Part VIII.

ZENO.
rhe i\mbiguous, that were to bring a Candle not l ighted into the Dark ? This is ingenioufly and (iibtilly laid, but like that of Scavola to Anto¬ nins., You feera to the wile to fpeak acutely, to i: ools truly : For what elfe doth Hortenfius in • that place, but by his Ingenuity and Facetiouf- nt:ls,as an intoxicating Cup, bring Darknefs up¬ on the unlearned ? For, when they fay, Every Word is Ambiguous, it is underft'ood of lingle Words. Ambiguities are explained by 13ilputa- tion j no Man difputeth by lingle words, none therefore explaineth Ambiguous words by Am¬ biguous words. And. yet feeing that every word is Ambiguous, no Man can explain the Ambi¬ guity ol words, except by words, but thole con¬ joined and not Ambiguous. As when we fay. Every Soldier hath two Feet, it doth not follow, that a whole Regiment of Soldiers that have two Feet, Ihould have in all but two beet. So when I fay, every word is Ambiguous.^ I do not fay, a Sentence, nor a Deputation, although they are woven of Words. Every Ambiguous vvord therefore may be explained by an inam- biguous Deputation.
The third Queftion is concerning 'Declination.,
■ ^Agel. 2. 2$. ayA’{.icLh'ice. z Some follow Analo¬ gy .pAiQis Anomaly. is alike Declination
of like, in L^tin Fnoportio: Anomaly is an in¬ equality,* following the cuftoms of Declinations. aVmodtVing.^ Chryfippus 'wioiQ, fix Books dveo^AnUi,
'■ * Ihewing, that like things are noted with unlike
words, and unlike things with like wmrds.
The laft Queftioh is concerning Ordination.,
I Dm r h Upon this SubjeU Ch'ryjippus wrote
Hulicarn. ie two Books {'Laertius reckons more)whofe fcope ,v comfif. terb. is not Rhetorical, but DialeUick, as will eafily appear to the Reader : Of the Syntax of Axioms: of true andfalfe Axioms : Of poffible and impof- fible : Of contingent, and tranfient, and ambigu- cm, and the like, which confer nothing to fingle fpeech or pleafure, or grace to elocution. c Laert^ ^ There are five excellencies of Speech, Fro-
priety, Ferfpicuity, Succ'mUneJs, Decorum, Ele¬ gance. Fropriety is a proper Phrafe, according to Art, not after the common Expreffion.
Ferfp'icuity is, when that which is intended is deliver’d clearly.
Succ'inblnefs is, when that only is comprifed, which is neceflary to the thing.
is a conformity to the thing.
Elegance is an avoiding of vulgar Phrafe. d LaerP. d Amongtt the faults of Speech is Barbarifm,
a Phrafe not in ufe .with the beft ferfons 5 and Solcecifm, a Speech incoherently framed.
CHAP. XI.
Of Definition and Divifion. .
A Uert. u ‘T^Efinit'wn (according to Antipater in his book-pf Definitionsjis Speech by Ana- lyjis pronounced adaequately ^ or (as Chryfippus in his Book of Definitions') an Anfwer to this Queftion, What a Thing is.^
i sext. Emp. ^ Thofc Definitions are vicious which include adv. Log, any of thole things which are not in the things defined, or not in all, or not in fome *, fo as if we Ihould lay, A Alan is a Rational Crea* ture , or a mortal Grammatical Creature 3 lee- ing that no Man is Immortal, and fome Men are
not Grammarians, the Definition is faulty.
c We mull therefore, when we take thole things which are common to the things w^e wou’d ^ define, and others, prolef ute them fo far until it become proper, fo as hot to be transferrable to a- ny other thing-,as this,./!/? 'inheritance is richesyidd which by the Death , of fome F erfonjalleth to ano¬ ther fi is not yet- a Definition, for Riches may be held many other ways, as w^elf as by Inheritance:, . add one word, by right of Lam now the thing will feem disjoyned from community ; So that the definition is thus explained. Irfier'itance is.
