CHAPTER I.

[From the Papyrus of Ani (Brit. Mus. No. 10,470, sheets 5 and 6). ]
Vignettes: The funeral procession to the tomb, and the ceremony thereat, are here depicted. The mummy of the . deceased, lying in a funeral chest placed in a boat, is being drawn along by oxen: figures of the goddesses Nephthys and Isis stand at the head and foot respectively. By the side kneels the wife of the deceased. In front of the boat stands the Sem priest, dressed in a panther’s skin, burning incense and sprinkling water, and behind follow eight male mourners; in the rear are servants drawing a small funeral chest surmounted by a figure of Anubis, and carrying vases of unguents along with the couch, staff, chair, palette, &c., of the deceased. Preceding the oxen drawing the funeral boat are men carrying on yokes boxes of flowers, vases of unguents, &c., and a group of wailing women with uncovered heads and breasts, who smite their heads and faces in token of grief. Close by stand a cow and her calf, intended to be slaughtered for the funeral feast, and tables loaded with offerings of herbs, fruits, &c. At the door of the tomb stands the god of the dead, Anubis, clasping the mummy of the deceased, before which kneels the weeping wife. Ata table of funeral offerings stand two priests. One, the Sem priest, wears a panther’s skin and holds in his hand a libation vase and censer; the other holds in his right hand the instrument uR HEKA! in the form of a ram-headed serpent, the head of which is surmounted by an uraeus, and in his left hand an instrument in the shape of an adze*“—,. With the former he is about to touch the mouth
1 T.e., the “ mighty one of enchantments,”
40 THE BOOK OF THE DEAD (Chap. i.
and eyes of the mummy, and with the latter the mouth. On the ground, by their side, lie the instruments which are to be employed in the ceremony of opening the mouth, ze, the ceremony which will give the deceased the power to eat, and to drink, and to talk in the next world, namely the Meskhet LQ, the group of instruments in the form of adzes (\~, the Pesh-en-kef WA the libation vases, the boxes of purification, the bandlet, the feather, &c. Behind them stands the “ Reader,” who recites the funeral service from a papyrus roll, and to the rear is a ministrant who holds the haunch of beef which is to be used in the ceremony at the door of the tomb,
FUNERAL CEREMONIES AT THE TOMB.
Abit
RR, rm
{
h
In the upper register we see the tomb in the Theban hills, with a sepulchral
stele inscribed with prayers by the deceased. Anubis supports the mummy,
before which kneel Hu-nefer’s wife, and, probably, his daughter. Two priests
erforming ceremonies connected with ‘‘ opening the mouth,” and the ‘‘ Reader”
borat incense and sprinkling water. In the lower register are the instruments used in the ceremonies, priests, and animals for sacrifice.
Chap. i.] IDENTIFICATION WITH THE GODS 41
Text: (1) Here Becin THE CuarrTers or “CoMING FORTH BY DAY,” AND OF THE SONGS OF PRAISE AND GLORIFYING, (2) AND OF COMING FORTH FROM, AND OF GOING INTO THE GLORIOUS NETER-KHERT! IN THE BEAUTIFUL AMENTET, WHICH ARE TO BE RECITED ON (3) THE DAY OF THE BURIAL [WHEREBY THE DECEASED | SHALL GO IN AFTER COMING FORTH.
Saith Osiris Ani, (4) Osiris the scribe Ani :—
“Homage to thee, O Bull of Amentet,? the god “Thoth, (5) the king of eternity, is with me. I am “the Great God near the divine boat, I have fought “(6) for thee. I am one of the gods, those divine “chiefs, who make (7) Osiris to be victorious over his ‘enemies on the day of the weighing of words. (8) I ‘am thy mediator (?), O Osiris. I am [one] of the “gods (9) born of the goddess Nut, who slay the foes “of Osiris and who hold in bondage (10) for him the “fiend Sebau. Iam thy mediator (?),O Horus. (11) I ‘have fought for thee, and I have put to flight the “enemy for thy name’s sake. Iam Thoth, who made “Qsiris to be victorious* (12) over his enemies on the “day of the weighing of words * (18) in the great House ‘of the Aged One (i.e, Ra) who dwelleth in Annu
1 T.e., the ‘‘ divine lower region,” or the underworld.
2 T.e., the “hidden” place, or the underworld. The Bullis Osiris.
3 T.e., Thoth provided him with certain words, and with instruc- tions as to their utterance, which enabled Osiris, and therefore every just man, to pass the ordeal of judgment, and to gain everlasting life, and to make every being to perform what he ordered him to do.
