Part VI.

AK 1 ST Of~L E.
255
c C 3«
d Cfip. 4.
e Cap, 6.
f Cap. 8.
and in Plants, as Flefli and Bone, whereof fome are more cold, which confift moft of Water others more hot, which cdnlift moft of Earth and Air.
fed by natural heat of the oppofite paffive qua¬ lities, which are mixed with the matter, as be¬ ing paffive. The end of Concoftlon in fome things is mutation of the Eftence, as when food is converted into ftelh and blood ^ in others only a mutation according to quantity or quality, as in fruits that ripen. Inconcoftion is an Imper- feftioninthe oppofite paffive qualities, proceed¬ ing from deleft of heat.
Concoftion is three-fold, viTritvcK, o4«(rK, ’oV- 7«(r/f. Inconcoftion is alfo three fold, p-o-
hVVff/f,
c ni'Tsrctva/f is the Concoftion of that Element which is in fruits -, it is perfeft, when the feeds that are within the fruit are capable of produ- cucing their like, hereto is oppofite, the
Inconcoftion of Fruits not able through want of heat to overcome the humidity.
’'E4« by external humidity and heat ; hereto is oppo- £te the inepneoftion of a humid inter¬
minate, caufed by defeft of external humidity and heat.
’'OTrJiWf is a concoftion by dry and external heat, yet not exceffive, for then it were aduftion : to this is oppofed an inconcoftion cau-
ied through defeft of heat and fire, or excels pf humidity in the Subjeft.
d As concerning the two paffive qualities-, things are humid and dry, either aftually, or potentially. Thofe things which are mixt of humid and dry, are terminate, for' thele quali¬ ties mutually terminate one another, whence bodies confift not without Earth and Water, this humid, that dry. And for this reafon Animals can only live in Earth and Water, which are their matter.
The firft affeftions of terminate bodies are hardnels andfoftnels ',-hard is tfiat which yields not to the touch j foil the contrary. Both thefe are fuch, either abfolutely, or relatively. They are made fuch by concretion, which is a kind of exiccation.
e Exiccation is of things that are water, or of the nature of Water, or have water in them, either naturally infite, or adventitious. It is done principally by hear, accidentally by cold. Hu- meftation (its contrary) is the concretion of a vapour into water, or liquefaftion of a folid Body, as Metal. Concretion is, when the hu¬ midity being removed, the dry is reduced toge¬ ther, and condenfed, either by cold, as in genera¬ tion ofStonesj or by heat,as in fegregation of Salt from water. To Concretion is oppofite, Refolu- tion, which is effefted by its contraries. Thofe things which are condenfed by heat only, are re- Iblved Iw cold only, and lb on the contary.
/Befides thefe principal affeftions, there are others fecondary, chiefly competent to homoge¬ nous Bodies, fome paffive, fome aftive.
Of paffive qualities in mixt Bodies, there are eighteen differences, ConcretUe,,Eliquahile,, Mol- lijicable,^ hume^able,^ flexible Frangible,^ Impref- fible,^ Formable,, CompreJJible,^ Trathle,^ Dubfile^
Fiffile,, SeSile,, UnSious,, frimble,, Condenfable,^
Combajitble,^ Exhalable,, and their contraries.
From thefe are thus denominated, Homiomerious mixt Bodies, as Metals, Gold, Brafs, Silver, critus held ^ for whatfoever, is moved, is moved Stone and the like-, and whatfoever is made out by another. Again, if the Soul were moved of thefe i as likewife fimilar pans in Animals A, it would be in place, and it were capable of
being
CHAP. XIV.
Of Flants and Animals.
At the end of his Meteors he propofeth to fpeak of Similar parts, cu Bloody and the like i zvhat they are^ and to what end,^ their mat¬ ter and reafon,^ but.,efpecially whence they have their motion ^ next to proceed to diffimilar parts ^ and laflly to fpeak of thofe which confift thereof, as Men,^ Flants,^ and the like. Hence Patricius conjeliures that his Books of the parts of living Creatures, did immediately fucceed thofe of the Meteors, wherein he treateth {as he propofeth} of fimilar parts tinto the tenth Chapter of the fecond Book,^ and from thenee of the Diffimilar. But to reduce his Books of living Creatures to this method^ Is the lefs certain,, for as much as many of thefe (befdes thofe which treated particular¬ ly of Anatomy) have been loll,, of which perhaps were fome vohich might betteY have cleared the f cries ; for in the Books themf elves concerning Animals, there Is nothing to ground it upon.
