Part V

e Alex, Apkt od. \nanal.prior.
in anal, prior.
conclufion may be the fame with both , of either of the fumptions. The firlt are called as,
Jf it is d-ay,, it it is day.
But it is day.^
Therefore it is day* ^
c The fecond are called It is either day or not day.
But it is not day.
Therefore it is not day.
^Laftly,in Syllogifms, the conclufion muft dAkx.^ Aphrod. ngcelfarily follow by reafon of the premifes.
whereas there are three kinds of reafons^ which have not this property : Thefirft, y.ovoKript.i^cpa. ^ already mentioned : The fecond airiedavov
not methodically conclufive reafons j as The firfl is greater than the fecond.
The fecond greater than the third Therefore the firfi is greater than the third.
This concludes necelfarily, but not Syllogifti- cally , unlefs this propofition be put in the firll place : What is greater than another.^is grea¬ ter qlfo than that which is lefs than that other. Of the fame kind is that Theorem in the firft of Euclid’s Elements, This fine is equal to that, therefore this line is likewife equal to that-, which is true indeed i but to conclude Syllogifti
The Laws and Rules of true and falie Reafons are thefe : Truth is confequent to Truth : As, if it is Day, it is Light. 2. Falfe is confequent to Falfe,as ifit be falfe that it is night, it is like¬ wife falfe that it is dark. 3. Falfe is confequent to true.: As Earth, if it flies is, Earth.' 4. falfe is not confequent to true : For, becaufe it is Earth, it is pot therefore confequent that it flies.
Again, of true reafons, fome are demonflrative., others not -demon flr at ive. A demonjlrative reafon is that which by things that are certain, or per- fpicuous- colleQeth that which'is uncertain and lefs perfpicuons ; As if fweat ijfue through the Skin, we may underjland pores but fweat iffues thro’ the Skin-,therefore we may underf and pores.
Not demonjlrative are contrary ; As, Ifit is Day, It is Light j but it is day, therefore it is Light. Ihmn the Inference, L is Light,is certain.
c
CHAP, xxvin.
Of Syllogiftick conclufive Reafons, or Syllogifm.
Onclufive Reafons , as to their form like¬ wife are of two kinds ^ Syllogifiically con- clujive, and not Syllogifiically conclufive.
a Syllogifiically conclufive Rsdions (or .
gifms) are thofe which either cannot be more . I concluded, or whereof one or more of the fump-
cally, requires this umverfal Propofition, oje reduced to thofe which cannot be con-
which are equftoa third,ai e equal to one anot er. ^ as, if walks, he is m.oved.
The third kind of reafons, from which Syllo- e A/e*. Aphrod. gifindifferethby this property, are (e) 'ira.ftrKoyJes in anal, prior, redundant reafons, and thofe of two kinds.

on^ as.
Every jufi thing is honefi,
• Every honefi thing is good.
Every good thing is expetible in it felf Therefore every jufi thing is good.
The fecond are thofe in which the proper con¬ clufion is notinfcfd,but fbmething confequent, or accident, as that argument of Epicure : Wlutfoever is difiolved hath not fenfe, WJmtfoever hath not Senfe pertainetb not to us. Therefore death pertainetb not to us. Whereas to conclude Syllogifiically, we fhould fay. Therefore whatfoever is difiolved pertainetb ’ ' not to us.
fNot'Tr^o- jn a reafon or zxgumQnt the fumptionrhi^puc.
tlfnedBmL t\\Q afi'umption f by. Arifio-
hath%erved, tie ^si«AHd/f)are axioms received by confent of did. cic. 6. 2. the Adverfkry, for conftru£lion of that Which is called Inference (by Arifiotle
gGaien de conciufion) becaufe it is mferfdfrom the reft. Dotlrina ftp- g Of Sumption and Affumption, according to pxr. jy flat. Chryfipfus, there are four differences .• The firfl:
Scientifick : The fecond Exercitative, or (as Ari- fiotle ciWs \t) Dialeblick Th.QXN\xdL frohable and Rhetorical The fourth Sophifiick.
CHAP. XXVII.
Of conclufive Reafons.
a /^F Reafons there are two kinds, conclufive-, V-/ and not-conclufive. Conclufive Reafons are
a Lacrt. S(xt. Emplr.
