I. Choice of Propofitions. 2. Difiinllion of JE-

quivoques. 3. Invention of differences. 4. Con¬ fide rat ion of Similitudes.
* Problems are either univerfal or particular ^
the fame places which confirm or confute one. confirm or confiite the other. From proprhm.^ genus., and definition., is immediately and limply made Demonjiration, but not from Accident^ be caufethat is external, not necefiarily and inti¬ mately inherent iu the SubjcH. We lliall not here lay any thing of the multitude of places he hath invented, which are more neceflary to thole that will learn the Art, than fuitable to this abridgment.
TheDifputant muftfirft find out a place (or medium j lecondly, dilpole and queftion it with¬ in himfelf ^ thirdly, propofe it to his Adver- lary.
I ^ In Difputation againft the Learned, Syllogifm
[ is to be ufed, againft the Vulgar Induflion.
i nb.s.Cap.1. ^ Office ofthe Opponent is to compell his Refpondent to this increffiible and abfiird conle- quent from his Tloefis ^ of the Refpondent to take care, that nothing abfurd be Colle0:ed from \AiThefis.
Falftiood^ this to 3k Sophifi., - who fxom feeming Wifdom acquireth gain, and had rather feem than be.
b A Sophifl hath five ends, whereto he en- ^ cap. 2. deavoureth to reduce Ids adverlaw the firft is Elenchf ox Redhrguti'on c of which , there are ^ two kinds-, one in the word, the other out oi*^ the word.
Sophifms in the wot'd., are fix. i. Hotnony- mie., as that ill is good, for ■rd. are good, but ills are t* J'toyja. The fallacy confifts in the word 7a J'ioyja^ which fignifies fometknes necef- larily inevitable, fometimes beneficial.
2. By Amphibolic., as ric 'tto-
hiiMOHf j which fignifies either that the Enemies would take me, or that I would take the Enemies.
3. By CompofitionpSi roihu/jaiSra/ }ia9n(Am' liacPL- (eifi that he who fits can walk, which is true in a divided fenfe, not in a compounded.
4. Divifion j ' as five' are two and three, therefore even and odd.
5. By Afcent^ . which is not fo eaCly done in Logick as in Poetry.
6. By figure of the iwrd., when things which are not the lame, are Interpreted in the fame man¬
ner, as a Male for a Female.
d Sophifms out of the word are leven. i. Prom ^ (~ap. 4? accident., when that which is demanded is equal¬ ly competent to the thing, and to the accident ; for whereas many things are competent to the fame, it is not necefiary that they be all in the fubjeQ; and Pr3Edicate,as, if Coxifcus differs from a Alan, he differs f7'om himfelf, for he is a Alan.
2. Prom that which is Smple., or when
that which is faid in part is taken as of all, as, if that which is not, is imaginative, that zohich k not, k.
3. Prom Ignorance of the Elench, wdren not underftanding the true nature of a contradiSfion, they think that to be an abfolute contradiflioii which is none, omitting either the fame refpetl: in the thing, or the fame refpeft of the lame thing, or the fimplicicity, or the tim.e. To this all Sophifms may be reduced.
4. Of the Confequent -, when we allow thole to be true Reciprocal Confequences which are not fuch, as, it k yellow, therefore it is Honeyy and the contrary, it is not yellow, therefore it is not Honey.
’y.'- Of petition of the principle, neither by re¬ quiring that to be granted, which was to be pro- ^ ved, or proving the fame by the lame^ the terms only changed j the Soul is immortal becaufe it is not fubjetl to death.
6. Of a not caufe as a Caufe, as when that is ® taken to be the Caufe of the thing or conclufiom which is caule of neither •, as Arms difiut'bPeace, therefore they are to be taken away,
7. Of Plurality of Interrogations as one, when rriany things are asked in one^ 2.1 fufi ice and Impiety^ arc they Vertues or not i
^ ^ Hitherto
248
ARIStOT L E.
VI
Hitherto of Elenchs; the four other Ends whereto a Sophift endeavours to reduce his ad- verlary, are, falfity^ Paradox, Solcecifm, and Tautology.
Sophilms are folved cither by diflinaton or negation.
Thusmuch may ferve for a flight view of his hogick, whereof we have but few Books left, in refpeO: of the many which he wrote upon that part of Philofophy.
a Metaphyf.
5-
i.
THE
SECOND PA R T.
CHAP. I.
