Part VI

Co I legion of Arts 12, . ■
Art I.
Another Art 1.
Col legion 2. /
Of Eahulous Livittg Creatures t. Med'ii'ine 2. .’'‘i
Memorials v.\'. 1
Encyclicks 2. .■ ■■ . . i
Inordinate lii.,' .
Expounded by their Genus 14. DoHrines i.
Froverbs i. . In all 4
. Epiftles."
Philip and Alexander 4. i Th Antipater 3.
To Mentor i;,
To Arifto I.
Olympias ;i* >
T
T
To _ Philoxenus - 1 , , , , In,- all i p.
Againft the ancient Philofophers.
OUT of Plato’j Taws 2, '
Out i?/Plato’x Commonwealth 2. Okt of Tima^us and Archytas their Writings i. ' "
Troblems out of Democritus ,2.
Meliflus I. , ' \
Againji Alcmxon i.
Againji Gorgias r;
Againji Xenophanes 1.
Againji Zeno ■ i. • • - - Of the Fhilofophy of Archytas 3.
Of the Fhilofophy of Speufippus and Xenocrates i. In all i p.
The Sum of all thefe Books, excepting the Epiftles,is 513. Laertius reckons them to be near 400. perhaps acounting the fcveral Books that are upon the fame fubje£lfor one. But ofthele the greateft part is*loft, and of many that are extant the titles altered of the^ extant ■ there are only thefe ,
Logickv
CAtegories i.
Of .Interpretation 1,
Virji Amlyticks’ 2.
Second Analytieks i,- Topicks 8.
Eienchs 1.
Phylick.
OF 'Natural Aufc ultnt ion 8.
Of Heaven^.
Of Generation and Corruption z.
Of Meteors 4.
Of the World ^.JufpeUei. - Of the Soul 3.
Of Senfe and Senfibles i.
Of Memory and Reminifcence i.
Of Sleep andvoaking i.
Of Dream i.
Divination by Dreams i.
Of the motion of Living Creatures r. Of the length and fhortnefsofLife i* Of youth and age fife aytd death'' i. Of Refpiration i., -L
Of the going of Animals t . *
Of Breath i.
Of the generation of Animals 5^
Of thefarts of Animals U
TheHiJioryof Animals 10.
Of Colours I. 4
Of Fhyfiognomy li . , '
Spurious 2. '
Ethicki
EThick^ to Nicomachus io Great Ethick 2. . .. . Ethick to Eudemus 7. " v . Of Vertues ’ . ' . ^ . . Oeconomick 2. .11 ' ^
Folitick Si C: ' . ’
i '. . I
Metaphyficki .
C'.x\ V : i
MEtaphyfick 1 1^..
Of t he abjirufe part ofDivijte wijdqm according to the .Egyptians, Tranflated out of Arabick y but lufpcfted to beipurlous, 1 4-
¥
Mathematicks. . ...
'Athematicks 2.
Mechanick i. . . .
Of infe cable Linesi .
Phylologicksi . •
.* ’.V V. j
R He t Click 3.
Rhet crick to Alexander u
Foe tick 1.
,i
Extraordinary.
PRoblems 38. .
Wonjiei's 1.
Of Zenophanes •, Zeno and Gorgias I. . - .
Befides thefe, there are many other Books eked for his,under. thefe titles,
Magick^ Laert. Prostm-.
Epitome of Or at ours., Laert. Ariftip!. Of Beans., Laert. Pythag.
Of Mixtion., AAAot. defenfu.cap. 3. Of Sapors., Arifl. de fenfu. cap. 4. Fhyfical Hyfiory.,kxALi de inceft. A- nimal. cap. 2.
Of Nutriment^ Arid, de Somno, cap. 3.
Seleblion of Contraries., Arift. Me-, taph. lib. 3. cap. 2.
Divifion of Contraries., Arift. Me- taph. lib. 10. c. 3.
Of Oppofites , Simplic. in cap. de Oppofit. Comm. 8.
QolleUkn
241
ARISTOTLE.
Part. VI.
Collegian of Pythagorick Opinions j Simplic. in lib. 2. ds Coelo. Com. 4.
Of Ideas, Alexand. in lib. i. Metaphyf.
Comm. 5p. where he cites the fourth Book, tho’ Laertius, but one, as if there were no more.
Of Enunnciation, Alexand. in lib. 4. Metaphyf. Com. 25. 82:44.
Homeric al Liffi-culties. 6.
Of Platonick affertions, Plut. contra. Colot
Eudemus, Plut Confol. ad Apollon.
Of Drunkcnnefs, Plut. Sympofiac. 3. Athe^- rneus cites the tenth Book hereof.
