Part VI.

i| Athen, ileipn. 8. /^liav. 9. 22
ft 5- 9- ^Ekfeb. pro- pan Evang.
A/Ti/ cowing to the fam’d Ce crop an Tozon,
In ftgn of triendjhip did an Altar raife To bim^ whom mpious pe^ons tnufl not praife: Who ftraying Man to vertue did reflore Ahichhy his Precept^ by Example more.
One to the Gods Jo pious^ good to Men.^ d\lo juture Age muji think to fee again.
2 Some affirm, that whilft he lived with Plato ^ he profefled ‘Medicine, and kept a Shop .* But thofe » Arif odes confutes.
CHAP- IV.
b 9>kidk
tUb. 13.
d Euph. conU Phtlot. e Laert.
How he lived with Hermias.
a Laert.Suid. & dying in the firft year of the 108th
X Olympiad, and Speufippus his Nephew fucceeding in the School, Arijioile went to her¬ mias the Eunuch, King of Atarna^ a City of Myja in Afia^ who heretofore had lieen his fel- low-Difcipie under Plato^ and had a particu¬ lar kindnefs for him. hermias receiv’d him with great teltimonies of Love and refpeff. With him he lived three Years, inflrufling him in Philofophy] at the end whereof, hermias was fas « Strabo faith) furprifed by Memnon a Rhodian., and fent to Artaxerxes., King of Pcrfia., who put him to Death. Pythals his Sifter, a Woman of extraordinary vertue,(whom Hermioi'., having no Children, had defign’d his Heir) being upon this accident reduced to great extremities and affliffions, Arfotle., in a pious gratitude to the memory of his Friend, (as his own d Letter to Antipater attefteth) took her to Wife, and « fet up the Statue of Henniru in the Temple of Delphi., with this Infcription.
This Alan the Perfian King againfl all right A Sacrifice to his fierce Anger made •,
Tdot like a Foe by Martial Arms in bight ^
But as a Friend by Jhem of Dove betrayed.
He wrote likewife a Hymn to Vertue, in me- mory of his Friend, to this Effe£l.
Vertue, whom we all obtain With much Labour, but more Gain,
For your fake to dye would pleafe,
Toyl and Tortnents were out eafe.
Tou dined Men in purfuit Of immortal f acred Fruit,
Richer far than Gold refind.
Soft as Sleep, as Parents kind-.
Great Alchdes for your fake Labours vafi did undertake :
Leda’j valiant twins made known More your Glories than their own j Ajax and Achilles too Only dfd for Love of you j Ah ! for you Atarna’s Pride, untimely df d.
But his name we will revive 5 •
That our Mufe fhall keep alive.,
Paying Hofpitable Jove Pious thanks for a Friend’s Love,
There wanted not thofe who caft many af-
j peifions and calumnies upon thisVertuous friend- ftiip : fome affirm’d that hermias lov’d Arfotle inordinatelyf an imputation not well fuiting with an Eunuch,jand that for for this Reafon he gave him Pythais to wife, whom Suidas and the Greek • Etymologf affirm to hive been his DaiJghter either by Nature or Adoption, Dmr/r/W Magne^ fius\F\€vc.z, Arfippus’s Concubine, fo little do they agree in their Relation : They add that Arfotle was fo paflionately^ in love with her, that he Sacrificed to her after the fame manner as the Athenians to Ceres at Elettfis. This La. ertius relates as done whilft fhe was alive •, but Lyco, firft Author of this Calumny, that it was after her death. Moreover that Arfotle in a thankful acknowledgment of his Bounty, wrote a Patan in praife of hermias, meaning the Hymn laft mentioned, which ^ Athenaus, piovQxh a- f Deipn, Ui, gainft the Calumiations of Demophilus not to be a facred Hymn or Patan, but a Scholion or Feftival Song. Hence the C/;w/? de¬
rides him in this Epigram.
To the flave Eunuch who' Atamz Jwafd An empty Tomb empty Ariftotle made.
Who from the Academy did retire To wallow in vain pleafures faithlefsmirCi
In anfwer to thefe Calumnies f firft railed by Lyco, difperfed further by Affippus, and con¬ tinued by thofe that malign the memory of A- r'fotle) Apelleio writ certain Books wherein he accurately confutes thofe who durft in this manner impudently Blafpheme ffuch are his words ) the name of. Arfotle -, fo much pre¬ judice and malice being in the Accufation,. as might cafily argue the falfenefs thereof
Upon the Death of Hermias, Arfotle h g
(with Xe nocrate s') lied from Atarna to tylene, as Apollodorus and Dionyfius Halicarnaf- affirm in the fourth year of the icSth O- lymfivsd, Eubulus being ilrchon.
