I. 402 sq.t iii. 15 sqq. ; magic and

medicine among the, i. 421 n.1 ; hide their clipped hair and nails, iii. 271 ; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 337 sq. ; reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353 ; custom as to the pollution of death observed by sacred dairyman among the, vi. 228 ; their sacrament of buffalo's flesh, viii. 314 ; let loose a calf at a funeral, ix. 37 ; their cere- mony of the new fire, x. 136
Todtenstein, hill at Konigsham in Silesia, ceremony of driving out Death at, iv. 264
Toepffer, J. , on Triptolemus, vii. 73
Toeratayas, or Toradjas, of Celebes, vii. 196 n. See Toradjas
Tofoke, the, of the Congo State, woman's share in agriculture among, vii. 119
Togo, in West Africa, wind-fetish in, i. 327; the Bassari of, ii. 102 n.l't Mount Agu in, iii. 5
Togoland, the Hos of, i. 265, 365, ii. 19, iii. 259, 301, 304, vi. 104, vii. 130, 234, viii. 59, 115 sq., ix. 134, 206; the Matse of, ii. 293, viii. 115, ix. 3 ; festival of Earth in, iii. 247 ; magic modes of facilitating childbirth in, iii. 295 ; the Ewe-speaking peoples of, iii. 369, v. 282 n.2t viii. 105, 228 ; the Yewe religious order in, iii. 383 sq. ; the Bassari of, viii. 116 ; ceremony per- formed by Ewe hunters in, viii. 244 ; the negroes of, their remedy for influenza, ix. 193
Toh Sri Lam, a crocodile goddess among the Malays, offerings and prayers to, viii. 212
Tokio, annual expulsion of demons at, ix. 213 ; the fire- walk in temple at, xi. 9 sq.
Tokoelawi of Central Celebes, custom observed by mourners among the, xi. 178
Tolalaki, the, of Central Celebes, their treatment of the afterbirth, i. 188 sq. ; their punishment of incest, ii. in ; drink blood of foes to make them- selves brave, viii. 152
Tolampoos, the, of Central Celebes, their belief as to written names, iii. 319
Toledo, Elipandus of, i. 407
Tolindoos of Central Celebes, offence to
tread on a man's shadow among the, iii. 78
Tolucan, Mount, in Mexico, human sacrifices offered to the water-god on, ii. 158 sq.
Tomas or Habes, a tribe of Nigeria, revere a fetish doctor, iii. 124
Tomb of chief, sacrifices at, viii. 113
of Hyacinth, v. 314
of Midas, v. 286
of Moses, ix. 21
of Osiris, vi. 18 sq.t 20 sqq.
Tombs of the ancient kings of Egypt, vi. 19 ; of the kings of Uganda, vi. 168 sq. ; of kings sacred, vi. 194 sq.
Tomil, village in Yap, taboos observed by men for the sake of girls under puberty at, iii. 293
Tomori, the, of Central Celebes, their treatment of the afterbirth, i. 189 ; feed the ripening rice, ii. 29 ; their ceremonies at felling a tree, ii. 35 ; their punishment and expiation of incest, ii. 1 10 sq. ; use a special vocabu- lary when at work in the fields, vii. 193 ; their customs as to the Rice- mother, vii. 193 ; their use of riddles at harvest, vii. 194 ; their conception of rice-spirits as shaped like goats, vii. 288
, the Gulf of, in Celebes, x. 312
Tonan, Mexican goddess, ix. 287 ; woman sacrificed in the character of, ix. 287 sq.
Tonapoo, the, of Central Celebes, offer human sacrifices on roofs of new houses, ii. 39
Tondi, Batta word for soul, iii. 35, 116, vii. 182. See also Tendi
Tonga, chiefs of, thought to heal scrofula and indurated liver by their touch, i. 371 ; special vocabularies em- ployed with reference to divine chiefs in, i. 402 «. ; veneration paid to divine chiefs in, iii. 21 ; the taboo of chiefs and kings in, iii. 133 sq. ; chiefs not to touch food with tabooed hands in, iii. 138 n.1 ', tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, iii. 140 ; taboos con- nected with the dead in, iii. 140 ; circumcision practised in, iv. 220 ; ceremony performed after contact with a sacred chief in, viii. 28 ; offerings of first-fruits in, viii. 128 sqq. See also Tongans
, the king of, not to be seen eating,
iii. 119 ; no one allowed to be over his head, iii. 255
Tongans, their theory of an earthquake, v. 200 sq.
Tongue of dead king eaten by his successor, iv. 203 ; of sacrificial ox cut
498
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
out, vi. 251 sq. ; of medicine-man, hole ya, xi. 238, 239. See also Tongues
Tongues of birds eaten, viii. 147 ; of slain men eaten, viii. 153 ; of dead animals cut out, viii. 269 sqq. ; of animals worn as amulets, viii. 270
Tonkawe Indians of Texas, their super- stition as to personal names, iii. 325 sq.
Tonocotes. See Lules
Tonquin, image of Buddha whipped in time of drought in, i. 297 «.7 ; guardian spirits of villages in, i. 401 sq. ; division of monarchy in, iii. 19 sq. ; royal criminals strangled in, iii. 242 ; the tiger spoken of respectfully in, iii. 403 ; annual festival of the dead in, vi. 62 ; livers of brave men eaten in, as a means of acquiring bravery, viii. 151 sq. ; demon of sickness expelled in, ix. 119; annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 147 sq. ; the Thays of, their burial customs, xi. 177 sq. See also Tonquinese
, kings of, blamed for drought,
dearth, floods, storms, cholera, etc. , i. 355 > screened from public gaze, iii. 125
Tonquinese, their test of a sacrificial victim, i. 384 sq. ; their custom of catching the soul of the dying, iv. 200
Tonsure, the clerical, viii. 105 n.1
Tonwan, magical influence of medicine- bag, xi. 268, 269
Tooitonga, divine chief of Tonga, iii. 21, viii. 128, 129, 130, 131, 140
Toorateyas of Southern Celebes hold their princes responsible for the rice- crop, i. 361
Tooth knocked out as initiatory rite, iii. 244, xi. 227, 235 ; of dead king kept, iv. 203. See also Teeth
Toothache, tooth of an ounce a homoeo- pathic remedy for, i. 153 ; transferred to enemies, ix. 6 ; transferred to a frog, ix. 50 ; transferred to trees, ix. 57, 58, 59 sq. ; nailed into a door or a wall, ix. 62, 63 ; cured by sticking needles into a willow, ix. 71
Tdpffer, J. , on the Eudanemi at Athens, i. 325 n.1
Tophet, at Jerusalem, children burnt in sacrifice in, iv. 169, 170, 171, v. 177
Tdppen, M,, on the Lithuanian god Perkunas, ii. 365 n.6
Tops spun at sowing festival, vii. 95, 97, 187
Toradjas, meaning of the name, i. 109 «. * ; their mode of annulling an evil omen, i. 170 ; employ a special lan- guage in passing through a forest, iii. 412 sq.
of Central Celebes, their magical
use of jawbones, i. 109 ; their rule not to loiter in the doorway of a pregnant woman, i. 114; telepathy in war among the, i. 129 ; their use of iron in homoeopathic magic, i. 159 ; their rain-making, i. 253 ; customs observed by the ram -doctor among the, i. 271 sq. ; their rain - making by means of the dead, i. 286 ; their way of making rain by an appeal to the pity of the gods, i. 303 ; their sacrifice at building a new house, ii. 39 ; use the incest of animals as a rain-charm, ii. 113; rules observed by them on entering an enemy's country, iii. in ; their custom as to cutting a child's hair, iii. 263 ; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 340 ; disinter the bones of the dead at a festival, iii. 373 n. ; their field- speech, iii. 411 sqq. ; their theory of rain, vi. 33 ; their conception of the rice -soul as a blue bird, vii. 182 n.lt 295 sq. ; attribute souls to men, animals, and rice, vii. 183 ; their customs as to the Mother of the Rice, vii. 194 sq. ; their offerings to the souls of the dead at planting a new field, vii. 228 ; their custom at circumcision, viii. 153 ; cure for kleptomania among the, ix. 34 ; hide themselves from the demon of small- pox, ix. 112 «.2; their cure by beat- ing, ix. 265 ; were-wolves among the, x. 311 sq. ; their custom at the smelting of iron, xi. 154
Toradjas of Poso, in Central Celebes, recovery of souls abducted by demons among the, iii. 62 ; use a secret language in the harvest-field, iii. 41 1 sq. ; ask each other riddles while they watch the crops in the field, vii. 194
Torch-bearer, the Eleusinian, vii. 54, 55,
59
races at Athens presided over by
the king, ii. 44 sq. ; at Easter, x. 142 ; at Midsummer, x. 175
Torches offered by women to Diana, i. 12 ; fight with, as a ceremony, i. 94 ; used to mimic lightning, i. 310 ; in relation to Demeter and Persephone, vii. 57 ; lighted, used in purification, viii. 249 ; used in the expulsion of demons, ix. no, 117, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133 sq.t 139, 140, 146, 157, 171 ; used in the expulsion of witches, etc., ix. 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166 ; carried in pro- cession by maskers in Salzburg, ix. 243 ; carried by dancers in Mexico, ix. 285 ; applied to fruit-trees on Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 316^.; carried about the sowed fields on the Eve of
GENERAL INDEX
499
Twelfth Night, ix. 316, 317 ; inter- preted as imitations of lightning, x. 340 n.1
Torches, burning, carried round folds and lands at Midsummer, x. 206 ; applied to fruit-trees to fertilize them, x. 340
of Demeter, x. 340
, processions with lighted, x. 141,
* 233 J?- 1 through fields, gardens, orchards, and streets, x. 107 sq. , no sqq., 113 sqq., 179, 339 sq.; at Midsummer, x. 179 ; on Christmas Eve, x. 266
Torchlight dance of the Natchez Indians at the festival of new corn, viii. 79 ; procession at Eleusis, vii. 38
Torgot, province of China, rain-dragon banished in time of drought to, i. 298
Torquemada, J. de, Spanish historian of Mexico, ix. 286 n. J ; on the eating of the flesh of the human representative of Tezcatlipoca, ix. 279 n.1 \ on the flaying of human victims in Mexico, ix. 300 n.1
Torres Straits Islands, use of magical images in the, i. 59, 72 ; magic to catch dugongand turtle in the, i. 108 ; raising the wind in the, i. 322 ; wind raised by bull-roarer in the, i. 324 ; magicians in the, i. 420 n. 2 ; the fire-drill in the, ii. 209 ; ritual flight of man who has decapitated a corpse in the, ii. 309 «.2 ; names of relations by marriage tabooed in the, iii. 343 sq. ; funeral custom in the, iv. 92 sq. \ worship of animal-shaped heroes in the, v. 139 n.l\ death-dances in the, vi. 53 n.2 ; cat's cradle in the, vii. 103 n.1 ; the natives of the, their observa- tion of the Pleiades, vii. 313 ; modes of acquiring courage in the.viii. 152 sq. ; seclusion of girls at puberty in the, x. 36 sq. , 39 sqq. \ dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, x. 78 sq. ; use of bull-roarers in the, xi. 228 n.2, 232
Tortoise, emblem of longevity, i. 169 w.1; deemed ill-omened in China-, i. 170 ; fever transferred to, ix. 31
Tortoises in homoeopathic magic, i. 151 ; land, in homoeopathic magic, i. 155 ; " reasons for not eating, viii. 140 ; ex- ternal human souls lodged in, xi. 204. See also Turtles
Torture, judicial, of criminals, witches, and wizards, xi. 158 sq.
Tossing successful reaper in Berwick- shire, vii. 154
Totec or Xipe, Mexican god, ix. 297, 298 ; personated by a man wearing the skin of a human victim, ix. 300. See also Xipe
Totem confounded with the man him-
self, i. 107 ; custom observed at eating the, iii. 127 ; skin -disease supposed to be caused by eating, viii. 25 sq.\ transference of man's soul to his, xi. 219 «., 225 sq. ; supposed effect of killing a, xi. 220 ; the receptacle in which a man keeps his external soul, xi. 220 sqq. ; the individual or personal, xi. 222 n.6, 224 n.lt 226 n.1 See also Totems and Sex totem
Totem animal, artificial, novice at initia- tion brought back by, xi. 271 sq. ; transformation of man into his, xi. 275
animals and plants, custom of
eating, i. 107
clans and secret societies, related to
each other, xi. 272 sq.
names kept secret, iii. 320, 330, xi.
225 n.
plants among the Fans, xi. 161
sacrament, viii. 165
Totemic animals, purification for killing, viii. 28 ; dances in imitation of, viii. 76 ; represented by masks, ix. 380
Totemism defined, viii. 35 ; in Central Australia not a religion, i. io?sq. ; charac- teristics of early Australian, i. 107 ; of the Dinkas, iv. 30 sq. ; the source of a particular type of folk -tales, iv. 129 sqq. ; possible trace of Latin, iv. 186 «.4; in Kiziba, vi. 173, 174 w.1 ; not proved for the Aryans, viii. 4 ; prob- ably originated in the hunting stage of society, viii. 37 ; in Australia and America, viii. 311 ; suggested theory of, xi. 218 sqq.
Totems in Central Australia, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of the, i. 85 sqq. , 335 ; custom of eating the, i. 107 ; descent of the, in Uganda, ii. 288 ; sacrifices to, iv. 31 ; stories told to account for the origin of, iv. 129 ; honorific, of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273 sqq. ; personal, among the North American Indians, xi. 273, 276 n.1 ; multiplex, of the Australians, xi. 275 n.1
Totonacs, their worship of the corn- spirit, ix. 286 n.1
Tototectin, men clad in skins of human victims in Mexico, ix. 298
Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, x. 87, 90
Touch-me-not (Impatiens sp. ), bundle of, representative of goddess Gauri, ii. 77
Touching for the King's Evil (scrofula), i. 368 sqq.
sacred king or chief, supposed effects
of, iii. 132 sqq.
Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, xi. 276
Toulon, custom of drenching people with water at Midsummer at, v. 248 SQ.
5oo
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
Toulouse, adoration paid to each other
toy the Albigenses noticed in the records
of the Inquisition at, i. 407 ; torture
of sorcerers at, xi. 158 Toumbuluh tribe of Celebes, taboos
observed during wife's pregnancy in
the, iii. 295, 298 Toumon, Egyptian god, the mummy of,
iv. 5
Touraine, Midsummer fires in, x. 182 Town, charm to protect a, vi. 249 sqq. Toxcatl, fifth month of old Mexican year,
ix. 149 ».2; old Mexican festival, ix.
149 ».8, 276
Tozer, H. F. , on Mount Argaeus, v. 191 Trachinian Women, The, play of
Sophocles, ii. 161 Trading voyages, continence observed on,
iii. 203
Tradition, the thraldom of, i. 219 ; his- torical, hampered by the taboo on the
names of the dead, iii. 363 sqq. Traditions of kings torn in pieces, vi.
97 sq. Train, Joseph, on St. Bridget in the Isle
of Man, ii. 95 ; on Beltane fires in the
Isle of Man, x. 157 Trajan, Pliny's letter to, ix. 420 Tralles in Lydia, sacred prostitution at,
v. 38 Transference of human souls to other
bodies, iii. 49 ; from the living to the
dead, iii. 73 of Egyptian festivals from one
month to the preceding month, vi.
92 sqq. — — of evil, ix. i sqq. ; to other people,
ix. 5 sqq. \ to sticks and stones, ix. 8
sqq. ; to animals, ix. 31 sqq. ; to men,
ix. 38 sqq. ; in Europe, ix. 47 sqq.
— of a man's soul to his totem, xi. 219 n., 225 sq.
— of sins, iii. 214 sqq.t ix. 39 sqq., 42 sqq.
Transformation of men into animals, iv. 82 sqq. , xi. 207 ; of men into women, attempted, in obedience to dreams, vi. 255 sqq. \ of women into men, attempted, vi. 255 n.1 ; of woman into crocodile, viii. 212 ; of animals into men, ix. 380 ; of men into wolves at the full moon, x. 314 n.1 \ of witches into animals, x. 315 sqq. , xi. 311 sq. ; of man into his totem animal, xi. 275
Transgressions, need of confessing, ifi. 211 sq. See also Sins
Transition from mother-kin to father-kin, vi. 261 «.8
Transmigration, belief in, a motive for infanticide, iv. 188 sq.
• of soul of ruptured person into cleft
oak-tree, xi. 172
Transmigration of human souls, Into animals, iii. 65, iv. 84 sq., viii. 141, 285 sqq. \ into turtles, viii. 178 sq. ; into bears, viii. 191 ; doctrine of, in ancient India, viii. 298 sq. \ doctrine of, in ancient Greece, viii. 300 sqq.% 307 sq. ; into totem animals, xi. 223
Transmigrations of human deities, i. 410 sqq. ; of Buddha, viii. 299; 01 Buddha in the Jataka, ix. 41
Transmission of soul to successor, iv. 198 sqq.
Transubstantiation among the ancient Aryans, viii. 89 sq. ; among the ancient Mexicans, viii. 89 ; ridiculed by Cicero, viii. 167
Transvaal, the Bawenda of the, i. 351, 401 «.3 ; the Malepa of the, iii. 241
Transylvania, rain-making in, i. 282 ; festival of Green George among the gipsies of, ii. 75 sq. ; precautions against witches on St. George's Eve or Day in, ii. 337 sq. ; saying as to sleep- ing child m, iii. 37 ; story of a witch's soul in the shape of a fly in, iii. 38 sq. ; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66 ; "Sawing the Old Woman" among the gipsies of, iv. 243 ; crown made of last ears cut at harvest in, v. 237 sq.% vii. 221 ; the Cock at reaping the last corn at Braller in, vii. 276 ; cock beheaded on harvest-field near Klausenburg in, vii. 278 ; live cock killed in last sheaf near Udvarhely in, vii. 278 ; the Hare at reaping the last corn at Birk in, vii. 280 ; catching the quail in the last corn reaped in the Bistritz district of, vii. 295 ; customs at sowing to keep off birds and insects in, viii. 274 sq. ; belief as to children born on a Sunday in, xi. 288 n.6. See also Transylvanian
, the Germans of, iii. 296, 310
, the Roumanians of, iii. 88, 89,
238, ix. 16, 106 sq., x. 13; harvest custom among, v. 237
, the Saxons of, iii. 294, iv. 230, 248,
254, vii. 285, 295, viii. 274 ; harvest customs among, v. 237 sq. ; story of the external soul among, xi. 116
Transylvanian gipsies, their way of stopping rain, i. 296
Saxons, their homoeopathic magic
at sowing, i. 138
sowers carry locks as a charm to
keep off birds, iii. 308
Traps for devils, iii. 59, 69 ».4 ; set for souls, iii. 70 sq.