Syllogifms (by which the Stoicks underftand only the tropical, or hypothetical) are of tliree kinds, connex,disjunU, conjunfl. ,
b A connex Sylfogifm is, when two are fo connedled in themfelves, that one is the antece- ^ ‘ dent,the other the confequent, in fiich manner, as, if the antecedent be afferted, the confequent followeth, and the confequent being taken a- way, the antecedent is likewife taken away, as, if it be day, it is not night, this antecedent is true, therefore it followeth, it is Night. This kind of Syllogifm pertains to the firfl: and fe¬ cond Moods. In the firfl it is called from po- fition of the antecedent, to pofition of the con¬ fequent -, in the fecond, from negation of the antecedent, to negation of the confequent. The Laws concerning the . Truth,* or falfhood of thefe Syllogifms are the fame with thofe of con-: nex Axioms.
Of connex Syllogifms there are two kinds ; connex in themfelves qqs if it is light ft is light -fiut it is light, therefore it is light and connex by 0- thers as, if it is day, it is light but it is day,thereJoreit islight. 1
A conjiintl Syllogifm, is c when we deny fomething conjund, and to thefe add another negation,and of thefe take the fitft,that what re¬ mains be taken away , as i t cannot be that a Le- , . . . . gacy is Money, and Money not a Legacy ^ but a ^ ^
Legacy is Money, therefore Money is a Legacy .v e A disjundl Syllogifm is that in which there ^ Smphe. cannot be more than one thing true, or, that in which if one be, the other is not , or if one be • nor, the other is jas,7r is either day or night. but it
thofe, in which the fumptions being granted, is not night, therefore it is day-, for one being af- from the conceffion thereof, the Inference feem- ferted, the other is taken a way, and foon the con-
eth to follow.
Conclufive reafons,in relpeH of their matter, are of two kinds,fr//^ and falfe. True are thofe, which from true fumptions collet: a true infe¬ rence. Not true^ the contrary. ■
trary. f The Evidence of this Syslv^gifim Chryfip- f Sext. kyp. pus conceives to befo great,that even Dogs have^*’'’''^'*^'^^’* knowledge thereof Eor coming to a place where are three wuySjif by the Lent they find that the
•. Beafl
Pa rt VIII.
ZENO.
315
Be aft hath not gone in two of them, they run di¬ rectly to the third without Icenting, as if thfey argued thus, the Beaft went either this way, or that way, but neither this- way nor that way, therefore that way : The Laws of disjund Syl- logifmsare the fame as thofe of disjunct axioms.
CHAP. XXIX.
Of MOOD'S.
fed into Moods. Of Moods there are two kinds, the firft properly call’d a Mood,.'J'?«- defin’d a kind of figure of the Reafon, as
thus.
If the Jirfi is., the fecond is^
But the Jirfi is,
Therefore the fecond is.
(It is obfervable by the way, that the Stoicks for Letters ufed Numbers : ) The other co?n- pounded, called }^oyoj§o7ri&^ as being confiftent ^ of both Reafon and Mood, as.
If Vhto /iveth,f hto breatheth,
- But the Jirfi,
0 Therefore the fecond.
This is ufed' in a long Syntax, that it be not iieceffary to Ipeak a long alfumption, or a long Inference , but they abbreviate them thus, but the firft, therefore the fecond.
Of Moods or Tropes thereare two kinds, one of Indemonfirables, fo term’d, not that they can¬ not be demonftrated, but becaufe they conclude fo evidently, that they need not be reproved the other of Demonflrahles.
Of Indemonftrable Moods, there are (accord- *C/V. Tope, ing to Chryfippus) five, according to * others more orlefs.
The firft ivherein every reafbfi confifts of a Connex, and an Antecedent from which begin- neth the connex, and the confequent is inferr’djas, If the Jirftjhen the fecond.
But the fitfi.
Therefore the fecond.
The fecond indemonftrable is, which, by the confequent of the Connex, and the contrary of the confequent, hath a conclufion contrary to the Antecedent, as.
If it is day, ^tis Eight,
But it is night,
- Therefore it is not day.
The third is that which by a negative compli¬ cation, and one of thole which are in the com¬ plication, infers the contrary to that which re¬ mains, as,
Plato is not both dead and alive.
But Plato is dead.
Therefore Plato is not alive.
The fourth is that which by a disjun£five,and one of thole which is in the disjunflive, con- ^ cludeththe contrary to that which remains, as,
Either fis the firfi or fecond.
But it is the firfi.
Therefore it is not the fecond.