Of fhyjich
O T to queftion the method of Arl- fiotle's Books of Phyfick, much lefs their Titles (as fbme, to make them , better agree with Laertius'^s Cata¬ logue, have donej and lead of all their Autho¬ rity, viith P at rkiu S', we (hall take them in that Order which is generally received ^ according to which, next hogick, is placed Phyfick.
a Phyfick is a Science concerning that fub- ftance which hath the principle of Motion and Reft within it felf
The Phyfical Books of Arifiotle, that are ex¬ tant, treat of thefe nine general heads. Of the Principles of natural things : Of the common af~ feSions of natural things : Of Heaven : Of Ele¬ ments : Of the AUion and Pajfion of Elements : Of Exhalation : Of Plants ; Of Animals : Of the Soul.
rural Bodies i two contrary 5 Privative and Eorm', and one common fubjeft of both.
Matter. The conftitutive Principles are Matter and Form; of privation Bodies confiftnot, but accidentally, as it is con^etentto Matter. ’ - c Things are made of that which is Ens po.* tentially,AI^r^m prima,mt of that which is Ens a£lually,nor of that which is Non ens potentii- ly, which is pure nothing. / Matter is neither^ ^ generated nor corrupted. It is the firft infinite fubjedl of every thing, whereof it is framed pri¬ marily, in its felf and not by accident, and into which it at laft refolveth. To treat of Form m general, is proper toMetaphyficks.
b c.ip. $•
CHAP. II.
Of the Principles of Natural Bodies.
a Fhyf. lib. i. H E Principles of Natural Bodies are not 3* 4. i one, 2LS Parmenides md Melijfusheld', noi Hotnoiomerias, as Anaxagoras ; nor Atomes, as Leucippus and Democritus nor- fenfible Ele¬ ments, as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Empedocles ; nor Numbers, or Figures, as the Pythagoreans, nor Ideas, as Plato.
b That the Principles of things axe Contrary (privately oppofite) was , the joynt opinion of the Ancients, and is manifeft in Reafbn. For Prin¬ ciples are thofe which neither are mutually of one another, nor of others, but of them are all things. Such are, firft, contraries ; as being firft, they arc not of any other ; as contrary, not of another. ’
c Hence it follows, that being contrary they muft be more than one, but not Infinite, for then natural things would not be comprehenfible by Reafon.- yet more than two ; for of contraries only nothing would be produced, but that they would rather deftroy one another. i Cap. 7. ^ There are therefore three Principle^ of Na-
c Cap. tf.S
CHAP. IIP
Of Nature, and the Caufes of Natural Bodies.
OF Being, fomefe by Nature, as Plants, a pm. B a others from other caufes thofe have in cap. i. themfelves the principle of their Motion, thefe have not. Nature is a Principle andCaufe of the *
motion and reji of that thing wherein it as prima- r ily, by it felf, and not by accident. Material Subjiances have Nature-, Natural Pr^erties are according to Nature: Nature is twofold. Matter and Form ; but Form is moji Nature, becaufe it is in AH.
b Of are fom- kinds-, the Mditcxvad, ofb caf. ^
which a thing ts made ; the Formal, by which a ‘ thing is made, or reafon of its E fence ; The Effi. cient, whence is the firft Principle of its mutati¬ on or reft, as aFather -, the Fiml, for which end it is made -, as health is to walking. Caufes are immediate or remote, principal accidental *, a£l:ualor potential; particular univerfal.
Fortune WChance are Caufes of many effeUs. ■ Cap. ^ Fortune is an accidental Caufe in thofe things which are done byEleHion for fome end-. Chance is larger ; an accidental cauje in things which are done for fomegnd, at leaft that of Nature.
They are both efficient.
Nature
Pa r t. VI.
A k. l [ 0 1 E.
249
d Cap. 8. J Nature aBs for fame end •. not temcrar 'i- oujly.^ or cafually ^ for thofe things which are done by nature.^ are always or for the moji part done in the fame manner.,* yet fometimes fie is f rated of her end., as in Monfers., lohich jfte intends not.
c Cap. 9. e Neceflity is twofold : abfolute, which is from matter-.^ Conditional, zvhich is jrom the end or form : both kinds are in natural things.
CHAP. IV.
Of the AffeUions of Natural Bodies., Alotion, Place, Time.
