Part DC.

^
a barbarous manner to meet at one Loaf; others,
That you muft not give lb bad an omen, as when you are going about any thing, to break it off
But there was one Hippmedon, an (c) Agri-(i)^otAnw nean, a Pythagorean ohiiQ Acouimatkk rank,who ^ faid, Thai Pythagoras gave reafons and demon- ftrations of all thefe things •, but becaufe they were delivered by Tradition through many, and thofe ftill growing more idle, that the'ReafonS were taken away, and the Problems only lefr.
Now the Mathematical Pythagoreans grant? aH this to be true, but the occalion of the diffe^ce they fay was this : Pythagoras went from loma, and Samus, in the time of Policrates's reign, to Italy, which was then in a flourilhing condition, where the chiefeft perfons of the Cities became converlant with him. To the moft ancient of thefe, and lueh as had leaft leafure, (becaufe they were taken up with publick employments^ lb that it would be very hard for them to leam Mathematicks and Demoftftrations) he difeour- led barely, conceiving it did nothing left advan¬ tage them, even without the caufes, to know what they had to do : as Patients, not enquiring ■ why fuch things are preftribed them, neverthe- lels obtain health. But to the younger, who were able to aft and learn, he imparted by De- monftrations and Matherhaticks, The mathe¬ matici profefled that they' eame from thefe; the Acoufmatici, ffom the others, chiefly from Uippafus, .Who • was one of the Pythagoreans,
But feaufe her publifhed f their doftrihe 3 and firft wrote of the Sphear of twelve. Peif tagones, he died in the Sea as an impious perlbn, not obtaining the. latae at which he aimed.
C H A P. IX.
How they difpofed the Dcy.
(ajTX irE lhall next fpeak concerning
VV things which he taught them in the 20.pag.97.and day-, for, according to his dfteftions, thus did “P*^**^°*^*^^ they who were taught by him. Thefe men per- formed their morning walks by themfelves, and founded, in fuch places where they might be exceeding .quiet and retired, where were Temples, and Groves, and other delightful places ; for they thought it was nor fit they Ihould Ipeak Witlfi any ‘ one, till they had firft coinpos’d their Souls, and fitted their Tntelleft, and that fuch quiet, wa^ requilite for the compofure of their Intelleft; for, as IbOhTtethey arofe, to intrude among th« people, they thought a tumrultuous thing. Thercr fore all the Pythagoreans ever ftikde choice of the moft lacred places. '
After their morning walk, they came to phe ^ another, chiefly in the Temples,, or infoirie luclf ' . . ■ ^
places. T hey'rhade ufe of thefe* times ibr ..do-' - •
ftrines, and difeiplines, and, rehlifications oftheif' manners. . . ' '
, After they had ftudied a while,; they went' to. their morning ^ercifes the greater part- iifed' to anoint themfelyes, and riini faces ; the CO wreftle irf (^chards and ifi ^.^rpves ; feme,* by throwing fledges, or by ^dppling hands,, to , ^ ,
make tryal of their ftrength; chufing fuch
cxercifes
PTTHAGORAS.
P-ART IX.
PTTH AGORA
exercifes as they judged mofl: convenient for’ them.
At Dinner they ufed Bread and Honey. Wine after meals they drunk not. The time after Din-j ner they employ’d in Political affairs, as wellj foreign as (.kimeftick, according to the injunffionj of their Laws ; tor they endeavoured to manage every thing in the afternoons. As foon as the even¬ ing came, they betook themfelves again, not lingly, as in their morning walks, but two or three walked togetlier, repeating the DoQrines they had learnt, and exeroiling themfelves in vir¬ tuous employments. After their walks, they ufed baths and wafhing-, having wafhed, they met together to eat •, but they did not eat together more than ten Perfons. As foon as they ivho were to come together were met, they ufed libations, and facritices of meal and frankincenfe. Then they went to fupper, that they might end it be¬ fore the Sun were fet. They ufed Wme,and Maza, and Bread, and Broth, and Herbs, both raw and boiled : They likewife fet before them the felliof fuch beafts as ufed to be facrificed. They feldom eat Broths of Filh, becaufe fome of them are, in fome refpefts, very hurtful; likewife (feldom) the Flelh of fuch Creatures as ufe not to hurt Mankind. After Supper, they offered libations^
• then had le£tures. Their cuftom was, that the ■youhgeft amongfl; them ftiould read, and the eldeft Ihould, as Prefident, order what and how hefhould read. When they were to depart, he who filled the Wine poured forth to them in li*! bation; and during the libation, the eldeft o( •; " j them declared thefe things, That none fhould
hurt or kill a domeftick plant or fruit ; -befides^ that they (hould fpeak well, and think reverently of the ■ gods, daemons, • and heroes ; likewife to think well of Parents and Benefaftors ; to affift Law, and oppofe Rebellion. This faid, everyone departed to his houfe.