For the fame reafon,, it Is uncertain where his Books of Plants ought to have been placed,, which are loft. Perhaps they might precede thofe of A- nimals j for he ajferts that Plants have Souls, ( contrary to the Stoicks) endued with vegetative power I, that they live even thd‘ cut af under, as InfcUs, whereby t wo or more are made of one ; that the fubftance they receive by aliment and the ambient Air, Is fufticient for the prefervation of their natural heat.
As concerning Animals, we have. Of their Go¬ ing, one Book. Of their Hiflory, ten Books. Of their parts, Books, Oi their*Generation,y?y£‘ Books, So exquifitely hath he treated upon this SubjeSl, cut cannot well be exprejjed by an abridg¬ ment, and therefore we fhall omit it the rather becaufe little or nothing was done herein by the Academicks or Stoicks, a collation with whom h the principal dejign of this fummary.
amm'd
CHAP. XV.
Of the Soul.
a H E knowledge of the Soul cdnduceth ^
X much to all Truth, and elpeclally to^^^ j Phyfick, for the Soul is as it w^ere the principle of animate things. Animate things differ from inanimate chiefly by motion and fenfe.
b Whence the ancient Philofophers defined ^ ^ the Soul by thefe ^ Democritus, the Pythagore- ‘ ' ans, Anaxagoras by Motion Empe'docles and Plato by knovoledge •, others by both others by incorpoiiety, or a rare body Thales, fomething that maveth *, Diogenes, Air Heraclitus, Ex- halation, an immortal fubftance -, Hippo, Water',
Critas, Blood,
The Soul doth not move it felf, as Dem- ^
Cap. gf>
^ ~ ^R-lSrOTLE. Part.vI
Cap. 4.
e Cap. 5.
f JJb. 2.cap. 2.
g Lmt.
a. Cap. 4.
being moved violently, and it would be of the lame nature with the body,. arid might return in¬ to the body after the reparation. Neither is the Soul moved by it felf, but from its objects •, for if it were moved efientially, it might recede ftom its eflence. The Soul therefore is not mo¬ ved /'c/' but by accident only, according to the motion of the Body.
d The Soul is not Harmony^ (a proportionate mixture of contraries) for then there mufi: be more Souls in the fame body, according to the different conftitution of its parts. Bu t tho’ we commonly fay, the ^oxAgneveth^ hopeth^fearcth^ 8CC. we are not to underffand that the Soul is moved, but only that thefe are from the Soul in the Body that is moved feme by local piotion of the Organs, others by alteration of them. To fay, the Soul is angry, is no more proper than to fay Ihe builds -, for it is the man that is an. giy by the Soul, otherwife the Soul were liable xoage.^ decay., 2iX\di infirmity.^ as well as the Or¬ gans of the Body.
e Neither is the Soul a rare body., confifting of Elements, for then it would underftand no¬ thing more than the Elements themfelves ^ nei¬ ther is there a Soul diffufed through all tilings, as 'Thales held, for we fee there are many things inanimate.
Some from the different fun8:ions of the SquI argue, that there are more Souls tl^an one in man, or that the Soul Is divifible, the fupream intelletfual part placed in the head, the irafei- ble in the heart, concupifcible in the Liver : But this is falfe, for the Intelle£l is not confi¬ ned to any part of th^' Body, as not being corpo¬ real, nor organical,(' but immaterial and im¬ mortal.
/ The Soul is the firfi: Tritelechy of a natural organical body, having Bfe potentially. Firft., Entelechy.2 Entelechy is’twofold, the toft is the principle of Operation, as Science ^ the Second, the Ad: it felt. Of a Natural, g not of an artificial body, as a Tower or Ship. Organical Body.'\ that is, endued with inflruments for operation, as the eye for feeing, the ear for hear¬ ing • even Plants have fimple Organs. Having life potentially^ as it were in it felf, for potential¬ ly is lefs than aefually ^ affually, as in him that wakes ^ potentially, as in him that is afleep.
The Soul is otherwife defined, that by which we firft live, feel, and underftand; whence ap- peareth, there are three faculties of the Soul, nutritivi, fenfitive,intellebiive ; the inferior com¬ prehended by the fuperior potentially, as a tri¬ angle by a quadrangle.