A of a thing which is not filch, but
may befuch, the way or a£l by which * it becometh fuch, as curing of a Body which is not in health, but may be in health, is the way and a£l by which it is brought to health. Neither is it abfurd, that the fame thing flaould be both in aftand power, as to different relpecfs^ for the thing moved, as Water in warming is in aH, as to the heat which it hath, in power, as to the great- • er heat which it is capable of.
i Cap. 7. ^ Infinite is that which is pertranfible with¬
out end, fuch an infinite in tfc? there is not; not amongft fimple Bodies, for the Elements are con¬ fin’d to certain number and place ; Neither amongft mixt Bodies, for they confift of the Elements which are finite. But, there are things infinite potentially, as in addition-. Number, which may be augmented infinitely, in divifwn •, Magnitude, which may be divided infinitely in time, and continued fucceffion of Genera¬ tion.
eijb.^.cap.i. properties of place are,- that it con-
, tains the thing placed : that it is equal to, and leparable from the thing placed : that the place and the thing placed are together ; Thatithdxh. upwards or downwards , and the like differen¬ ces : that every Phyfical Body tends naturally to its proper place, and there reftetli.
Place is the immediate immovable Super¬ ficies of a continent Body. Thole things which are contained by another Body are in place ;
^ But thofe which have not any other Body a-
bove or beyond them, are not properly in place. Bodies reft in their natural places, becaule they tend thither as a part torn off ftom the whole.
d Cap. f. d Vacuum is place void of Body : fuch a Vacuum there is not in Nature, for that would deftroy all motion, feeing that in YacuumxPiciz is neither upwards nor downwards, backwards liov forwards. Nor would there be any realon, why Motion ftiould be to one part more than to another. Moreover it would follow, that it were impoflible for one body to make another recede, if the triple dimenfion, which bodies divide, were vacuous. Neither is the motion of rare bodies upwards caufed by vacuity, for that mo¬ tion is as natural to light bodies, as to move dovt^nvvards is too heavie.
e Cap. 10. 1 1. ^ number of motion by before and
* after. Thole two parts of Time are conjoyn- » edby (ri vm) the prefent, as the parts of a line are by a point. Time is the mealiire of reft as well as of motion; for the fame meafure
which ferves for the privation, ferves for the ha¬ bit. All motion and mutation is in time : for in every motion there is fwiftnefs or llownefs, which is defined by Time. The Heavens, Earth,
Sea, and other fenfibles, are in time, for they are movable.
f Time helng a numerate number, exifts not/c^A 14; without a numerant, which is the Soul. The meafure of time and other things, is that which meafureth the firft and moft equal motion: this is the motion of the Primum mobile, for the firft in every kind is the meafure of the reft.
CHAP. V.
Of the Kinds and Properties of Motion.
^ A appertains to three Categories, to ^ph^r /. 5T JLVJL Qtiantity, aecretion txvA diminution -, to cap. 2', * ' Quality, alteration', to Where, local motion.
Reji is a privation of motion in a body, when, where, and how it is" apt for motion.
h As all magnitude is primarily, and per fe, b Lib. i.cap.tl continuous and divilible into infinity, fo is all motion, by reafon of magnitude, and time i,t felf.
For whatfoever i^ot compofedof indivilibles, is divilible into infinite 5 but no continuous thing is coinpofed of indivilible things , for it is quan¬ titative, whereas indivilibles having no extreams or parts, can neither be conjoyned % continuous nor contiguous motion.
_ c Yet it followeth not, that if there be infi^ c cap. 2.' nite magnitude, there can be no motion •, for it is not infinite in aft, but in power, as are like- wife time and motion.
^ i/J^either is there any motion in the inftant, c^;>. 5;
TO v\m for nothing is moved or refteth,but in time.
. e Motion therefore is divilible, as welkin re- e Cap. 4. Ipeft to the time, wherein it is made, as in re- fpeft to the, thing wherein it inheres-, as both thefe are always indivilible, fo may motion it fqlf be divided according to thefe.
f Whatfoever is changed, as foon as it is/ cap. 5, changed, muft neceflarily be in the (next) term to whifh, for it leaveth the ftate or form in which it was, and alTumeth that to which it tendeth 5 yet tho’ in motion, there is a firft motion of perfeftion, wherein we may truly fay, the mu¬ tation is made, yet there is no firft motion of inception.
g Whatfoever is moved m any whole rime, 5 Cap. is necelTarily moved in every part of that time.
h All motion is finite, for it is in time, whidi b cap. is finite.
Whatfoever is thus proper to motion, is to be applied allb to reft and quiefcence.
CHAP. VI. Of the firjl Mover.
a
WHatIbever is moved muft neceflarily be a Uh. fdap. i* moved by another, either external or 2> 7*.
internal. But left this progrelfion be into infi¬ nite, we muft of neceflity at laft come to one firft mover, which is not moved by another.
This firft mover, the Caufe and Origen of all motion, is Immoveable, one, eternal, and indiviji- ble, void of all quantity.
1 2 ' bint-
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