Trasimene Lake, battle of, iv. 186
Traunstein, district of Upper Bavaria, the Oats-goat at harvest thought to be in the last sheaf of oats in, vii. 287 ;
GENERAL INDEX
501
the last standing corn called the Sow in, vii. 298
Travail, women in, knots on their gar- ments untied, iii. 294. See also Child- birth
Travancore, special terms used with refer- ence to persons of the blood-royal in, i. 401 #.8 ; serpents spoken of respect- fully in, iii. 402 ; dancing-girls in, v. 63 sqq. ; infants placed in winnowing- fans in, vii. 8 sq. ; customs at execu- tions in, viii. 272 ; the Rajah of, his sins transferred to a Brahman, ix. 42 sq. ; demon-worship in, ix. 94 ; women deemed liable to be attacked bydemons in, x. 24 «.2; the Pulayars of, x. 69
Travellers make knots in their garments as a charm, iii. 306
Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, x. 318
Treason, old English punishment of, v. 290 ».a
Treasures guarded by demons, xi. 65 ; found by means of fern-seed, xi. 65, 287 ; discovered by divining-rod, xi. 68 ; revealed by springwort, xi. 70 ; revealed by mistletoe, xi. 287, 291 ; bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, xi. 288 «.5
Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenus, iv. 164
Treasury Islanders, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313
Treaty, blood of contracting parties sprinkled on their footprints in making a, i. 211
Trebius on the springwort, xi. 71
Tree thought to cause blindness, i. 147 ; extracted teeth placed in a, i. 176 ; child's life thought to be bound up with the tree which was planted with its navel-string, i. 182, 184 ; embraced by barren women in hopes of obtain- ing offspring, i. 182 ; the navel-string planted with or under a, i. 182, 184,
186, 196 ; navel- string hung on a, i. 185, 186, 190, 198 ; the afterbirth buried under a, i. 186, 187, 188, 194, 195 ; the afterbirth hung on a, i. 186,
187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 198, 199 ; that has been struck by lightning, i. 319 ; on which an eagle has built its nest deemed holy, ii. n ; culprits tied to sacred, ii. 112 sq. \ origin of men and cattle from a sacred, ii. 219 ; fire kindled from ancestral, ii. 321 ; decked with bracelets, anklets, etc. , v. 240 ; soul of a, in a bird, vi. in n.1 ; disease transferred to, ix. 6 ; use of stick cut from a fruitful, ix. 264 ; burnt in the Midsummer bon- fire, x. 173 sg.t 1 80, 183; external
soul in a, xi. 102, 156. See also
Trees
Tree of life in Eden, v. 186 «.4 Tree-agates, homoeopathic magic of, i.
164 sq.
bearers (Dendrophori) in the wor- ship of Cybele and Attis, v. 266 ».a, 267
-creeper (Climacteris scandens),
women's "sister" among the Yuin, xi. 216
-gods banned at building a house,
ix. 8 1
-spirit in the shape of a bull,
ii. 14 ; represented simultaneously in vegetable and human form, ii. 73 sqq. ; representative of, thrown into water to ensure rain, ii. 75, 76 ; killing of the, iv. 205 sqq. ; resur- rection of the, iv. 212 ; in relation to vegetation-spirit, iv. 253 ; Osiris as a, vi. 107 sqq. ; effigies of, burnt in bonfires, xi. 21 sqq. ; human repre- sentatives of, put to death, xi. 25 ; human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the fire - festivals, xi. 90
spirits, ii. 7 sqq. ; threatened, ii.
20 sqq. ; in house- timber propitiated, ii. 39 sq. • beneficent powers of, ii. 45 599* '» &ive rain and sunshine, ii. 45 sq. ', make crops grow, ii. 47 sqq. ; make cattle and women fruitful, ii. 50 sqq., 55 sqq. , xi. 22 ; in human form or embodied in living people, ii. 71 sqq. ; fear of, iii. 412 sq. ; in the form of serpents, xi. 44 n. l
-stone, marvellous virtue of a, i.
165 a.1
-worship in ancient Rome, ii. 8 ;
among the ancient Germans, ii. 8 sq. ; among the European families of the Aryan stock, ii. 9 sqq. ; among the Lithuanians, ii. 9 ; in ancient Greece and Italy, ii. 9 sq. ; among tribes of the Finnish- Ugrian stock in Europe, ii. 10 sq. ; notions at the root of, ii. 1 1 sqq.\ in modern Europe, relics ofrii.
59 m>
Trees married to men and women, i. 40 sq. t ii. 57 ; foreskins placed in, i. 95 sq. ; extracted teeth deposited in, i. 98 ; the dead deposited in, i. 102 sq. ; navel- strings placed in, i. 182, 183, 185, 186; afterbirth (placenta) placed in, i. 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 199 ; stones placed in, to prevent sun from setting, i. 318 ; worship of, ii. 7 sqq. ; oracular, ii. 9 ; regarded as animate, ii. 12 sqq.\ sacrifices offered to, ii. 15, 16 sg., 19, 30, 31, 32» 33. 34. 35. S^. 42» 44. 46, 47, 48 ; rags hung on, ii. 16, 32 ;
502
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
sensitive, ii. 18 ; apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, ii. *i8 sq. , 36 sq. ; bleeding, ii. 18, 20, 33 ; threatened to make them bear fruit, ii. 20 sqq. ; married to each other, ii. 24 sqq. ; in blossom treated like pregnant women, ii. 28 ; animated by the souls of the dead, ii. 29 sqq. ; planted on graves, ii. 31 ; bones of dead shamans placed in, ii. 32 ; as the abode of spirits, ii. 33 sqq. ; cere- monies at cutting down, ii. 34 sqq. ; demons of, ii. 42 ; drenched with water as a ram-charm, ii. 47 ; grant women an easy delivery, ii. 57 sq. \ cut hair deposited on or under, iii. 14, 275 sq. , 286 ; the shadow of trees sensitive, iii. 82 ; lucky and unlucky, iii. 275 n* ; struck by lightning used in magic, iii. 287 ; masks hung on, iv. 283 ; spirit-children awaiting birth in, v. 100 ; sacrificial victims hung on, v. 146 ; represented on the monuments of Osiris, vi. no sq. ; felled in the waning of the moon, vi. 133, 135 sq. , 137 I growing near the graves of dead kings revered, vi. 162, 164 ; in rela- tion to Dionysus, vii. 3 sq. ; spirits of the dead in, viii. 124 ; evils transferred to, ix. 52, 54 sqq. ; evils nailed into, ix. 59 sqq. ; men changed into, by look of menstruous women, x. 79 ; burnt in spring fires, x. 115 sq. , 116, 142 ; burnt in Midsummer fires, x. 173 sg., 185, 192, 193, 209 ; burnt at Holi festival in India, xi. 2 ; burnt in bonfires, xi. 22 ; lives of people bound up with, xi. 159 sqq. ; hair of children tied to, xi. 165 ; the fate of families or individuals bound up with, xi. 165 sqq. ; creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, xi. 170 sqq. ; fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, xi. 295 ; struck by light- ning, superstitions about, xi. 296 sqq. See also Tree and Fruit-trees
Trees and plants, attempts to deceive the spirits of, ii. 22 sqq. ; as life-indices, xi. 1 60 sqq.
— - and rocks, Greek belief as to birth from, v. 107 tt.1
, sacred, ii. 40 sqq. ; smeared with
blood, ii. 367
Trejoir, the Yule log, x. 249
Trtfouet, the Yule log, x. 252 n.*, 253
Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, x. 199
Trench cut in ground at Beltane, x. 150, 152
Trespass on sacred groves, apologies for, ii. 328
Trevelyan, G. M., on the custom of a
temporary king in Cornwall, v. 15.
rc.1 Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fire
in Wales, x. 201 ; on Hallowe'en ii
Wales, x. 226 n.1 \ on St. John'
wort in Wales, xi. 55 «.2; on burn
sacrifices in Wales, xi. 301 Treveri, a Celtic tribe on the Moselle
their name preserved in Treves, ii
126 «.2 Treves, "cutting the goat's neck off" a
harvest near, vii. 268 ; the Corn-wol
killed at threshing in the district of
vii. 275 ; the Archbishop of, give
wine for burning wheel rolled dowi
hill, x. 118
Triad, divine, at Tarsus, v. 171 Trial of the axe at Athens, viii. 5 Trials, judicial, of animals and inanimat
things by the king at Athens, i. 45
viii. 5 n.1 Triangle of reeds, passage of mourner
through a, xi. 177 sq. Tribes reported to be ignorant of the ar
of making fire, ii. 253 sq. Tribute (presents) brought to rain
makers, i. 338, 342, 346, 348, 349
351, 353, ii. 3 ; of youths and maiden
sent to the Minotaur, iv. 74 sqq. Trident, emblem of Hittite thunder-god
v. 134, 135 ; emblem of Indian deity
v. 170
Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, xi. 18 Triennial tenure of the kingship, iv. ii
sq.
Trieste, St. Sylvester's Eve at, ix. 165 Tpierrjpts, vii. 15 n. Trilles, Father H. , on the theory of th
external soul among the Fans, xi. 20 Trimouzette, the, a flower-crowned gii
in the Ardennes on May Day, ii. 80 n. Tring, a Tonquinese general, restores th
king, iii. 19
Trinidad, the fire-walk in, xi. n Trinities, the ancient Egyptian god
arranged in, iv. 5 n.3 Trinity, Christian doctrine of the, iv
s».3
, the Batta, ix. 88 n.1
, the Hindoo, i. 225, 404 ; th
Norse, ii. 364 Trinity College, Cambridge, Lord c
Misrule at, ix. 332 Trinouxtion, in the Coligny calendar
seems to mark summer solstice, ix
343 *• Tripoli, fighting the wind in, i. 331
ghosts of murdered men nailed int
the earth in, ix. 63 Triptolemus, prince of Eleusis, vii. 37
shown the corn by Demeter, vii. 38
the agent of Demeter in disseminating
GENERAL INDEX
503
corn over the world, vii. 54, 72 sq. ;
victims sacrificed to him at Eleusis, vii.
56, 72 ; his Threshing-floor at Eleusis,
vii. 61, 72, 75 ; in Greek art, vii. 68
«.1, 72; sows seed in Rarian plain,
vii. 70, 74 ; the corn-hero, vii. 72 sq. \
etymology of his name, vii. 72 sq. ;
receives corn from Demeter, viii. 19 Triptolemus, play of Sophocles, vii. 54 Tristram, H. B. , on date of corn-reaping
in Palestine, v. 232 n. ; on wild boars
in Palestine, viii. 31 sq. Triumph, costume worn by Roman
generals in celebrating a, ii. 174 sqq. Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the,
xi. 195 Troad, temple of Mouse (Smintheus)
Apollo in the, viii. 283 Trobriands, Kiriwina, an island of the,
v. 84 Trocadero Museum, statues of kings of
Dahomey in the, iv. 85 Troezen, sanctuary of Hippolytus at, i.
Troezenians sacrificed first - fruits to Poseidon, viii. 133 ; their festival resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350
Trojeburg, labyrinths for children's games called, iv. 77
Trokoarbasis, priest of Corycian Zeus, v.
145 Trokombigremis, priest of Corycian
Zeus, v. 145 Trolls, efforts to keep off the, x. 146 ;
and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer
Eve, x. 172 ; Midsummer flowers a
protection against, xi. 54 ; rendered
powerless by mistletoe, xi. 86, 283,
294
Trophonius at Lebadea, iv. 166 n.1 Troppau, in Silesia, "Carrying out
Death " at, iv. 250 sq. Trows, certain mythical beings in Shet-
land, ix. 168 Troy, sanctuary of Athena at, ii. 284 ;
the game of, iv. 76 sq. "True of speech," epithet of Osiris, vi.
21 "True Man, the," official title of the
head of Taoism in China, i. 413
- Steel, whose heart was in a bird, xi. no sq.
Trumpets, blowing of, in the rites of Attis, v. 268 ; in rites of Dionysus, vii. 15 ; blown to expel demons, ix. 1 1 6, 117, 156 ; blown at the feast of Purim, ix. 394 ; sounded at initiation of young men, xi. 249
- - , penny, blown at Befana (Twelfth
Night) in Rome, ix. 166 ; at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, x. 221,
922
Trumpets, sacred, blown to make palm- trees bear fruit, ii. 24
Truth the hypothesis which is found to work best, iii. 422
Tschudi, J. J. von, his communication of a Spanish tract to W. Mannhardt, vii. 172 n.2
Tschwi, the, of West Africa, their custom after the death of a twin, viii. 98
Tsetsaut Indians of British Columbia, fasting and chastity of hunters among the, iii. 198 ; men among the, do not cut their hair, iii. 260; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 46
Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, rules observed by wives during absence of their husbands at war, i. 132 ; descent of kingship among the, ii. 274 sq. ; their stories to explain their totemism, iv. 128 sq. ; dedicated men and women among the, v. 69 sq. ; ordeal of chastity among the, v. 115 «.2 ; their annual festival of the dead, vi. 66 ».2
Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia, their beliefs as to twins, i. 262 sq. ; cannibal rites among the, vii. 19, 20 ; their ceremonies after catching the first olachen fish of the season, viii. 254^. ; rules observed by their girls at puberty, x. 44 n.z
Tsong-ming, Chinese island, mode of procuring rain in, i. 298
Tsuen-cheu-fu, in China, geomancy at, i. 170
Tsuina, expulsion of demons in Japan, ix. 212 sq.
Tsui, the, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 179
Tuaran district of British North Borneo, the Dusuns of, their annual expulsion of demons, ix. 200 sq,
Tuaregs of the Sahara, their seclusion at meals, iii. 117; their men veil their faces, iii. 122 ; reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353 ; their fear of ghosts, iii.
353 Tubilustrium, purification of trumpeti-at
Rome, v. 268 n.1 Tttbingen, " Burying the Carnival " near,
iv. 230 Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as
cassowary in Duk-duk ceremonies, xi.
247 TubueYiki, a god in the Kingsmill Islands,
first-fruits offered to, viii. 127 sq. Tucanos, the, of the Amazon, their cus- tom of drinking the ashes of the dead,
viii. 157 Tud or Warrior Island, Torres Straits,
sweat of warriors drunk in, viii. 152 sq. Tug-of-war before sowing and at reaping
504
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
of rice, H. 100 ; probably in origin a
magical rite, vii. 103 n.1, no ». ;
""as a religious or magical rite, Sx. 173
sqq. ; as a charm to produce rain, ix.
Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, their use of bull-roarers, xi. 342 sq.
Tuhoe tribe of Maoris, their belief as to the fertilization of barren women, ii.
56 Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of
the fire- walk, xi. n Tuic tribe of the Upper Nile, lion-tamer
as chief of the, i. 347 sq. Tuikilakila, a Fijian chief, claims to be
a god, i. 389 Tukaitawa, a Mangaian warrior, whose
strength waxed and waned with his
shadow, Hi. 87 Tul-ya's e'en, seven days before Christ-
mas, the Trows let loose on, in Shet-
land, ix. 1 68 Tulasi, or Holy Basil, worshipped in
India, ii. 26 ; married to Krishna, ii.
26 ; married to the Salagrama, ii. 26 sq. Tulava, sacred prostitution in, v. 63 Tulle, in Berry, "Sawing the Old
Woman " at Mid-Lent at, iv. 242 Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome, ii. 193 ;
killed by lightning, ii. 181, 320 ; said
to have instituted the Saturnalia, ix.
345 »-1 Tully River, in Queensland, natives of,
their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 60 ;
belief of the natives as to conception
without sexual intercourse, v. 102 Tulsi plant, its miraculous virtue, xi. 5 Turn of Heliopolis, an Egyptian sun-
god, i. 419, vi. 123 Tumbucas of South Africa, their notion
as to whirlwinds, i. 331 ».a Tumleo, island of, treatment of spilt
blood and rags in, i. 205 ; contagious
magic of bodily impressions in, i. 213 ;
seclusion of women after childbirth in,
iii. 150 ; annual fight in, ix. 142 sq. Tummel, the valley of the, Hallowe'en
fires in, x. 231 Tuna, a spirit, expulsion of, among the
Esquimaux, ix. 124 sq. Tundja River, the Orotchis of the, viii.
197 Tung ak, a powerful spirit, dreaded by
the Esquimaux, ix. 79 sq. Tungh&t, wandering genii of the Esqui-
maux, ix. 379 Tunguzian people, the Gilyaks a, viii.
190 ; the Orotchis a, viii. 197 Tunis, New Year fires at, x. 217 ; gold
sickle and fillet said to be found in, xi.
Son.'
Tunja, capital of the Chibchas, in
Colombia, i. 416 Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy
for an epidemic, x. 283 sq. Tupi Indians of Brazil, their customs as
to eating captives, iii. 179 sq. ; cut off
the thumbs of dead enemies, viii. 272 Tupinambas of Brazil, their superstition
as to planting earth-almonds, i. 142 ;
woman's share in agriculture among
the, vii. 122
Turban, soul caught in a, iii. 75 Turcoman cure of fever by means of
knotted thread, iii. 304 Turf, sick children and cattle passed
through holes in, xi. 191 Turiks of Borneo, soul hooked fast to
body among the, iii. 30 Turkana, the, of British East Africa, the
power of medicine-men among, i. 344
sq. Turkestan, human scapegoat in, ix. 45 ;
Ferghana in, ix. 184 Turkey, feathers of a, in homoeopathic
magic, i. 155 ; soul in form of, iii.