CHAP. XVI.
I Of the Nutritive faculty.
•
a H E firft and moft common faculty of the
i Soul, is the Nutritive ; by which life is in all things, the a£fs and operation thereof are to be generated, and to take nourifhment.
Nutriment is received either towards Nutriti¬ on or Augmentation. Nutrition is the operation of the Nutritive Faculty conducing to the fub- ftanceit felf of the animate being, augmentation is the operation of the nutritive faculty, whereby
the animate Body encreafeth to perfeff Magni¬ tude. In nutrition are confidered, the Soul nourifhing, the Body nourilhed, and the food by which the nourifhment is made -, hereto is requi¬ red a natural heat, which is in all living crea¬ tures. The aliment is both contrary, or unlike, and like, to the body nouriflied : as it is undi- geffed, we fay nourifhment is by the contrary ; as altered by digeftion, like is nouriflied by its like.
CHAP. XVII.
, Of the Senfitive faculty.
^ '^HE Senfitivd Faculty of the Soul is that a Cap. 5,
X by which Senfe is primarily in Animals.
Senfe is a mutation in the Organ eaufedby fome fenfible Obje£f. It is not fenfible of it felf, nor of its Organ, nor of any interior things To re¬ duce it to aft, is requifite fome external fenfi¬ ble objeft, for lenfe cannot move it felf, being a paffive power, as that which is combuftiblc can¬ not burn it felf.
b Of fenfible Objefts there are three kipds : b Cap. 6. proper, which is perceived by one Senle, with¬ out Error, as colour in relpeft of fight. Common which is not proper, to any one, but perceived by all. Accidental, which, as fuch, doth not affeft the Senfe.
Senfe is either External or Internal, the Exter¬ nal are five, Seeing., Hearing Smelling, Touching,
Tajling.
c The Objeft of Seeing isCoIour, and fome- c Gap. 7. thing without a name thatgliftens in the dark, as the Scales of Fifh, Glow-worms and the likci Colour is the motive of that which is aftually perfpicuous: nothing therefore is vifible, with¬ out light. Perfpicuous is that which is vifible, not by it felf^ but by fome other colour or light, as Air, Water, Glafs. Light in the aft of a per- Ipicuous thing, as it is perfpicuous. It is not fire, nor a body, for then two bodies would be in the farne place.
To fight and all other fenfes is requifite a me- dium and convenient diftance. The objeft firft effefts the medium, then the Organ.
d The objeft of Hearing is found. Sound is d Cap. 9. made by collifion of two Bodies, Hard, Smooth, and Hollow, in a medium, as Air or Water,fwift- ly and vehemently before the medium be drffi- pated.
Ecco is a reflex found, when the Air, gathered together and forced into a veffel, or fome place which hinderethitsdiffufion and progrefs,reverts as a Bafe againft a Wall. Sound is always refleft- ed, tho’ not always perceptibly, as light alfb, otherwife all plac^ would be dark, which were not direftly oppofite to the Sun, or fome lucid body.
Sound is made by that which moveth the Air, and continually ftirreth it, till it arrive at the or¬ gan, wherein there is an infite, connatural, - animate, immovable Air, vyhich being moved by the external Air,yieldeth the lenfe of hearing.
Hence it cometh that we can hear under water, for the water cannot get into this air, becaufe of the winding narrow paflages in the Ear ; If •it do get in, or the membrane which containeth
Alteration
fC4p.l9.
gCap. II.
PA rT VI. _ _
this Air be otherwife broken,it caufeth deafnefs.
Voice is the Impulfion of Air attracted by refpiration, and forced againft againft the vocal Artery by the Soul, which is in the Lungs, with fome intent of fignification. Voice therefore is not proper to all Animals, but to luch only as • have Blood arid Breath., Fifties therefore have not Voice-
^ The object of Smelling is Odour. This Senfe is not fo perfect in Men as in other Creatures, whence Men peceive not Odours, unlefs with delight or diflike, when they are fo ftrong as to excite' one of thefe.This defect proceeded! from the organ of Smelling, which in us is more ob- tule. The medium offmellingis Air and Water, for Fifhes fmell. Hence all living Creatures liTiell not after the lame manner 5 they which breathe, fmell by drawing in the Air,the reft not fo, becaufe of the different accommodation of the Organ. Thofe therefore which fmell by drawing in the Air,capnot fmell under Water, Odour confifts generally in dry, as Japor in humid. The Organ of Smelling is dry potentially, as the Object is actually.
