I. Brahmanism; II. Buddhism; IH. Zoroastrianism and Su-

fisra.
X.
Eastern Poetry of Reincarnation 249
Extracts: 1. Kalide'sa's "Sakoontala; " 2. The Katha Upani- shad; 3. The Light of Asia; 4. A Persian Poem; 5. From Hafiz ; 6. A Sufi Poem.
XI. Esoteric Oriental Reincarnation 261
CONTENTS. xiii
XII. Transmigration through Animals 271
XIII. Death, Heaven, and Hell, What then of ? 287
XIV.
Karma, the Companion Truth of Reincarnation . . . 297
XV. Conclusion 307
APPENDIX. Bibliography of Reincarnation 327
By the sea, by the dreary darkening sea
There stands a youthful man, His frame is throbbing with doubt's agony,
His lips move sadly and wan.
Oh, solve me Life's enigma, ye waves,
The torturing riddle of old With which the mind of humanity raves,
Whose answer is never told ;
The mystery hidden from hoary sage,
From soldier, saint, and king ; From wisest heads in every age,
Weary and languishing
For light upon the misty road.
Tell me, what am I ? Whence came I, whither do I plod ?
Who dwells in the blazing sky ?
The billows murmur ceaselessly,
The wind speaks night and day, Calm and cold sing the stars on high,
But he knows not what they say.
Heine.
The doctrine of metempsychosis may almost claim to be a natural or innate belief in the human mind, if we may judge from its wide diffusion among the nations of the earth and its prevalence throughout the historical ages. — Professor Francis Bowen.
INTRODUCTION.
We sow the glebe, we reap the corn,
We build the house where we may rest, And then, at moments, suddenly, We look up to the great wide sky, Enquiring wherefore .we were born, — For earnest, or for jest ?
The senses folding thick and dark
About the stifled soul within, We guess diviner things beyond, And yearn to them with yearning fond ; We strike out boldly to a mark
Believed in, but not seen.
And sometimes horror chills our blood
To be so near such mystic things, And we wrap round us, for defence, Our purple manners, moods of sense, — As angels, from the face of God, Stand hidden in their wings.
Mrs. Browning.
INTRODUCTION.
Once the whole civilized world embraced reincar- nation, and found therein a complete answer to that riddle of man's descent and destiny which the inex- orable sphinx Life propounds to every traveler along her way. But the western branch of the race, in working out the material conquest of the world, has acquired the compensating discontent of a material philosophy. It has lost the old faith and drifted into a shadowy region, where the eagerness for " practical " things rejects whatever cannot be physically proven. Even God and immortality are for the most part con- jectures, believed only after demonstration, and not vitally then. The realization of this condition is pro- voking throughout Christendom a counter-current of spirituality. The growing freedom of thought and the eastward look of many leading minds seem to herald a renaissance more radical, although more subtle and gradual, than the reformations of Columbus, Luther, and Guthenberg. As surely as the occupation and development of the western Eldorado revived Europe into unprecedented vigor, the exploration of Palestine, and beyond into India, for treasures more precious than gold and dominion, shall revitalize the West with an unparalleled growth of spiritual power.
Strangely enough, too, just as the "New World" proved to be geologically the oldest continent, so the
4 INTRODUCTION.
" new truths " recently discovered are found to be the most ancient. They are as universal as the ocean, always waiting to be used. The latest philosophies and heterodoxies are only fresh phrasings of early ideas. The most advanced conceptions of art, educa- tion, and government are essentially identical with those of Greece and Rome. The newest industries are approaching the lost arts of Egypt. The modern sciences (as electricity and chemistry) are merely ingenious applications of what the schoolmasters of the primitive races knew better in some respects than Edison and Cooke. Geology has just dawned upon us to reveal the sublime synopsis of earth's history hid- den for over three thousand years in the first chapter of the Bible. The last great thought of this era — Evolution — is as old as the hills in the East. Pro- fessor Crookes's wonderful experiment connected with the instability of certain elements, psychic force, and the fourth dimension of matter (so far in advance of present scientific culture that many physicists deride them) are stumblings upon the outskirts of a domain long familiar to oriental students. After many cen- turies of tedious jangling with creeds and sects, we are slowly learning that primitive Christianity will make earth a paradise. The permanent edifice of the world's complete education seems to patiently await the time when men shall tire of fashioning useless building stuff from their crumbling theories and revert to the basal granite of which the everlasting foundations are laid, caring only to shape the superstructure by the Architect's plan.