I (b) For luttTi- They wore a white and clean garment; they^
j |>crhaps clean of (^)linnen5
i any of skins, becaufe they ap-
! proved not the exercife of Hunting,
j XhefeweretheTraditionsthat were delivered
j that hUncQ to that foefety of Men, partly concerning d'et,
I in Cof which hereafter more particularly] iwtly
I thofc jiiprts.^ concerning the courfe of life.
CHAP. X.
How they examined their off ions morning and evening,
THefe and all other aftions of the day, they contriv’d in the morning before they rofe, and examined at night before they flept , thus, I (a) Jam. cap. by a twofold a£f , exercifing the memory, (a ) They
conceived that it was requ 'tfite to retain and pre- ' ferve in memory all which they learnt^ and that
lejjons and doUrines Jhouldhe Jo far acquired^ as until they are able to remember what they have learnt f5r ' that is it which they ought to know.,
\ and hear rn mind. For this reafon they cherijhed
I memory much., and exercifed it, and took great
I care oj it\ and in learning they gave not over,
, until they had gotten their lejjon perfellly by heart.
A Pythagorean rqfe not out of bed, before he had n called to mind the allions of the daypajt, which
recoUeUion he performed inthk manner : He en¬ deavour'd to call to mind what he frfi, as foon as he rofe, either had heard, or given in charge to hkferyants-, and what in the Jeconi place, and what in the third, and foon in the fame order. And then for hk going forth, whom he met frfi, whom next ; and what difeourfes he had; with the fir ft, what with the fecond, what with the third, and Jo of the reft -, jor he endeavoured fa -repeat in memory all that hapned throughout the whole day, tn 07'dev as it hapned : And if at their up rifing they had more leifure, then after the fam.e manner they endeavour'd to recoUell all that hapned to them for three days before. Thus they chiefly exercifed Ahe memory-, for they conceived, that (b) nothing (b) From Jam- conduceth more to fcience, experience, and dence, than to remember tnany things. ExcejpT’r”
. . \ ~ X . , pag-,245.
reading ill' 'in S’i mv-Tzai if-fjrw-
eiai'j n duliit^cu mkku pyttfAcPiveir,
This was conformable to the Inftitution of P/- thagoriu -, for, (c) He advifed to have regard (fO chiefly to two times, that when we went to Jleep, and that when we rofe from feep at each of thefe we ought to €onfidei\ what allions . are pafi^ and what to come. Of the pafi, we ought to require atf. account of our Jelves ; of thejuture, we. ought to have a providential care. Wherefore he advifed every one to repeat to himfelf theje verjes \_{d)(d) Lunu fbfoon ns he came home, or] before he flept.
Nor fufFer fleep at night to clofe thine eyes.
Till thrice thy a8;s that day thou haft o’re-run, Howllipt? what deeds? what duty left undone?
And bejore they arofe, thefe :
As foon as e’re thou wak’ft, in order lay The a£fions to be done that following day.
To this effe£f Aufonim hath a Tythagorical Acroafis, as he terrns it.
A good wife perf on, fuch as hardly one OJ many thoufands to k'poWo known,
He hk own judge firiHly himfelf furveys, iMor minds the Noble'' s or the Commoris ways : But, like the World it felf kfmooth and round. In all hk pol'ijht frame no blem 'ijh found.
He thinks how long Cancer the day extends,
* jlW Capricorn the night : Him/elf perpends In a juft ballance, that no flaio there be. Nothing exuberant, but that all agree ;
Within that all be folid, nothing by A Follow found betray vacuity.
Nor fuffer fleep to Jeize hk eyes, before All ads of that long day he hath run ore ;
What things werem 'ifl, what done in time, what Why here rejped, or reafon there forgot -, (not-^ Why kept the worfe opinion ? When reliev’d A beggar ; why with broken pajflon griev'd ; What wijh'd which had been better not de fir'd-. Why profit before hone fly requir d?