/The object of is fapor. 'Whatfoever isguftable, is tactable,and humid, either actually, or atleaft potentially. Dry things are fubject to tafte,asthey are potentially humid, and melt as Salt. The Tafte perceiyeth that which is guft- able,and that which is inguftable, as the Sight Darknefs, the Hearing,filence ; for every Senfe perceiveth the prefence and ablence of its object. That which is potable is perceived by the touch, as humid by the tafte, as having Sapor. The Tongue taftes not that which is dry, becaufe the organ of tafte mtift be fuch potentially,as the ob¬ ject is actually *, but vvithout humidity nothing isguftable. The kinds of Sapors are Iweet and bitter*, to Iweet are referred unctious *, to bitter lalt. The mean are fliarp, piccant, acid, a- cute 5 guftable is that which moveth the Talfe, and reduceth it to act.
g The objects of Touch are the primary qualities, the Organ is that part which is po¬ tentially that which the objeff is in a£f j for that which is like, cannot fuffer from its like. We feel , not things of equal heat, cold, hardnefs, of
foftnefs. The Flefh is the medium ; the' firft lenfory isfomething more jnternal.Herein touch and tafte differ from the other Senfes, vyho,le objeffs are at greater diftance.Touch perceiveth things taffile and not taffile. • h Cap. 12. ^ All thefe Senfes receive fenfible Species
without matter, as Wax thelmpreffionofaSeal without the Gold. The Organ or Senfory is that in which the fenfitive faculty primarily exifts ;
• a vehement Ob]e£f deftroyeth the Organ.
. .. / That there are no more external Senfes than
* • 3- f#*!* I5 manifeft, in that there are no more
in perfeG: Animals j neither is there any need of a fixth Senfe to perceive common Objects, vvhich every Senfe difeerns by accident, as mo¬ tion, figure.
_ The aflof the Objeft, and the aH: of the Senfe it felf, as Sonation and Audition, are really the f^me, differ only intentionally. This aft is ge¬ nerally in the fenfitive, not in the fubjeft. * I p. f r ^ Senfible qualities are finite, as being bo'und- eap f'‘ ^ Extf earns and their Contraries, divifible
by accident into infinite, according to the divifion of their continuous Subjeft. ;
ARISTOTLE.
257
/ In Senfibles, fbme are potentially fenfible,^ as a part joined to the whole*. Others actually, as the whole it felf, or a part feparated from . the whole. But of feparate parts fome are fo little, that Senfe cannot actually perceive them, by reafon of their want of due Magnitude.
m Sounds and Odours are fucceffively genera- « ted in the medium.^ and by degrees deduc’d to the Organ 5 but light is produced in an Inftant in the medium, not carried thro’ it by local motion.
cep.i.
CHAP. XVIII.
Of Common Senfe.
a ■pj' Very external Senfe perceiveth the differ Jjy rences of its own object, as Sight judg- ^ eth of black and white *, but the differences of divers objects cannot be perceiv’d by the fame Senfe j there is therefore a common fenfe^ which judgeth the actions of external Senfe and the differences of fenfiMe objects. The Judgment being of a fenfible object,muft be done by fenfe, and by one fenfe only *, for, if there were more, one would object one objeft apart, the other ano¬ ther, and confequently could not judge between them. For that which judgeth muff have know¬ ledge of all that whereof it judgeth, which no exteriour Senfe can afford, as being confined to its proper Object.
Common Senfe judgeth contrary or different Senfibles in the fame inftant, for it difeerneth together fweet and black, bitter and fweet.Hence it is like the Center ofa Circle, which in divers refpects is called one, and many. It is one, as all the external Senfes are united in it ^ many, as it is the Fountain and Judge of them.
b Senfe differs from Intellect ^ for Senfe is^ Oe Animal in all living. Creatures ^ Intellect in few. Senfe 2°
erreth not about its propef object, but is always true ^ Intellect often erreth % falfe Opinions and Habits.
CHAP. XIX.
OfPhantafe and Cogitation.
a T?Rom Senfe is derived Phantafie and Cogl a Cap.