Although commonly rejected throughout Europe and America, reincarnation is unreservedly accepted by the majority of mankind at the present day, as in
INTRODUCTION. 5
all the past centuries. From the dawn of history it has prevailed among the largest part of humanity with an unshaken intensity of conviction. Over all the mightiest eastern nations it has held permanent sway. The ancient civilization of Egypt, whose gran- deur cannot be overestimated, was built upon this as a fundamental truth, and taught it as a precious secret to Pythagoras, Empedocles, Plato, Virgil, and Ovid, who scattered it through Greece and Italy. It is the keynote of Plato's philosophy, being stated or implied very frequently in his dialogues. " Soul is older than body," he says. " Souls are continually born over again from Hades into this life." In his view all knowledge is reminiscence. To search and learn is simply to revive the images of what the soul saw in its preexistent state in the world of realities. It was also widely spread in the Neo-platonism of Plo- tinus and Proclus. The swarming millions of India have made this thought the foundation of their enor- mous achievements in government, architecture, phi- losophy, and poetry. It was a cardinal element in the religion of the Persian Magi. Alexander the Great gazed in amazement on the self-immolation by fire to which it inspired the Gymnosophists. Caesar found its tenets propagated among the Gauls. The circle of metempsychosis was an essential principle of the Druid faith, and as such was impressed upon our forefathers the Celts, the Gauls, and the Britons. It is claimed that the people held this doctrine so vitally that they wept around the new-born infant and smiled upon death ; for the beginning and end of an earthly life were to them the imprisonment and release of a soul, which mustf undergo repeated proba- tions to remove its degrading impurities for final ascent
6 INTRODUCTION.
into a succession of higher spheres. The Bardic triads of the Welsh are replete with this thought, and a Welsh antiquary insists that an ancient emigration from Wales to India conveyed it to the Brahmans. Among the Arab philosophers it was a favorite idea, and it still may be noticed in many Mohammedan writers. In the old civilizations of Peru and Mexico it prevailed universally. The priestly rites of the Egyptian Isis, the Eleusinian mysteries of Greece, the Bacchic processions of Rome, the Druid ceremonies of Britain, and the Cabalic rituals of the Hebrews, all expressed this great truth with peculiar force for their initiated witnesses. The Jews generally adopted it after the Babylonian captivity through the Pharisees, Philo of Alexandria, and the doctors. John the Baptist was to them a second Elijah. Jesus was com- monly thought to be a reappearance of John the Bap- tist or of one of the old prophets. The Talmud and the Cabala are full of the same teaching. Some of the late Rabbins assert many entertaining things con- cerning the repeated births of the most noted persons of their nation. Christianity is not an exception to all the other great religions in promulgating the same philosophy. Reincarnation played an important part in the thought of Origen and several other leaders among the early Church Fathers. It was a main por- tion of the creed of the Gnostics and Manichseans. In the Middle Ages many scholastics and heretical sects advocated it. It has cropped out spontaneously in many western theologians. The elder English divines do not hesitate to inculcate preexistence in their sermons. In the seventeenth century Dr. Henry More and other Cambridge Platom'sts gave it wide acceptance. The Roman Catholic Purgatory seems to be a make-
INTRODUCTION. 7
shift improvised to take its place. Sir Harry Vane is said by Burnet to have maintained this doctrine.
Many philosophers of metaphysical depth, like Scotus, Kant, Schelling, Leibnitz, Schopenhauer, and the younger Eichte, have upheld reincarnation. Gen- iuses of noble symmetry, like Giordano Bruno, Herder, Lessing, and Goethe, have fathered it. Scientists like Flammarion, Figuier, and Brewster have ear- nestly advocated it. Theological leaders like Julius Miiller, Dorner, Ernesti, Riickert, and Edward Beecher have maintained it. In exalted intuitional natures like Boehme and Swedenborg its hold is ap- parent. Most of the mystics bathe in it. Of course the long line of Platonists from Socrates down to Emerson have no doubt of it. Nearly all the poets profess it.
Even amid the predominance of materialistic in- fluences in Christendom it has a considerable follow- ing. Traces of it are found among the aborigines of North and South America, and in many barbaric tribes. At this time it reigns without any sign of decrepitude over the Burman, Chinese, Japanese, Tartar, Thibe- tan, and East Indian nations, including at least 750,000,000 of mankind and nearly two thirds of the race. Throughout the East it is the great central thought. It is no mere superstition of the ignorant masses. It is the chief principle of Hindu metaphys- ics, — the basis of all their inspired books. Such a hoary philosophy, held by the venerable authority of ages, ruling from the beginning of time the bulk of the world's thought, cherished in some form by the disciples of every great religion, is certainly worthy of the profoundest respect and study. There must be some vital reality inspiring so stupendous an exist- ence.