42 n.
Turkish tribes of Central Asia, girls pro- pound riddles to their wooers among
the, ix. 122 n. village, oak-tree worshipped in, ii.
16 Turks, exorcism practised by the, iii.
1 02 ; preserve their nail-parings for
use at the resurrection, iii. 280 ; their
belief as to the bones of Scanderbeg,
viii. 154 of Armenia, their rain-charm by
means of pebbles, i. 305 of Central Asia give birds' tongues
to backward child to eat, viii. 147 of Siberia, marriage custom of the,
x. 75
Turmeric cultivated, vii. 245, 250 Turner, Dr. George, on the power oi
the disease-makers in Tana, i. 341 sq. ;
on sacred stones, v. 108 n.1 Turner, L. M. , on the fear of demons
among the Esquimaux of Labrador,
ix. 79 sq. Turner's picture of "The Golden
Bough," i. i Turning or whirling round, custom of,
observed by mummers, i. 273, 275,
ii. 74, 80, 81, 87 "Turquoise, Mistress of," at Sinai, v.
S3
Turrbal tribe of Queensland, rule ob- served by boys at initiation in the, iii. 156 a.1
River in Queensland, natives of the,
their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 60
Turrinus, P. Clodius, coin of, i. 12 *.'
GENERAL INDEX
505
Turtle, magical models of, i. 108 Turtle - catching, taboos in connexion with, iii. 192
-dove, consumption transferred to
a, ix. 52
family in Samoa, their rule as to
eating and cutting up turtles, iii. 122
-shell badges of homicide, iii. 168
Turtles, ancestral spirits in, in the Ten- imber and Timor-laut Islands, viii. 123 ; killing the sacred, among the Zuni, viii. 175 sqq. ; transmigration of human souls into, among the Zuni, viii. 178 sg
Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, xi. 196
Tusayan, an ancient province of Arizona, vii. 312
, the Pueblo Indians of, their cus- tom at planting, v. 239 ; their obser- vation of the Pleiades, vii. 312
Tuscan Romagna, Befana (Epiphany) in the, ix. 167
Tuscany, oak forests on the coast of, ii. 354; volcanic district of, v. 208 n.1 \ omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295
Tusculum, Egerius Baebius or Laevius, of Tusculum, a Latin dictator, i. 22, 23 n.8 ; King of the Sacred Rites at, i. 44«.J
Tusks of ivory, souls shut up in, iii. 70
Tusser, Thomas, on planting peas and beans, vi. 134
Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 41
Tver Government in Russia, charm to keep wolves from cows in, iii. 307
Twana Indians of Washington State, recovery of lost souls by medicine-men among the, iii. 58 ; prohibition to mention the names of the dead among the, iii. 365
Twanyinka, an Australian spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull- roarer, xi. 233 sg. ; kills and resusci- tates lads at initiation, xi. 234 -
Twelfth Day, dances on, i. 138 ; cere- mony of the King at Carcassone on, viii. 321 ; mummers representing a Goat and a Bear on, viii. 327 ; dances on the roof on, to make the hemp grow tall, ix. 315 ; serious significance of, ix. 315 ; the Three Kings on, ix. 329 sqq. See also Twelfth Night
Day, the Eve of, expulsion of
witches, etc. , on, ix. 166 sq. ; twelve fires in Gloucestershire and Hereford- shire on, ix. 318 ; the bonfires of, x. 107 j processions with torches on, x. 340
— Night, fruit-trees girt with straw
VOL, XII
ropes between Christmas and, ii. 17 ; cer- tain animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas and, iii. 396 sq. ; expulsion of the powers of evil on, ix. 165^. ; dances for the crops on, ix. 238 ; Perchta's Day, ix. 244 ; (Epiphany), the King of the Bean on, ix. 313 sqq. , x. 153 n.2; divination on, ix. 316 ; cake, x. 184 ; the Yule log on, x. 248, 250, 251 ; the divining- rod cut on, xi. 68. See also Twelfth Day
Twelfth Night, the Eve of, old Mrs. Perchta on, ix. 240, 241 ; ceremonial fires on, ix. 316 sqq.
Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night (Epiphany), precautions against witches during the, ix. 158 sqq., 164 sqq. ; in Macedonia, superstitions as to the, ix. 320 ; weather of the twelve months supposed to be determined by the weather of the, ix. 322 sqq. ; in ancient India, ix. 324 sq. \ ac- counted a miniature of the year, ix. 324 ; in the Highlands of Scotland, ix.
324 ; difference of opinion as to the date of the, ix. 324, 327 ; probably an old intercalary period at midwinter, ix.
325 sq., 328, 338 sq., 342
Days or Twelve Nights not of
Christian origin, ix. 326 sqq.
fires on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 318
sq., 321 sq.
Gods, images of the, carried in pro- cession at Magnesia, viii. 8
Nights, remains of Yule log
scattered on fields during the, x. 248 ; between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, x. 310 n.1
years, king's reign limited to, in
South India, iv. 46 sqq.
"Twice-born" Brahman, xi. 276 Twin, name applied by the Baganda to
the navel-string, i. 195, 196, vi. 170;
the navel-string of the king of Uganda
called his, vi. 147. See also Twins , ghost of a, lodged in a wooden
figure, viii. 98
Twin brothers in ritual, x. 278 girl charged with special duty, viii.
280 producing virtue ascribed to a kind
of mistletoe, xi. 79 Twining thread forbidden to women and
children during absence of warriors, i.
131
Twins in war, i. 49 n.3 ; produced by eating two mice, two bananas, or twe grains of millet, i. 118, 145 ; taboos laid on parents of, i. 262, 263 sg.; supposed to possess magical powers, especially 2 K
506
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
over the weather and rain, i. 262-269, i* ii. 183 ; supposed to be salmon, i. 263 ; thought to be related to grizzly bears, i. 264 sq. ; thought to be related to apes, i. 265 ; thought to be the sons of lightning, i. 266 ; called the children of the sky, i. 267, 268 ; water poured on graves of, i. 268, iii. 154 sq. ; custom observed by mother of still-born, i. 269 n.1 ; parents of, thought to be able to fertilize plantain- trees, ii. 102 ; mothers of, not allowed to go near farm at sowing and reaping, ii. 102 n.1 ; customs of the Baganda in regard to, ii. 102 sq. ; precautions taken by women at the graves of, v. 93 n.1 ; precautions against the ghosts of, viii. 98 ; deemed a great misfortune in Kamtchatka, viii. 173 ».4, ix. 178; crocodiles thought to be born as the twins of human chil- dren, viii. 212; Baganda women throw sticks or stones on the graves of, ix. 18
Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, xi. 162 w.2
, father of, taboos observed by the,
iii. 239 sq. ; his hair shaved and nails cut, iii. 284 ; no male except the, allowed to enter hut of girl in her seclusion at puberty, x. 24
Two bananas eaten produce twins, i. 145
Brothers, ancient Egyptian story ot
the, xi. 134 sqq.
days, heathen festivals displaced in
the Christian calendar by, i. 14
faced statue set up by the mother
of still-born twins, i. 269 n.1 ; mask worn by image of goddess, ix. 287
— Goddesses, the, Demeter and Per- sephone at Eleusis, vii. 56, 59, 73, 90
grains of millet eaten produce
twins, i. 145
headed bust at Nemi, portrait of
the King of the Wood, i. 41 sq.
headed deity on a Cilician coin, v.
165 sq.
mice eaten produce twins, i. 118
Tyana, Hittite monument at, v. 122 n.1
Tybi, an Egyptian month, vi. 98 n.2
Tycoons, the, long the temporal sover- eigns of Japan, iii. 19
Tydeus marries the daughter of the king of Argos, ii. 278
Tyers, Lake, in Victoria, reluctance to mention personal names among the blacks about, iii. 321
Tying up the winds in knots, i. 326 ; the soul to the body, iii. 32 sq. , 43
Tylon or Tylus, a Lydian hero, v. 183 ; his death and resurrection, v. 186 sq.
Tylor, Sir Edward B.( on fertilization of
date-palm, i. 25 «. ; on magic, i. 53 «.* ; on the fire-drill, ii. 208 ; on Garcilasso's account of the Peruvian priestesses of fire, ii. 244 n.1 ; on the association of flints with lightning, ii. 374 n.2 ; on reincarnation of ancestors, iii. 372 n.l\ on fossil bones as a source of myths, v. 157 sq. ; on names for father and mother, v. 281 ; on a theory of totem- ism, viii. 298 n.2
Tyndarids (Castor and Pollux) thought to attend the Spartan kings, i. 49
Types of animal sacrament, viii. 310 sqq.
Typhon, or Set, the brother of Osiris, vi. 6 ; the sea called the foam of, iii. 10 ; invoked by his true names, iii. 390 ; the soul of, in the Great Bear, iv. 5 ; murders Osiris, vi. 7 sq. ; mangles the body of Osiris, vi. 10, viii. 30 ; interpreted as the sun, vi. 129 ; the enemy of Osiris, vii. 262, 263, viii. 100 ; his injury of the eye of Horus, viii. 30 ; as a pig or boar, viii. 30, 3X» 33» 34 J tne Dirtn of, ix. 341. See also Set
, in Greek mythology, slays Her- cules, v. in ; Corycian cave of, v. 155 sq. ; his battle with the gods, v. r93» X94 J tne gods flee before, vii. 18
and Zeus, battle of, v. 156 sq.
Tyre, Melcarth at, v. 16 ; burning of Melcarth at, v. no sq. ; festival of "the awakening of Hercules" at, v. in ; king of, his walk on stones of fire, v. 114 sq.
, kings of, their divinity, v. 16 ; as
priests of Astarte, v. 26
and Sidon, ix. 17
Tyrie, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the clyack sheaf in, vii. 158
Tyrimnus, axe-bearing hero at Thyatira, v. 183 n.
Tyrol, sacred larch-tree in the, ii. 20 ; ' ' ringing out the grass ' ' on St. George's Day in the, ii. 343 sq. ; witches in the, their magic use of cut hair, iii. 271 ; disposal of loose hair in the, iii. 282 ; wedding rings as amulets in the, iii. 314; Feast of All Souls in the, vi. 73 sq. ; the Wheat-bride and Rye-bride at harvest in the, vii. 163 ; treatment of man who gives last stroke at thresh- ing at Volders in the, vii. 224 ; last thresher said to • 4 strike down the Dog " at Dux in the, vii. 273 ; the last thresher called the Goat at Ober- inntal in the, vii. 286 ; annual " Burn- ing out of the Witches" on May Day in the, ix. 158 sq.t x. 160 ; Ih&Perchten in the, ix. 240, 242 sq. ; Senseless Thursday in the, ix. 248 ; burning the
GENERAL INDEX
507
witch on the first Sunday in Lent at Voralberg in the, x. 116 ; Midsummer fires in the, x. 172 sq. \ magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, xi. 47 ; St. John's wort in the, xi. 54 ; mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, xi. 58 ; four-leaved clover gathered on Midsummer Eve in the, xi. 62 sq. ; dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, xi. 64 ; the divining-rod in the, xi. 68 ; mistletoe used to open all locks in the, xi. 85 ; belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, xi. 291 w.3
Tyrolese peasants use fern-seed to dis- cover buried gold and to prevent money from decreasing, xi. 288
story of a girl who was forbidden
to see the sun, x. 72
Tyropoeon, ravine at Jerusalem, v. 178
Tyrrel, Colonel F. , as to the story of Sultan Bayazid and his external soul, iii. 51 n.
Tzentales, the, of Mexico, propitiate dead deer, viii. 241
Tzultacca, a mythical being of the Central American Indians, viii. 241
Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, their belief as to initiation, xi. 233
Uap (Yap), one of the Caroline Islands, taboos observed by fishermen in, iii. 193 ; custom as to cutting hibiscus tree in, iii. 227 ; the natives of, burn or throw into the sea their cut hair and nails for fear of witchcraft, iii. 281 sq. See also Yap
Uaupes of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 61
— River, woman's share in agricul- ture among the tribes of the, vii. 121 sq.
Ubemba, a royal family in Central Africa, ii. 277
Ucayali river in Peru, the Conibos of the, ii. 183 «.2, v. 198 ; the Indians of the, their greetings to the new.moon, vi. 142
Ucria, in Sicily, barren fruit-trees threat- ened at, ii. 21 sq.
Udvarhely in Transylvania, wreath made out of the last ears cut at harvest at, vii. 221 ; cock killed in last sheaf at, vii. 278
Uea, one of the Loyalty Islands, recall of a lost soul in, iii. 54
Uelzen in Hanover, the Harvest-goat at, vii. 283
Uffizi, the temple of Vesta represented on a relief in the gallery of the, at Florence, ii. 186
Uganda, priest inspired by tobacco smoke
in, i. 384 ; ceremonies observed by the parents of twins in, ii. 102 ; the king's perpetual fire in, ii. 261 ; licence accorded to the Queen-Dowager and Queen-Sister in, ii. 275 sq. ; descent of the totems in, ii. 288 ; avoidance of wife's mother in, iii. 84 sq. ; rule as to the Queen-mother of, iii. 86 ; ceremony on return from a journey in, iii. 112 ; uncleanness of women at menstruation and childbirth in, iii. 145 ; seclusion of brides in, iii. 148 «.1 ; intercourse of chiefs with their wives before going to war in, iii. 164 w.1; taboos observed by fishermen in, iii. 194 sq. ; weapons removed from room at childbirth in, iii. 239 ; taboos observed by fathers of twins in, iii. 239 sq.\ king's brothers burnt in, iii. 243 ; custom as to roofing the king's palace in, iii. 254 j rule as to cutting child's hair in, iii. 263 ; disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 277 ; custom as to the hair and nails of fathers of twins in, iii. 284 ; reluct- ance of people to name their totems in, iii. 330; spirits of ancestors reincarnate in their namesakes in, iii. 369; etiquette at the court of the king of, iv. 39 sq. ; human sacrifices in, iv. 139 ; first- born sons strangled in, iv. 182 ; dead kings of, give oracles through inspired mediums, iv. 200 sq., vi. 167, 171 sq. ; priest drinks beer out of skull of dead king in, iv. 200, viii. 150 ; temples of the dead kings of, vi. 167, 168 sq. , 170 sqq. ; human sacrifices offered to dead kings of, vi. 168, 172 sq. ; human sacri- fices offered to prolong the lives of the kings of, vi. 223 sqq. ; men inspired by the spirits of lions, leopards, and serpents in, viii. 213; funeral ceremony in, ix. 45 «.2; human scapegoats in, ix. 42, 194 sq. ; kings of, not allowed to set foot on ground, x. 3 sq. ; life of the king of, bound up with barkcloth trees, xi. 160 ; passage of sick man through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in, xi. 181 sq. ; cure for lightning-stroke in, xi. 298 «.a See also Baganda
Uganda Protectorate, the Bahima of the, iii. 183 n. , ix. 6
Ugi, one of the Solomon Islands, fear of passing under a fallen tree in, iii. 250 ; cut hair buried in, iii. 277 ; observa- tion of the Pleiades in, vii. 313
Uisnech, in County Meath, great fair at, x. 158
Uist, in the Hebrides, rain-making in, i. 308 ; Beltane cakes in, x. 154
, North, the harvest C ail leach in,
vii. 166 ; need-fire in, x. 293 sq.
, South, fairies at Hallowe'en in, x.
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
226 ; salt cake at Hallowe'en in, x.
* 238 j?.
Uiyurnkwi tribe, in Red Island, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 39 sq.
Ujjain, the old capital of Malwa, in Western India, iv. 132, 133 ; tradi- tion as to killing kings after one day's reign in, iv. 122 sq. \ Vikramaditya's Gate at, iv. 124
Ukami, in German East Africa, xi. 313
Ukpong, external soul in Calabar, xi. 206
Ukraine, ceremony to fertilize the fields on St. George's Day in the, ii. 103
Ulad Bu Aziz, Arab tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 214
Ulawa, one of the Solomon Islands, soul of dead man in a shark at, viii. 297 ; soul of dead man in bananas in, vni. 298
Uliase, East Indian island, fear to lose the shadow at noon in, iii. 87 ; sick people sprinkled with pungent spices in, iii. 105
Ullensvang, Hardanger, Norway, Whit- suntide Bride and Bridegroom at, ii. 92
Ulster, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, iii. 12 ; tombs of the kings of, iv. 101
Ulysses wins Penelope in a foot-race, ii. 300 sq.
• and Aeolus, i. 326 Umbandine, king of the Swazies, ex- pected to make rain for his people,
i- 350
Umbrella, white, carried over Athenian priests and priestess, x. 20 n.1 ; carried over bride in procession, x. 31
Umbrellas in ritual, x. 20 n.1
Umbrians, ordeal of battle among the, ii. 321
Unalashka, one of the Aleutian Islands, stones piled on a grave in, ix. 16
Uncle, dead, worshipped among the Awemba, vi. 175
— , maternal, preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285 ; in marriage ceremonies in India, v. 62 n.1
Unclean and sacred, correspondence of the rules regarding the, iii. 145
Unclean animals originally sacred, viii. 24
Uncleanness regarded as a vapour, iii. 152, 206 ; of man-slayers, of men- struous and lying-in women, and of persons who have handled the dtad, iii. 169 ; of whalers, iii. 191, 207 ; of lion-killer, iii. 220 ; of bear-killers, iii. 221 ; caused by contact with the dead, vi. 227 sqq. ; ceremonial, among the Indians of Costa Rica, x. 65 n.1 ;
of women at menstruation, x. 76 sqq. \ and sanctity not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, x. 97 sq. See also Menstruous
Uncles named after their nephews, iii. 332
Unconquered Son, Mithra identified with the, v. 304
Uncovered in the open air, prohibition to be, iii. 3, 14
Underground Zeus, Greek ploughman prayed to, vii. 45, 50
Undiara in Central Australia, magical stones at, i. 147
Ungarisch Rrod, in Moravia, dramatic contest between Summer and Winter among the Slavs near, iv. 257 sq.