Jr Phantafie differs from Senfe and
Intellect, tho’ it exift not without a previous knowledge of Senfe, as neither doth Cogitation, which is in action of the Intellect, compre¬ hending Science, Opinion, and Prudence.
The act of Fhanta/ie differs from Cogitation for we fancy things falfe and at our own pleafure but we think only what is true, and like unto truth, and that not as we pleafe our felves, but as the thing feemeth. Moreover, when we think that things are ill or good, we are moved rvith Fear, Joy, Hope ^ but when we fancy only with¬ out application of Judgment, we ate not mov’d no more than we are frighted at a Picture.
Phantafie is not properly Senfe ^ Phantafie act* eth in him that fleeperh, Senfe doth not. Senfe was with us from our Birth, Phantafie not. Senfe is in all Animals, phantafie is not. Senfe is true, phantafie often falfe. Senfe is only of things prefent, phantafie of the abfent likewife.
Phantafie is not Science or Intelle^foi that is • K k always
I
358
~A R I STOT LE.
PAax VL
a Lib. de Mmor.
always of things true and real, Phantalie often is of things falie- Phantafie is not Opiaioii^ tor Opinion is followed by Faith, Phantafie is not.
Phantafie is a motion in Animals from Senie in AQ, by which motion they are varioufly af fe8:ed, and conceive things fometimes true, and fometimes falfe. The Efror of Phantafie arileth from the Error of the Senfes : Phantafie therefore is of near affinity with Senfe j for though it be not fenfe , yet it exifts not without Senie, or in things that have no fenle.lt is derived from light •, for Sight, the moft excellent of Sen- les, cannot afl without Light.
Many things are done by Animals according to Phantafie, either becaufe they have not Intel- lea, as Bealls, or that Intellefl: is obfcured in them.
CHAP. XX.
Of Memory and Remtnifcence,
aX^Rom Vhantafie -^locztdis Memoiy^ which is IT of things paft, as Senfeis of the prefent Rem. cap,\. Opinion of the future. Senfe and ItelleQion are necelTarily previous to Memory. Hence thofe Animals only which have Senfe of time, remem¬ ber as Horfes and Dogs ^ yet Memory is not without Phantafie, even not that Memory which is of intelligible things •, for he that remem- breth isfenfible that he firft law, heard, or learii' ed what he rem^mbreth. Memory therefore is reducible per fe to Phantafie, as being of Phan- tafms, toIntelleO: only by Accident. Hence in the fame part of the Soul, wherein Phantafie ex- ifts, refideth likewife Memory, for if it were placed only in the IntelleElual Faculty, it would not be competent to Beafls, which we lee it is Memory is made by imprelTion of fome L mage by the Senfe upon the Soul. Hence they who retain not the Image and Figure of Senie, either by continual motion, or exceflive Humi¬ dity, as Children, or Drought, as Old Men, re¬ member not. To Memory therefore is required a moderate temperature of the Brain ; yet more inclined to dry. b Ca^- 2. l) Remin/fcenee is not a Refumption or Af fumption of Memory , but differs fpecifically ftom both thele , for Bealls have not Reminif- cence though they have Memory, Reminifcence being made by dilcourle and diligent dilquifition collecling one thing from another by a continu¬ ed Series and order, until at laft we cal that to Mind which we had forgotten.
for the reft and health of the Animal j which is the end of waking alfo.
c Every impotence of Senfe is not Sleep, but c 5. only that which is caufed by evaporation of the Aliment. Hence we are moft fubje8: to fleep after Meat -, for then much humid vapour af- cends, which firft maketh the head heavy by confiftence there, then defeends and repels the heat, whereby is induced Sleep. That Sleep is made in this manner, is ' evident from all fopo- riferous things, as Poppy, which caufeth Hea- vinefs in the Head by fending up vapours. La¬ bour produceth fleep, by difperfing the Humours, whence produceth .Vapour. Drunken Men and Children are fubjefl to fleep much, melanchol- ly Perlbns little, for they are fo cold within, that the Vapour exhaleth not, efpecially they being of a dry Conftitution. Sleep therefore is a recefiion of the heat inward, with a natural kind of Circumobfiftence.
/
CHAP. XXII. Of Dreams.