Animal, or of Yiftes, Athen. Deipn. 7.
Of living Creatures, and of things pertaining to living Creatures, Athen.
Of the manners of living Creatures, Athen*
Of Pheafants, Athen.
Of Conjanguinity, Athen.
Of wonderful Luxury, Athen.
Apology, Athen.
Hijiones, Athen.
Barbarous JuriJ dictions.
Of Audtbles, Porphyr. Comm, in Ptol.
Mus. Proclus in Timscum Plat.
The Cohabitant, Proclus. Proasm. in Repub. Platon.
&so\oyv(Aiva,^ Macrob. Saturnal. lib. i.
Of INature, Qem. Alexandrin. Strom, lib. 6,
We fhall not add the Peplus cited by Nicepho- rus, ai^d the ChrU by Stobauf, under his Name^ lince it is manifeft they belong not to the lame Ariftotle, as Pairic'tus hath evinced.
Thefe Books Arijiotle gave to Theophraflus, when he made him his Succeflbr in the School, as Strabo affirmeth ^ adding, that Ariflotle was the firft we know of, that made a Library, which • the ^Egyptian Kings learned (5f him to do. Theo-
phrafhis bequeathed all his Books to Nelius a Scepfian, who carried them to Scepfis, and dying, left them to his Heirs, men of no Learning, who only kept them confufedly lock’d up : And when they underftood what care was taken by the At- taltick Kings (in whofe Jurifdi6:ion Scepfis was) to make a Library in Pergamus,thQY hid them in a hole under ground [where they continu’d about 130 years] by which means they receiv’d fome injury by the Wet and Worms. At laft, fome that were defcended from Ariflotle and Theo- phrajius, fold them to Apellico a Teian, [who, according to Athenxus, was made free of the Ci¬ ty of Athens, a perfpn very rich, who, befides many other Libraries, bought this of Ariflotle , being himfelf a Lover of Peripatetick Philofo- phy3 for a great fum of Money. This Apellico was more a lover of Books, than ol Learning j fo that becaule they had received fome injury, he cauled them to be Tranlcibed, fupplying the defefls not rightly, and by that means put them forth full of faults. The Ancient Peripateticks that fucceeded Theophraflus, wanting Books, as having but very few, and thofe Exoterick, could not treat cxaftly upon part of Philofophy. They that lived later, after that thefe Books were publilhed, had much greater helps to Philolb- phy and the imitation of Ariflotle, although by leafon of the infinite faults they were forced to lay many things by guefs. Hereunto Rome con¬ duced not a little , fe)r (foon after the death of
Apellico, Sylla taking Athens, in the fourth year
of the 173 Olympiad, feifed upon his Library, and caufing it to be carried to Rome, Tyrannip, a Grammarian, a peffon ftudious of Ariflotle obtained leave of the Library keeper to be per¬ mitted the ufe of them) the Bookfellers not having good Writers, and not comparing well the Copies, it occafioned many faults, as well in thofe Books that were at Rome, as in tliofe Tranferibed and fold into Alexandria. Plutarch adds, that from this Tyrannic, Andronicus the had them, who firft made them publick Petting forth thofe Volumes, which, faith he’ we have. ’
Thus Strabo and Plutarch j Athemus faith that ICelius fold them to Ptolemocus PhiladelpU- usflY whom they weroTranflated to Alexandria where how long they lay hid is uncertain, which Library i6qs afterwards burned hyfurms Cafar,
CHAP. XVIL
His Commentators.
NO fooner were the Writings of At'ifl9tle communicated to the World, but they were entertained with general approbation, which fome expreffed, by employing themfelves in Commenting upon them, whofe example was followed by many in all following Ages. To omit Paficrates the Rhodian,Bxoth&t of Eudemus who wrote, as Galen affirmeth, upon the Book of Categories j we fhall name in the firft place, Andronicus the Rhodian, who firft: publifhed Ariflotle' s Writings, put forth a Paraphrafe or Comment upon the greateft part of them.
Next, his Difciple Boethus, a Sidonian, took much pains in the expofition of Ariflotle le is often mentioned honourably by Ammonius and Simplicius.
Ariflo a Coan, Difciple alfo to Andronicus a Srabo affirms, living in the time of Eficias, Tyrant of Coos, is reckoned by Simplicius 3.-^ raongft the old Commentators upon Ariflotle's Categories.
Nicolaus Damafcenus, who lived in the time of Auguflus, by whom much loved, is cited by Simplicius and Averroes, as an Expofitor of Ariflotle.