Unguent of lion's fat, magic virtue of an, viii. 164 ; made from fat of crocodiles and snakes, x. 14
Uniformity of occupation in primitive society, i. 245 ; of nature, ii. 376
Unis, king of Egypt, mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, vi. 5
Universal healer, name given to mistle- toe, xi. 77
Unkareshwar, the goddess of cholera at, ix. 194
Unkulunkulu, "the Old-Old-one," the first man in the traditions of the Zulus, vi. 182
Unleavened bread baked with new corn at the harvest festival of the Natchez Indians, viii. 136
Unlucky, intercalary days regarded as, ix. 339 sq. ; Midsummer Day regarded as, xi. 29
children passed through narrow
openings, xi. 190
marriages in India, ii. 57 n.*
Unmasking a were -wolf or witch by wounding him or her, x. 315, 321
Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, their disposal of foreskins at circum- cision, i. 95 sq. ; burial customs of the, i. 102 ; their charm to ensure wake- fulness, i. 154 ; their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208 ; their rites of initiation, xi. 234 ; initiation of a medicine-man in the, xi. 238
Unna, in Westphalia, treatment of the last sheaf at, vii. 138
Unnefer, "the Good Being," a title of Osiris, vi. 12
Unreaped corn, patches of, left at harvest, viii. 233
Unreason, Abbot of, in Scotland, ix. 331
' ' Unspoken water " in marriage rites, vi. 245 sq.
Unyoro, king of, his custom of drinking milk, iii. 119 ; not to be seen drink- ing, iii. 119 ; cowboy of the king of,
GENERAL INDEX
509
ifl. 159 n. ; diet of the king of, iii. 291 sq. \ kings of, put to death, iv.
34
Up-helly-a', popular festival on January 29th in Shetland, ix. 168 sq. , x. 269 n. Up-uat, Egyptian jackal-god, vi. 154 Upias, King, father of Bormus, vii. 216 Upis, a Hyperborean maiden, i. 34 n. ;
a name of Artemis, i. 34 n. Upsala, popular assembly at, i. 366 sq. ; sacred grove at, ii. 9, 364, 365 ; temple of Frey at, ii. 144 ; images of Thor, Odin, and Frey at, ii. 364 ; sacrificial spring at, ii. 364 ; great temple and festival at, ii. 364 sq. , iv. 58 ; sepulchral mound at, iv. 57, 161 ; sacrifice of king's sons at, iv. 160 ; human sacrifices in the holy grove at, v. 289 sg., vi. 220 ; the reign of Frey at, vi. 100
Upulero, the spirit of the sun, in the Babar Archipelago, prayers for off- spring to, i. 72
Ur, the fourth dynasty of, i. 417 Urabunna tribe of Central Australia, their fire-drill, ii. 209 ; their rites of initiation, xi. 234 Uranium, atomic disintegration of, viii.
305 Uranus mutilated by his son Cronus, iv.
192, v. 283 Uraons. See Oraons Urewera, in New Zealand, magic use of
spittle in, iii. 288 Uri-melech or Adorn -melech, king of
Byblus, v. 14 Urns, funereal, in shape of huts, ii.
201 sq. Urquhart, Sir Thomas, on the Lord of
Misrule, ix. 332 Urua, in Central Africa, divinity claimed
by the chief of, i. 395 Urvasi and King Pururavas, Indian
story, ii. 250, iv. 131 Usagara hills in German East Africa, the
Wamegi of the, vii. 240 Usener, H., on Befana at Rome, ix.
167 n.1; on the etymology of Veturius,
ix. 229 ».a Ushnagh, in Ireland, pagan cemetery at,
iv. 101
Usirniri, temple of, at Busiris, vi. 151 Usondo, the lord of rain, in Zululand, i.
303 Ussingen, in Nassau, saying as to wind
in corn at, vii. 296 Ussukuma (Usukuma), district on the
southern bank of Lake Victoria
Nyanza, sultans of, expected to make
rain and drive away locusts, i. 353 ;
heads not to be shaved till corn is sown
in, iii. 260
Ustreh, a species of vampyre in Bulgaria, supposed to attack cattle, x. 284
Utch Kurgan, in Turkestan, human scapegoat at, ix. 45
Uttoxeter, May garlands at, ii. 61
Ututwa, sultan of, expelled for drought,
i- 353 Uuayayab, demon of evil in Yucatan, ix.
171 Uwet, tribe on the Calabar River, their
excessive use of the poison ordeal, iv.
197
Vagney, in the Vosges, Christmas custom at, x. 254
Vagueness and inconsistency of primitive thought, xi. 301 sq.
Val di Ledro, effigy burnt in the, at Carnival, x. 120
Valais, the canton of, Midsummer fires in, x. 172 ; cursing a mist in, x. 280
Vale of Tempe, Apollo purified from the dragon's blood m the, iv. 81, vi. 240
Valenciennes, Lenten fire-custom at, x. 114 «.4
Valentines at bonfires, x. 109 sq.
Valerius Soranus, said to have divulged the name of Rome, iii. 391
Valesius, on the standard Egyptian cubit, vi. 217 «.1
Valhalla, the dead in battle received by Odin in, iv. 13
Vallabhacharyas or Maharajas, a Hindoo sect, believe that barren women can be fertilized by bathing in a sacred well, ii. 160 ; men assimilated to women in the, vi. 254. See also Maharajas
Vallancey, General Charles, on Hallow- e'en customs in Ireland, x. 241 sq.
Valle"e des Bagnes, cursing a mist in the, x. 280
Vallericcia, near the Alban Lake, archaic Greek relief found in the, i. ii n.1
Valley of Hinnom, sacrifices of children to Moloch in the, iv. 169, v. 178
of the Kings of Thebes, vi. 90
of Poison, in Java, v. 203 sq.
Vampyres, charms against, ix. 153 w.1 ; need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, x. 284 sqq. , 344
Vancouver Island, the Lkungen Indians of, i. 145 ; wind-stones in, i. 322; the Ahts of, vi. 139 n.1, x. 43 ; the Songish or Lkungen tribe of, viii. 254
Vanua Lava, in the Banks Islands, avoidance of wife's mother at, iii. 85 ,
Vapour thought to be exhaled by lying- in women and hunters, iii. 152, 206, 213 ; supposed, of blood and corpses, iii. 210 sq. \ supposed to be produced by the violation of a taboo, iii. 212
5io
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
Vapour bath taken by girls at puberty, x. 40
A£apours, worship of mephitic, v. 203 sqq.
Var, Midsummer fires in the French department of, x. 193
Varanda, in Armenia, rain-charm at, i. 306
Vare", African kingdom, power of rain- making ascribed to the kings of, i. 348
Varini, a tribe akin to the Saxons, mar- riage with a step-mother among the, ii. 283
Varro, on the oak groves of Rome, ii. 185 ; on the so-called temple of Vesta, ii. 200 ; on the foundation of Rome by shepherds and herdsmen, ii. 324 n.1 ; on Pales, ii. 326 ; on Janus as a sky- god, ii. 381 ; on a Roman funeral custom, iv. 92 ; on suicides by hanging, iv. 282 ; on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 230 sq. , 236 n. l ; his derivation of Dialis from Jove, vi. 230 n.2 ; on Salacia, vi. 233 ; on Fauna or the Good Goddess, vi. 234 w.4 ; on the rites of Eleusis, vii. 88 ; on killing oxen in Attica, viii. 6 ; on annual sacrifice of goat on the Acropolis of Athens, viii. 41 ; on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14 «.3
Varuna, festival of, wife of the sacrificer obliged to name her paramours at the, ui. 217
Vase, external soul of habitual criminal in a, xi. 145 sq.
Vase - paintings of Cadmus and the dragon, iv. 78, 79 ; of Croesus on the pyre, v. 176
Vashti, derivation of the name, ix. 366
and Esther, temporary queens, ix.
365. 40i — and Haman the duplicates of Esther
and Mordecai, ix. 406 Vasse River in Western Australia,
mourners cut themselves for the dead
on the, i. 91 Vate", in the New Hebrides, the aged
buried alive in, iv. 12 Vatican, worship of Cybele and Attis on
the site of the, v. 275 sq. Vatican hill, evergreen oak on the, ii. 186
statue of Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 n.1
Vaughan Stevens, H. , on the wild tribes
of the Malay region, ii. 236 n.1 Veal eaten by Egyptian kings, iii. 13,
291
Veckenstedt, E., i. 326 «.5 Vecoux, in the Vosges, cattle believed to
talk on Christmas Eve at, x. 254 Vedas, the magical ritual of the, akin to
shamanism, i. 229
Vedic age, the Aryans of the, their calendar, ix. 342
hymns, the fire-god Agni in the,
xi. 295 sq.
India, consecration of the sacrificer
of soma in, iii. 159 n. \ belief and custom as to meteors m, iv. 63 ; swing- ing as a religious rite in, iv. 279 sq.
rites, magical nature of, i. 229
times, charm to restore a banished
prince in, i. 145 ; transference of sin in, ix. 3 ; cure for consumption in, ix. 5 1 ; the creed of the, ix. 90 ; riddles asked at sacrifice of horse in, ix. 122 n. ; the Aryans of the, ix. 324
Vedijovis, she-goat sacrificed like human victim to, vii. 33. See also Vejovis
Vegetable and animal life associated in primitive mind, v. 5
food prescribed for man -slayers,
iii. 167
Vegetables at Midsummer, their ferti- lizing influence on women, xi. 51
Vegetation, homoeopathic influence of persons on, i. 142 ; spirit of, newly awakened in spring, ii. 70 ; spirit of, brought to houses, ii. 74 ; spirit of, represented by mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and flowers, ii. 74 sqq. , 78 sqq. , 97 ; spirit of, represented by a tree and a living man, ii. 76 ; spirit of, represented in duplicate by a girl and an eflfigy, ii. 78 ; spirit of, represented by a king or queen, ii. 84, 87, 88 ; influence of the sexes on, ii. 97 sqq. ; men and women masquerad- ing as spirits of, ii. 120 ; marriage of the powers of, ii. 142, 171 ; death and revival of the spirit of, iv. 212, 252, 263 sqq. ; perhaps generalized from a tree-spirit, iv. 253, v. 233 ; mythical theory of the growth and decay of, v. 3 sqq. ; annual decay and revival of, represented dramatically in the rites of Adonis, v. 227 sqq.', gardens of Adonis charms to promote the growth of, v. 236 sq. , 239 ; Midsummer fires and couples in relation to, v. 250 sq. ; Attis as a god of, v. 277 sqq. ; Osiris as a god of, vi. 112, 126, 131, 158 ; decay and growth of, conceived as the death and resurrection of gods, vii. i sq. ; Mars a deity of, ix. 229 sq. ; outworn deity of, ix. 231 ; processions representing spirits of, ix. 250 ; spirit of, burnt in effigy, xi. 21 sq. ; reasons for burning a deity of, xi. 23 ; leaf-clad representative of the spirit of, burnt, xi. 25 ; W. Mann- hardt's view that the victims burnt by the Druids represented spirits of, xi.
43 Vegetation -god, Easter an old vernal
GENERAL INDEX
festival of the death and resurrection of the, ix. 328
Vehicle, expulsion of evils in. a material, ix. 185 sqq., 198 sqq.t 224
Vehicles, material, of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.), ix. i sqq., 22 «.a, 23 sqq.
Veil over mouth worn by Parsee priests, ii. 241, 241 «.*
Veiling faces to avert evil influences, iii. 120 sqq.
Veils worn by candidates for initiation at Eleusis, vii. 38
"Veins of the Nile," near Philae, offer- ings of money and gold thrown into the, vi. 40
Vejovis, the Little Jupiter, ii. 179, 180 n. See also Vedijovis
Velamas, in India, their belief as to third marriages being unlucky, ii. 57 «.4
Veleda, deified woman among the Bructeri, i. 391
Vellalas, of Southern India, their custom at marrying a second, third, or fourth wife, ii. 57 «.4
Velten, C, on an African Balder, xi. 312 sq.
Vendee, custom at threshing in, vii. 149 sq.
Veneti sacrifice white horses to Diomede, i. 27 ; on the Atlantic coast of Brit- tany, their boats of oak, ii. 353
Venezuela, province of Coro in, viii. 157 ; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15
Venison, taboos concerning, iii. 208 sq. ; Esquimau rules as to eating, viii. 84 ; eaten as a protection against fever, viii. 143 ; not eaten by young men lest it make them timid like deer, viii. 144 ; not brought into hut by door, viii. 242 sq. ; not eaten because the souls of the dead are believed to be in deer, viii. 286, 293
Ventriloquism a basis of political power, i. 347
Ventriloquist as chief of his tribe, i. 347
Venus (Aphrodite) and Adonis, j[. 21, 25, 40, 41, ix. 406. See also Adonis, Aphrodite
, the bearded, in Cyprus, vi. 259 ».*
and Vulcan, vi. 231
Venus, the planet, identified withAstarte, v, 258, vi. 35
Venus' fly-trap (Dionaea), homoeopathic magic of, i. 144
Vera Cruz, in Mexico, the Indian tribes of, dated the beginning of their years by the setting of the Pleiades, vii. 310
Verbascum, mullein, gathered at Mid- summer, xi. .63 sq, \ its relation to the sun, xi. 64
Verbena officinalis, vervain, gathered aC Midsummer, xi. 62
Verdun, "killing the dog" at harvest near, vii. 272
Verges, in the Jura, 'Lenten fire-custom at, x. 114 sq.
Vermilion applied to bride in Hindoo marriage ceremony, ii. 25 ; faces of Roman generals at a triumph red- dened with, ii. 175
Vermin from hair returned to their owner, iii. 278 ; propitiated by farmers, viii. 274 sqq. \ images of, made as a protection against them, viii. 280 sq. ; exorcized with torches, x. 340
Vernal festival of Adonis, v. 226
Verrall, A. W. , as to Mohammed's pro- hibition of the artificial fertilization of the palm, ii. 25 n.1 ; on the An- thesieria, v. 235 ».1; on the pyre of Hercules, ix, 391 n.4
Verres, C. , carried off image of Demeter from Henna, vii. 65
Versipellis, a were-wolf, x. 314 n.1
Vertumnus and Pomona, vi. 235 «.8
Vervain, root of, in homoeopathic cure, i. 84 ; garlands or chaplets of, at Mid- summer, x. 162, 163, 165 ; burnt in the Midsummer fires, x. 195 ; used in exorcism, xi. 62 w.4 ; gathered at Mid- summer, a protection against thunder and lightning, sorcerers, demons, and thieves, xi. 62
Vesoul, the Cat at cutting the last com at, vii. 280
Vespasian, monument of, at Nemi, i 5 sq. ; German woman worshipped as a deity in the reign of, i. 391
Vespasian family, the oak of the, xi. 168
Vesper-bell on Midsummer Eve, xi. 62
Vessels used by tabooed persons de- stroyed, iii. 4, 131, 139, 145, 156, 185, 284 ; new or specially reserved, to hold new fruits, viii. 50, 53, 65, 66, 72, 81, 83
, special, employed by tabooed per- sons, iii. 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 160, 167, 185, 189, 197, 198 ; reserved for eating bear's flesh, viii. 196, 198 ; used by menstruous women, x. 86, 90 ; used by girls at puberty, x. 93
Vesta,- her round temple, i. 13, ii. 200 sq. ; her sacred fires in Latium, i. 13 sq. ; worshipped at Lavinium, L 14; her festival in June, ii. 127 «.*; at Rome, the grove of, ii. 185 ; her fire at Rome fed with oak wood, ii. 1 86, xi. 91, 286 ; called Mother, not Virgin, ii. 198, 229 ; as Mother, ii 227 sqq. \ a goddess of fecundity, ii.
$12
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
229 sq. ; sacred fire in the temple of, annually kindled, x. 138 Vestal fire at Alba, i. 13 ; at Rome a successor of the fire on the king's hearth, ii. 200 sqq. ; rekindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207 ; at Nemi, ii. 378 sq. , 380
— Virgin, mother of Servius Tullius, ii. 196 ; mother of Romulus and Remus, ii. 196, vi. 235
— — Virgins, in Latium, i. 13 sq. ; be- come mothers by the fire, ii. 196 sq. ; regarded as wives of the fire-god, ii. 198, 199, 229 ; relit the sacred fire of Vesta, ii. 207, x. 138; their function at the Parilia, ii. 229, 326 ; an order of, among the Baganda, ii. 246 ; their address to the King of the Sacred Rites, ii. 265 ; daughters of the Latin kings, ii. 271 ; their shorn tresses hung on a lotus- tree, iii. 275 ; rule as to their election, vi. 244 ; ceremonies performed by them on April 2ist, viii. 42 ; their rule of celibacy, x. 138 n.6
Vestals fetch water from the spring of Egeria, i. 18 ; African, ii. 150; house of the, at Rome, ii. 201 ; their coarse earthenware, ii. 202 ; of the Herero, ii. 213, 214; custom of burying alive unfaithful Vestals, ii. 228 ; at Rome the wives or daughters of the kings, ii. 228 ; adore the male organ, ii. 229 ; rites performed by them for the fertility of the earth and the fecundity of cattle, ii. 229, 326; Celtic, ii. 241 n.l\ Peruvian, ii. 243 sqq. \ in Yucatan, ii. 245 sq.
— and pontiffs threw puppets annually into the Tiber at Rome, via. 107
Vestini, the ancient, Midsummer fires in
the territory of, x. 209 Veth, P. J., on the Golden Bough, xi. 319 Vi River, the Orotchis of the, viii. 197 Vicarious and nutritive types of sacrifice,
vi. 226 sacrifices in ancient Babylon and on
the Slave Coast, iv. 117; in ancient
Greece, iv. 165, 166 n.1 ; for kings, iv.
220 sq.
— suffering, principle of, ix. i sq.
use of images, viii. 96 sqq.
Victim, passing between the pieces of a
sacrificial, i. 289, 289 «.4 - , human, taken in procession from
door to door, vii. 247 Victims give signs of inspiration by
shaking themselves, i. 384 sq. — — , human, sacrificed to man-gods, i.
