Part VIII.

ZENO.
315
f Johan. Grant' ^at. inArift. de oppojif.
i Cic. de fat.
(Alex. A- phrod. in Anal, frior.
d Epi^et. 1 1.
19.
t Lactp,
fLaert. g Cic. Farad, 1) Epiilet. I.
f Lasrt.
it be not,* it is falfe to fay that it (hall be built, becaufe it will not be ^ therefore it will either be, or - not be, and confequently one of the two is falfe.
Concerning poITibles and necelTaries, there is great difference betwixt Diodorus znAChryJipptPS. c holds that only to be poflible which
either is, or will hereafter be. That which nei¬ ther is, nor ever fhall be, is impoflible. As for me to he at Corinth is poffible, if I ever were there or everfliall be there j but if I never was there, nor ever fliall be there, it is impoflible. That a Boy Jliall be a Graramarian is not pofli¬ ble, unleis hereafter he come to be one.
d On the contrary, Chryfippus that thofe things which neither are nor ever fhall be, are yet polfible to be, as, to break aGem^xko' it never come to be broken, -f- Moreover that from poflibles an impoflible may follow, as in this Axiom, which is a true connex: If Dion be deadfde{]^dmimgx.o Diopt) is dead: I’he antece¬ dent, ;/Dion be deadys poflible, becaufe it may at forae time be true that he fhall be dead j but this Axiom, is dead., is impoflible ; For Dion being dead, the Axiom likewife is abolifh’d, that he is deadfQQit)^ he is no longer that Man, capa¬ ble of being demonftrated by the Pronoun^i/ifjfor he is a demonftration of a living Creature. If therefore Dion being not yet dead,this word. He may be faid of him,being dead, it cannot be faid he is deadSo that in this place, he is deadys im- pofhble.For it were not impoflible,i;^ fome time after the death of Dion , of whom it was beWe predicated in the conned whilft he lived, it might be again predicated, he is dead -, but be¬ caufe that cannot be, it is impoflible, that, he is dead, fliould be predicated of him.
To conclude, d fome held with Diodor its, that whatfoever is paft,is true of neceflity. That to impoflible there folio weth not a poflible, and that what cannot be done, neither is nor fhall be true. Others (‘StsCleanthes and Antipater)t]nt fomething is poflible that neither is nor fhall bej that to poflible followeth not impoflible j and that which is paft, is not true of neceffity. O- thers, that fomething is poflible which is not true i that whatfoever is paft, is true of ne¬ ceflity, and that to poflible followeth alfo ira- pofliUe.
Furthermore of Axioms, fome are e probable, fome paradoxal, {omc reafonable. k probable Axi¬ om is that which perfwadeth us by a fpecious fhow to affent unto it ^as whatfoever bringeth forth another, is a Mother j which is falfe, for the Hen is not the Mother of the Egg.
f Daradoxal Axioms are thofe which feem true only to the wife,^ contrary to the opinion of all others.Thefe are likewife in other Arts, befides Philofophy ^ for what is jftranger than to prick the Eyes for the recovery of Sight ? If we fay this to one ignorant of Chirurgery,will he not laugh at it? Is it not therefore ftrange, that fuch things as are true in Philofophy fhould feem paradoxes to the unlearned.
i A reafonable Axiom, is that which hath many conditions requifite to the Truth thereof, as, IJhall live to Morrow,
CHAP. XXIV. Of Reciprocal Axioms. Tcherto of the
Hitherto of the contrariety and repug¬ nance of Axioms. Now of theh con- fent and agreement , whereby one follow^eth and is correfpondent to another, either accor¬ ding to Truth or falfhood, by ^^^1.
procation.
Of Reciprocation.there are three kinds : The
nrft perverfwn, a migration into falfe ^
the fecond , converfion, a migration in¬ to true -, the third eqiiipollcnce, in¬
to the fame.
CHAP. XXV.
Of Signs.
TO the place of Axioms appertain likewife Signs, a Sign is an Axiom antecedent, ^ in a true connex, and having power todeted the confequenr.
b Sign is taken two ways: Commonly, fori Sext.adv. whatfoever falleth under, any Senfe, and figni- % fieth fomething that proceedeth from it: And-^-^""' properly, for that which .declareth a thing, which is notmanifeft.
Things which are certain require no fign, for they are comprehended of themfelves ^ neither thofe which are wholly uncertain , for they can ^ no way be comprehended; but thofe onl^ which are unc«rtain in time, or by nature, may b^com- prehended by figns,but not by the lame. Things that are uncertain in time, are comprehended by , , commemorative figns ; things uncertain by na¬ ture, are comprehended by demonftrative.
Of Signs therefore, Ibme are detnonfirative, others communicative. A copimunicative fign is that which is fo near to the thing, that toge¬ ther with the fign the thing it felf appeareth, into the knowledge whereof the fign briqgeth us, as Smoak, which when we fee,we know it pro¬ ceeds from Fire. A demonjirative figri is that, which not being obferved before with ah evident fign, leads us by that to the knowledge of the thing as when a Female hath Milk, we pre- fently know that ftie hath brought forth.
CHAP. XXVI.
Of Reafons or Arguments,
DIaledick is the difcipline of Speech, con¬ cluded by Realbn. Reafon, tdytn, feme- times called allb Argument, and Interrogation, is according to a Crinis, and that which confifts ah-tcrt, of one or more fumptions, and an alTumption, and an inference -, as
If it be day it is light. Simption.
But it is day : yAffuttiption,
Therefore it is light, j Inference.
. The Reafon of the Stoicks differs from the .^'Z- logifms of Ariftotle in three relpeffs : b Firft, a ^ Alexand',
Syllogifin,accordingto A/'^^7/i?,cannothave lels AphroJ. m
than two propofitions, a reafon rnay have but anal.pior. one ; as. Thou liveft, therefore thou breathcJD which kind Antipater calls povornppdlA, Second¬ ly, in Syllogifms, fomething befides that which is granted in the preraifes but in Reafons, the
R r conclufion
ZENO.
514