Athenodorus of Tarjis, a Stoick, who lived alfo under Auguflus,^ Plutarch affirms, is cited by Simplicius, as having written upon Ariflotle^ Categories •, but rather by way of Confutation than interpretation, as did likewife Alexander JEgeus,Nerd%T\itot, mentioned by Simplicius’, Corngtus, who lived at the fame time, cited by Porphyrius and Simplicius ; Lucius and Nicoflra- tus a Macedonian, who lived under Antonins.
Sotion of Alexandria, and Achacius feem to have written upon the Categories, being often ci¬ ted by Simplicius upon that Subjeft. ^ •
Taurus tho Berifian, ^Platonick Philofbpher, living under Antonins, wrote firft concerning the difference between the Do^rioes of Plato and . Ariflotle.
H h Adraflits
242
i Suid.
c Gr£. affec.
/• 12.
A R I
sroTL E.
Part
Adraftus the Aphrodif£an^ wrote a Comment on Arifiot Ids. Categories^ and of his Phyfick, and a Book concerning the Method of his Philo- fophy.
Afpafius wrote a Comment on all Arijiotie's Works, taking particular care to reftore the Text, to which end he is often quoted by Sim¬ plicius and Boetius, There is Comment upon fonie Books , of the EtbicAs extant under his Name.
lierminus fomewhat later, feems to have written upon all, or the greater part of Ari- otic’s Works, cited by all the Greek Commen¬ tators that are extant, and by Boetius.
Alexander the Aphrodifcean^ who lived under Antoniuyzn^ 'Severus^ wrote upon t\\Q Analy- ticks^ Topicks and Elenchs, whence ftiled by the latter Interpreters, theExpoGtor.
Galen^ who lived at the fame tlhe, wrote three Books upon Arijiotle of Interpretation^ four Books upon the firlt of the firft Analiticy four upon the fecond of the firft, fix upon the firft of the fecond AnalaCtick^ five upon the fe¬ cond.
b Atticus a Blatonick Philofopher, befides leven Books, wherein he proved tlnto and Arijiotle to be of the fame Sefl, contrary to the Affertion of Taurus ^ he wrote dlfo a Dia¬ logue upon the Categories Q%t2Lnt, (even Books upon the Categories, cited by Simplicius^ a Com¬ ment upon the Book of Interpretation, cited by Boetius. “Not to mention what he wrote upon Arijiotle de Anima, fince it appears from Suidas, that it was rather by way of Oppofiti- on than Expofition, which e Theodoret likQWiih confirms. .
Jamhlicus of Calfis in Ccelofyria, Matter to Julian the Emperor, wrote in an abftrufe way upon the Book of Categories.
Dexippus, by fome thought to be Son of Jamhlicus, wrote a Dialogue on the Categories, extant.
Maximus a Byzantine, Difciple of Jamhli- cus, wrote Com’uentaries on the Categories, and other Books of Arijiotle, as Simplicius and Sui- das affirm.
Tlutarch the younger fon of Nejiorius flou- riffling under Valentinian the firtt, Grecian and Theodojius the firft, according to Suidas and Philoponus, wrote Commentaries upon fome Books of Arijiotle.
Syrianus, finamed the Great, of Alexan¬ dria, a Phil lopher, who flouriffied under Ar- cadius, Honorius, Theodojius the fecond, and Valentinian the fecond. Wrote Commentaries upon Arijiotle's Books of Nature-, of Motion, of Heaven, and upon the Categories, cited by Simplicius and Philoponus. Likewife up#n the
Second, Fifth and Sixth Book of Metaphyjicks, which are extant.
Olympiodorus an Alexandrian, who derived himfelf from Ammonius Saccus, and was con¬ temporary to Plutarch and Syrianus, wrote up¬ on Arijiotle's Meteors, extant. He was later than that Olympiodorus, who writ upon Plato.
Themijiius, Living, according to Suidas, un* der Julian and Jovian, wrote a Paraphrafe upon Arijiotlds Phyfick, eight Books j a Pa¬ raphrafe on the Analyticks, two Books ^ upon his Books of the Soul, feven Books. Of the Scope and Title of the Book of Categories, one Book,
■ Proclus, Difciple of Syrianus, wrote two Books concerning Motions, wherein he made an abftraft of Arijiotle’s fecond Book of Motion. That he wrote alfo upon his Book of Hea¬ ven, and the Elements, may be conjeflured from the frequent Citations of Simplicius.
Marinus^ko fiicceeded Proclus in the School, feemcth to have written fomcthing upon Ari- fiotle’s Book of the Soul, being often cited up¬ on that Subjeft by Philoponus.