386, 387 ; treated as divine, vii. 250 ;
assimilated to gods, vii. 261 sq. ;
personating gods and goddesses in
ancient Mexico, ix. 275 sqq. ; claimed
by St. John on St. John's Day (Mid- summer Day), x. 27, 29 ; claimed by water at Midsummer, xi. 26 sqq. Sei also Human sacrifices
Victims, sacrificial, hung on trees, v, 146 ; carried round city, iii. 188
, white, sacrificed for sunshine, i.
291, 292, 314
Victoria, the late Queen, worshipped as a deity in Orissa, i. 404
Victoria, the Wotjobaluk of, i. 206, 251 sq. ; rain-making in, i. 251, 252 ; the Wurunjeri tribe of, iii. 42 ; the Kurnai of, iii. 83, 84 ; the Bad Country in, iii. 109 ; human hair used to cause rain by the tribes of, iii. 272 ; avoidance of wife's mother among the tribes of, iii. 345 sq. ; difference of language between husbands and wives in some tribes of, iii. 347 sq. ; the Gowmditch-mara tribe of, iii. 348 ; personal names rarely perpetuated among the tribes of, iii. 353 sq. \ kinsfolk of the dead change their names in some tribes of, iii. 357 ; the natives of, their observation of Canopus and the Pleiades, vii. 308 j sex totems in, xi. 217
, aborigines of, use of magical
images among the, i. 62 ; their cus- tom as to teething, i. 180 ; contagious magic of footprints among the, i. 212 ; mourning custom among the, iii. 182 «.2 ; concealment of personal names among the, iii. 321 ; ,fear of naming the dead among the, iii. 350, 365 ; changes in their vocabulary caused by their fear of naming the dead, iii. 359 S3' * women's share in the search for food among the, vii. 127 sq. ; their custom as to emu fat, x. 13 ; their dread of women at menstruation, x. 77 sq.
, in Vancouver's Island, wind-stones
at, i. 322
Victoria Nyanza, Lake, Kadouma near, i. 328 ; Ussukuma, on the southern bank of, i. 353, iii. 260 ; Mukasa, the god of the, ii. 150, vi. 257 ; customs ol Baganda fishermen on, iii. 194 sq. \ the Wanyamwesi, to the south of, vii. 118 ; Kiziba, to the west of, viii. 219
Victory, temple of, on the Palatine Hill at Rome, v. 265
Vicuna, reason for not eating the, viii. 140
Vidovec in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, x. 178
Viehe, Rev. G., on the huts of the Herero, ii. 213 «.a; on the fire-sticks of the Herero, ii. 218 n.1 ; on sacred sticks representing ancestors among the Herero, ii. 222, 223 sq. \ on the
GENERAL INDEX
513
worship of the dead among the Hereto, vi. 187 n.1
Vienne, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337 n.1 ; Midsummer fires in the department of, x. 191 ; the Yule log in, x. 251
Vieux-Pont, in Orne, game of ball at, ix. 183 n*
Vigil, the all-night, in the mysteries of Eleusis, vii. 38
Vikramaditya, legendary king of Ujjain in Western India, iv. 122 sqq. , 132
Vilavou, New Year's Men, the name given to newly initiated lads in Fiji, xi. 244
Village, double-headed idol set up as guardian at entrance of, ii. 385 ; con- tinence at building a new, ui. 202 ; tabooed at feast of first-fruits in Borneo, viii. 122 ; surrounded with a ring of fire as a protection against an evil spirit, x. 282
Village May-poles in England, ii. 66 sqq.
Villages, expulsion of demons from, ix. in sqq. See also Pile-villages
Villagomez, Pedro de, on the Peruvian Maize-mother, etc., vii. 172 «.a
Vimeux, Lenten fires at, x. 113
Vine, Flamen Dialis not allowed to walk under a, iii. 14, 248 ; the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, vi. 7, 112 ; in relation to Dionysus, vii. 2. See also Vines
, wild, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 251
Vine-branches used to beat people with at Easter, ix. 269
Vines blessed on the Assumption of the Virgin (i5th August), i. 14 sq. ; Fes- tival of the Threshing-floor held at the pruning of the, vii. 61
Vineyards dedicated to Artemis, i. 15
Vintage, first-fruits of, offered to Icarius and Erigone, iv. 283, viii. 133 ; in- augurated by priests, viii. 133 ; omens of, x. 164
in Greece, time of, vii. 47
Vintage festival, Oschophoria, at Athens, vi. 258 «.6
rites at Athens, vi. 238
song, Phoenician, vii. 216, 257
Vintagers and vine-diggers, treatment of strangers by, vii. 257 sq.
Violence done to the rain -powers in drought, i. 296 sqq.
Violent deaths of the Roman kings, ii.
313 m>
.Violets sprung from the blood of Attis,
v. 267 Vipers sacred to balsam trees in Arabia,
xi. 44 n.1 Viracocha, name applied by the Peruvian
Indians to the Spaniards, i. 56, 57 n.
Virbius, the mate of Diana at Nemi, I. 19-21, 40 sgq.t ii. 129, 378, v. 45; the mythical predecessor or archetype of the Kings of the Wood at Nemi; i. 40 sg.t ii. 129 ; perhaps annually married to Diana at; Nemi, ii. 129 ; perhaps a local form of Jupiter, ii. 379 ; etymology of the name, ii. 379 n.6 ; restored to life by Aesculapius, iv. 214; interpreted as an oak-spirit, xi. 295
or Hippolytus killed by horses, iv.
214
and the horse, viii. 40 sqq.
, the slope of, i. 4 n.6, ii. 321
Virgil, the witch in, i. 206 ».4; the story of Polydorus in, ii. 33 ; on the oak- crowned kings of Alba, ii. 178 ; an antiquary as well as a poet, ii. 178 ; on the Capitoline hill, ii. 184; on the primitive inhabitants of Rome, ii. 186 ; on the Golden Bough, ii. 379, xi. 284 sg.t 286, 293 sq. , 315 sqq. ; the enchantress in, iii. 305 ; on the rustic militia of Latium, iii. 311 ; on Dido's magical rites, iii. 312 ; on the game of Troy, iv. 76 ; on the creation of the world, iv. 108 sq. ; as an en- chanter, viii. 281 ; on the fire- walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14
Virgin, the Assumption of the, in relation to Diana, i. 14-16 ; festival of the, in the Armenian Church, i. 16 ; in relation to Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 n.l\ blesses the fruits of the earth, x. 118 ; the hair of the Holy, found in ashes of Mid- summer fire, x. 182 sq. , 191 ; feast of the Nativity of the, x. 220 sq.
and child supposed to sit on the
Yule log, x. 253 sq.
, the Heavenly, mother of the Sun,
v. 303 Virgin birth of Perseus, v. 302 «.4
Mary and Isis, vi. 118 sq.
Mary of Kevlaar, the pilgrimage to,
i. 77
Mother, the Phrygian Mother
Goddess as a, v. 281
mothers, tales of, v. 264 ; of gods
and heroes, v. 107
priestesses of Ephesian Artemis,
i. 38 ; in Peru, Mexico, and Yucatan, ii. 243 sqq.
Virginia, rites of initiation among the Indians of, xi. 266 sq.
Virginity offered to rivers, ii. 162 ; test of, by blowing up a flame, ii. 239 sq. , x. 139 n. ; sacrifice of, v. 60 ; recovered by bathing in a spring, v. 280
Virgins plant and gather olives, ii. 107 ; sacrificed to serpents, dragons, or other monsters, folk-tales of, ii. 155 ; supposed to conceive through eating
5*4
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
certain food, v. 96 ; sacrificed to god- dess in Mexico, vii. 237
Virgins of the Sun at Cuzco, x. 132
• , the Vestal, and the sacred fire,
x. 136. See also Vestal Virgins and Vestals
Virility, hierophant at Eleusis temporarily deprived of his, ii. 130 ; sacrifice of, to Cybele, ii. 144 sq. \ sacrifice of, in the rites of Attis and Astarte, v. 268 sq. t 270 sq. ; other sacrifices of, v. 270 «.a ; supposed to be lost by contact with menstruous women, x. 81
Viscum alburn^ common mistletoe, xi.
315 m-
... quernum, xi. 317
Vishnu invoked at rain-making, i. 283 ; a Brahman sacrificer supposed to become, i. 380 ; embodied in the Salagrama, a fossil ammonite, ii. 26, 27 n. ; supposed to pervade the Holy Basil (tulasi], ii. 26 ; mock human sacrifice in the worship of, iv. 216
Vision, charm by means of eagle's gall to ensure good, i. 154 ; sharpness of, conferred by dragon-stone, i. 165 «.6
Visiter, the Christmas, among the Ser- vians, x. 261 sq. , 263, 264
Visve Devah, the common mob of deities, a pap of boiled grain offered to, in ancient Hindoo ritual, viii. 120
Vitellms at Nemi, i. 5
and Otho, iv. 141
Viti Levu, the largest of the Fijian Islands, the drama of death and resurrection at initiation in, xi. 243
Vitrolles, bathing at Midsummer at, v. 248, x. 194
Vitruvius, on the origin of fire among men, ii. 257 n.
Vituperation thought to cause rain, i. 278
Vitzilipuztli or Vitzilopochtli, Mexican god, dough image of him made and eaten sacramen tally, viii. 86 iqq. ; young man annually sacrificed in the charac- ter of, ix. 280 sq.
Viza in Thrace, Carnival customs at, vi. 91, vii. 26, 28
Vizagapatam, in the Madras Presidency, human god at, i. 405 ; the Kudulu tribe near, vii. 244
Vizyenos, G. M., on a Carnival custom in Thrace, vii. 25 «.4, 26
Vogel Mountains, burning wheels on the first Sunday in Lent near the, x. 118
Vohumano or Vohu Manah, a Persian archangel, ix. 373 n.1
Voigtland, leaping as a charm to make flax grow tali in, i. 139 *.; locks un- locked at childbirth in, iii. 296 ; tooth- ache nailed into trees in, ix, 59 ; belief
in witchcraft in, ix. 160 ; witches driven away in, ix. 160 ; "Easter Smacks" in, ix. 268 ; young people beat each other at Christmas in, ix. 271 ; bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, x. 160 ; tree and person thrown into water on St. John's Day in, xi. 27 sq. ', divination by flowers on Mid- summer Eve in, xi. 53 ; mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 57 sq. ; wild thyme gathered at Mid- summer in, xi. 64 ; precautions against witches in, xi. 73 sq.
Volcanic eruptions supposed to be caused by incest, ii. in
region of Cappadocia, v. 189 sqq.
religion, v. 188 sqq.
Volcano, criminals thrown into, ii. in ; sacrifice of child to, iv. 218. See also Volcanoes
Volcano Bay, in Yezo, viii. 185
Volcanoes, fire perhaps first procured from, ii. 256 ; the worship of, v. 216 sqq. ; human victims thrown into, v. 219 sq.
Volders, in the Tyrol, custom at threshing at, vii. 224
Volga, sacred groves among the tribes of the, ii. 10 ; the Cheremiss of the, viii. 51, x. 181
Volksmarsen in Hesse, Easter fires at, x. 140
Volos, the beard of, name given to un- reaped patches of corn in Russia, vii.
233
Voluntary human victims at religious rites, iv. 140 sq. , 143 sq. , 145 ; substi- tutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 145^., 273.^.
Voluspa, the Sibyl's prophecy in the, x, 102 sq.
Vomiting, homoeopathic cure for, i. 84 ; as a religious rite, vni. 73, 75
Voralberg, in the Tyrol, "burning the witch " on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 116
Vorges, near Laon, Midsummer fires at, x. 187
Vorharz, the Oats-man and Oats- woman at the harvest feast in the, vii. 163
Voroneje, in Russia, patch of rye left for Elijah at harvest at, vii. 233
Vosges, peasants of the, preserve their extracted teeth against the resurrection, iii. 280 ; disposal of cut hair and nails in the, iii. 281 ; "the Dog of the harvest " in the, vii. 272 ; toothache nailed into trees in the, ix. 59 ; Mid- summer fires in the, x. 188, 336 ; the Yule log in the, x. 254 ; cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in the, xi. 40
GENERAL INDEX
515
Vosgcs, the Upper, rule as to the shearing of sheep in, vi. 134 «.3
Vosges Mountains, homoeopathic magic at sowing in the, i. 137 ; May custom in the, ii. 63 ; French peasants of the, their belief in St. George as protector of flocks, ii. 334 «.2 ; belief as to shoot- ing stars in the, iv. 67 ; Feast of All Souls in the, vi. 69 ; "to catch the Hare " at harvest in the, vii. 279 ; "catching the cat " at haymaking and harvest in the, vii. 281 ; dances on Twelfth Day in the, ix. 315 ; the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in the, ix. 330 ; Lenten fires in the, x. 109 ; witches as hares in the, x. 318 ; magic herbs culled on Eve of St. John in the, xi. 47
Votaries, female, of Marduk, ix. 372 ».2
Votiaks (Wotyaks) of Russia, annual festivals of the dead among the, vi. 76 sq. See also Wotyaks
Votive images among the Kusavans, i. 56 ».8
offerings at Nemi, i. 4, 6, 12,
19, 23 ; to St. Leonhard, i. 7 sq. \ to the Virgin Mary, i. 77 sq.
Vow, hair kept unshorn during a, iii. 261 sq.t 285
Voyage, charm to make or mar a, i. 163 ; in boats of papyrus in the rites of Osiris, vi. 88
Voyagers, fire kept burning at home in absence of, i. 121 ; sympathetic taboos observed by girls in absence of, i. 126
Voyages, telepathy in, i. 126
Vrid-eldt need-fire in Sweden, x. 280
Vrigne-aux-Bois, in the Ardennes, mock execution of Carnival at, iv. 226
Vrtra, the dragon, conquered by Indra, in the Rigveda, iv. 106 sq.
Vulcan, the fire- god, father of Caeculus, ii. 197, vi. 235 ; the husband of Maia or Majestas, vi. 232 sq. ; his Flamen, vi. 232
and Venus, vi. 231
Vulci, Etruscan tomb at, ii. 196 «.
Vulsinii, in Etruria, nails annually knocked into the temple of Nortia at, ix. 67
Vulture, wing-bone of, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151 ; in divination, i. 158 ; transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299. See also Vultures
, the black, mimicked by actor or
dancer among the Kobeua and Kaua Indians of Brazil, ix. 381
Vulture's feather in a charm, viii. 167
Vultures not to be called by their proper names, iii. 408 ; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 201, 202
Vunivalu, the War King of Fiji, iii.
21
Wa, the Wild, a tribe of Upper Burma, their custom of head-hunting for the sake of the crops, vii. 241 sqq.
Wa-teita, the, of East Africa, their fear of being photographed, iii. 98
Wabisa, Bantu tribe of Rhodesia, their great god, vi. 174
Wabondei of East Africa, their sacrifices to baobab- trees, ii. 47 ; preserve the hair and nails of dead chiefs as charms, iii. 272 ; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82 ; their rule as to the cutting of posts for building, vi. 137 ; eat hearts of lions and leopards to become brave, viii. 142
Wachsmuth, C, on Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, v. 254
Wachtl in Moravia, drama of Summer ami Winter at, iv. 257
Wadai, the Sultan of, conceals his face, iii. 120; the Sultan of, must have no bodily defect, iv. 39 j ceremony of the new fire in, x. 134, 140
Wadclell, L. A. , on the kings of Sikhim, iii. 20 ; on demonolatry in Sikhim and Tibet, ix. 94
Wade, Sir Thomas, formerly Professor of Chinese at Cambridge, iv. 273 sq.
Wadowe, the, of German East Africa, woman's share in agriculture among, vii. 118; their story of an African Balder, xi. 312
Wafiomi, of East Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28
Waga-waga, in British New Guinea, changes of vocabulary caused by fear of naming the dead at, iii. 362
Wageia, the, of German East Africa, purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 177
Waggum, in Brunswick, the May Bride at Whitsuntide at, ii. 96
Wagogo, of German East Africa, chastity of women during absence of warriors among the, i. 131 ; their rain-making by means of black animals, i. 290 sq. ; chiefs as rain-makers among the, i. 343 ; custom observed by man-slayer^ among the, iii. 186 w.1 ; their cere- mony at the new moon, vi. 143 ; their belief in the effect of eating a totemic animal, viii. 26 ; eat the hearts of lions to become brave, viii. 142 ; eat the hearts of enemies to make them brave, viii. 149 ; their way of getting rid of birds that infest gardens, viii. 276 ; their transference of sickness, ix. 6 sq.
Wagogo hunters, taboos observed by wives in absence of, i. 123
Wagstadt in Silesia, Judas ceremony on Wednesday before Good Friday at, x. 146 «.3
516
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
Wagtail, the yellow, in magic, i. 79
Wahehe, a Bantu tribe of German East Africa, custom before marriage among the, iii. 86 n. ; the worship of the dead among the, vi. 188 sqq. ; their belief in a supreme god Nguruhe, vi. 1 88 sq. ; their belief that skin disease is caused by eating a totem ic animal, viii. 26
Waheia, the, of German East Africa, their belief that skin disease is caused by eating a totemic animal, viii. 26
Wahoko, the, of Central Africa, their disposal of their cut hair and nails, iii. 278
Wahrstedt, in Brunswick, Whitsuntide King at, ii. 85
Wahuma, the, of the Albert Nyanza Lake, their rain-making, i. 250
Wailing of women for Adonis, v. 224
Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, prayers and offerings for the growth of the flax to, iv. 156
Wajagga, the, of German East Africa, their treatment of the corpses of childless women, i. 142 ; their charm for runners, i. 151 ; their rain -making, i. 250 ; mourners cut their hair among the, iii. 286 ; their covenant by means of spittle, iii. 290 ; their custom of leap- ing over a grandfather's corpse, iii. 424 ; their way of appeasing ghosts of suicides, v. 292 «.8; their human sacrifices at irrigation, vi. 38 ; their way of diverting locusts from the fields, viii. 276 ; plants planted at birth of infants among the, xi. 160
Wajagga warriors swallow shavings of rhinoceros hide and horn to make them strong, viii. 143
Wak, a sky-spirit of the Borans, children and cattle sacrificed to, iv. 181
Wakamba, the, of East Africa, sacrifice to baobab-trees, ii. 46. See Akamba
Wakan, in the Dacotan language, mys- terious, sacred, taboo, iii. 225 n. , viii. 180 tt.2
Wakanda, a spirit recognized by the Omahas, iii. 187
Wakefulness, homoeopathic charms to ensure, i. 154, 156
Wakelbura, the, of Australia, their way of disabling ghosts, iii. 31 sq. ; dread and seclusion of women at menstrua- tion among the, x. 78
Wakondyo (Wakondjo), the, of Central Africa, their way of obtaining rain by means of a stone, i. 305 ; their custom as to the afterbirth, xi. 162 sq.