If any by fome fpeechor look offended.
Why nature more than difeipline attended?
All words and deeds thus fearcht from morn to He forrows for the ill,rewards the right .
C H A F.
E4!rt.IX.
T T r H A G 0 R A S.
v
CHAP. XI. i Secrecy.
B'
Efides the Q.unquennial .filcnce, 575m«Ti5j _ 4%€f^uS«'*> 0^ the Pythagoreans^ whillt.they were E:, a perpcnral or,compleatrilence, /or fecrecy) proper to the Efotericks,not amongft »,dnG another, ,buc towards ali fuch as were not of their Society.
(a) Jmh. cap.,, (a) The principal and mofl: efficacious pf their P2g* \ Doctrines- -they all kept ever amongfl: theinfelve^, TT , as not to be fpoken, with exaO: Echemytbia to¬ wards extraneous perfons, continuing them un¬ written and prefer v’d only by Memory to their Succclfors, to whom they delivered them as My- v' fteries ofjbe Gods ^ by which means, nothing of ' " ' any momeiif came abroad from them. Whathad
been taught and harnt a long time, was only .. known witliin the walls •, and if at any time there were any extraneous, and, as I may fay, profane perfons amonglt them, the Men (fo commonly .’were the Pythagoreans termed^ lignify'd their meaning to one another by Sym'bols.
(5) Jumhlcz^. {b) Hence Lyfis reproving Uipparchus.^oc com- 17. pag. 8o. municating the difeorrfe fo uninitiated perfons, void of iVlathematicks and Theory, faith. They report, that you teach Philofophy in publick to all that come, which Pythagoras would not do, as you, Hipparchus^ learnt with much pains. But you took no heed after. you had tafted (O noble perfon) the Sicilian delicacies, which you ought not to have tailed a fecond time. If you are chan¬ ged, I (hall rejoyce ; if not, you are dead to me ^ for he faid. We ought to remember, that it is pi¬ ous, according to the direflion of divine and human exhortations, that the goods of wifdom ought not to be communicated to thofe, whofe foul is not purify’d fo much as in dream. For it is not lawful to bellow on every one that which was acquired withfo much labour, nor to reveal the mylteries of the Eleufian Goddeffes to pro- phanc perfons ^ for they who do both thefe, are alike unjull and irreligious. It is good to confi- der within our lelves, how much time was em¬ ploy’d in taking away the fpots that were in our breads, that after five years we might be made capable ofhisdifcourfes. For as Dyers firll’wafh and wring out the cloaths they intend do dye,that they may take the dye fo as that it can never be
wafhed out, or taken away; in like manner the Divine prepared thofe who were inclined ta.Phir lofophy, left he might be deceived by thofe', of whom he hoped that they would prove goodund honeft. For heufed no adulterate learning, nor the nets wherewith many of the Sophifts intan¬ gle the young men ; but he was skilful in things divine and hunian: Whereas they, under the pre¬ tence of his Doftrine, do many ftrange things, * inveigling the young men unbefeemingly, and as they meet diem, whereby they render their Au¬ ditors rough and ralh. For they infufe free The¬ orems and Difeourfes , into manners that arc not free but difordered. As if into a deep Well full of dirt and mire, we Ihould put clear tranfparent water, it troubles the dirt, and fpoils the water :
The fame is it, as to thofe who teach and are taught ; for, about the minds and hearts of fuch as are not initiated, there grows thick and tall coverts, which darken all modefty,and meeknefs, and reafon, hindring it from increafing there.
Hence fpring all kinds of ills, growing:up,‘ and hindring the reafon, and not fuffering it to look our. I will firft name their Mo thers,Intemperancc and Avarice, both exceeding fruitful. Frorn.In- temperance fpring up unlawful marriage?, lull, and drunkennefs, and perdition, and unnatural pleafures, and certain vehement appetites lead¬ ing to death and ruin ; for fome have been fo vio¬ lently carried aw'ay with pleafures, that they have not refrained from their own Mothers and Daughters ; but violating the Commonwealth, and the Laws, tyrannically imprifon Men, and carrying about their {c) fails (or Stocks) violent- (cj ly hurry them to deftrul.tion. From Avarice pro¬ ceed rapines, thefts, parricides, facriledges, poy- fonings, and whatfoever is allied to thefe. It be¬ hoves therefore firft, to cut away the matter wherein thefe vices are bred,with fire and fword, and all arts of difeipline, purifying and freeing the reafon from thefe evils ; and then to plant v; • fomething that is good in it. Thusi^yfr, Neither i is that expreffion, flf you are not changed, you • f are dead to me] to be underftood limply ; For . V this Hipparchus^ (d) becaufe he communicated, ( and publickly fet forth by writing, the Pyihago- , ,
DoiSlrines, was expelled the School, and a - '
Tomb was made for him, as if he were dead, . (according to the cuftom {e) formerly mention- (e) Chap; ed.] So ftrift were the Pythagoreans in obfer- vance of this Secrecy.