Ammonius Mermonaus wrote upon Arijiotle's Categories, and upon his Book of Interpretati¬ on, both which are extant -, as likewife upon his Books of the Soul, cited by Philoponus.
Ptamafcius, a Platonick Philofopher, Difci¬ ple to Asnmonius, befides what he wrote in Con¬ futation of Arifiotle concerning Time, epito¬ miz’d the four firft, and the eighth Bo^ of his Phyfick, and the firft Book of Heaven. To thefe add
Philoponus and Simplicius, and Afclepius', Difciple to Ammonius.
Johannes Damafcenus, whofe Compendium of Arijiotle's Logick and Phyfck are extant ; he lived about the year 770.
Eujirathius wrote upon feme of the Nichoma- chian Ethicks -, and Eujiratius upon his Book concerning Demonftration.
Michael Pfellus, about the year 800. and Michael Epejius, \yponih.Qparvanaturalia.
Magentinus upon the Categories,^xA the Book of Interpretation.
Nicephorus Blemmydes (under Johannes ducal) upon the Logick and Phyfick.
Georgius Plachymerius and Theodorus Meto- chita lived about the year 1080. and wrote Epi- toms extant.
Of Arahick Commentators were Avicenna 2xA Averroes about the year raid.
The later Writers it will be unneceflary to mention, there being a Catalogue of them annexed to Arijiotle's Works of the Paris Editi¬ on.
AKISTOT LEs
fevR T. VI.
A KIS TOT LE.
243
AKlSTOTLEs Epiflles.
T(7 Philip 1.
THey who undertake a Command for the good of their SubjeQs, not preferred thereunto, either by Fortune or Nature, truft not in their own Power, which they know fub- jeft unto Chance, but grow great in Virtue, whereby they order the Commonwealth wifely. For there is nothing amongft men lb firm and folid, but the rapid Motion of the Sun.changeth it e’er the Evening. Nature, if we enquire into tlfe truth, varieth all Lives, interweaving them like the adion of a Tragedy with Misfortunes. Men, like Flowers, have a let time wherein they Flourilh and Excel others. Wherefore behave not your lelf - towards Greece Tyrannically or Loofely, for one argues Petulance, the other Te¬ merity. Wife Princes ought not to be admired for their Government, but Governance ; fo that tho’ Fortune change, they (hall have the lame Praife. As for the rett, do all things well, pre¬ ferring the health of your Soul, by Philofophy, that of your Body by Exercife.
To Philip
2.
MOft Philofophers alTert Beneficence to be Ibmething equal to God. To Ipeak the truth, thewhole Life of Mankind is comprifed an conferring and returning Benefits. So as feme bellow, others receive, others return. Hence it is juft to commiferate all that are in Adverfity, for Pity is the fign of a mild Soul, ftemnefs of a Rude, it being difhonefl: and impious to ij^gleS: Vertue in Misfortunes. For this I commend our Difciple Theophrajim, who faith, we never re¬ pent of doing good ^ it brings forth good Fruit, the Prayers and Praifes of the obliged. Wife Men therefore mull ftudy to oblige many, think¬ ing that, befides the Praife, there may fome ad¬ vantage accrue from hence in the change of Af¬ fairs, and if not all, at leall fome one of thofe to whom he hath done good, may be in a capaci¬ ty to requite him. For this reafon, endeavour to be ready in doing good, but give not way to your Paflions, for that is Kingly and-Civil, this Bar¬ barous and Odious. As you fee occafion, pra- ftife and negle£l not this ufeful Advice.
To Philip 3.
TH E moll excellent Princes, whole Honour toucheth the Stars, have conferred moft Benefits,and not accommodating their fway only to the prefent, but conlidering the inftability of Fortune, have treafured up good deeds as ufe¬ ful in either condition. In Prolperity it procures
them Honour, for Honour iS proper to Vertue ^ in Adverfity Relief, lor Friends are much better tried in bad Fortune, than in good. The fight of Benevolent Perfons are like to that of Land to Men in a Storm. All Fortune apt to defert us, is the true fcope which they propofe to them- felves, who war, or do unjuftly, or comply di- Ihoneltly, only the clearnefs of virtuous perfons is not unacquainted with the Inftability of For¬ tune, but, by Reafon fuflaining all Accidents, and being, as Flato faith, above them, they are never dilordered. Take heed therefore of the ra¬ pid motion of things •, look upon them as a Circle which reverts into it felf ^ call up the Ac¬ counts of Life, for Chance irnpofeth many things upon Life, and maketh our Inclinations follow it. Pardon thofe that Offend Ignorantly- be ready to Acquit thofe that do Good. This, if you perform not once, but continually, your Court will be fecure from all danger. This, conlidering the greatnefs of the things I have faid, is but little, but, conlidering the Perfon to whom I write, All.