8 INTRODUCTION.
But the western fondness for democracy does not hold in the domain of thought. The fact that the majority of the race has agreed upon reincarnation is no argument for it to an occidental thinker. The conceit of modern progress has no more respect for ancient ideas than for the forgotten civilization of old, even though in many essentials they anticipated or outstripped all that we boast of. Therefore we pro- pose to treat this subject largely from a western standpoint.
I.
WHAT IS REINCARNATION?
You cannot say of the soul, it shall be, or is about to be, or is to be hereafter. It is a thing without birth. — BhAGAVAD Gita.
As the inheritance of an illustrious name and pedigree quickens the sense of duty in every noble nature, a belief in pree'xistenee may enhance the glory of the present life and intensify the reverence with which the deathless principle is regarded. — William Knight.
If we except the belief of a future remuneration beyond this life for suffering virtue and retribution for successful crimes, there is no system so simple, and so little repugnant to our understanding, as that of metempsychosis. The pains and pleasures of this life are by this system considered as the recompense or the punishment of our actions in another state. — Isaac D' Israeli.
The experiences gained in one life may not be remembered in their details in the next, but the impressions which they produce will re- main. Again and again man passes through the wheel of transforma- tion, changing his lower energies into higher ones, until matter at- tracts him no longer, and he becomes — what he is destined to be — a god. — Hartmann.
As billows on the undulating main That swelling fall, and falling swell again, So on the tide of time incessant roll The dying body and the deathless soul.
WHAT IS REINCARNATION f
Reincarnation is an extremely simple doctrine rooted in the assurance of the soul's indestructibility. It explains at once the descent and the destiny of the soul by so natural and forcible a method that it has not only dominated the ingenuous minds of all the primitive races, but has become the most widely spread and most permanently influential of all phi- losophies.
Reincarnation teaches that the soul enters this life, not as a fresh creation, but after a long course of pre- vious existences on this earth and elsewhere, in which it acquired its present inhering peculiarities, and that it is on the way to future transformations which the soul is now shaping. It claims that infancy brings to earth, not a blank scroll for the beginning of an earthly record, nor a mere cohesion of atomic forces into a brief personality soon to dissolve again into the elements, but that it is inscribed with ances- tral histories, some like the present scene, most of them unlike it and stretching back into the remotest past. These inscriptions are generally undecipherable, save as revealed in their moulding influence upon the new career ; but like the invisible photographic images made by the sun of all it sees, when they are properly
12 WHAT IS REINCARNATION?
developed in the laboratory of consciousness they will be distinctly displayed. The current phase of life will also be stored away in the secret vaults of memory, for its unconscious effect upon the ensuing lives. All the qualities we now possess, in body, mind and soul, re- sult from our use of ancient opportunities. We are indeed " the heirs of all the ages," and are alone responsible for our inheritances. For these conditions accrue from distant causes engendered by our older selves, and the future flows by the divine law of cause and effect from the gathered momentum of our past impetuses. There is no favoritism in the uni- verse, but all have the same everlasting facilities for growth. Those who are now elevated in worldly sta- tion may be sunk in humble surroundings in the fu- ture. Only the inner traits of the soul are permanent companions. The wealthy sluggard may be the beg- gar of the next life ; and the industrious worker of the present is sowing the seeds of future greatness. Suffering bravely endured now will produce a treasure of patience and fortitude in another life; hardships will give rise to strength ; self-denial must develop the will ; tastes cultivated in this existence will some- how bear fruit in coming ones ; and acquired energies will assert themselves whenever they can by' the lex parsimonice upon which the principles of physics are based. Vice versa, the unconscious habits, the un- controllable impulses, the peculiar tendencies, the fa- vorite pursuits, and the soul-stirring friendships of the,, present descend from far-reaching previous activities. Science explains the idiosyncrasies of plants and animals by the environment of previous generations and calls instinct hereditary habit. In the same way there is an evolution of individuality, by which the
WHAT IS REINCARNATION? 13
child opens its new era with characteristics derived from anterior lives, and adds the experience of a new personality to the sum total of his treasured traits. In its passage through earthly personalities the spirit- ual self, the essential Ego> accumulates a fund of in- dividual character which remains as the permanent thread stringing together the separate lives. The soul is therefore an eternal water globule, which sprang in the beginningless past from mother ocean, and is destined after an unreckonable course of meander- ings in cloud and rain, snow and steam, spring and river, mud and vapor, to at last return with the garnered experience of all lonely existences into the central Heart of all. Or rather, it is the crystal stream running from a heavenly fountain through one continuous current that often halts in favorite cor- ners, sunny pools, and shady nooks, muddy ponds and clearest lakes, each delay shifting the direction and al- tering the complexion of the next tide as it issues out by the path of least resistance.