4 T.e., the dey of judgment.
42 IDENTIFICATION WITH THE GODS (Chap.
(Heliopolis). I am Tetteti, the son of Tetteti; (14) I “was begotten in Tattu, I was born in (15) Tattu I “am with those who weep and with the women who “bewail (16) Osiris in the two lands of the Rekht,? and “T make Osiris to be victorious over his enemies. “(17) Ra commanded Thoth to make Osiris victorious “over his enemies; and that which was decreed [for “ Osiris] (18) Thoth did for me. I am with Horus on “the day of the clothing of (19) Teshtesh* and of the ‘opening of the wells of water for the purification of “the divine being whose heart moveth not,* (20) and “of the drawing the bolt of the door of the concealed “things in Re-stau.® 1 am with Horus who [acteth] (21) as the guardian of the left shoulder of Osiris in “Sekhem (Letopolis),® (22) and I go in and I come forth “from among the divine flames on the day of the “destruction of the (23) Sebau fiends in Sekhem, I “am with Horus on the days (24) of the festivals of “Osiris, and of the making of offerings on the Sixth “day festival,” and on the Tenat festival* [which is “ celebrated] in (25) Annu.
1 T.e., Mendes.
2 T.e., the goddesses Isis and Nephthys.
5 I.e., the figure of Osiris upon which the funeral ceremonies were performed at Abydos, Mendes, &c.
4 Urt-db, z.e., ‘‘ Still-Heart,” a name of Osiris.
5 T.e., the “door of the passages” of the tomb, For the picture of Re-stau see p. 96.
® The shrine at Sekhem boasted the possession of the shoulder of Osiris.
7 T.e., the day of the festival of Osiris.
8 I.e., the festival which took place on the seyenth day of the month,
Chap.i.] PRAYERS FOR SEPULCHRAL OFFERINGS 43
“Tam the db! priest who poureth out libations in “Tattu [for] Rere (?) the dweller in the Temple of “ Osiris,” {on the day of] (26) casting up the earth. I “see the things which are concealed in Re-stau, (27) I “read from the book of the festival of the divine Ram * “[which is] in Jattu. Iam the Sem * priest (28) [and “T perform] his course. I [perform the duties of] the “Great Chief of the Work® on the day of placing the “ Hennw® boat (29) of the god Seker’ upon its sledge. “T have grasped the spade (30) on the day of digging “the ground in Suten-henen (Heracleopolis Magna).”
“OQ ye who make perfected souls (31) to enter into “the Temple of Osiris, may ye cause the perfected soul “of Osiris, the (32) scribe Ani, to be victorious with “you in the Temple of Osiris. May he hear as ye “hear; may he see (33) as ye see; may he stand as ye “stand; may he sit as ye (34) sit [therein].”
“O ye who give cakes and ale to perfected souls in “the Temple (35) of Osiris, give ye cakes and ale at “the two seasons (i.e, at morn and at eve, or sunrise “and sunset) to the soul of Osiris Ani, who is
1 T.e., the priest who performs ceremonial purification with water.
2 Per-Ausar, t.e., ‘‘House of Osiris” = the Greek Busiris, or capital of the ninth nome of Lower Egypt.
3 T.e., Osiris as Ba-neb-Tattu, the ‘‘ Ram, lord of Mendes.”
4 The functions of this priest in funeral ceremonies were very important.
> The official title of the chief priest of Ptah, the great god of Memphis.
6 The Hennu boat was placed upon its sledge and drawn round the sanctuary at dawn, probably in imitation of the sun’s course.