To Alexander 4.
I Am in doubt how to begin, for upon what- foever I refleO:, all feems great and wonder¬ ful, not fit to be forgotten, but proper for re¬ membrance, and exhortation, not to be defaced by time. Good precepts and exhortations of Maftcrs have Eternity for their Spe£lator. En¬ deavour to make ufe of your power, not to op- prefs, but to oblige others, than which nothing can be greater in Man’s Life. Mortal Nature, which often yieldeth, and is overcome by Fate, obtaineth Eternal Memory by the greatnefs of fuch works. Confider this well 5 you are not unreafonable as Ibme are, who thir^ good ad¬ vice ridiculous. Your .Oefeent is Honourable, your Kingdom Hereditary, your Learning found, your Glory Admirable ^ and as much as you ex¬ ceed others in the Goods of Fortune, fo ought you to be excellent among the Good in Vertue. In fine, do that which is profitable, and finilh. what you defign.
•
To Theophraftus 5.
A Sudden Injury is better than a flow Benefit, for the remembrance and harm of that lafts but a while, but this groweth old, as if it hated to Build a Work to Perpetuity, and many times deferring what we intend to bellow upon another, he meets with a calm elfe-where, which allays the Tempcft of his Mind. Wherefore I lay, mutual Society ought not only to do no wrong, but if any be received, to be ready to forgive it, for perhaps to do no wrong is above the power of Man. As for him who hath erred, to make ufe of reproof’ is the property of a good well-feated Judgment.
Hh 3
THE
i
THE
DOCTRINE
O F
A RI S T O T L E.
. . . ■ ■ „ j
The First Palt.
*
C H A P. I. .
Of Philofophy in General^ ^nd particHlarly of DIALECTIC K*
H E Philofophy of Atifotle is well ■ known, many abftra8;s thereof have N been publifhed, many are read daily JH in Univerfities by publick ProfelpDrs ; yet will it be requifite to our defign, to give a Ihort account thereof, that it may appear where¬ in the Doftrine and Method ol the ’Feripate- ticks is different from that of the Academicks and Stoicks.
Lmi, ‘ Phi/ofophy^ according to Ariftotle, is twofold^ PraUick and Theoretick. To the PraUick belongs • Ethick and Politick', this, concerning the well orde?'ing of a City : That, of aUoufe. To the The¬ oretick belongs Phyfick andTogick-, but Togick is not properly a part thereof but a nioji expedi¬ ent Injirument.
Of Logick he ajferled two ends, probable and true ', for each he makes ufe of two Yaculties, Di¬ ale flick and Rhetorick for the probable •, Analy- tick ctnd Philofophy for the true, omitting nothing towards Invention, Judgment and Ufe, For In- . vention.fis Topicks and Alethodics afford a plenti¬ ful fupply, out of which may be taken Problems for probable Arguments. For Judgment, his. firji and fecond Analy ticks ; in the Jirfl, Propofitions are examined-, in the fecond, he treats exaflly of their compofition, and the form of Syllogifm. To Ufe, belongs his Agonificks, and his Books con- o cerning Interrogation, and his Er flicks, and his Sophi flick Elenchs, and of Syllogifjis, and the like. Hitherto Laertius.
Of his Logick we have only thefe Books re¬ maining, Of Categories, of Interrogation, Analy- ticks, Topicks, and Sophifiick Elenchs. The firft confiders fimple Terms : The lecond, Propofiti¬ ons: The xdASyllogfms, Demonflrative, Diale- flick, and Sophifiick. The Categories are placed firft by the general confent of all Interpreters .* neither is it to be doubted, but that the reft are difpofed according to the genuine Method of b Ub. c. 2. Ariflotle. For, in the beginning of his Ana¬ ly ticks, he faith, We mujl f peak of Syllogifm be¬ fore we come to fpeak of Demonflration, becaufe
Syllogifm is the more general. And in his c £- c Ct'i. a, lenchs: Of Didafcalick and demonflrative Syllo- gifms.^ we have fpoken already in the Analyticksi 0/ the Dialefiick and PyraUick, in the Book im¬ mediately preeeding thefe : We come now to fpeak of the Agoniflick and Eriflick.
CHAP. ir. of Terms,
Erms are of three kinds, Homonymous,^ ^ ^ Synonymous, and Paronymous. Homo¬ nymous, whole name only is common, their Ef fence divers : Synonymous, whofe name and de- finition are common to either ; Paronymous have denomination from the fame thing, but differ in cafe or termination.