That we have forgotten the causes producing the present sequence of pleasures and pains, talents and defects, successes and failures, is no disproof of them, and does not disturb the justice of the scheme. For temporary oblivion is the anodyne by which the kindly physician is bringing us through the darker wards of sorrow into perfect health.
We do not undertake to trace the details of our earlier stoppages further than is indicated in the un- controvertible principle, that as long as the soul is governed by material desires it must find its homes in physical realms, and jwhen its inclination is purely spiritual it certainly will inhabit the domain of spirit. The restless wandering of all souls must at last con-
14 WHAT IS REINCARNATION?
elude in the peace of God, but that will not be pos- sible until they have gone through all the rounds of experience and learned that only in that Goal is satis- faction. That men ever dwell in bodies of beasts, we deny as irrational, as such a retrogression would con- tradict the fundamental maxims of nature. That philosophy is a corruption of Reincarnation, in whiqh the masses have coarsely masked the truth.
Granting the permanence of the human spirit amid every change, the doctrine of rebirth is the only one yielding a metaphysical explanation o'f the phenomena of life. It is already accepted fn the physical plane as evolution, and holds a firm ethical value in apply- ing the law of justice to human experience. In con- firmation of it there stands the strongest weight of evidence, argumentary, empirical, and historic. It untangles the knotty problem of life simply and grandly. It meets the severest requirements of en- lightened reason, and is in deepest harmony with the spirit of Christianity.
II.
WESTERN EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
The house of life hath many chambers. — Rossetti.
The soul is not born ; it does not die ; it was not produced from any one ; nor was any produced from it. — Emerson.
For men to tell how human life began
Is hard : for who himself beginning knew.
Milton.
There is surely a piece of divinity in us, — something that was be- fore the elements and owes no homage unto the sun.
Whatever hath no beginning may be confident of no end. — Sir Thomas Browne.
For of the soul the body form doth take, For soul is form and doth the body make.
Spenser.
Secreted and hidden in the heart of the world and the heart of man is the light which can illumine all life, the future and the past.
Through the Gates of Gold.
The soul, if immortal, existed before our birth. What is incorruptible must be ungenerable.
Metempsychosis is the only system of immortality that Philosophy can hearken to. — Hume.
Nature is nothing less than the ladder of resurrection which, step by step, leads upward, — or rather is carried from the abyss of eter- nal death up to the apex of life. — Schlegel.
Look nature through ; 'tis revolution all,
All change ; no death. Day follows night, and night
The dying day ; stars rise and set, and set and rise.
Earth takes the example. All to reflourish fades
As in a wheel : all sinks to reascend ;
Emblems of man, who passes, not expires.
Young.
The blending of mind and matter in the bodily structure of the sentient and rational orders, we may be assured, is a method of pro- cedure which, if it be not absolutely indispensable to the final pur- poses of the creation, subserves the most important ends and carries with it consequences such as will make it the general, if not the uni- versal law of all finite natures, in all worlds. — Isaac Taylor.
II.
WESTERN EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
The old Saxon chronicler, Bede, records that at a banquet given by King Edwin of Northumbria to his nobles, a discussion arose as to how they should re- ceive the Christian missionary Paulinus, who had just arrived from the continent. Some urged the suffi- ciency of their own Druid and Norse religions and advised the death of the invading heretic. Others were in favor of hearing his message. At length the king asked the opinion of his oldest counsellor. The sage arose and said : "O king and lords. You all did remark the swallow which entered this festal hall to escape the chilling winds without, fluttering near the fire for a few moments and then vanishing through the opposite window. Such is the life of man. Whence it came and whither it goes none can tell. Therefore if this new religion brings light upon so great a mystery, it must be diviner than ours and should be welcomed." The old man's advice was adopted.