Walachia (or Wallachia), precautions against witches on St George's Day
in, ii. 338 ; crown of last ears of corn worn by girl at harvest in, v. 237
Walachians, herdsman's festival on St. George's Day among the, ii. 338 sq.
Walber, a tree and a man disguised in corn-stalks, on May 2nd in Bavaria, ii. 75. 78
Walburgis Day, the 2nd of May in the Franken Wald mountains of Bavaria, ii. 75 "•*
Waldemar I., king of Denmark, magical powers attributed to, i. 367
Wales, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167 sg. ; All Souls' Day in, vi. 79 ; harvest customs in, vii. 142 sqq.\ the last sheaf called the Hag in, vii. 142 sqq. \ Snake Stones in, x. 15 sq. ', Beltane fires and cakes in, x. 155 sq. ; Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak-wood in, x. 155, xi. 91 ; Midsummer fires in, x. 200 sq. ; divination at Hallowe'en in, x. 229, 240 sq. ; Hallowe'en fires in, x. 239 sq. \ the Yule log in, x. 258 ; burnt sacrifices to stop cattle-disease in, x. 301 ; witches as hares in, x. 315 n.1 ; belief as to witches in, x. 321 n.2 ; bewitched things burnt in, x. 322 ; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53 ; St. John's wort used to drive away fiends in, xi. 55 ; mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, xi. 82 ; mistletoe gathered at Mid- summer in, xi. 86, 293 ; mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, xi. 86 ; mistletoe used to dream on at Mid- summer in, xi. 293. See also Welsh
Walhalla, mistletoe growing east of, x. 1 01. See also Valhalla
Walking over fire as a rite, xi. 3 sqq.
Wall, Roman ceremony of knocking nails into a, ix. 65 sqq. See also Walls
Wallace, A. R., on women's work among the tribes of the Uaupes River, vii. 1*1 sq.
Wallace, Sir Donald Mackenzie, on the Russian sect of the Christs, i. 407 sq.
Wallachia. See Walachia
Wallis Island, tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, iii. 140
Walls of houses beaten to expel ghosts, iii. 170 ; maladies and devils nailed into, ix. 62 sqq.\ fortified, of the ancient Gauls, x. 267 sq.
Walnut, branches of, passed across Mid- summer fires and fastened on cattle- sheds, x. 191
Walo, on the Senegal, the king of, not to be seen eating, iii. 118
Walos of Senegambia, their royal family thought to possess the power of healing by touch, i. 370 sq. ; their belief as to a sort of mistletoe, xi. 79 sq.
GENERAL INDEX
517
Walpi, Pueblo Indian village, use of bull- roarers at, xi. 231
Walpurgis Day, the ist of May, charred sticks of Judas fire planted in the fields on, x. 143
Night (the Eve of May Day), dances
on, to make flax grow tall, i. 138, 139 n. \ precautions against witches on, 11. 52, 54, 55, xi. 20 n. \ milk and butter stolen by witches on, ii. 127 ; witches abroad on, ix. 158 sqq.t x. 159 sq. ; annual expulsion of witches on, ix 159 sqq. \ dances for the crops on, ix. 238 ; a witching time, x. 295 ; witches active on, xi. 73, 74
Walrus, taboos concerning, among the Esquimaux, iii. 208 sq.
Walton, Izaak, on Lapland witches, i. 326 *.2
Wamara, a worshipful dead king in Kiziba, vi. 174
Wambuba, the, of Central Africa, carry fire on the march, n. 255
Wambugwe of East Africa, their rain- charm by means of black animals, i. 290 ; sorcerers as chiefs among the, i. 342 ; their belief as to falling stars, iv.
65
Wamegi, the, of German East Africa, their human sacrifices at harvest and sowing, vii. 240
Wand, magic, made from a tree growing on a grave, ii. 33
Wandorobbo, of East Africa, their con- tinence at brewing poison, iii. 200 sq. Wangala, harvest-festival of the Garos, viii. 337 sq.
Wangen in Baden, bonfire and burning discs on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 117
Wanigela River, in New Guinea, purifi- cation of manslayers among tribes on the, iii. 167^7.; preparations for fish- ing turtle and dugong among the tribes of the, iii. 192
Waniki, the, of East Africa, their belief in the spirits of trees, ii. is ; their reverence for coco-nut palms, ii. 16 ; their mode of killing their cattle, iii. 247
Waning of the moon, theories to account for the, vi. 130 ; time for felling timber, vi. 135 W*
Wannefeld, in the Altmark, the last stalks at reaping left for the He-goat at, vii. 287
Wanyamwesi, the, of Central Africa, iii. 109 ; their belief in the associa- tion of twins with water, i. 268 sq. ; ceremony observed by them on return from a journey, iii. 112 ; their custom as to personal names, iii. 330 ; woman's
share in agriculture among the, vii. 118 ; their propitiation of slain ele- phants, viii. 227 ; their practice of adding to heaps of sticks or stones, ix. ii n.l\ their belief as to wounded crocodiles, xi. 210 n.1
Wanyoro (Banyoro), the, of Central Africa, their disposal of their cut hair and nails, iii. 278. See Banyoro
Wanzleben, near Magdeburg, man called the Wolf at threshing at, vii. 274 sq.
War, use of twins in, i. 49 n.3 ; tele- pathy in, i. 126 sqq.\ continence in, iii. 157, 158 n.lt 161, 163, 164, 165; rules of ceremonial purity observed in, iii. 157 sqq.\ hair kept unshorn in, iii. 261 ; sacrifice of a blind bull before going to, vi. 250 sq.
" , the sleep of," among the Black
foot Indians, ii. 147
War chief, or war king, iii. 20, 21, 24
-dance of villagers round victor,
iii. 169 ; of manslayers on their return, iii. 170, 178 ; of old men round man- slayer, iii. 182 ; of king before the ghosts of his ancestors, vi. 192 ; at festival of new corn among the Natchez Indians, viii. 79
-god, dog sacrificed to, i. 173
Ward, Professor H. Marshall, on the respective hardness of ivy and laurel, ii. 252 ; on the artificial fertilization of the fig, ii. 315 n.1
Ward, Professor James, as to Hegel's views on magic and religion, i. 423
Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, xi. 97 sqq.
Warm food tabooed, iii. 189
Warner, Mr., on Caffre ideas about lightning, vi. 177 n.1
Warramunga, the, of Central Australia, their magical ceremonies for the multi- plication of their totems, i. 89 ; their custom at subincision, i. 93 ; custom observed by Warramunga women while the men are fighting each other with torches, i. 94 ; knocking out of teeth among the, i. 99 ; their homoeo- pathic charm to catch euros, i. 162 ; their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 181 ; their treatment of the navel- string, i. 183 ; believe certain trees to be inhabited by disembodied human spirits, ii. 34 ; their propitiation of a mythical water- snake, ii. 156 ; will not call the mythical snake Wollunqua by its proper name, iii. 384 ; their belief in the reincarnation of the dead, v. 100 ; their tradition of purification by fire, v. 1 80 n.z ; their cure for headache, ix. 2
Warrior Island, Torres Straits. See Tud
5I5
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
Warriors tabooed, ill. 157 sqq. , x. 5 ; ^ worship their weapons, ix. 90
Warts supposed to be affected by the moon, vi. 149 ; transferred to other people, ix. 48 sq. ; transferred to the moon, ix. 54 ; transferred to an ash- tree, ix. 57
Warua, their seclusion at meals, iii. 117 ; unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329
Warundi, the, of East Africa, custom as to girls at puberty among the, iii. 225 n.
Warwickshire, Arden in, ii. 7 sq. ; the Queen of May in, ii. 88 ; the Yule log in, x. 257
Washamba, the, of German East Africa, dance and deposit stones at dangerous places, ix. 29 ; their custom at cir- cumcision, xi. 183
Washing forbidden for magical reasons during a rhinoceros-hunt, i. 115, dur- ing husband's absence, i. 122, during search for sacred cactus, i. 124, during heavy rain, i. 253 ; practised as a rain- charm, i. 253 ; practised as a cere- monial purification by the Jews after reading the scripture, viii. 27, by the Jewish high priest after the sin-offering, viii. 27, by the Greeks after expiatory sacrifices, viii. 27, 85, by the Parjas after killing a totemic animal, viii. 27 sq. , by the Matabele at eating the new fruits, viii. 71, by the Esquimaux before a change of diet, viii. 84, 85, by the Basutos after the slaughter of foes, viii. 149. See also Bathing
— — — and bathing forbidden to rain- doctor when he wishes to prevent rain from falling, i. 271, 272
— the feet of strangers, iii. 108
the head, customs as to, in Siam,
Burma, ancient Persia, ancient Rome, and Peru, iii. 253
Washington group of the Marquesas Islands, seclusion of man-slayers in the, iii. 178. See also Marquesas
• State, rain-charm in, i. 309 ; the Twana Indians of, iii. 58 ; the Klallam Indians of, iii. 354 ; the Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam tribes of, iii. 365 ; seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, x. 43
Wasmes, processions with torches on the first and second Sundays in Lent at, x. 1 08
Wasp, external soul of enchanter in a, xi. 143
Wasps in homoeopathic magic, i. 152 ; young men stung with, as an ordeal before marriage among the Roocooyen Indians, ix. 263, x. 63
Wassailing on Eve of Twelfth Day in
Herefordshire for the sake of th crops, ix. 319
Wassgow mountains, the need-fire as remedy for cattle-plague in the, x. 27
Wata, a caste of hunters in East Afria children of the Borans sent away to t reared by the, iv. 181
Wataturu, the, of East Africa, their chie sorcerers, i. 342 sq. ; their rule as t partaking of flesh and milk, viii. 84
Watchandie woman, in Australia, h fear of naming the dead, iii. 350
Watchdogs, charm to silence, i. 149
Water not to be touched by people : home in absence of hunters, i. 120 splashed by wife in absence of h husband, i. 120 sq. ; sprinkled as rail charm, i. 248 sqq. ; poured on grav as a rain-charm, i. 268, 286 ; pupp representing the tree-spirit thrown intc "• 75 » 76 ; serpent or dragon of, i 155 sqq. ; conspicuous part played bj in the Midsummer festival, ii. 273, i 246 sqq. , x. 172, 201, sq. , 216, xi. 2 sqq. ; poured as a rain-charm, iii. 1 5 sq. ; not allowed to touch the lips, ii 1 60 ; to be called by another name i brewing, iii. 395 ; effigies of Deal tiirown into the, iv. 234 sqq. , 24 sq. ; thrown on the last corn cut z a rain-charm, v. 237 sq. \ marvelloi properties attributed to, at Mic summer (the festival of St. John), i 246 sqq., x. 172, 205 sq.t 216, x 29 sqq. ; used to wash away sins, I: 39 ; not to cross, in ritual, ix. 58 from sacred wells, x. 12 ; menstruoi women not to go near, x. 77 ; coi secrated at Easter, x. 122 sqq., 125 turned to wine at Easter, x. 124 improved by charred sticks of Mic summer fires, x. 184 ; at Midsumme] people drenched with, x. 193 sq, heated in need-fire and sprinkled o cattle, x. 289 ; claims human victirr at Midsummer, xi. 26 sqq. ; haunte and dangerous at Midsummer, xi. 31
and Fire, kings of, in the bacl
woods of Cambodia, ii. 3 sqq.
, holy, sprinkling with, iii. 285 sq
a protection against witches, ix. 15*
164 sq. of Life, Ishtar sprinkled with th
in the lower world, v. 9 ; princ
restored to life by the, in a folk-talc
xi. 114 sq. , prophetic, drunk on St. John
Eve, v. 247 , rites of, at Midsummer festival i
Morocco, x. 216 ; at New Year i
Morocco, x. 218
of springs and wells thought t
GENERAL INDEX
5*9
acquire medicinal qualities on Mid- summer Eve, x. 172, 205 sq.
Water-bird, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 207 n.1
•'— -carriers," maidens called, at Athens, viii. 5
cross, a stone cross in Uist, used
in rain-ceremonies, i. 308
dragon, drama of the slaying of
the, at Delphi and Thebes, iv. 78
-fowl, migratory, as representatives
of the Old Woman of maize, vii. 204 sq.
-lilies, charms to make water-lilies
grow, i. 95, 97, 98
nymphs, fertilizing virtue of, ii.
162
-ousel, heart of, eaten to make the
eater wise and eloquent, viii. 144
-spirits, propitiation of, ii. 76;
women married to, ii. 150 sqq. ; sacri- fices to, ii. 155 sqq. ; as beneficent beings, ii. 159 ; bestow offspring on women, ii. 159 sqq. ', danger of, iii. 94 ; offerings to, at Midsummer, xi. 28
totem among the Arunta, rain made
by men of the, i. 259 sq. Waterbrash, a Huzul cure for, vi. 149 sq. Waterfalls, spirits of, ii. 156, 157 Watford, in Hertfordshire, May garlands
at, ii. 61
Watubela Islands, treatment of the after- birth in the, i. 187
Watuta, the, an African tribe of free- booters, iii. 109 Wave accompanying earthquake, v. 202
sq.
Waves, water from nine, in cure, xi. 186 sq. Wawamba, the, of Central Africa, their
way of making rain by means of a
stone, i. 305 Wawanga, tribe of Mount Elgon, in
British East Africa, their kings not
allowed to die a natural death, iv. 287
(in Second Impression) Wax melted to cause love, i. 77 Wax figures in magic, i. 66, 67, iii. 74,
ix. 47 Waxen models of the human body or of
parts of it as votive offerings, i. 77 sq. Wayanas of French Guiana, ordeals
among the, x. 63 sq. Waziguas of East Africa do not call the
lion by his proper name, iii. 400 Wealds of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex,
ii. 7 Wealth acquired by magicians, L 347,
348, 3SL 352 Weaning of children, belief as to the,
in Angus, vi. 148 Weapon and wound, contagious magic
of, i. 201 sqq. Weapons, prayers to, L 132 ; sharp,
tabooed, iii. 237 sqq. ; of man-slayers, purification of, iii. 172, 182, 219 ; turned against spiritual foes, ix. 233
Weariness transferred to stones or sticks, ix. 8 sqq. ; attributed to an evil spirit in the body, ix. 12 , magical plants placed in shoes a chaim against, xi. 54, 60. See also Fatigue
Weasels, superstition of farmers as tor viii. 275
Weather, the magical control of the, i. 244 sqq. ; of the twelve months deter- mined by the weather of the Twelve Days, ix. 322 sqq.
Weather doctors in Melanesia, i. 321
Weaver, the wicked, of Rotenburg, xi. 289 sq,
Weavers, the Kaikolans, a caste of, v. 62
Weaving forbidden during absence of warriors, i. 131 ; homoeopathic charm to ensure skill in, i. 154 sq.
Weber, A. , on origin of the Twelve Days, ix. 325 «.8
Wedau, in New Guinea, the chief of, a sorcerer, i. 338
Wedding rings amulets against witch- craft, iii. 314, 314 sq.
Weeks, Rev. J. H., on inconsistency of savage thought, v. 5 n. ; on the names for the supreme god among many tribes of Africa, vi. 186 «.5; on the fear of the spirits of the dead among the Boloki, ix. 76 sq. ; on the fear of witchcraft among the natives, of the Congo, ix. 77 «.2 ; on rites of initiation on the Lower Congo, xi. 255 n.1
Weeping of the women of Jerusalem for Tammuz, vi. ii ; for the gods, Xeno- phanes on the custom of, vi. 42 ; of savages for the animals and plants they kill, vi. 43 ; of sowers, vi. 45 ; of Karok Indians at hewing sacred wood, vi. 47 sq. ; of oxen an omen of good crops, viii. 9 ; at slaughter of worshipful bear, viii. 189 ; at thanks- giving for the crops, ix. 293 ; of girls at puberty, x. 24, 29. See also Tears
Weevils, spared by Esthonian peasants, viii. 274
Weiden, in Bavaria, cutter of last sheat tied up in it at, vii. 139
Weidenhausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248
Weidulut, heathen priest among the old Prussians, vii. 288
Weights and measures, false, corrected after an earthquake, v. 201 sq. ; cor- rected in time of epidemic, ix. 115
Weihaiwei, in Northern China, ceremony of " the Beginning of Spring" in the cities nearest to, viii. n
520
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
Weinhold, K., as to the sacrifice of a •king's son every ninth year, v. 57 «.2 ; on the superstitions connected with the Twelve Nights, ix. 327 «.4
Weitensfeld, in Carinthia, bride-race at,
ii. 304 Wellalaick, festival of the dead among
the Letts, vi. 74 Wellhausen, J., on Arab rain-charm, i.
303
Wells cleansed as rain -charm, i. 267, 323 ; married to the holy basil, ii. 26 sq. ; bestow offspring on women, ii. 160 sq. ; divination by means of, ii. 345 ; sacred, in Scotland, x. 12 ; men- struous women kept from x. 81, 96 sq. \ charred sticks of Midsummer fires thrown into, x. 184 ; crowned with flowers at Midsummer, xi. 28
— , goddess of, married to a wooden mage of a god, ii. 146
, holy, resorted to on Midsummer Eve in Ireland, x. 205 sq.
, the Lord of the, at Fulda on
Midsummer Day, xi. 28
Welsh, Miss, on the custom of the churn in the north of Ireland, vii.