Synonymous, (or Univocal) terms, are redu¬ ced to ten general heads, called Categories.
1. + Subflance, of two kinds: Firfl, which*
is raoft properly Subftance, is neither prsedica-, ’ ‘ ted of nor inherent in a SubjeQ:. Second,Subflan- ces are Species and Genus’s, which fhbfift in the firft. The properties of firft-fubftances are, i.
Neither to be in, nor predicated of a SubjeQ:.
2. To be all liibftances equally. 3. To lignifie this particular thing. 4. To have no contrary.
5. To admit no degrees of more of more or left. 6. To be fufceptible of contraries.
2. ^ ^antity, of two kinds ; Difcrete, as’^^'^f’* Number ; Continuous, as a Line. Their pro¬ perties, I* To have no contraries. 2.. Toap-
mit no degrees of more or left. 3.d To deno¬ minate things equal or unequal.
3. t Relatives, whofe whole being is in fome , manner effeOied towards one another ^ their pro ' perries, i. To have contraries, as Father and Son. 2. To admit degrees of more and left, as in kindled. 3. To follow one another mutually.
4. To be naturally together,
5. polity.
Fart. VI.
AKI STOT LE.
mmta
345
f (:.ip. 2.
/ Cap.
g Cup. 10.
e 4. Qualify, from which things are denomi- mtQ-i ^Kalited : It hath four kinds, i. Habit and Difpofition. 2. Natural Eoicer and linpo- tence. r^. Eaffible^uilities 2iVAEdljions. Porm and ' The Properties, i. To have contra¬
ries as black and white. 2. To admit intenfion or remifiion. 3. To denominate things, like or unlike.
f 5. Abliort. 6.'PafJion. Their Properties are, to admit contraries, to admit degrees of inten¬ fion or remilTion.
7. When. 8. Where, p. Vofttion- 10. Habit. Thefe admit not contraries, nor degrees of inten¬ fion or remil^ion.
Of thofe'Mch cannot he reduc’d to any cer¬ tain Category^l'e i.OppoJites and 2. Precedents. ■3. Co .equals. 4. l\lotwn. 5. PoJJ'effion.
g Of Oppofitions there are four kinds,R^/^7//wx, Contraries., Extreams in the fame kind, as black and white. Privatives, as privation and habit, light and darknefs : Contradihlories, w^hich affirm and deny, as learned, not learned.
C H A P. III.
Of Propofition. .
T yOice is a fign of the Notions of the mindi y as in the mind are two kinds of Intel- ieftion, one fimple, expert of truth and falfity, the other either true or falfe : So in voice, fbme is fimple, fome complex.
3 Cap. 2. ^ ^ Noun is a Voice lignifying according to
inllitution, whereof no part is fignificant by it leif
c Cap. 3. c A Verb is a Voice implying time, whereof no part is fignificant by it felf. d Cap. 4. d A Speech^^ Voy@-^ is a voice fignifying ac¬ cording to inftitution, whole parts are fignificant feparate.
Of Speech, the enunciative only (called pro¬ pofition) belongs to Philolbphy, the precatory and imperative, toRhetorick, Poetry, Cle. t Cap. 5. e Propofitions are divided four ways •, into fimple and complex., into affirmative and negative'., mio univerfal.,particularfindefinite and fingular-, mto pure and modal', the modal is either necefjiu ry,poffihle, co/ftingent, or impoffible. f Cap, 1 2. f Propofitions have three ' ConfeUation, Converfion.
Ojipoftion is either contradifilory of a particu¬ lar to an univerfal j or contrary, of an univerfal to an univerfal j or fub contrary, of a particular Negative to a particular Affirmative.
ConfeUation, or .$quipollens, is
the Confideration of thofe Affeblions of a Pro- T^ofition, in refpefl whereof^ two Propofitions fignifie together the fame thing, and are together true or Talfe.
Converfion is a tranfpofition of the Terms, preferving the Affirmation, Negation, and veri ly of the Propofition: It is either Abfblute,
CHAP. IV.
Of Syllogifm.
a Q^llogifm is a Speech, in which fome things O being laid down, another neceffarily fol¬ lows. Perfebi Syllogifm IS ihditwVKh. requireth no other to (hew its power, clearnefs,and effica¬ cy. Imperfebl requires another to that purpofe* by Converfion, or tranfpofition of the Propofi- tions.
b The Matter of Syllogifm is three Terms, the form is the right Difpofition of the Matter, according to Figure and Mood.
figure is an apt difpofition of the Medium with the extreams, apt for concluding a right. Mood is a difpofition of Propofitions, according to quantity and quality. There are three Fi¬ gures.