We are in the position of those old ancestors of ours. The religion of the churches, called Christianity, is to many earnest souls a dry husk. The germinant kernel of truth as it came from the founder of Chris- tianity, when it is discovered under all its barren
18 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
wrappings, is indeed sufficient to feed us with the bread of life. It answers all the practical needs of most people even with the husks. But it leaves some vital questions unanswered which impel us to desire something more than Jesus taught — not for mere curiosity, but as food for larger growth. The divine law which promises to fill every vacuum, and to grat- ify at last every aspiration, has not left us without means of grasping a portion of these grander truths.
The commonest idea of the soul throughout Chris- tendom seems to be that it is created specially for birth on this world, and after its lifetime here it goes to a permanent spiritual realm of infinite continuance. This is a very comfortable belief derived from the ap- pearances of things, and those holding it may very properly say, " My view agrees with the phenomena, and if you think differently the burden of proof rests upon you." We accept this responsibility. But a careful observer knows that the true explanation of facts is as a rule very different from the appearance. Ptolemy thought he could account for all the heavenly motions on his geocentric theory, and his teachings were at once received by his contemporaries. But the deeper studies of Copernicus and Galileo had to wait a century before they were accepted, although they in- troduced an astronomy of immeasurably nobler scale. Is it not a relic of the old confidence in appearances to consider the physical orbits of human souls as lim- ited to our little view of them ?
The theologian seeks to explain life, with its in- equalities, its miseries and injustices, by a future con- dition rewarding and punishing men for the deeds of earth. He concedes that benevolence and justice can- not be proven in God by what is seen of His earthly
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 19
administration. The final law of creation is said to be Love, but the sin and suffering bequeathed to most of the race through no apparent fault of theirs annuls that dictum in the world's real thought, and compels men to regard life as a ceaseless struggle for existence in which the strongest wins and the weakest fails, and the devil takes the hinder most. But even if the future life will straighten out this by a just judg- ment, fairness demands that all shall have an even chance here, — which only reincarnation assures.
The materialist takes a more plausible ground. On the basis of the soul beginning with the present existence, he regards all the developments of life as results of blind natural forces. He says that the va- riety of atomic qualities accounts for all the diver- gencies of life, physical, mental, and moral. But he can give no reason why the same particles of matter should accomplish such stupendous varieties. More- over Science, the materialist's gospel, instead of dis- posing of psychic facts, is studying and classifying them as a new branch of supersensuous knowledge. ! These investigations will ultimately initiate Science into the surety of non-physical things. Already a strong advance in that direction has been made by Isaac Taylor's " Physical Theory of a Future Life " and Stewart & Tait's " Unseen Universe." The con- ception of an Infinite Personality overwhelms all the narrow groove-thinking of every mechanical school, and rises supremely in the strongest scientific philos- ophy of all time — that of Herbert Spencer. Stran- gest of all, Evolution, the cornerstone of Spencerian philosophy, is merely a paraphrase of reincarnation.
1 See the publications of the Society of Psychical Research of Lon- don and Boston and New York.
20 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
There are seven arguments for Reincarnation which seem conclusive.
1. That the idea of immortality demands it.
2. That analogy makes it the most probable.
3. That science confirms it.
4. That the nature of the soul requires it.
5. That it most completely answers the theologi- cal questions of " original sin " and " future punish- ment."
6. That it explains many mysterious experiences.
7. That it alone solves the problem of injustice and misery which broods over our world.
1. Immortality demands it.
Only the positivists and some allied schools of thought, comprising a very small proportion of Chris- tendom, doubt the immortality of the soul. But a conscious existence after death has no better proof than a pre-natal existence. It is an old declaration that what begins in time must end in time. We have no right to say that the soul is eternal on one side of its earthly period without being so on the other. Far more rational is the view of certain scientists who, believing that the soul originates with this life, also declare that it ends with this life. That is the logical outcome of their premise. If the soul sprang into ex- istence specially for this life, why should it continue afterward ? It is precisely as probable from all the grounds of reason that death is the conclusion of the soul as that birth is the beginning of it. As Cudworth points out, it was this argument which had special weight with the Greek philosophers, whose reasonings upon immortality have led all later generations. They
EVIDENCES OF RE INC A.
asserted the eternity of the soul in ordei its immortality. For, they held, as nothing \. . being can have originated from nothingness, Oj. vanish into nothingness, and as they were certain o their existence, it was impossible that they could have had a temporal beginning. The present life must be only one stage of a vast number, stretching backward and forward.
