Chapter XIX The Doctors of Shakspere's Time . . 177

The modern doctor and modern medicine really begin in these spacious times of the great Elizabeth — importance of the phy- sicians in any picture of modern society — connection between music and physic in the sixteenth century — Shakspere's por- trayal of the ideal doctor, Cerimon, in Pericles — Cerimon pos- sibly drawn from Shakspere's son-in-law. Dr. John Hall — the elder John Hall and his Historical Expostulation Against the Beastly Abuses both of Chirurgery and Physyke in Oure Tyme — Dr. Hall's ideas of the true '*chirurgeon " — absurdities of his Treatise on Anatomie — his account of several medical impostors: Thomas Luffkin, " Mayster Wynkfelde," ** one Nichols,"etc. — Dr. Thomas Gale and his tale of the army surgeons — the Doctor in Macbeth — Macbeth' s '* throw physic to the dogs,'* and its parallel in Chaucer's Knight^ s Tale — connection be- tween doctor and apothecary — the Apothecary in Romeo and Juliet — extracts from Heywood's The Four P^ s — the Poti- cary in this interlude — his curious list of drugs — Shakspere's strange silence regarding tobacco — belief in its medicinal virtue at this time — habit of smoking on the stage — passages illus- trating this from Arber's Collections — Dr. Thomas Linacre, founder of the College of Physicians — Italy the centre of med- icine in 1480 — esteem of foreign physicians in England — lampoon on this in The Marriage of Wit and Wisdom — length of medical course at this time — Harvey and his discovery of the circulation of the blood — his dignity under the attacks of his enemies — Dr. John Harvey and his touching death words.