfecal Difcourfe, the Dog muft be Perfed, as to that. For which Reafon as I conceive ( b) fonae Philo- fophers chofe to be called by name of that Crea¬ ture.
As to Ewawwti'i/e difcourfe, it is not neceffary to examine it ; for there avefc) fome Dogmatifts who condemn it, as contrary to Virtue j whence they kept filence all the time of their Inftitution. Befides, though we fliould fuppofe a Man to be Dumb, y et none will fay , he is void of Difcourfe, (irrational * ) and on the other fide, we fee many living Creatures which have the fpeech of Man, as Pyes, and the like. To omit which, though we underftand not the Voices of Creatures (ter¬ med) Irrational, it is neverthelefs likely they dif¬ courfe among themfelves. We underftand not the Language of Foreigners, it feems a continued - Sound without variety. But we hear that the Voice of the Dog is different; of one kind, when he affaults; of another, when he howls ; of another, when he is beaten ; of another, when he fawns. In a word, he who examines it curi- oufly, will find a great variety of Voice, not only in this Creature, but in others, according to the diverfity of Accidents. So that the Creatures,
, ^ called Irrational, may juftly be faid to partici¬ pate of Enunciative Difcourfe ; and if they come not ftiort of Men, in acutenefs of Senfe, nor in Intrinfecal Difcourfe , nor in Enunciative, (though that be not neceltary) certainly they are no lefs creditable, as to Phantafy, than we.
It is po.fiible, perhaps, to fhew the fame dif¬ courfe in., 4ll other Creatures ; as, who will deny Birds to have a Sagacity, and Enunciative dif¬ courfe, leeing they know not only things prefent , but the future, which they declare to fuch as are able to comprehend it , ( am'ongft many ocher WAuguiy. ways) by (//) Voice. But this Comparifon is added, as I fakl before, more than neceffary,
I without which) we have fufficiently, I conceive, decUetd, That our own Phantafies are not to be pi^Crred before the Phantafies of Irrational . Creatures. Now if Irrational Creatures are no lefs creditable than we, in dijudication of Phan¬ tafies, and Phantafies are difterent, according to
the variety of the Creatures ; what every objed appeareth to me, I ahi able to fay ; but what it » in itfelf, (for the Reafons alledged) ISufpend.
C FI A P. XIV.
The fecond Common place.
THe fecond Common place of Sufpenfion we hold to be, from the Dmerfity ef Me?} ; for, though we fhould grant it were more reafons^. ble toftand to the judgment of Men, than of any other living Creature ; yet fiiall we find fo much difference aniongft. ourfelves, as may well induce Sufpenfion. Man, they fay, confifts of two parts, Soul and Body, iii both thefe we dif¬ fer one from another ; in Body, by Form and Con- fiitution ; The Body of a Scythian differs in Form from the Body of an Indian, This difference arifeth, as we faid, from the different prevalence of Humors, and from the different prevalence of Humors arife Phantafies, as we faid upon the firft ground ; whence in Eledion and Evi¬ ration of external things , there is great diffe¬ rence among them. Indians delight in fome things, we in others ; but to delight in feveral things, argueth a reception of different Phan¬ tafies from the fame Objeds.
We differ alfo'in Conjiitution ; there are fome who can digeft Beef, eafier than Anchovies ; fome, upon drinking of Lej^ww-Wine, aretrou- bled with Choler. It is reported of an old A- thenian Woman, That die drank four drams of Hemlock without any hurt; And Demophon, Alexanders Sewer, whilft he was in the Sun- fliine, or in a Bath , was cold ; in the Shade, was hot. Atbenagoras, the Argive, felt no Pain at the biting of Scorpions, or Phalangies. The People called (a) Vfylli, never take Hurt by the biting of Serpents or Afps. / h) The Twtyrita of • z/Btbiopians , that live oppofite to Meroe, along the River Hydafpes, eat Scorpions, Snakes, and the like, without danger. Bufinns of Chalcis when he drunk Hellebore , never vomited, nor was purged any way by it, but digefted it a? ordinary drink* Chrijermus, the Herephidian, if at any time he eat Pepper, was tajten with the Bajfion of the Heart , even to hazard of his Life. In Soterm the- Chyrurgion, the fmell of the Fifh Stlurus excited Choler. Andron the Argive was fo little. fubjed toThirft, that when he travel¬ led through the Defer ts of Lybia, he did not need Drink., Tiberius Ccefar favv in the dark. Arifiotle mentions a (c) Thafian, who, thought the Appa- rftion of a Man went always before him. Now there being fo greSt diverfity in the Bodies of Men, fit is lufficienc that we inftance thefe few, out of the multitude acknowledged by the Dog- matifis) it is probable, that Men differ from one another in Soul alfo, for the Body is a kind of image of the Soul, as thePhyfiogmony-Sci- ence ffieweih. But the greaceft evidence of the infinite difference of Men, as to Jntelled, is the difcordance amongft them in Eledion andEvita- tion, rigfuly exprefled by the Poets; as Vivdar, Some joy in Jwift-beerd Courjers^ Jame, hi living wantonly at home ;
And oihers on the Ocean roatff.
%
I
i.
a Procop.
Hift. Mif. •• 19.
b The Text is defedive; |jf but Fran- " eijem Ml- randula '« renders it thus, Stui jyvtirita dicuntuf, incola, M- gypt'i, inter . Crocedilot impuni verfantur de vanir. Gent. Lib 2. cap 23- ' c Antiphe- ^ ronOreta- ^
i
nu4.
And