Our instinctive belief in immortality implies a sub- conscious acceptance of this view. We are certain of a persevering life outlasting all the changes of time and death. But birth, as well as death, is one of the temporal shifts belonging to the transitory sphere which is foreign to our spirits. It is only because our backs are toward the earlier change and our faces to the later that we refuse to reason about one on the principles used about the other. If we lived in the re- versed world of Fechner's " Dr. Mises," in which old things grow new and men begin life by a reversed dying and end by a reversed birth, we would probably devise arguments for preexistence as zealously as we do now for future existence, and that would lead to reincarnation. For all the indications of immortality point as unfailingly to an eternity preceding this ex- istence : the love of prolonged life ; the analogy of nature; the prevailing belief of the most spiritual minds ; the permanence of the ego principle ; the in- conceivability of annihilation or of creation from nothing ; the promise of an extension of the present career ; the injustice of any other thought.
The ordinary Christian idea of special creation at birth involves the correlative of annihilation at death. What the origin of the soul may have been does not affect this subject, further than that it long antedates
° :S OF REINCARNATION.
.e. Whether it be a spark from God himself, or a divine emanation, or a cluster of inde- pendent energies, its eternal destiny compels the in- .ice that it is uncreated and indestructible. More- over, it is unthinkable that from an infinite history it enters this world for its first and only physical experi- ence and then shoots off to an endless spiritual exist- ence. The deduction is rather that it assumed many forms before it appeared as we now see it, and is bound to pass through many coming lives before it will be rounded into the full orb of perfection and reach its ultimate goal.
2. Analogy is strongly in favor of reincarnation. Were Bishop Butler to work out the problem of the career of the human soul in the light of modern science, we doubt not that his masterpiece would ad- vocate this "pagan" thought. For many centuries the literature of nations has discerned a standard simile of the soul's deathlessness in the transformation of the caterpillar into the butterfly. But it is known now that once all the caterpillars and butterflies were alike, and that by repeated incarnations they have reached the bewildering differences. When they started off from the procession of life on their own road from one or a few similar species, the progeny scat- tered into various circumstances, and the struggles and devices which they went through for their own pur- poses, being repeated for thousands of years in millions of lives, has developed the surprising heterogeneity of feather-winged insects. And as each undergoes his rapid changes in rehearsal of his long pedigree, we may trace the succession of his earlier lives.
The violent energy of the present condition argues a previous stage leading up to it. It is contended
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 23
with great force of analogy that death is but another and higher birth. This life is a groping embryo plane implying a more exalted one. Mysterious intimations reach us from a diviner sphere, —
" Like hints and echoes of the world To spirits folded in the womb."
But subtle indications rearward argue that birth is the death of an earlier existence. Even the embryo life necessitates a preparatory one preceding it. So com- plete a structure must have a foundation. So swift a momentum must have traveled far. As Emerson ob- serves : " We wake and find ourselves on a stair. There are other stairs below us which we seem to have ascended ; there are stairs above us, many a one, which go upward and out of sight."
The grand order of creation is everywhere proclaim- ing as the universal word, "change." Nothing is de- stroyed, but all is passing from one existence to an- other. Not an atom but is dancing in livery march from its present condition to a different form, running a ceaseless cycle through mineral, vegetable, and ani- mal existence, though never losing its individuality, however diverse its apparent alterations. Not a crea- ture but is constantly progressing to something else. The tadpole becomes a fish, the fish a frog, and some of the frogs have turned to birds. It was the keen perception of this principle in nature which gave their vital force to the Greek mythologies and other ancient stories embodying the idea of transmutation of per- sonality through many guises. It was this which ani- mated the metamorphoses of Ovid, whose philosophy is contained in these lines from his poem on Pytha- goras : —
24 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
" Death, so called, is but old matter dressed In some new form. And in a varied vest From tenement to tenement, though tossed, The soul is still the same, the figure only lost : And, as the softened wax new seals receives, This face assumes, and that impression leaves, Now called by one, now by another name, The form is only changed, the wax is still the Then, to be born is to begin to be Some other thing we were not formerly. That forms are changed, I grant ; that nothing can Continue in the figure it began." 1
Evolution has remoulded the thought of Christen- dom, expanding our conception of physiology, astron- omy and history. The more it is studied the more universal is found its application. It seems to be the secret of God's life. Now that we know the evo- lution of the body, it is time that we learned the evo- lution of the soul. The biologist shows that each of us physically before birth runs through all the phases of animal life — polyp, fish, reptile, dog, ape, and man — as a brief synopsis of how the ages have pre- pared our tenements. The preponderance of special animal traits in us is due, he says, to the emphasis of those particular stages of our physical growth. So in infancy does the soul move through an unconscious series of existences, recapitulating its long line of de- scent, until it is fastened in maturity. And why is it not true that our soul traits are the relics of former activities? Evolution proves that the physical part of man is the product of a long series of changes, in which each stage is both the effect of past influences and the cause of succeeding issues. Does not the im- material part of man require a development equally 1 Dryden's Translation.