D Reaming is an affe£lion of the fenfory^Lij. de part, in as much as it is Fantaftick. A/nAw. Dream is an Apparition or Phantafm feen in Sleep.
After the FunHions of the external Senles, there remain their motions and fimilitudes in¬ dued. by their objefts into their Organs. Thele occurring in fleep, caulc Dreams, but not at all times, nor at every age, for their Species Ihew not themfelves, but upon ceffation of the Hu- mours.Hence Dreams are not immediately after fleep, nor in Infants loon after their Birth, for then there is too great Commotion by realbn of the Alimentary Heat. As therefore in trou¬ bled water no Image appeareth,or if any, much dillorted ; but when it is calm, the Image is rendred clearly j fo when there is a tumult and agitation of the Humours, there are no Images prefented, or thofe dreadful, fuch as are the Dreams of Melancholy and Sick Per- fons -, but when the Blood paffeth fmoothly, and the Humours are letled, we have pure and pleafing Dreams -, a Dream therefore is aPhan- tafha caufed by motion ofSenlibles already per¬ ceived by Senfe, occurring to Animals in Sleep.
CHAP. XXIII.
Of the IntelleUive faculty.
CHAP. XXL
Of Sleep and Waking.
A Lib. de Sow. a Senfe belongeth Sleep and Waking -, for
cap.i. JL thofe animate things which want fenfe neither fleep nor wake , as Plants. Sleep is an immobility, and band as it were of Senfe ^ Waking is a folution and remiffion of Senfe. h Cap. 2. b The chief Seat of Sleep is the common Senfe, which being bound up .by Sleep, all the exterior Senfes, whereof this is, the common Centre, are bpnnd up likewife and reftrainec
^ /-|-\HE third faculty of the Soul is ths a DeAnm.
X IntelleUive., proper to Man. Intelleft l\b. g. is that part of the Soul whereby it knoweth and underftandeth. It is two-fold, Ratient and Agent, Ratient IntelleQ. is that by which Intelleft becometh all things, for Inrelle8:ion is like Senfej Senfe is by Paffion ftom a fenfible Object, Intel- leSt'fom an Intellectual. The properties of patient intellect arethefe 5 it is void of corrup¬ tive paffion-, it is apt for reception of Species, it is that Species potentially ; it is not mixt with the Body ^ it hath no Corporeal Organs j it is the place of Species,
b That there is alfo an Agent intellect, is ma. h c4. i.
nifefti
Pa RT VI.
c Cap. 6.
i Cap. 8.
e Bid.
'ZKIST OfLE.
nifeft •, for in whatlbever kind, there is fome- thingthat is potentially all of that kind, there is fomething likewile which is the eihcient caule of all in that kind •, this is the agent Intellefl, a cognofcitive power which enlightneth Phan- tafms and the patient Inrelled. The properties thereof are, that it is feparable from the Body, Immortal and Eternal j that ir is not mixt with the Body ; that it is void of palfion •, that it is ever in a£l •, but the patient Intelled is Mor¬ tal, which is the caufe of fbrgetfulnefs.
c The action of the IntelleQ: is twofold, one, IntelleQion of Indivijibles.^ in which is neither Truth nor Falftiood, as all fmple apprehenfions^ the other complex, when we compound and unite notions by Affirmation or Negation. This • is always either true or. falfe ^ the other nei¬ ther. The fimple is precedent to the complex.
d. Intellefl in aCt is either Eractick or Theo- retich As a fenfible ObjeQ: reduceth the fenfi- ble faculy from power to abl, fo doth an intel- le0:ual faculty ^ and as the operation of Senfe is three-fold, fimple apprehenfion, Judgment if it be good or ill, and laltly, appetition or averfion according to that perception ; So likewife is the operation of the Erdtick Intelldl threefold ; Firft,ir is moved by phantafms, as Senfe is by external Senfibles. Secondly ,it judg'erhthe objeQ; to be good or ill, by Affirmation . or Negation. Thirdly,it moveth the Will to purfue orlhun it, whence it is called This practick Intel¬ lect is moved as well when the lenlible object is abfent,as when it is prcfen^nly excited by the phantafie. The object of xEifihcoretick IntclleEt.^ is true or falfe ^ of the practick, good or ill. e The rational Soul in fome manner, is every . thing i for that which actually knoweth, is in fome manner the fame with the thing known.
that IS, Will .• For Appetite is the principle of all Motion, Honefl and Difhoneft jlntelleft on¬ ly of honeil motion. .