'BBq fifth is that wherein the whole reafon is conneaed by a disjunflive, and one of thofe which are in the disjunflive of the contrary, jnferreth the reft, as.
Either it is Night, Or it is
• But it is not Night, ’
Therefore it is Day.
CHAP. XXXI.
Of not -Syllogifiichconclu five Reafons.
^"13 Ealbns not-SyUogifiically-concluftvc(yN\dcX\ a Laati XV are like wife efpecially called ( as their Genus) conclufive in oppofition to Syllogifms) are thofe which conclude not by way pf Syl- logifm, as.
It is falfe, that it is both Night and Day,
But it is day.
Therefore it is not Night.
And this of Chryfippm.
iVhatfoever is good is laudable,
Whatfoever is laudable is honefi.
Therefore whatfoever is good is honefi,
Thele not^Syllogi flick, or Catcgorick-Couclu^
Iwes, are frequently uled by the Stoicks (as by 2eno in Cwero)hutimmethodkdlly, not reduc’d to Mood and Figure. Thole they applied only to Tropical Reafons, as in which confilleth the foie way and order of Inference. The Catego¬ rical are not Syllogilms, becaulein them Ibme- thing is ever omitted , and therefore they are Apiyocteof iinmethodically conclufive 5
as in that Argument of Chryfippm laft menti¬ oned, two affumptions, and an inference are 0- mitted, for it ought to be thus.
If it be good, it is laudable.
But it is good.
Therefore it is laudable.
And again.
If it be laudable, it is honefi.
But it is laudable.
Therefore it is honefi.
Hence are Derived thofe reafons which are called hm^dhKovlis, and vm^AhK{^at,/idj'icient and Adjebl.^ confining of propofitions continually alTuming without conclufions. AdjeblziQ thole whofe conclufion is omitted ^ Adjicient, thofe whofe demonftrative propofition 13 omited, as.
The firfi of every fecond.
The Second of every Third,
The third of every fourth-.
Therefore the firfi of every fourth.
In this adjeft, the conclufion is omitted, which is, therefore the firft of -every third.
CHAP. XXXI.
Of not -conclufive Reafons.
a
NOt conclufive Reafons are thofe, vrhofe^^^^^^. oppofite to the inference is repugnant to the connexion of the Sumptions : b they are sext. Emp. four kinds, i. By incoherence. 2, By redundance, Logic. 3. By being in an ill figure. 4, By deleft.
By incoherence, when the Propofitions hdve no conjunflion orCommunion with one another, nor with the Inference, as,
If it is day, it is light.
But corn is fold.
Therefore it is Light.
. For neither, it is day, hath any comttiunion with Corn is fold, nor both of them together, with, it is Light, but each dependeth upon fomething elfe. ...
Rt z
By
P A R. t, VIII-
By Redundance, when fomething is alTumed to the propofition extrinfecal and fupeiiiuous.
as.
If it is day, it is light.
But it is day, and Virtue profiteth.
Therefore it is lights
For Virtue profiteth, ■with the other propofition, the inference depend¬ ing upon the other two.
By being in an ill figure, as this is a right h- gure,
If the firjl, the fecond.
But the firft is.
Therefore the fecond.
But this.
If the firfl, the fecond.
But not the fecond.
Is not conclufive-, not that in this Figure, there cannot be Reafon which may colle8: Truth from Truth, for that it may do,as thus,
If three are four, fix are eight.
But three are not four.
Therefore fix are not eight.
But becaufe there may be fome ill reafons in it, as this.
If it be day, '‘tis light.
But it is not day.
Therefore it is not light.
By DefeU,^ when there wants one of the col- leflive propofitions, as.
Riches are either ill or good.
But Riches are not good ;
Therefore they are ill-
For in the disjimB: there wanteth this, or in¬ different fb that to be perfect the fumption Ihould be thus, Riches are ill, or good, or indif¬ ferent.
CHAP. XXXII.
with the lying, and perhaps the genus to moft of thofe which follow.
The fluggifh reafon, ismanifefted
by this example ; g If it be decreed that you g cker. de fhall recover of this Sicknefs, you fhall recover Em. whether you take Rhyfick or not : Again, if it be decreed you fhall not recover you fhaU not recover, whether you take Phyfick or not , 1 herefore it is to no purpofe to take Phyfick. This Argument is iuftly termed fluggifh, faith Cicero, becaule by the lame reafon, all aftions may be taken away from Life.