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 25
vast ? The fact of an intellectual and moral evolution proceeding hand in hand with the physical can only be explained under the economy of nature by a series of reincarnations.
3. Furthermore, the idea that the soul is specially created for introduction into this world combats all the principles of science. All nature proceeds on the strictest economic methods. Nothing is either lost or added. There is no creation or destruction. What- ever appears to spring suddenly into existence is de- rived from some sufficient cause — although as un- seen as the vapor currents which feed the clouds. There is a growing consensus of opinion among spirit- ualists and materialists alike, that the quantity both of force and of matter remains constant. The law of conservation of energy holds in the spiritual realm as in physics. The uniform stock of energy in the uni- verse neither declines nor increases, but incessantly changes. The marvelous developments shown in the protean organisms continually entering the procession of life indicate that the new manifestations descend from some patriarchal line, uncreated and immortal, coming through the hidden regions of previous exist- ences. Science allows no such miracle as the theo- logical special resurrection, which is contrary to all experience. But it recognizes the universality of re- surrection throughout all nature, which is a matter of common observation. The idea of the soul as a phoe- nix, eternally continuing through myriad embodiments, is adapted to the whole spirit of modern science.
Especially significant is the axiomatic law of cause and effect. There is no other adequate explanation of the phenomena of life than the purely scientific one, that causes similar to those now operating before
26 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
our eyes have produced the results we witness. The impelling characteristics of each personality require some earlier experiences of physical life to have gen- erated them. All the sensuous proclivities of human nature point to long earthly experience as their only origin. And the unsatisfied physical inclinations of the soul necessitate a series of material existences to work themselves out. The irrepressible eagerness for all the range of experience seems to be a sufficient reason for a course of incarnations which shall ac- complish that result.
Physiologists contend that the wondrous human organism could not have grown up out of mere mat- ter, but implies a preexistent personal idea,1 which grouped around itself the organic conditions of phys- ical existence and constrained the material elements
1 We purposely use the term Personal in preference to spiritual, for the word should be rescued from its confusion of meanings to the old classical one, in connection with the soul. As Her- mann Lotze beautifully unfolds, " Personality is the key to ex- istence," using the word in its first sense f rom persona, a mask, parallel to the Hebrew analogy which calls man the image of Jehovah. Mulford also presents the thought grandly in The Republic of God and The Nation, drawing his suggestion from the Germans Stahl and Froshammer. In this sense human- ity is the shadow of Deity, the veil through which the Absolute tries to reveal Himself, casting about in the multiplicity of nat- ural forms after an expression through physical means of His own nature. In this sublime conception God is the life of the universe, who, in Schelling's phrase, "sleeps in the stone, breathes in the plant, moves in the animal, and wakes up to con- sciousness in man." It is this thought which makes Novalis so reverent to a human being as a Microdeus, and elevates the dig- nity of the soul above all else. For as the purpose of nature is to personify the Invisible, human souls are the Persons (or masks) by which the leading parts are here acted with many changes of scenery.
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 27
to follow its plan. This dynamic agent — or the soul — must have existed independent of the body be- fore the receptacle was prepared. Bouiller and the German scientists Miiller, Hartmann, and Stahl, have especially demonstrated in physiology this idea of a preexistent soul monad, whose plastic power uncon- sciously constructs its own corporeal organism. The Greeks coiled this idea into the word vxwa, and the younger Fichte and Lotze have developed it. The doctrine of modern physiology, as presented by the animists, is precisely the ground taken by upholders of reincarnation, — that as the lower animals fashion ingenious nests with incredible skill, so the unwitting- soul blindly frames the fabric of its body in keeping with the laws of its own adaptation. The unconscious agency of the mind or instinct in repairing the body, healing its hurts and guiding its growth, is recognized by most scientists. Plato but expresses the same idea when he says, " The soul always weaves her gar- ment anew." This thought is well worded by Gior- dano Bruno when he says, "The soul is not in the body locally, but as its intrinsic form and extrinsic mould, as that which makes the members and shapes the whole within and without. The body, then, is in the soul, the soul in the mind (spirit). The Intellect (Spirit) is God.