7 A name given to Osiris, having reference to the god being shut up in his coffin.
44 PRAYERS FOR POWER AND VICTORY [Chap.i.
(36) victorious before all the gods of Abtu (Abydos), “and who is victorious with you.”
‘““O ye who open the way (37) and lay open the paths “to perfected souls in the Temple (38) of Osiris, open “ye the way and lay open the paths (39) to the soul of “Osiris, the scribe and steward of all the divine “offerings, Ani [who is victorious] (40) with you. “May he enter in confidence, and may he come forth in “peace from the Temple of Osiris. May he not (41) be “rejected, may he not be turned back, may he enter “in [as he] pleaseth, may he come forth [as he] (42) desireth, and may he be victorious. May the “things which he commandeth be performed in the “Temple of Osiris; may he walk (43) and may he talk “with you, and may he become a glorious being along “with you. He hath not been found to rise up (44) there,! and the Balance [having weighed him] is “now empty.”
In the Turin papyrus this Chapter ends with the following lines, for which no equivalent occurs in the earlier texts :—(16) “Let not the decree of judgment “passed upon me be placed,” or, according to another “yeading, “‘made known in the mouths of the multitude. “May my soul lift itself up before (17) [Osiris], having “been found to have been pure when on earth. May I “come before thee, O lord of the gods; may I arrive at
1 T.e., in the Balance. The meaning is that the heart, or conscience, of the deceased has not been outweighed by the emblem of right and truth.
Chap. i.] PRAYERS FOR DIVINE FOOD, ETC. 45
“the nome of Double Right and Truth; may I be “crowned! like a god endowed with life; may I give “forth light like the company of the gods who dwell in “neaven; may I become (18) like one of you, lifting “up [my] feet in the city of Kher-ahaut;* may I see “the Sektet boat of the sacred Sahu®* passing forth “over the sky; may I not be driven away from the “sight of the lords of the Tuat”* (19) or, according to another reading, “the company of the gods; may I “smell the sweet savour of the food of the company of “the gods, and may I sit down with them. May the “Kher-heb (i.e., the Reader) ® make invocation at [my] “coffin, and may I hear the prayers which are recited “Twhen] the offerings [are made]. May I draw nigh “(20) unto the Neshem® boat and may neither my “soul nor its lord be turned back.”
“Homage to thee, O thou who art at the head of “Amentet, thou Osiris who dwellest in the city of “Nifu-ur.? Grant thou that I may arrive in peace in “Amentet and that the lords of Ta-tchesertet § may “receive me and may (21) say unto me, ‘Hail! Hail,
1 Or, ‘may I rise.”
2 A city near Memphis.
3 TJ.e., Orion,
4 The three divisions —= =— @® vet ta tuat into which the Egyptians divided the world correspond roughly to the words, ‘“‘heaven, earth, and hell.”
5 Literally, ‘‘he that hath the book.”
6 A name given to the sacred boat of the Sun-God; the word neshem means ‘‘light green,” and is commonly applied to green felspar. :
7 The metropolis of the nome of Abtu (Abydos).
8 Te,, the ‘‘ holy land,” a name of the underworld.
46 PRAYERS FOR POWER IN HEAVEN (Chap. i.
“thou that comest] in peace!’ May they prepare for ‘‘me a place by the side of the Chief in the presence of ‘divine chiefs; may Isis and Nephthys, the two divine “nursing goddesses, receive me at the seasons, and “may I come forth (22) into the presence of Un-nefer “(i.e Osiris) in triumph. May I follow after, Horus “through Re statet, and after Osiris in Tattu; and “may I perform all the transformations according to “my heart’s desire in every place wheresoever my ka “ (double) pleaseth so to do.”
RUBRIC: If this text be known [by the deceased] upon earth, (23) or if he causeth it to be done in writing upon [his] coffin, then will he be able to come forth on any day that he pleaseth, and to enter into his habitation without being driven back. The cakes, and ale, and haunches of meat (24) which are upon the altar of Ra shall be given unto him, and his homestead shall be among the fields in the Sekhet-Aanru, and to him shall be given wheat and barley therein, for he shall be vigorous there even as he was upon earth.
47