The firft, when the Medium is firft Subjebd, then Predicate. It hath nine.Moods, four Ufeful, five Ufelefs and Illegitimate •• Of the Ufeful, two are Univerfal, two prticular.
a 'Analyt.prhri
lib. I, cap. t.
b Cap.
The firft.
fecond-
The third.
Every A Is B- ' Every C ts A.
Therefore every C is B,
No A is B- ' Every C is A. Therefore no C
is
a
Every A is B.
'Some C is A- Therefore fome C is B,
^ No A is B.
The fourtli >Some C is A.
^Therefore fome C A_B.
c In the feebnd Figure, the Medium is Pree- dicated of both the Extreams. It hath id Moods, ^ 4 true, 12 falfe and Illegitimate. Of the true, two are univerfal, two particular.
^No M is N.
The firft. } Every O is N.
^Therefore no 0 is M.
( Every M is N The lecond. )NoO is N.
iTherefore no O /V M.
VNo M is N.
The third.
LTherefore fome O is not N.
f Every M is N.
The fourth. O is not N.
C Therefore fome O is not M.
d In the third Figure, the Medium is Sub-
-.u' u /• "1 y- . . jefifed to both Extreams. It hath id Moods, 10
which reierves the fame quantity, but alters the f^ife and Illegitimate j d Legitimate, which quality; or Partial, which referves not the' conclude particularly, lame Quantity. ^
The
Cap. 5.
d Cap. 5.
i
i
246
A JX I ^ 1 U 1 Ly Uy.
r A R T. VI*
The firft.
f Every P is jR.
3 Every P is S. (Therefore fame P is S.
e Cdp. 23.
By it felf as being of Eflence, proper, com- petible per /?, and competible to it felf, for it felf.
An univerfal Attribute is that which is in every one by it felf, in as much as it is it felf.
d Demonjirationis of conclufions eternal d cap. 8. truth f 01 they are univerfal propofitions ^ whence it followeth, that neither demonfiration nor Science are of perifhable things ^ neither are de¬ finitions of fuch, which are the principles of de- monftration.
That there is demonftration, it is not neceffa- ry to have recourfe to Plato'^s Idea’s feparate from fingulars ^ it is enough that there are common natures which are in fingulars, and are prasdica- ted of them.
e It is one thing to know that a thing is fb, another to know why it is fb. Hence there are * two kinds of demonftration,. and ot/^ the firft is the true, and moft perfeQ:, of which hi¬ therto.
/ The other kind of demonftration, viz. 13,
is more imperfeft ^ it is made two ways in the fame Science: Firft, when the cafe is demonftra- . Every Syllogifm ought to be framed in one j ted by the effea thus. Stars which do not twin- of thefe three Figures ^ but ihofe of the fecond ‘ are neareji to the Earth-, but,: the Planets
cNo P is R.
The ktond.
CTherefore fome S is not R.
fSome P is R.
' Tlie third. ^Every P is S.
f Therefore fome S is R.
, Every P is R.
The fourth. 3 P is S.
^Therefore fome S is R.
{Some P is not R.
The fifth.
^Therefore fome S is not R.
R.
fNo P is
The fifth.
CTherefore fome S is not R.
S.
and third being imperfeft, ought to be reduced ‘ da not twinkle, therefore they are earneji to the to the firft, which is the moft abfolute and per- j Earth. Secondly, when the effeH is proved by a
i caufe remote, and not reciprocal, or by an efte£l
f Annul. Prior, f There are fix other Forms of Argument,! of the remote caufe, as this, every thing that
of Terms, InduUion, Example, Ab-\breathethis a living creature-, but nolVall breaths, duHion, Injiance, Enthymem. All thefe hzv^ ^ref ore no Wall is a living Creature. their Efficacy from the power of Syllogifm, and To know TtW,, is proper to fubalternate prin-
are reducible to Syllogifm.
As concerning the invention, power, and con- verfion of Syllogifin, he is exa£f and curious to admiration.
a Anulyt.pojler. lib. cap. 1.
b Cup. ■2.'^
i Cap. 4.
C H A P. V. '
Of ApodeiUick (or demonflrative) Syllogifm.
^ A L L difcurfive knowledge is made by a XX pranotion of the things themfelves whereof we difeourfe ^ for ratiocination is not concerning things unknown. Demonjiration is a difcurfive knowledge, and therefore requireth three pracognitions. Firft, that the Subjeff is, and what it is in a rude confufed manner. Se¬ condly, what the pradicate is, and what it fig- nifieth. Thirdly, that the Principles are true.
b To know, is to underftand that a thing is, that this is caufe thereof, and that it cannot be othewife. Demonjiration is a fcientifick Syllo- gifiii. Demonflrative Science is from true, firft, immediate, more known caufes of theconclufion Eirfi, as having none precedent, and being ada- quateto, and convertible with the effeO:. Imme¬ diate or confeftaneouSjas having no term betwixt to joyn them- More known, as being prami- fes to theconclufion, not to be demonftrated by any thing.