Riches, which by the death of cne-^pierfon falleth to another by tight of Laxo ■: It is not yet enough, therefore add, neither bequeathed by ill, nor de¬ tained by Fojfejfion., and it is perfeU.
d Of Definition there are two kinds; One of Topk. things which are ; the other of things which are under Hood. Thole things which are, wq call fuch as may be feen or touched, as a Field, Houfe, a Wall, and the ’.Ike. On the other fide, we lay thole things are not, which caifUot be touched or fnewn, as Polfcffion, Guardianlhip, Nation, Kin¬ dred, which have not any body, yet there is fome Conformity in the undeiltanding, which we call . notional, whereby in Argumentation they , may be explained by definition. This latter kind is rather called Defeription, a Speech, tyliich by the exteriour figure of the things bringeth us to the things themfelves, or a Definition limply expref- fiiig the Power of a Definition.
e Again,of Definitions, fomq are cApart'itions, ^ ck. Topic. others o? Divifions.Of Fart it ions, when the thing propofed is torn(asit were)into pieces, as if we Ihould fay, the Civil Law is that which confilt- eth in Laws, Senators, things judged, the au¬ thority of Lawyers, EdiQsofMagiftrates, Man¬ ners and Equity.
The definition of Divifions comprehendeth all Species which are under the Genus defined, thus. Abalienat'ion is of that thing which is in our power, or a deliverance of it into the power of another-, or a concelfion by Law, amongft whom thofe things may be done by Civil Right.
f D'lv'ifion IS aSe£lion of the Genus into immediate Species , as, of L'lv'ing Creatures,fome^ are rat'ional, fome irrat'ional. g This therefore is ^ tot. an ill divifion. Of men fome are Grecians, fome ^anplr. adv. Egyptians, fome F erfians ,fome Indiums for the next Species are not defperate, but oppofite. We muft therefore fay thus Of Men fome are Gre¬ cians, fome Barbarians -, znd again, by fubdivi- lion of Barbarians, fome are Egyptians, fome Ferfians, fome Ind'ians, which likewife is in the divifion of things that are. For thole which are good and bad, are different to us ; thofe who are intermediate betwixt good and bad, are indifterent to us. The divifion therefore ought not to be fo, but rather thus; Of things that are, fome are indifferent, others different -, of the diffe¬ rent, fome are good, fome are 'ill-, for this di¬ vifion is . like unto that which faith,ofMen, fome are Grecians, others Barbarians -, of Barbarians, fome are Mgypt'ians, fome Ferfians, fome Indi^ ans -, the other is likewife 5 Of Men, fome Grecians, fome TEgypt 'ians, fome Ferfians, fome Indians.
Hence irfolloweth, that h perfeG: divifion, . hath an univerfal power ^ for he who divideth '
thus Of Men, fome are Greecians, others Bar- 10.’
Qp 2 barians.
I
o8
ZENO.
ART
viir.
i Lacrt.
a Laa't.
barians., faith as much as this, it there are any ^
Men they are either Grtc 'ians or Barbarians ^ for if there be any Man, who is neither Greek nor Barbarian, the diviiipn muft necelfarily be ill the univerfal falfe. Wherefore when we fay. Of things that are, fome are good, fome ill fome intermediate, it is as much (accord¬ ing to Chryfippus) as this univerfal ^ It there be , any things that are, they are either good pr ill,
* or indifferent. But this univerfal is falfe, if any thing falfe be fubjeffed to it : For, it two things be fubjefled, one good, the other ill -, or, one good, the other indifferent, in this Expreffion of thofe things which are, one kind is good, that is true •, but this, thele are good, is falfe , for they are not good ^ for one is good, the other ill. And again, Thefe are ill, is falle, for they are not ill, but only one of them. The like in indifferents -,''for it is falfe that thefe are indiffe- rents, as that thefe are good or ill. _ ,
z There are three forms of divifion, anti-divifi- on, Jiib-diviJion, phnition. Anti-divifion is a di- llribution of the Genus into Species by the con¬ trary -, as for example, by' negation, as of things that are, fome are good, others ipt good.
Sub-divifion is divilion upon a divilion : as of things that are, fome are good, others not good •, of the not good, fome are ill, others indiffe¬ rent.
Partition is a diftribution of the Genus into places (according to Crink) as of goods, fome belong to the Soul, others to the Body.
CHAP. XII. - Of Genus, Species, 8cc.
a US is a comprehenlion of many No-
VjT tions referred to one, as, a Livin.g Crea¬ ture, for this includes all Living Creatures.
Notion is a phantafie of the Mind, not any thing exiftent or qualitative, but as it were , fome- thing exiftent, and qualitative •, as the notion of an Horfe, no Horfe beingprefent. ^
Species is that which is contained under the I feparable Genus*, as under living Creature is contairt’dMan. | ^ut
which are not, but only incur in the mind, as Centaurs, Giants, and whatfoever elle is formed by falfe cogitation, hath fome image, although it hath no fubftance. Even negatives are in being.