13*
CHAP. V.
How he lived with Philip and Alexander.
A Bout this time Philip King of Macedonia, Father of Alexander, taking care for the Education of his Son, now growing towards Man’s Eftate, and unwilling (faith to commit his Education to ProfefTors of Mu- fick, or any other of the tibefal Sciences, as knowing him fit for higher defigns, fent to A- r'fotle the moft famous and Learned of Philo- fophers, to come and inftruQ: him. b Agellius^ recites his Epiftle,. which was to this eftefl.
Philip to Arfotle, Health.
KNow that I have a Son, I render the gods many thanks: not fo much for his Birth as that he was born in your time, for I hope that . being educated and inf rubied by you,he will become worthy both of us, and the Kingdom which he fhall inherit.
Arfotle at this requeft of Philip , went to Macedonia to him, in the 4th year of the 108th Olympiad, as * Apollodorus and D 'lonyfius Halt- ^ uoi.
.carnafficus
b Lib. p. f.
4
PART. VI.
A K 1 St 0 T L E.
23
4 Ammon. ^Vet. Interp.
f fit. Alex.
g Plut,
b Pint,
iVet. hterp.
R PJut.vit. Alex.
tLaat.
carnajfjeus affirm, at what time Alexander was fifteen years old.
^ He lived there infinitely efteemed and be¬ hoved of and 0/yw/>/
ders Mother, * They cauled his Statue to be made and iet up in honour of him, thihp had a kindnelslo particular for him, that he allowed him in a manner an equal lhare in the Govern¬ ment of the Kingdom ^ which intereft Ammo- faith, he employed to the advantage as well of private perfons, as of the publick, as appear¬ ed! (^faith the Latin Interpreter ofhis Life )hy his Epillles to thilip. ^ 'Flat arch affirms thatP^/7/p as a recompenceto ^r;^i7//c,re-edified the Town where he vvas born, which he had before laid wafte. He likewife affigned him a School and Study, near Mieza., a Town of Macedonia not far from thence, where, unto this day (faith Vlutarch) they fhew the ftony Seats, and fhady Walks of Arijiotle.
g Alexander in the deepelf parts
of Learning, not only in Ethicks and Politicks, but his molt referved and folid Dodrins, called Acroatick Epoptick-., never coihmunicated to the Vulgar.
That he taught him likewife the Art of Me¬ dicine, Flutarch argueth, forafmuch as Alexan¬ der was not only exceedingly delighted with the Theory thereof, but praQifeaitfuccefsfully upon many of his Friends,to whom he prefcrib- ed Receipts and Diets, as appeared], faith he, by his Epilfle.
Perceiving Alexander to be much taken with UomeFsllhds., as conceiving and calling it the befl inflitution of military Vertue.^ he took much pains in correcting and reftoring the Text , and then gave it to Alexander., 'wliich Copy he infinitely prized.
He writ a Book to Alexander , entituled : Of a Kingdom.^ mentioned by Laertius and Am- monius., wherein he inftru8:ed him how to rule.
i So much did he incline the Mind of Alex^ ander to do good,that he ufed to fay , if any day palled wherein he had not conferred fome benefit, I have not reigned to day.
K Alexander Fo much affefiled- him, that he profeffed he admired and loved him nolefs than his Father -, becaufe his Father, he faid, only gave him being, but Arifotle well-being.
The love which Fhilip and Alexander bore him was fo great, that Theocritus the Chian cafi: the fame Afperlion upon it, as he did on his Friendfhip with Hermias.
In the firft year of the ii ith Olympiad, Fy- ihodorus being Archon, Fhilip died, and was fucceeded by his Son Alexander.^ whofe a£live Sffirit, foon after his coming to the Crown, de¬ nned an Expedition againft the King oiFerfia. Hereupon Arijiotle having now lived with A- lexander eight years, though JufUnSAvAx but five which Ibme interpret of the tir^e before Fhilip'’ % death, but not without fome violence, (for that was above fcven) preferring the quiet of a Contemplative Life before the troubles of War, took leave of him, returned to A/ leaving in his room Caliji-henes an Olynthian., his Kinl- man (Son of his Coufin Hero) and Difciple -, 1 whom before his departure, obferving to fpeak with too much liberty and obftinacy to the King, he reproved, in thele words,
if thou thus employ thy Tongue.,
Thy thread of Life cannot be long.