THE
A .
FTTHAGORAS.
577
P art IX.
THE
DOCTRINE
PYTHAGORAS
C H A P. I.
Sciences preparative to Phikfophj.
faj Fcrpb.VK. Py*h. pag. 31.
^ H E mind being purify’d [by Dif- cipline ( a)] ought to be applied to things that are beneficial ^ thefe he procured by fome contrived ways , bringing it by degrees to the contemplation of eternal incorporeal things, which are ever in the fame ftate i beginning orderly from the mol]; minute, left by the fuddennefs of the change it Ihould be diverted, and withdraw it felf through its fo great and long pravity of nutriment.
To this end, he firft ufed the Mathematical Sciences, and thofe Speculations which are inter- meditate betwixt Corporeals and Iricorporeals, ( for they have a Threefold Dimenfion, like Bo¬ dies, but they are impaffible like Incorporeals) as Degrees of Preparation to the Contemplation of the things that arej diverting, by an artificial Realbn, the Eyes of the Mind from corporeal things ( which never are permanent in the fame manner and eftate ) never fo little to a delire of aliment -, by means whereof, introducing the con¬ templation of things that are, he rendred men truly happy. This ufe he made of the Mathema¬ tical Sciences.
. Hence it was, that (b) JuJiin Martyr applying
^ Pythagorean^ eminently learned, de- firous to be his Difciple, he demanded, whether he were verft in Mulick, Aftronomy, and Geo¬ metry : Or do you think, faith he, you may be able to underftand any thing that pertains to Bea¬ titude, without having firft learned thefe, which abftrafl the Soul from Senfibles, preparing and adapting her for her intelligibles ? Can you with¬ out thefe contemplate what is honeft and what is good > Thus, after a long commendation of thefe Sciences, he difmift him, for that he had confeft himfelf ignorant of them.
i •V»
C H A P. IL Mathematick^ its name^ parts.
THefe Sciences were firft termed by
Pythagoras upon conlkleration that all ilfz* 1.2$. thejis fdifciplin^ is Reminifcence, which comes not extrinfecaliy to fouls as the phantafies which are formed by fenliblc oljefls in the Phantafies nor are they an advantageous aclfcititious know¬ ledge, like that which is placed in Opinion ^ but it is excited from Phacaomena’s, and perfefted intrinfecally by the cogitation converted into it felf.
(b) The whole fcience of Mathematicks, the .
Pythagoreans divided into four parts, attributing ehcLu 12"^ QXiQ to Multitude^ another to Magnitude-^ and fubdividing each of thefe into two. For Mul¬ titude, either fubfifts by it felf, or is.confider’d with refpefl to another Magnitude either ftands ftill, or is moved. Arithmetick contem¬ plates Multitude in its felf : Mufick with relpefl to another : Geometry^ unmoveable magnitude ^
Sphcerick^ moveable.
Thefe Seiences confider not Multitude and Magnitude fimply, but in e^cfi of thefe thaty^Ti^y a'etV- which is determinate : For Sciences confider thisAtV abftra^ted from infinite, that they may vain ) attempt in each of thefe that which is infi¬ nite. When therefore the wife perfons fay thus, . vve conceive if is not to be underftood of that multitude which is in the fenfible things them- felves, nor of that magnitude which we perceive in bodies, for the contemplation of thefe I think pertains to Phyfick, not to Mathematick. But becaufe the Maker pf all things took Union, and Read dsirlJ Divifion, and Identity, and Alterity, and Station, ^9’ and Motion to compleat the foul, and framed of thefe kinds, as Timaus teacheth, we muft con- ceive that the Intel]c£l, confifting according ttp the diverlity thereof, and the divifion of propopi- cions and multitude, and knowing it felf to be both one and many , propofeth numbers
G c c to
ptthagoras.