Somewhat is therefore more general than Ens, which is underftood only of Corporeals.
/ Things are fubdivided ino four Genus’s, Sub- jebh, and ^ialitatives,2X)A^odammcdotatives in thenifelves, dsA^odammodotativesastoothers.f sh^lrc. k g Thus the Stoicks treating more ftriftly d^nAcatsiory. fubtilly of thele things,contra£l the Predicaments into a leffer number, taking fome of thole things^ which they diminilhed,but with fome alteration.
CHAP. XIV.
Of Subjebis,
a '"T^Here is not any tiring befides to \^Kit[/.im,aSimprK. in X Subjedl ; The d ifferences concerning this
are nonfubfiftent.
b Suhjc^is two-fold -, one which is called the b Simplk. ibid firft Subject ; fuch is Matter expert of all quali- Cuteg. lities, wmc\i,Arijiotle calleth a Body potentially.
The other, that which is effected tvith quality, as Brafs, and Socrates, with thole things which are in them, or pra!dicated by them.
CHAP. XV.
Of ^alitatives.
a ^"')^alitatives have a fubliftence, and are fe- a T>rxip, in v^,parate from their fubjedls. For qualities caeg. z. ^2. (as ail other accidents) are. Bodies, feeing that according to Zeno, nothing can be effe£led by that which is incorporeal, nor can that which is incorporeal effeff any thing *, whatfoever effecl- eth is a Body. Effeflive quality therefore is a Bo¬ dy. Matter is expert of quality,but qualities are not expert of matter.
b Quality is the habit of that which is quali- ^ Simplic. in 'tative. ^lalitative is taken three ways: Firft, for whatfoever hath difference, whether it be , motion or habit, and whether hardly or ealily In tliis fenfe, not only he who is he who ftretcheth out his hand, are
A Laert. b Philop. in Analjit. prior, c Sext. Empi. adv. Log.
d Alex. A- ph>-od.in Top.^. e Sevec, Ep.^p.
Aloft general, is that which is a Genus, but I qualitative. The fecondfignification includes not hath no Genus.* Moll fpecial, that which is a| tnotionsj but habits only, which they define qua- Species, but hath no Species. I fttative, that is, which hath a difference endued
To this place of Voice belong likewife, as I habit, as a wile man, or an armed man. Of we faid, the conlideration of Foem andP^? Foem FoJ]idonim,\Y\U\slntrodutli-\Qp pronunciation and conlideration^
onto Speech) is^a Sppch in Metre or Rhime, others not adatquate. Thele they omit ^ thole not Profe, as-^^w^f^s^L'^and is a vvhich are adequate, equal, and permanent
fignificant Poem, with delign, containing the i- 1 they call qualitative j as, a* Grammarian, and a miration of things divine and humane- j vvifeman^ neither pf thele exceeds, or falls Ihort r 14 A P YTlT * I of his quality. Likewife a lover of Meat, and
■ * I a lover of "Wine, being in aff fuch, as a glutton.
Of Things* I and a drunkard, becaufe they make ufe of thofe
Notions, Words, and things, as we have 1 parts which lerve to this end, are lb called ; So faid, are conioyned together. From No- that if any man be -a glutton, he is confequently tions we come to Words, from Words we come a lover of meat ^ but if he be ^tlover of meat, now to Things themlelves : By Notions Things he is not therefore immdiately’ a glutton ^ for, are perceived, a Thofe are laid to be Things l^eing deftitute of thole parts which he ufeth in which are dicible. ^ The Stoicksby a new name caring, he wanteth the acf, but not the habit. '
•call things rvy^dyovla.. Contingents , becaufe! Quality is adsequated to qualitative in this laft we delire that things might befal us,and that we j lenle.
might obtain them, c therefore is c All qualities are either cu///cx,and then they ^ Burfius
fubjed it felf, beyond the notion or-word,as Dion, are called forms or effeffs, and then they are ge- h irtaieE.Cica d They comprehended all things under onelnerally called habit uals, which word An-\- 3-
common Genus. A fomewhat- • e placing this j tipater extends as large as the common accident.
Genus above all -, the Reafon this .* In nature fome 1 both of things corporeal and incorporeal, tI fome- things are, fome things are not. For, thofe things I • wfiat