Part VIII.

I ijtct't .
Litert.
AgelL 15.8.
Laerf.
as, whefcas it is day.^ YOion iQidketh.^ it this be
faid when it is not day.
i A conjund ■xnova is that, which is knit to¬ gether byConjunQions copulative-, as, if is both day and it is light. The Rules thereof are thefe : That is a right conjunQion wherein all things are true •, as, it is day., and it is light. That is falje, which hath fomething ■ falfe. An axiom which hath neither conjunfton nor disjunflion, is to be taken in the fenle of the fpeaker -, for conjunflion is fometimes taken for disjunction -, as, to me, and my heir.
A disjunct axiom is that which is disjoyned, by a ‘disjunctive conjunction ^ as, either it is day, or it is night. This conjunction Rieweth, that one of the axioms is falle.
All things that are disjoyned, are repugnant to one another, and their oppohtes likewife are repugnant. Ofall things that are disjoyned, one muft: be- true, the reft falfe, other wife nothing at all is true, or all, or more than one are true, ei¬ ther thofe which are disjunct, will not be repug¬ nant, or thofe which are oppofite to them will not be contrary to one another, then the disjunct will be falfe, and is called this
is, in which the oppofites are not contrary -, ei¬ ther thou runneft, or walkeft, or ftandeft, for they are repugnant to one another, but their op¬ pofites are not repugnant, becaufe not to walk, and not to ftand,and not to run, are not contrary in themlelves j for thofe things are faid to be con¬ trary, which cannot be true together. But you may at the fame time neither walk, nor run, nor ftand. Every disjunQion therefore is not only true, but neceftary ^ for if of contraries there could be a falfe conjun£tion,no disjunff ion coiild be true.
A Cafital axiom is that which is conne£l:edby this conjunffion, becaufe, as becaufe it is day, ftis light -, for the firft is, as it were caufe of the lecond. The Rules thereof are thefe : A cafual conjunQion is true, when beginning from true, if endeth in the confequent, and cannot have the antecedent for its coniequent j as becaufe it is day, Tis light.- but this axiom, it is light, doth not fallow from the other, it is day,
junftion of fome thing, whereas, of Arijlotle's other three kinds of contraries^ none are con- jun£l but fimple, as black and white, double and fingle, fight and blindnefs.
Advcrfe are (as likewife defined by Arijlotle) thofe which in the fame kind are moft diftant. Nothing that is pronounced by negation is ad- verfe, (ivttv'\Uv) to another, for then the adverfe to Virtue will be not Virtue, and to Vice not Vice, and under not Virtue will be included many other things bcfides Vice, even a Stone a Horfe, and whatfoever isbefides Virtue ^ under not Vice, will be found Virtue, and all other things. Thus .all things would be adverfe to one and the fame the adverfe to Virtue and Vice! Moreover, if Virtue were not adverfe to Vice" but to not-vice, the intermediate will be adverfe both to good and bad, which is abfurd.
The Rules of Contraries are thefe : i , Con¬ trariety is principally in Affs, Habits, and the like. 2. Categorems and Qualitatives are called as it were contrary. Prudently and Imprudently in fome manner lead to things contrary, but contra¬ ries abfolutely are in things ; and Prudence is fo immediately contrary to imprudence, nor this to that.
Contraries are either disju7iUive or fubdisjun- Hive disjuntiwe, as when we fay, it is either day ornighu SubdiJjunHives,2Xtoi two kinds, either in betwixt Univerfals,as,^i;^’r^ living crea¬ ture either doth or fuffereth, no living creature either doth or fuffereth-, or in part, betwixt par¬ ticulars ^ as he either Jitteth or walkelh', he neither Jitteth nor walketh.
The rules of contraries are thefe : 01 Dis- ^ junffives one being afferted, the other is necef- farily taken away j one being taken away, the other is neceffarily afferted.
Of fubdisjun^fives in whole, both cannot be true, both may be falfe ^ both cannot be affir¬ mative, both cannot be negative.
Of SubdisjunQives in part, both may be true, becaufe they are taken in part. ’
CHAP. XXIII.
Simptic.
A Vdlfe cafual is that which either beginneth 1 Intpoffble,A'eceffap> andUnnecef
from falfe, or endeth in that which is not confe- fftiry,p?'obable,paradoxal and reafonable Axioms.
quent, or whofe Antecedent ragj be the confe
quent, as, becaufe it is night, Dion-mAks.
An Axiom declarative of the more, is that which is conftrued with this conjunffion, more, as it is more day than night. Declarative of the lefs, is contrary to the former, as, it is lefs day than night.
CHAP. XXII.
Of contrary Axioms.
Contrary Axioms are thofe which are repug¬ nant to one another, according to Truth and Falfhood, whereof one affirmeth, the other denieth, as, it is day, it is not day. Only Nega¬ tives are contrary. dillueifA.tvct, and oppofite, and repugnant, for only in contraries one propofiti- on is true, the other falle. The other three kinds of contraries alledged by Arijlotle, are pronoun¬ ced without a conjunSlion. Whatfoever is pro¬ nounced without a coniunfiliorf, is neither true nor falfe, for true and falle belongeth to axiom. Axiom is a Ipeech which confifteth in the con-
Moreover of Axioms, fome are pojfible, o- Laert.
thers impoffthle -, fome neceffary, others not unneceff iry. A pojjible Axiom is that which is fufeeptibie of a true pra;dication,without ob- ftruFtion from thole things, which though ex¬ ternal, are yet contingent with the thing it felf^ as, Diodes lives. Impoffible is that which can ne¬ ver be fufeeptibie of truth, externals oppugning it, as the Earth flies. Neceffary is that which is fo true as that it cannot any way receive a falls 'pracdication,or, may receive it ^ but thole things which are extrinfecal, will not permit that it be true, as Virtue profit eth. 'Not-neceffary is that which may be either true or falfe,exterior things not obftruQing it, as Dion walks.
b Thefe future repugnants and their parts ^ are according to the fame manner, as the pre-//^. Arift. de fent and the paft.For if it be true that the thing either fliall be or ftiall not be, it muft be either true or falfe, becaufe futures are determined ac¬ cording to tliefe 5 as, if a Navy is built to mor¬ row, it is true to fay that it lhall be builq but if
it
in