- c Demonflrative Science is of a thing neceffa- ty, whence^the demohftration it felf confifts of neceffary propofitions ^ which neceffity requireth explication of that which is pradicated, of all by by it felf, and which is univerfal.
Of all, is that which is attributed to every one, and at all times, as a living creature to a man :
ciple Sciences, as Geometry and Arithmetick, which contemplate the firft proper caufes ; to know oT/, is the fubalternate and inferiour, as Optick and Mufick,
g Of all Figures, the firft is moft accommoda*^ cap. i+; ted to knowledge, for that only concludes with an univerfal affirmative, and therefore in that only is a demonflrative
h Thus far concerning Science j the oppofite i cap. ip,&e to Science is Ignorance, which is twofold : One of pure negation, as when a Boy or ignorant fellow knows not that the Sun is greater than the Earth, became he is ignorant of Aftrology.
The other, of depraved difpofition, as when an Aftrologer or ignorant Optick believes, that things are as they feem, this is error, which erroneous ignorance is in falfe propofitions, or in a Syllogifin through a falfe medium.
Defeff of Senfe caufeth Ignorance of pure negation -, for if any fenfe be wanting, it is ne- cenary that fome fcience of fenfibles be likewife wanting j for we learn all things either by in- duffion or demonftration. InduUion is made of fingulars perceived by fenfe, Demonjiration is of Univerfals, which are declared by Indu£tion ; wherefore the beginning of Science is from fin- - gulars, which are Senfibles- Hence it is Impof fible for a Man born blind to have the fcience of Colours. Yet no Science is next and imme¬ diately from Senfe, for Senfe is of Singulars, . which are here, and now •, but Science and De¬ monftration is of Univerfals, which are every where, and ever, not fubjeU to Senfe. Yet, Senfe conduceth to Science and Demonftration, for as ' much as an Univerfal is colleUed from Particu¬ lars known by Senfe,
CHAP.
PAaT VI.
AK IStOt LE.
24-7
CHAP. VI.
Of TfialeUick Syllogifm.
4 Topic* lib, !• a cap. 1.
D
CHAP. VII. ,
Of Sopf}iJiic/i Syllogifm.
N Elench\% a Syllogifm whlch.contradiQ;s ^ sophijf. the conclufion afferted by the RefponT,£/e/!c/;. cap. i :dent. Of Elenchs feme are true, fome are talfe^ that proper to a Sophos, whofe Office is to purfue
'A’
lalellick Syllogifm is that which con eludes from Probables ^ Probables are! and defend Truth^ and to difeover-and confute
c C/if- 4*
thole things which appear fuch to all, or to moft, or only to the W^ife and moft Eminent.
b DialeHick is a conjeftural Art, as Rheto- rick and Medicine •, therefore (like thofe) itat- taineth not always its end -, . it is enough for a DialeHick, that he omit nothing of his Art for concluding probablyi
Allbilputationis of things controverted
Cap.^ ^
either by Problem or Propolition. A Eroblem queftions both parts, as a living Creature^ k it the Genus of Man or not ? A Propofition que¬ ftions but one part, as, is not living Creature the genus of Man ? Every Propofition and Problem is either gemts.^ (under which is contained the difference j definition., propriwn., ox accident.
^ definition is a Speech, fignifying what a tiling is. Proprium is that which declareth, not what a thing is, but is in it only, and Recipro¬ cal with it. Genus is that which is ptccdicated, in quid., of many that differ fpecifically. Acci¬ dent is that which is neither Definition, nor Genus, nor Proprium, and may be, or not be in its fubjeft.
e Cap. lo ^ dialeUick Propofition is a probable interro¬ gation, received by all or many, or the moft ex¬ cellent, yet fo as it is not wholly alienate from the common Opinion.
f cap. ii- f diakUick Problem is threefold ^ PraUick or ■' Moraf pertaining toEleSlion or Repulfe -, Theo-
retick., pertaining to Science ncutraf which conduceth to the reft. viz. Logick.
Thefis is a Paradoxal Sentence of Ibme Emi¬ nent Philofoper, contrary to the vulgar Opinion- g Cap. 12. g d'laleUick Argument is twofold, InduUion and Syllogifm.
h Cap. \-i.