And fb it came to pafs not long after upon this occafion. Liermolaus.^ Son of Sopolisyt youth of a noble Family, that ftudied Philofophy un¬ der C lexander., prevented the King by calling his dart firft at him, for which he was by the King’s com¬ mand puniihed with many ftripes. Troubled at the ignominy thereof^ he confpired with Sojiratus^ Antipater., and fome other Compani¬ ons of his, to murther Alexander, which Trea- fbn being difeovered by Epimenes, one of the Confpirators, they were all put to death, Arifio.. bulus and Ftolem^us Son ohLagus affirm, they accufe^ Callijihenes, as him who inftigated them to this attempt. Hereupon Callijihenes was put into an Iron Cage, and fo carried up and down in a miferable fordid condition, and at lalt, as Laertius relates ( though others otherwife) ' thrown to Lyons and devoured.
C H A P. VI.
His School and manner of Teaching.
A
THus Arijiotle having lived eight years with
Alexander, returned to Athens, as « A- a Laert, polloaorus and Ilionyjius HaUcarnaj[£us affirm, ** in the fecond year of the hundred and eleventh Oympiad, Fythodorus being Archon, where he found Xe nocrates teaching in the Academy , which place was refigned unto him by Speujtp- pus, in the fourth year of the hunted and nintft Olympiad.
Hence it appeareth, that ' Hermippus erreth, c laat, in affirming, that Xenocrates took upon him the School of Flato, at what time Arijiotle was fent by the Athenians on an EmbafTy to Fhilip.
For as ^ Fat rictus hath obferved, it can no way 4 agree in time, it being certain, as Laertius at- Perip. tefts, that Speufppus fucceeded Flato in the School in the firft year of the Hundred and Eighth Olympiad, immediately upon Flato^s Death, and continued therein eight years,that is, to the end of the hundred and ninth Olympiad in the fecond year of which O\ympiad,Ariji0tle, as we faid, went to Fhilip, not on an EmbalTy, but upon his Invitation, to educate Alexander.
Neither is the Author of Arifiotle\ Lite left miftaken, who faith, that upon the Death of Speufippus, the Athenians fent to Arijiotle, and that both of them, Arijiotle and Xenocrates, took upon them Flato^s School, Xenocrates in the Academy .^Arijiotle in the Lyceurn.Fnt this er¬ ror is eafily deteSled by the lame computation; for at the time of Speujippus^s death, Arijiotle was xN'ith Alexander , nordidheleave him until fix years after, all which time Xenocrates pro- fefled Philofophy in the Academy.
‘ The Academy being prepoffefs’d by Xenocra- c crates,AriJiotle mado dtoice oi th place in the Suburbs of A//a^;7T,built by Fericles for the exercifing of Soldiers.) Here he taught anddifeours’d of Philofophy, to fuch as came to him, walking conllantly every day till the hour of anointing,which the Greeks ufually did before Meals, whence he and his followers are called Others fay, he was called Fer'ipatetick iiom
walking
3
o
3
AKlsroTLE.
A R
T. V.
(g) lACff.
Laert.
(i) Agel. lib. 21. caf.'j.
(b) Amman, vlp. Ar.
walking with Aleisander^ newly recovered of a ficknefs, in which manner he ufed to difcourfe
of Philolbpby with him.
(l) The number of his Auditors encrealing very much,he gave over walking, and taught fit¬ ting, faying .
Novo to be filent moft djfgracejiil voere^
And fee Xen-ocrates pf efs the Chair.
Though Cieero and ^linti/itin affirm, he ufed this Verfe againft Ifocratesfa emulation of whom be taught Khetorick to his Difciples every Mor- ningt {h) So many Difciples reforted to him, that he made Laws in his School, as Xenocrates did in the A^cademy^ creating Archons that Rul’d ten days.
(;)The Difcourfe andDoflrine which he delive¬ red to his Difciples was of two kinds. One he called Exoterick^ the other Acroatick\ Exoterick wercthofe who conduced to Rhetorick, Medita¬ tion, nice Difputes, and the knowledge of civil things. Acroatick thole in which rdoi-e remote and fubtiie Phiiofophy was handled, and luch things as pertain to the Contemplation of Nature and Dialedive Difceptations. Acroatick Difci- pline he taught in xXx^ hyceum in the Morning, not admitting every one to come and hear them, but thofe only, of whofe Wit and principles of Learning, and diligence and Study, he had before made Trial. His Leftures were in the
Afternoon and Evenings-, thefe he communicated to all young men without any diflinftion, calling the latter hxsEvening IVa/kyhe former his Morn¬ ing Walk.
CHAP, vir-
His Thilofophy.
(f) Fit. Ar.
(O Dipirfaf, Fmptit.
IN fbUofophy (faith (a) Ammoriius) he feems to have done more than Man, for there’s not any part of Phiiofophy whereof he treated, but he doth it moil accurately, and many things he himfelf (fuch was his Sagacity and Acutenefs) finding out, compleated and finiflied.