The Dominative Reafon, r.vei^vwv n'oyQ- ; Of this already in the Life of Diodorus.
The vailed Reafon, iy}iiH.ctnvi/.f^Q- n'oy©-: - Of this, and DleUra, and the Horne dRs2Tot\, i/©- hoy©-, in the Life of Eubulides.
The Crocodilite, fo named from this Mgyptian h Doxop.it in Fable : h A Woman fitting by the fidGoi fNilus, Apotkg. a Crokodile fhatch’d away her Child, promifing to reftore him,i f fhe would anfwer truly to what he asked ^ which was. Whether he meant to re- ■ flore him or not ? She anlwer’d, Not to refiore him, and challenged his promife, as having laid ^
the Truth. He reply’d, that ij he Jhouldlet her have him, fhe had not told true. * i hgei. s. lo.
The reciprocff Reafons, fuch was
that of i Protagoras the Sophifl, againfl: Evath- lus, a rich ypung man, his Dilciple, who promi- fed him a great fum of Money for :eaching him, whereof half he paid in hand, the other half was to be paid the firft that he fliould Plead be¬ fore the Judges, and carry the Caufe. Having learned long, and attained a great perfeflion in Rhetorick, he forbore to Plead in Publick, that he might defraud. Protagoras fues him, and the Caufe coming to a hearing, begins thus .• Know, foolifh young man, that which way foever the Caufe goes, whether for thee or againji ' thee,ffjou muff pay what I demand. If againji thee, it will be given me by judgment y If for thee, thou muji pay it according to our agreement. E- vathlus anfwers : I might have been entrapped by your Subtilty, if I did not Pie ad my felf, hut had employed fome other to Plead for me. Now I re-
joyce doubly in theViblory, that I fhall be too hard for you, not only in Caufe, but in Argument. Know
Of fallacious Reafons or Sophifms.
By Dialeftick are difeerned true and falfe
Reafons: The latter am Sophifms, ^ro^Qt . . . . . .
to Sophifl s, who difpute for, yain-glory, or gain ; p^ofl wife Alafler, that which woy
V-
(t
as true Reafons are to Logicians, w'hofe end is j foever the Caufe goeth, either with me, or againji
48.
a ShU, b Vlpian. ad Sabin, c Laert. thi’ the example be faljly applied, as Burfus and Calaubon have obferved. d Laert. in Chryfip. e Cic. acad. qusji. 4,
only to find out Truth.
■OP fallacious Reafons there are many kinds ^ the ^iefeent Realbn, or Sorifes, the Lying, the Inexplicable, xhoSluggiJh, xho Dominative, the Vailed, Eleflra, the Horned, the Crocodilite, the Reciprocaljxh.0 Nullity, xhe. DefeHive, xhe Mower, the Bald, the Occult, the Negative.
a Sorites, named from au^©-, a heap, is b when from things evidently true, by Ihort muta¬ tions, the difpute is brought to things evidently lalle .• c As, are not two few I Are not three fo like wife -, And four, and fo on to ten I But, two area few, therefore ten. dlx is called alfo (cov >djyoi,the quiefeente reafon, e becaule the way to underftand it, is by flopping, and witholding the aflent.
The lying reafon, /.'oysi. is a capti¬
ous Argument, not to be diffolved. Of this, fee the Life of Eubulides.
fAiigel.Q.iy f Ths inexplicable reafon, Ao>©-, fo
'called, from the intricate nature thereof, not to be diffolved j wherefore it feems to be the fame
me, I will not pay what you demand. If it go with me, the judgment will acquit me -, if aginfl tne, you \are to have nothing by our agreement.
The Judges not able to determine it, difinifled them both.
k The nullity, kt/j, ufed by Ulyffes, who cal- k. Odyfi. led himfelf no Body, when he hurt Poly- pheme, whence it came to be lb named.
The dejebtive Reafon, it.t.iTtnt a6^©-, mention¬ ed by Laertim in Zenone : The Mower ,
Loy(©, by Lucian : The Bald, Laertius in Eubulide : The occult, v ko- y©' 3 by Laertius in Eubulide : The negative,
'impa.dKuv j^oy©-, by Laertius in Chryfippo, and by '
Epiblett/s. But of thefe enough.
CHAP. XXXIII.
Of Method.
THere are two kinds of Difputation : a One, a ckl offc. 2.
when the Truth it felf is lubtilly poiilhed in the dilpute : The other, when every cxprelfi-
on
ZENO.
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