In Man, Appetite is twofold : W'llf. whibh rolloweth the Judgment of Reafon^ axA fen-^ jiial Appetite, iralcible or concupifcible, which iolloweth Senfe and phantafie.
In the motion of Animals, three things at.e confidered ; Firft, that which moveth, and that . is two fold i the Appeiible ObjeEt, whidi-moveth ^ »
the Appetite as a final Caufe, not as an Effici* ent ; and the Appetite it felf, which being moved by the appetible Objea:, moveth the Animal. Se¬ condly, by what it moves, which is the Heart of the Animal, by which Inltrument the "appetible objeft moveth it. Thirdly, that which is mo¬ ved, the Animal it felf, perfed. .
c hfeEls are moved locally, as perfeB Ani-c Cap.\t, mals are, and conlequently by the fame princi¬ ples, Appetite and Phantafie ^ but this PMntafie is imperfea, diffufed through the wholeBody, as appeareth by their uncertain motion, only towards prefent occurrent objebfs. That they have Appetite is manifeft, in as much as they ‘ ^
are lenfible of Pain and Pleafure. • .i
Beafts have fenfitive Phantafie only^ Rational Creatures, deliberative, which compareth many things conducing to fome foreknowa . end, and , choofeth the moft expedient. YeiTometimes the ’ ’ •
Senfitive Appetite in Man overfwayeth the ra- . tional •, but by the order of Nature, the Will, which is Rational, ought, as being the Superi- our to it, to overlivay the Senfitive. Thus there are three motions, one of the Will coriimand- ing, another of the Senfitive Appetite, xefiffing, and a third of the Body obeying. But when the fenfitive over-ruleth, there are only two moti¬ ons, for the Will refills not, but is deceived.-
▼
CHAP. XXIV.
Of the motive faculty.
* Crff 9. ^ T> Efides the nutritive, fenfitive, and intel-
XJ Idtive Faculties , there is alfo a motive Faculty in animate Creatures. That it is not the fame with the nutritive is manifelf, in as much as it proceeds from Imagination and Apprehenfion, which Plants had not, neither have they Organs fit for motion, which Nature would have given them if they have this power. That it is not the fame with the fenfitive, appears, in that fome Animals which have fenfe, have not the power, as Zoophytes,\^h\c)\ have not the or¬ gans fit for this motion. Neither is i? the fame with the Theoretick Intelldl, for that judgeth not as to Action : But progreffive motion is the action of an -Animal flying ill ,or purfiiing good.
• Cap. to. I Principles of local Motion in Animals,
are Pa^praltick //?jr£’//e’^(under which is compre¬ hended Phantafie) and Appetite. Thefe two direct and impel the. motive faculty to action : Intellect and Phantafie by direO: ing what is to be fliunned, what to be embraced ^ Appetite by fhunning or embracing it. Appetite is the chief Principle thereof ^ for that may move without Intellect,as in Beafts, and many times in Men, who delert their reafon to follow their pleafure: But Intellect never moveth without Appetite,
CHAP. XXV.
^ Of 'Life and Death.
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a /T^Eneration and Dijfolution are common to ^ . .
VJT all living Creatures, though all are not 23- produced and diflblved in the fame manner.
b The Generation of a Living Creature is , the firft Conjunction of the nutritive Soul with ° the natural hear.
Life is the permanence of that Soul with the faid heat.
Touih is the encreafe of the firft Refrigerative part, 4^^ the decreafe thereof’ the con- ftant and perfeCf Life which is betwixt both.
As long as an animate Creature liveth,k hath natural heat within it felf ^ and as foon as that faileth, dieth. The Principle of this Heat is in the Heart. If if be extinguilhed in any other part, the Animal may live j but if in the Heart, it cannot.
This Heat is extinguifhed two ways j firft by \
Confumption, when -it faileth of it felf Second¬ ly, by fome contrary, as in vio¬
lent Death •, the caufe is the fame in both,defeCl: of aliment, which in the living Creature is its . _ ’ , , Vital Moifture, as Fire wanting Refrigeration, ■ "
groweth more violent, and foon confumeth the Humidity, which being gone, it felf muft of neceffity go out.
K k i Refrigeration
ARISTOTLE.