155 "-1
Welsh cure for cough by transferring it to a dog, ix. 51 ; by crawling under a bramble, xi. 180 ; by passing under an ass, xi. 192 n.1
— custom of sin-eating, ix. 43 sq. name, alleged, for mistletoe, xi.
286 «.3. See also Wales Wemba, the, of Rhodesia, punishment
of adultery among, viii. 158. See
Awemba Wen-Ammon, Egyptian traveller, at
Byblus, v. 14, 75 sq.
chow, city in China, iv. 43
Wend cure for jaundice, i. 81. See also
Wends Wendland, P., on the crucifixion of
Christ, ix. 412 sq. , 415, 418 n.1 Wends, their superstition as to oaks, ii.
55 ; their ancient custom of killing and
eating the old, iv. 14 ; call the last
sheaf the Old Man, vii. 138 ; the
Harvest -cock among the, vii. 276 ;
their faith in Midsummer herbs, xi.
54
— of Saxony, their custom of the May- tree, ii. 69 ; say that the man who gives the last stroke at threshing ' ' has struck the Old Man," vii. 149 ; their precautions against witches on Wal- purgis Day, ix. 163 ; their idea as to wood of trees struck by lightning, xi. 297
of the Spreewald gather herbs and
flowers at Midsummer, xi. 48 ; their
belief as to the divining-rod, xi. 68
«.4 Wensleydale, in Yorkshire, the Yule log
in, x. 256 Werboutz, in Russia, rain-making at, i,
277 Were-tigers in China and the East Indies,
x. 310 sq., 313 n.1 -wolf, how a man becomes a, x.
310 n.1 ; story in Petronius, x. 313 sq. -wolves in Livonia, belief as to, iii.
42 ; active during the Twelve Days, ix. 164 ; compelled to resume their human shape by wounds inflicted on them, x. 308 sqq. \ put to death, x.
311 ; and the full moon, x. 314 ji.1; and witches, parallelism between, x. 3i5. 321
Wermland, in Sweden, treatment of strangers on the threshing-floor in, vii. 230 ; grain of last sheaf baked in a girl-shaped loaf in, viii. 48
Werner, Miss Alice, on the sanctity of the wild fig-tree in Africa, ii. 317 n.1; on a soul-box in Africa, xi. 156 n.1 ; on African Balders, xi. 314
Wernicke, on the character of Artemis, i.
35 *f-
West, Oriental religions in the, v. 298 sqq.
West Indian Islands, precaution as to spittle in the, iii. 289
Westenberg, J. C., on the Batta theory of souls, xi. 223 ».a
Westerhiisen in Saxony, last corn cut at harvest made up like a woman at, vii. 134
Westermann, D., on the worship of Nyakang among the Shilluks, vi. 165
Westermarck, Dr. E. , as to king-killing on the Blue Nile, iv. i6».1; on annual mock sultans in Morocco, iv. 153 ».1; on the reason for killing the first-born, iv. 189 «.3 ; on the hereditary holiness of kings, iv. 204 «.2 ; on the tug-of- war in Morocco, ix. 180 ; on New Year rites in Morocco, x. 218 ; on Midsummer festival in North Africa, x. 219 ; his theory that the fires of the fire -festivals are purificatory, x. 329 sq. ; on water at Midsummer, xi.
31
Westphalia, the Whitsuntide Bride in, ii. 96 ; the Femgericht in, ii. 321 ; sacred oaks in, ii. 371 ; the last sheaf called the Great Mother in, vii. 135 sq. , 138 ; the Jwrkelmei at harvest in, vii. 147 ». 1 ; the Harvest-cock in, vii. 276 sq. , 277 sq. ; children warned against the Fox in the corn at Ravensberg in, vii. 296 ; fox carried from house to house in spring in, vii. 297 ; custom of ' ' quicken-
GENERAL INDEX
521
ing" cattle on May Morning in, ix.
266 ; Easter fires in, x. 140 ; the Yule
log in, x. 248 ; divination by orpine
at Midsummer in, xi. 61 ; camomile
gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 63 ;
the Midsummer log of oak in, xi.
92 n.1 Westphalian form of the expulsion of
evil, ix. 159 n.1 Wetar (Wetter), East Indian island,
stabbing people's shadows in, iii. 78 ;
fear of women's blood in, iii. 251 ;
leprosy supposed to be caused by
eating of a sacred animal in, viii. 25 Wetter, East Indian island, no fire after
a death in, ii. 268 n. See also Wetar Wetteren, wicker giants carried in pro-
cession at, xi. 35 Wetterpfdhle, oak sticks charred in Easter
bonfires, x. 145 Wetting people with water as a rain-
charm, i. 250, 251, 269 sq. , 272, 273,
274» 275, 277 s
the last corn cut, as a rain-charm, v.
237 s&' I ploughmen and sowers as a
rain-charm, v. 238 sq. Weverham, in Cheshire, May- poles at, ii.
70 sq. Wexford, in Leinster, great fair formerly
held at, iv. 100 ; Midsummer fires in,
x. 203 Whakatane valley in New Zealand, hinau
tree thought to make barren women
fertile in the, i. 182 Whale, solemn burial of dead, iii. 223 ;
represented dramatically as a mystery,
ix. 377. See also Whales Whale-fishing, telepathy in, i. 121 Whale's ghost, fear of injuring, iii. 205 Whalers, taboos observed by, iii. 191
sq. , 205 sqq. \ their bodies cut up and
used as charms, vi. 106 Whales not mentioned by their proper
names, iii. 398 ; ceremonies observed
after the slaughter of, viii. 232 sqq. ;
worshipped by the Indians of Peru,
viii. 249 Whalton, in Northumberland, Mid-
summer fires at, x. 198 Wheat, charm at sowing, i. 137 ; offer-
ings of, at Lammas, iv. 101 ; forced
for festival, v. 243, 244, 251 sq, , 253 ;
thrown on the man who brings in the
Christmas log, x. 260, 262, 264 ; pro-
tected against mice by mugwort, xi.
- and barley, the cultivation of,
introduced by Osiris, vi. 7 ; discovered
by Isis, vi. 116 Wheat-bride, name given to the last sheaf
of wheat and to the woman who binds
it, vii. 162, 163 vni vii
Wheat-cock, the last sheaf at harvest
called the, vii. 276 cow, the man who cuts the last
ears of wheat at harvest called the,
vii. 289 dog, the man who cuts or binds
the last sheaf called the, vii. 272 -goat, at cutting the last corn, vii,
282 -harvest, time of, in ancient Greece,
vii. 48 mallet, the man who gives the last
stroke at threshing called the, vii. 148 man, said to be killed by the last
stroke at threshing, vii. 223 mother, name given to wreath
made out of last stalks at harvest, vii.
r35
pug, name given to man who gives
the last stroke at threshing, vii. 273
sow, name given to the last sheaf,
vii. 298
-sowing, ceremony at, among the
tribes of Gilgit, ii. 49, 50 sq.
wolf, thought to be in the last
bunch of standing corn, vii. 273 ; effigy of wolf made out of the last sheaf of wheat, vii. 274
Wheaten flour, the Flamen Dialis not allowed to touch, iii. 13
Wheel, magic, spun by witch in an enchantment, iii. 270 ; effigy of Death attached to a, iv. 247 ; fire kindled by the rotation of a, x. 177, 179, 270, 273, 289 sf., 292, 335 sq., xi. 91 ; as a symbol of the sun, x. 334 w.1, 335 ; as a charm against witchcraft, x. 345 n.*
Wheels, burning, rolled down hill, x. 116, 117 sq.t 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 sq. , 163 sq., 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 Jy- » 338 ; thrown into the air at Midsummer, x. 179 ; rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, x. 191, 340 sq. ; perhaps intended to burn witches, x. 345
Wherry, Mrs., as to Lenten fires in Belgium, x. 108 «.2 ; as to proces- sions with effigies of giants, xi. 36 n.1
Whetham, W. C. D. , on atomic disin- tegration, viii. 305 rc.2
Whip made of human skin used in cere- monies for the prolongation of the king's life, vi. 224, 225. See also Whips
Whipping people on Senseless Thursday in the Tyrol, ix. 248 sq. ; to rid them of ghosts, ix. 260 sqq. See also Beating
Whips used in the expulsion of demons and witches, ix. 156, 159, 160, 161, 165, 214 ; used by maskers, ix. 243,
9 T.
§22
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
244 ; cracked to make the flax grow, * ix. 248 ; cracked to drive away witches, xi. 74
Whirling or turning round, custom of, observed by mummers, i. 273, 275, ii. 74, 80, 81, 87
Whirlwind, attacking the, i. 329 sqq.
Whirlwinds thought to be demons or spirits, i. 331 «.2
Whit-Monday, custom observed by Rus- sian girls on, ii. 80 ; the Leaf King at Hildesheim on, ii. 85 ; the King in Bohemia on, ii. 85 ; the king's game on, ii. 89, 103 ; custom of rolling down a slope on, ii. 103 ; pretence of be- heading leaf-clad man on, iv. 207 sq. \ pretence of beheading the king on, iv. 209 sqq. See also Whitsuntide
Whitby, All Souls' Day at, vi. 79 ; the Yule log at, x. 256
White, Rev. G. E. , on dervishes of Asia Minor, v. 170 ; on passing through a ring of red -hot iron, xi. 186 ; on pass- ing sheep through a rifted rock, xi. 189 sq.
White, Miss Rachel Evelyn (Mrs. Wedd), on the position of women in ancient Egypt, vi. 214 Tz.1, 216 «.*
White, faces and bodies of man-slayers painted, iii. 175, 186 n.1 ; widows painted, iii. 178 n.1 ; lion -killer painted, iii. 220 ; the colour of Upper Egypt, vi. 21 n.1 ; as a colour to repel demons, ix. 115
— and black in relation to human scapegoats, ix. 220 ; figs worn by human scapegoats, ix. 253, 257, 272
White birds, souls of dead kings incarnate
in, vi. 162 ; ten, external soul in, xi.
142 bull, soul of a dead king incarnate
in a, vi. 164 '. bulls sacrificed to Jupiter, ii. 188
sq. ; sacrificed by Druids at cutting the
mistletoe, ii. 189, xi. 77
— chalk, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, xi. 241
— clay, Caffre boys at circumcision smeared with, iii. 156 ; people smeared with, at festival, viii. 75 ; bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, xi.
255 "-1. 257 — - cloth, fern-seed caught in a, x. 65,
xi. 291 ; springwort caught in a, x.
70 ; mistletoe caught in a, xi. 77, 293 ;
used to catch the Midsummer bloom of
the oak, xi. 292, 293 — - cloths in homoeopathic magic, i.
137 cock buried at boundary, iii. 109 ;
disease transferred to, ix. 187; as
scapegoat, ix. 210 «.4; burnt in Mid-
summer bonfire, xi. 40 White crosses made by the King of the
Bean, ix. 314 Crown of Upper Egypt, vi. 20, 21
n.1 ', worn by Osiris, vi. 87
dog, Iroquois sacrifice of a, viii.
258 «.2, ix. 127, 209
god and black god among the
Slavs, ix. 92
herb, external souls of two brothers
in a, xi. 143
horse, effigy of, carried through
Midsummer fire, x. 203
horses sacrificed to Diomede, i. 27 ;
used to draw triumphal car of Camillus,
ii. 174 «.2 ; sacred among the Aryans,
ii. 174 «.3 Maize, Goddess of the, in Mexico,
lepers sacrificed to her, vii. 261 mice spared by Bohemian peasants,
viii. 279, 283 ; under the altar of
Apollo, viii. 283
Nile, the Dinkas of the, ix.
193 ox, sacrament of, among the Ab-
chases, viii. 313 n.1 poplar, the, at Olympia, ii. 220,
xi. 90 n.1, gi n.t ram, consecration of a, among the
Kalmucks, viii. 313 sq. and red wool in ceremony of the
expulsion of evils, ix. 208
roses dyed red by the blood of
Aphrodite, v. 226
sails that turned black, ix. 202
snake eaten to acquire supernatural
knowledge, viii. 146 Sunday, the first Sunday in Lent
and the first Sunday after Easter,
x. ii n.1 thorn, a charm against witches, ii.
S3. 191 victims sacrificed for sunshine, i.
291, 292, 314 Whiteborough, tumulus near Launces-
ton, Midsummer fires on, ii. 141, x.
199
Whitekirk, St. Mary's well at, ii. 161 Whitethorn a protection against witches,
ii. 53. 191
Whiteway, R. S., on custom of regicide in Bengal and Sumatra, iv. 51 ».2
Whitsun-bride in Denmark, ii. 91 sq.
Whitsunday, dragon carried in procession at Tarascon on, ii. 170 n.1
Whitsuntide, rain -charms at, ii. 47 ; races, ii. 69, 84; contests for the kingship at, ii. 84, 89 ; rolling down a slope at, ii. 103 ; cattle first driven out to pasture at, ii. 127 «.a, iv. 207 n.1 ; drama of Summer and Winter at,
GENERAL INDEX
523
iv. 257 • ceremonies concerned with vegetation at, ix. 359 Vhitsuntide Basket in Frickthal, ii.
83
Bride, the, ii. 89, 91 sq.> 96
Bridegroom, the, ii. 91
customs in Brunswick, ii. 56 «.*,
85, 96 ; in Holland, ii. 80, 104 ; in
Russia, ii. 64, 79 sq. , 93
crown, the, ii. 64, 89 r^., 91
Flower, ii. 80
King, ii. 84 sqq. , 89, 90, iv. 209
sqq.
See also Whit-Monday
lout, the, ii. 81
Man, the Little, ii. 81
Mummers, iv. 206 sqq.
Queen, ii. 87, 89 sq. , iv. 210
Vhittled sticks in religious rites, viii.
185, 186 »., 192, 196, 278, ix. 261 Vhittlesey in Cambridgeshire, the Straw- bear at, viii. 328 sq. Vhooping-cough cured by crawling under
a bramble, xi. 180; Bulgarian cure for,
by crawling under the root of a willow,
xi. 1 8 1 ; child passed under an ass as a
cure for, xi. 192 Vhydah, on the Slave Coast, human
sacrifices by drowning at, ii. 158 ;
expiation for the slaughter of a sacred
python at, iii. 222 ; the doctrine of
reincarnation at, iv. 188 ; serpents
fed with milk at, v. 86 n.1 ; snakes
sacred at, viii. 287 (Fida), in Guinea, king of, rule as
to his drinking, iii. 129 ; his worship
of serpents, v. 67 ; the hoeing and
sowing of his fields, ix. 234 Vicked after death, fate of the, in
Egyptian religion, vi. 14 Vicked Sower, driving away the, on the
first Sunday in Lent, x. 107, 118 Vicken (rowan) tree, a protection against
witchcraft, x. 326, 327 n.1 See also
Rowan Vicker giants at popular festivals in
Europe, xi. 33 sqq. ; burnt in summer
bonfires, xi. 38 Vidow, claim to kingdom through
marriage with the late king's, ii.
281 sqq. iv. 193; re-marriage of, in
Salic law, ii. 285 sq.
, bald-headed, in cure, ix. 38
Vidow-burning in Greece, v. 177 «.* Vidowed Flamen, the, vi. 227 sqq. Vidows painted white, iii. 178 #.* ;
wear skull- caps of clay, iii. 182 «.2 ;
cleansing of, ix. 35 sq. ; drag plough
round village in time of epidemic,
ix. 172 — — and widowers, mourning customs
observed by, iii. 143 sq., 144 sq. ; not
allowed to eat fresh salmon, viii. 253 sq.
Wied, Prince of, on the objection of Indians to have their portraits taken, iii. 96 sq.
Wiedemann, Professor Alfred, on the confusion of religion and magic in ancient Egypt, i. 230 sq. ; on Wen- Ammon, v. 76 n.1 ; on the Egyptian name of Isis, vi. 50 «.4, viii. 35 «.4
Wiedingharde, in Schleswig, custom at threshing at, vii. 230
Wieland's House, name given to certain labyrinths used for children's games in Northern Europe, iv. 77
Wiesensteig, in Swabia, witch as horse at, x. 319
Wiesent, the valley of the, in Bavaria, the last sheaf called Goat in, vii. 282 sq.
Wife, the Old, name given to the last corn cut, vii. 140 sqq.
Wife's infidelity thought to injure her absent husband, i. 123, 124 sq. , 128. See also Wives
mother, the savage's dread of his,
iii. 83 sqq. ; her name not to be pro- nounced by her son-in-law, iii. 337,
338. 343 name not to be pronounced by her
husband, iii. 337, 338, 339 Wiglet, king of Denmark, killed his
predecessor and married the widow,
ii. 281, 283 Wigtownshire, water thrown on last
wagon-load of corn at harvest in, v.
237 n.4
Wiimbaio tribe of South-Eastern Aus- tralia, bleeding in the, i. 91 ; their
medicine-men, v. 75 «,.4 Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von, on
the Sacred Marriage of Dionysus, ii.
137 n.1 Wild animals propitiated by hunters,
viii. 204 sqq.
beasts not called by their proper
names, iii. 396 sqq.
Dog clan of the Arunta, i. 107
fig-trees held sacred as the abodes
of the spirits of the dead, viii. 113.
See also Fig-Tree 11 fire," the need-fire, x. 272, 273,
277
fruits and roots, ceremonies at
gathering the first of the season, viii. 80 sqq.
Huntsman, ix. 164, 241
Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv.
208 sq., 212
parsnip stalks burnt for ceremonial
fumigation, viii. 248, 249 seeds and roots collected by women,
vii. 124 sqq.
524
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
Wild Wa, the, of Burma, vii. 241 sqq.
f SeeW*
Wilde, Lady, her description of Mid- summer fires in Ireland, x. 204 sq.
Wilhelmina, a Bohemian woman, wor- shipped, i. 409
Wilken, G. A. , on the transmigration of human souls into animals as a base of totemism, viii. 298 «.2; on the ex- ternal soul, xi. 96 n.1
Wilkes, Charles, on seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of Washing- ton State, x. 43
Wilkinson, Sir J. G., on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, vi. 91 n.3
Wilkinson, R. J. , on different dialectic names for the same animal in the Malay language, ii. 383 n.1 ; on the Malay's attitude to nature, iii. 416 n.4 ; on the Indonesian conception of the rice-soul, vii. 181 sg.