(f) In Logkk it was his Invention, that he fe- parated the Precepts of Difputation from the things themfelves of which we Difpute, and tauglrt the Manner and Reafon of Dilputation. For they who went before, tho’ they could De- monftrate, yet they knew not how to make Demonffration ^ as they who cannot make Shoes, but only wear ^om.Alexand.Aphrodifreus affirms, that he firft reduced Syllogifms to Mood and f J- gure. Ehiloponus^xEdX he invented all Diale£tick Wx,whence Theodor us calls him both Inven¬ tor and PerfeSer of Logicky which he indeed in a manner challengeth (but modellly) to himfelf^ in the lalf; Chapter of his Elenchs^ affirming no¬ thing had been done in that kind before, but what the Erifticks and Sophifts taught. As for iMz Categories y the invention whereof fome af cribe to the Pythagoreans^ it is much more pro¬ bable that they were wholly his own -, for thofe Books entituled x.£t9oAK koyoi, under the Name Archytas^ from which fome conceive Ariftotle to have borrowed much, the particulars whereof are inflanced by (c) Patricias ^ Themiflius affirms ' to have been written, not by the Pythagorean ( neither hath Laertius made mention of any wri¬ tings of his, for the PytWgoreans at that time wrote but little, the.|ffff that wrote my
thing being Philolaiis ) but by fome Peripateticky who thought his work might pals with greater credit, if publifhed in the name of fo antient a Philolbpher.
\x\PhyJick the fifth whereof Celeflifl
Bodies confift, diftinQ: from the four Elements,is generally afaib’d to his invention, only Simplici¬ us citeth the Authority of Xenocratesy in his Book of the Life oi' Plat Oy thatP/^/i^conffituted five fimple Bodies, Heaven and the four Ele- ments,airerting, they differ no left in Nature than in Figure for which reafon he affign’d the Fi¬ gure of a Dodccadron to Heaven, offering from ® the Figure of the four Elements. But thefe, as the Learned Nunhefius obferves, feem to be ra¬ ther Symbolical, and Pythagorical, than the true meaning of Pldto. Fot Plato in his Timaus ex¬ prefly avers, that the Heavens are of their own Nature Diflulute,but by the Divine Will is kept together, as it were, by a tye from being diffol- ved. Xenarchusy a Philofopher, wrote againft the fifth Effence, introduced by Ariflotley viiHam Alexander Aphrodifeus exaffly anfWereth. 'theo- dorus calleth ArifotlCy The Perfetfer of Phyftcky adding, that only his Writings upon that Subje^ were approv’d by following A^es, who rejeded Whatfoever others had written in the fame kind, as appeareth by their loft. What Epicure and others have obje£fed againft him as a fault. That he enquired with fuch diligence into the minute^ and me anejl things of NaturCy is afufficient Te- ttimony of his Excellence and Exaftnefs in this Study. ,
{d) in Ethicky whereas Polyxnus placed Fell- .r.. city in External Goods, Plato m thofe of the Soul ^ ^ ^
only, Arijiotle placed it chiefly in the Soulj but affirmed it to be defiled and ffreightned if it want exterior goods, properly ufing thefe terms- For thofe things which are defiJedy have the fame Beauty within, but their Superficies only is hid¬ den j and thofe which are ftreightned have the fame real magnitude.
{e) In Meidphyficky which' he calleth Firjf~ (?) Xnmoa. Phiiofophy and Wifdonty and ( as the more antient Pflilofophers before hirn) Theology (f) tho’ there (/) Ammon; be not any invention of his extant, yet, he per- feftly went through all the Parts thereof For he was not only acquainted, as fome fallly imagine, with Terreftrial things, and thofe which belong to this World but even with thofe things which are above this World, as may appear from the eighth Book of his Phyficky where he faith, that ■ the firf^caufe is not JubjeU to motiony neither in it felfy nor by accidental which words he decla- rcth, that God is not a Body, nor any way paf fible. And in his r^th. Book of Wfdoniy or Me- taphyficksy ffie difcourfeth accurately of God and Intelligences fei a rational clear way,not involv’d in Fables, or Pythagbrical Symbols j bUt found¬ ing his Affertion upon Reafon and DemPnftrati- on, as much as the SubjeH:, and Humane Reafon alloweth. {g) Pratricius labours ihuch to prove vi
chat whatfoever he had in
this kind excellent, nfat. he borrow’d jltomHermesTrifmegiflus. But {h) 0 In the life as We have already faid,Mr. Cafaubon hath fully Hato, ap. evinced that Book to haVe been impofed upon the World by fome later Writer.
What is added by the acient Larin Interpre¬ ter concerning Ariftotle^ Sentence of that vifu- .
al Hexagonal P/rdmidy (which (;) a Learned fcr-
Ion,