Will-fire, or need-fire, x. 288, 297
Willcock, Rev. Dr. J., on Up-helly-a' at Lerwick, ix. 169 «.2
William III. refuses to touch for scrofula, i. 369 sq.
William of Wykeham, his provisions for a Boy Bishop, ix. 338
Williams, Sir Monier, on the divinity of Brahmans, i. 403 sq. ; on the fear of demons in modern India, ix. 91 sq.
Willkischken, in the district of Tilsit, man who cuts the last corn called ' ' the killer of the Rye-woman" at, vii. 223
Willoughby, Rev. W. C. , on the purifica- tion of Bechuana warriors, iii. 173
Willow used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, ix. 269, 270 ; mistle- toe growing on, xi. 79, 315, 316 ; children passed through a cleft willow- tree as a cure, xi. 170 ; crawling under the root of a willow as a cure, xi. 181 ; crawling through a hoop of willow branches as a cure, xi. 184 ; Orpheus and the, xi. 294
Willow-tree at festival of Green George among the gipsies, ii. 76
— -trees, maladies transferred to, ix. 56, 58, 59 ; needles stuck into, as a cure for toothache, ix. 71
— wands as disinfectants, iii. 143
wood used against witches, ix. 160
Willstad, the Yule-goat at, viii. 328 Wilson, Colonel Henry, on a custom at
hop-picking, vii. 226 ».6 Wilson, C. T., and R. W. Felkin, on the
worship of the dead kings of Uganda,
vi. 173 «.2 Wilson, Rev. J. Leighton, on the annual
expulsion of demons in Guinea, ix. 131 Wilton, near Salisbury, May garlands at,
ii. 62
Wimmer, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, xi. 3i8
Winamwanga of East Africa, their cus- tom as to fire kindled by lightning, ii. 256 «.], xi. 297 sq. ; alternate dynasties among the, ii. 293 ; their offerings of first-fruits to the spirits of the dead, viii. 112 ; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 24 sq.
Winchester College, Boy Bishop at, ix. 338
Wmckler, H. , his excavations at Boghaz- Keui, v. 125 n. , 135 n.
Wind, magical control of the, i. 319 sqq. ; charms to make the wind drop, i. 320 ; fighting and killing the spirit of the, i. 327 sqq. \ charm to produce a rainy or dry, ix. 176, 178 sq. ; bull- roarers sounded to raise a, xi. 232. See also Winds
in the corn, sayings as to the, vii.
132, 271, 281 sq. , 288, 292, 296, 298,
303
of the Cross, Finnish wizards sup- posed to ride on the, i. 325
Wind clan of the Omahas, their way of starting a breeze, i. 320
doctor among the Caffres of South
Africa, his mode of procedure, i. 321
S3' Wmdessi, in Dutch New Guinea, customs
observed by head-hunters on their return, iii. 169 sq.
Winding thread on spindle at planting sugar-cane, viii. 119
Window, skins of slain bears brought in through the, viii. 193 ; dead game brought in through the, viii. 256 ; magic flowers to be passed through the, xi. 52
Winds, charms to calm the, i. 320 sqq. ; thought to be caused by a fish, i. 320 sq. ; sold to sailors, i. 325, 326 ; tied up in knots, i. 326 ; kept in jars, iii. 5. See also Wind
Wine not offered to the sun-god, i. 311 ; poured on head of sacrificial victim, i. 384 ; considered as a spirit, iii. 248 ; the blood of the vine, iii. 248 ; called milk, iii. 249 ».3; tabooed in certain Egyptian, Roman, and Greek rites, iii. 249 «.2; new, offered to Liber, viii. 133 ; the sacramental use of, viii. 167 ; thought to be spoiled by men- struous women, x. 96
Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the open- ing of the, ix. 352
Winenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, x. 169 sq.
Wing-bone of vulture in homoeopathic
GENERAL INDEX
525
magic, i 151 ; of eagle used to drink through, iii. 189
Winged deities in Cilicia and Phoenicia, v. 165 sq.
disc as divine emblem, v. 132
Winnebagoes, ritual of death and resur- rection among the, xi. 268 Winnowing done by women, vii. 117, 128 Winnowlng-basket, image of snake in, viii. 316 ; beaten at ceremony of expul- sion of poverty, ix. 145 ; divination by, x. 236
-fan in rain-making, i. 294 ; in
magic rites, in. 55 ; used to scatter ashes of human victims, vi. 97, 106, vii. 260, 262 ; an emblem of Dionysus, vii. 5 sqq. , 27, 29 ; as cradle, vii. 6 sqq. ; used at reception of ' ' the bridal pair " at rice-harvest in Java, vii. 200
fork in rain-making, i. 276
Winter, myths of gods and spirits to be told only in, iii. 385 sq. ; effigy of, burned at Zurich, iv. 260 sq. \ called Cronus, vi. 41 ; name gi\ on to man who cuts the last sheaf, vii. 142 ; name of harvest-supper, vii. 160 ; mummer personating, vm. 326 n.1 ; ceremony at the end of, ix. 124 ; general clearance of evils at the beginning or end of, ix. 224 ; dances performed only in, ix. 376 ; ceremony of the expulsion of, ix. 404 sq. ; effigies of, destroyed, ix, 408 sq.
— , Queen of, in the Isle of Man, iv. 258
and Summer, dramatic battle of,
iv. 254 sqq.
Winter festival of Dionysus, vii. 16 sq. sleep of the god, vi. 41
solstice, reckoned the Nativity of
the Sun, v. 303, x. 246; Egyptian ceremony at the, vi. 50 ; Aztec festival of the, viii. 90 ; corn -spirit represented dramatically in processions about the, viii. 325 ; ceremony after the, ix. 126 ; Persian festival of fire at the, x. 269
11 Winter's Grandmother," burning the,
x. 116 Winter bottom, Thomas, on a secret
society of Sierra Leone, xi. 260 Wintun, Indian tribe of California, fear
of naming the dead among the, iii.
352 ; seclusion of girls at puberty
among the, x. 42 sq. Wiradjuri or Wirajuri tribe of South-
East Australia, the headman always
a magician, i. 335 sq. ; their belief as
to sorcery, iii. 269 Wissowa, Professor G., on Manius
Egerius, L 22 n.6 ; on altar at Nemi,
i. 23 ft.2; on sacrifices to Janus, ii.
382 n.1 ; on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 ».J ; on introduction of Phry- gian rites at Rome, v. 267 n. ; on Orcus, vi. 231 n.6 ; on Ops and Census, vi. 233 «.6; on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 236 n.1
Wit, Miss Augusta de, on the importance of rice for Java, vii. 200 n.1
Witch, Mac Crauford, the great arch, x.
293
Witch burnt in Ireland, i. 236, x. 323 sq. ; soul departs from her in sleep, iii. 39, 41, 42 ; burned at St. Andrews, iii. 309 ; name given to the last corn cut after sunset, vii. 140 ; effigy of, burnt on first Sunday in Lent, x. 116, 118 sq. ; effigy of, burnt on Walpurgis Night, x. 159 ; compelled to appear by burning an animal kor part of an animal which she has bewitched, x. 303» 3°5. 3°7 J?M 321 W \ in form of a toad, x. 323. See also Witches
, Old, burning the, on the last day
of harvest in Yorkshire, vii. 224 ; on Twelfth Day in Herefordshire, ix. 319
11 Witch-shot," a sudden stiffness in the back, x. 343 «., 345
Witch's herb, St. John's wort, xi. 56 n.1
" nest," a tangle of birch-branches,
xi. 185
Witchcraft, precautions against, on May Day, ii. 52 sqq. ; the rowan a protec- tion against, ii. 53, 54, ix. 267, x.
IS4i 327 n'i> >"• l84 w'4» l85» 281 ; strangers suspected of practising, in. 102 ; almost universal dread of, iii. 281 ; the harvest Maiden a protection against, vii. 156 ; singed sheepskin a protection against, viii. 324 ; prac- tised in cures in Scotland, ix. 38 sq. ; on the Congo, dread of, ix. 77 «.3 ; the belief in, persists under the higher religions, ix. 89 sq. ; in Moravia, precautions against, ix. 162 ; bonfires a protection against, x. 108, 109 ; holy water a protection against, x. 123 ; cattle driven through Mid- summer fire as a protection against, x. 175 ; burs and mugwort a preservative against, x. 177, xi. 59 sq. ; Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 185, 188 ; a broom a protection against, x. 210 ; need-fire kindled to counteract, x. 280, 292 sq. , 293, 295 ; in Devonshire, x. 302 ; great dread of, in Europe, x. 340 ; the fire-festivals regarded as a pro- tection against, x. 342 ; stiffness in the back attributed to, x. 343 n. , 345 ; colic and sore eyes attributed to, x. 344 ; a wheel a charm against, x. 345 n. ; thought to be the source of almost all calamities, xi. 19 sq. ; leaping over
526
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
bonfires as a protection against, xi. 40 ;
* its treatment by the Christian Church, xi. 42 ; and sorcery, Midsummer herbs and flowers a protection against, xi. 45» 46, 49. 54. 55. 59. 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72 ; St. John's wort a protec- tion against, xi. 54 ; dwarf-elder used to detect, xi. 64 ; fern root a protection against, xi. 67 ; mistletoe a protection against, xi. 85 sq. , 282, 283, 294 ; fatal to milk and butter, xi. 86 ; oak log a protection against, xi. 92 ; children passed through a ring of yarn as a protection against, xi. 185 ; a "witch's nest" (tangle of birch- branches) a protection against, xi. 185. See also Witch, Witches, and Sorcery
Witches sink ships, i. 135 ; raise the wind, i. 322, 326 ; in the wind, knives thrown at, i. 329 ; souls of dead, said to pass into trees, ii. 32 ; buried under trees, ii. 32 ; steal milk of cows on May Day or Walpurgis Night, ii.
52 sqq. , ix. 267 ; precautions against, ii. 52 sqq. ; in the shape of hares suck the milk of cows, ii. 53 ; steal butter, ii.
53 ; burned out on May Day, ii. 54 ; driven away by the sound of church bells, ii. 127 ; steal milk from cows on Midsummer Eve, ii. 127, x. 176, xi. 74 ; steal milk on Eve of St. George, ii. 334 sqq. \ as cats and dogs, ii. 334. 335 I make use of cut hair, iii. 270, 271, 279, 282 ; wedding rings a protection against, iii. 314, 314 sq. ; steal cows' milk, iii. 314 sq.t x. 343 ; burnt alive in Africa, ix. 18, 19 ; special precautions against, at certain seasons of the year, ix. 157 sqq. ; an- nually expelled in Calabria, Silesia, and other parts of Europe, ix. 157 sqq. \ active during the Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, ix. 158 sqq. ; the burning out of the, in the Tyrol, ix. 158 sq.t in Bohemia, ix. 161, in Silesia and Saxony, ix. 163 ; shooting the, ix. 164 ; driving out the, ix. 164 ; burnt in Scotland, ix. 165 ; beaten with rods of buckthorn on Good Friday, ix. 266 ; not allowed to touch the bare ground, x. 5 sq. ; burnt and beheaded, x. 6 ; effigies of, burnt in bonfires, x. 107, 116 sq.t 118 sq.t 342, xi. 43 ; charm to protect fields against, x. 121 ; Beltane fires a protection against, x. 154 ; cast spells on cattle, x. 154 ; steal milk from cows at Bel- tane, x. 154 ; in the form of hares and cats, x. 157, 315 n.1, 316 sqq.t 3*7. 318, 319 sq.t xi. 41, 311 sq. ;
burnt on May Day, x. 157, 159, 160 ; fires to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), x. 159 sq. , xi. 20 n. ; abroad on Walpur- gis Night, x. 159 tg. ; kept out by crosses, x. 160 n.2 ; driving away the, x. 160, 170, 171 ; resort to the Blocks- berg, x. 171 ; Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 176, 180 ; steal milk and butter at Midsummer, x. 185 ; active on Midsummer Eve, x. 210, xi. 19 ; abroad at Hallowe'en, x. 226, 245 ; burnt in Hallowe'en fires, x. 232 sq. \ the Yule log a protection against, x. 258 ; thought to cause cattle disease, x. 302 sq. ; at Ipswich, x. 304 sq. ; transformed into animals, x. 315 sqq. ; as cockchafers, x. 322 ; come to borrow, x. 322, 323, xi. 73 ; cause hail and thunder-storms, x. 344 ; brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, x. 345 sq. \ burning missiles hurled at, x. 345; active on Hallow- e'en and May Day, xi. 19, 73 sqq., 184 «.4, 185 ; burnt or banned by fire, xi. 19 sq. ; gather noxious plants on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47 ; gather St. John's wort on St. John's Eve, xi. 56 ; purple loosestrife a protection against, xi. 65 ; tortured in India, xi. 159 ; animal familiars of, xi. 202. See also " Burning the Witches "
"Witches, Burning the, "a popular name for the fires of the festivals, xi. 43
and hares in Yorkshire, xi. 197
and were-wolves, parallelism be
tween, x. 315, 321
and wizards thought to keep their
strength in their hair, xi. 158 sq. ; put to death by the Aziecs, xi. 159
and wolves the two great foes
dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, ii. 330 W.P x. 343
Witches' Sabbath on the Eve of St. George, ii. 335, 338 ; on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, x. 171 «.3, 181, xi. 73, 74
Witchetty grubs, ceremony for the multi- plication of, among the Arunta, i* 85
" Withershins," against the sun, in curses and excommunication at Hallowe'en, x. 234
Wittichenau, in Silesia, custom at end of threshing at, vii. 149
Witurna, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, xi. 234
Wives, taboos observed by, in the absence of their husbands, i. xx6, 119, 120, rax, 122 sqq., 127 sqq. ; exchanged at the appearance of the Aurora Australis, iv. 267 n.1 ; of dead kings sacrificed at their tombs, vi. 168 ; of a king
GENERAL INDEX
527
taken by his successor, ix. 368 n.1
See a/so Wife Wives, human, of gods, v. 61 sqq., vi.
207 ; in Western Asia and Egypt, v.
70 sqq.
" of Marduk," at Babylon, ii. 130
Wiwa, the, of East Africa, their custom
as to fire kindled by lightning, ii.
256 w.1 Wiwa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, vi.
193
Wizards in Melanesia, the variety of their functions, i. 227 sq. ; who raise winds, i. 323 sqq. ; Finnish, i. 325 ; capture human souls, iii. 70, 73 j gather baleful herbs on the Eve of St. John, xi. 47 ; gather purple loosestrife at Midsummer, xi. 65 ; animal familiars of, xi. 196 sq. , 201 sq. See also Medicine-men and Sorcerers
Woden, Odin, or Othin, the master of spells, iii. 305 ; the father of Balder, x. 101, 102, 103 n.1 See also Odin
Wogait, Australian tribe, their belief in conception without cohabitation, v. 103
Woguls, sacred groves of the, ii. n
Wohlau, district of Silesia, custom of " Carrying out Death " in, iv. 237
Wolf, charm to make a wolf disgorge his prey, i. 135 ; imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155 ; track of, in contagious magic, i. 211 ; trans- formation into, iv. 83; said to have guided the Samnites, iv. 186 ».4; corn- spirit as, vii. 271 sqq. , viii. 327 ; the last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 273 ; the woman who binds the last sheaf called the, vii. 273 sq. ; the last sheaf shaped like a, vii. 274 ; man after threshing wrapt in threshed- out straw and called the, vii. 274 sq. ; stuffed, carried about, vii. 275 ; the beast-god of Lycopolis in Egypt, viii. 172 ; figure of, kept throughout the year, viii. 173 «.4 ; ceremonies at killing a, viii. 220 sq.t 223 ; name given to thresher of last corn, viii. 327. See also Wolves
, Brotherhood of the Green, at Jumieges in Normandy, x. 185 sq.t xi. 15 n. , 25
Wolf clan among the Moquis, viii. 178 ; in North -Western America, xi. 270, 271, 272 n.1
god, Zeus as the, iv. 83
masks worn by members of a Wolf
secret society, xi. 270 sq.
— -mountain (Lycaeus) in Arcadia, iv.
83
society among the Nootka Indians,
rite of initiation into the, xi. 270 sq.
Wolf- worshippers, cannibal, Iv. 83 Wolfs heart eaten to make eater brave,
viii. 146 hide, strap of, used by were-wolves,
x. 310 n.1
skin, man clad in, led about at
Christmas, vii. 275
Wolfeck, in Austria, leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day at, xi. 25 sq.
Wolfenbiittel, need-fire near, x. 277
Wolfish Apollo, viii. 283 sq. ; his sanctu- ary at Sicyon, viii. 283
Wollaroi, the, of New South Wales, rubbed themselves with the juices of the dead, viii. 163
Wolletz in Westphalia, the last sheaf called the Old Man at, vii. 238
Wollunqua, a mythical serpent, iii. 384
Wolofs of Senegambia, their superstition as to their names, iii. 323
Wolves in relation to horses, i. 27 ; feared by shepherds, ii. 327, 329, 330 •V't 333. 334. 340. 34i; charms to protect cattle from, iii. 308 ; not to be called by their proper names, iii. 396, 397. 398, 402 ; sacrifices offered to, viii. 284 ; transmigration of sinners into, viii. 308
, the place of (Lyceum), at Athens,
viii. 283 sq.
, Soranian, iv. 186 n.4
and witches, the two great foes
dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, ii. 330 sqq. , x. 343
Woman representing the Moon and married to the Sun, ii. 146 sq. ; feeding serpent in Greek art, v. 87 sq. ; as inspired prophetess of a god, vi. 257 ; burnt alive as a witch in Ireland, i. 236, x. 323 sq.
, Sawing the Old, a Lenten cere- mony, iv. 240 sqq.
Woman's bracelets and earrings worn by man who has been stung by a scorpion, iii. 95 ».8
dress assumed by men to deceive
dangerous spirits, vi. 262 sq.
ornaments, scapegoat decked with,
ix. 192