This conception gives the lie to the materialism which limits the forces of the individual to the com- plications of a mechanism. A corollary of this moulding power of the independent soul is Plato's prop- osition that " the soul has a natural strength which will hold out and be born many times." Since the ego is older than the body, the resident who builds its dwelling according to its tastes and materials, and
28 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
since the purpose of its corporeal habitation cannot possibly be accomplished in a single brief lifetime, it is necessary that it should repeat that experience, al- ways framing its receptacle to suit its growing char- acter, like the epochs of a lobster's enlargement, until it has done with physical life. The new apparitions of men upon the earth thus hail from older scenes.
Evolution may fairly be claimed as a spiritual truth applying to all the methods of life. The gradual development of the soul, by the school of experience, demands a vaster arena of action than one earthly life affords. If it takes ages of time and thousands of lives to form one kind of an animal from another, the expansion of human souls from lower to higher natures surely needs many and many a life for that growth.
Evolutionary science explains the instinctive acts of young animals as inherited tendencies, — as past experiences transmitted into fresh forms. Psychic science is learning that the earliest acts of human beings are also derived from remote habits formed in anterior activities, and stored away in the unconscious memory. Herbert Spencer, the philosopher of evolu- tion, speaks of a constant energy manifesting itself through all transformations. This is the one life which runs eternally in protean shapes.
The measure of our acquisition of conceptions from the outer universe resides in the senses. There is no evidence that these have always been five. Nature, never taking a leap, must have put us through all the lower stages before she placed us at our present posi- tion. And since nature contains many substances and powers which are partially or wholly beyond these senses, some of which powers are known to
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 29
other animals, we must assume that our present as- cending development will introduce us to higher levels in which the soul shall have as many senses as corre- spond with the powers of nature.1
4. A much more weighty argument is that the na- ture of the soul requires reincarnation. The conscious soul cannot feel itself to have had any beginning, any more than it can conceive of annihilation. The sense of persistence overwhelms all the interruptions of for- getfulness and sleep, and all the obstacles of matter. This incessant self-assurance suggests the idea of the soul being independent of the changing body, its tem- porary prison. Then follows the conception that, as the soul has once appeared in human form, so it may reappear in many others. The eternity of the soul, past and present, leads directly to an innumerable suc- cession of births and deaths, disembodiments and re- embodiments.
The identity of the soul surely does not consist in a remembrance of all its past. We are always for- getting ourselves and waking again to recognition. But the sense of individuality bridges all the gaps. In the same way it seems as if our present existence were a somnambulent condition into which we have drowsed from an earlier life, being sleepily oblivious of that former activity, and from which we may after a while be roused into wakefulness.
The study of infant psychology confirms this. The nature and extent of the mental furniture with which
1 This idea is grandly stated in Isaac Taylor's Physical The- ory of a Future Life. In demonstrating the assurance that the future existence is in material bodies, and showing the glorious extensions to which the coming bodily powers will probably be developed, the author approaches strangely near the philosophy of reincarnation.
30 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
we begin life, apart from all experience of this world, has obliged many thinkers to resort to preexistence as the necessary explanation.
A careful examination of the rarer facts of life, noticeably those found in dreams, trances, and analo- gous phenomena, demonstrates that our complete life is largely independent of the body, and consists in a perpetual transfer of the sensuous experiences of self-consciousness into a supersensuous unconscious- ness. But this higher storehouse of character might more truly be called our real consciousness, although we are not ordinarily cognizant of it, for it comprises our habits, instincts, and tendencies. This is the es- sential character of the soul and must persist after death. Now, unless all our earthly possibilities are exhausted in one life, these inherent material quali- ties of our spiritual nature will find expression in a plurality of earthly existences. And if the purpose of life be the acquisition of experience, it would be unreasonable to suppose a final transfer elsewhere be- fore a full knowledge of earth has been gained. It is apparent that one life cannot accomplish this, even in the longest and most diverse career, — to say nothing of the short average, and the curtailed allowance given to the majority. If one earth life answers for all, what a tiny experience suffices for the immense masses who prematurely die as children ! Men are willing enough to believe in an eternity of spiritual development after this world; but is it consistent with the thought of Omnipotence to consider that the Divine plan is achieved in preparing for that by a few swift years in one body ? In devoting eternity to our education, the infinite Teacher surely will not put us into the highest grade of all until we have well mas- tered the lessons of all the lower classes.
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 31
The philosophy of "innate ideas" is an admission of earlier lives than the present. The intuitionalists emphatically regard the concepts of cause, substance, time, and space as existing in the mind indepen- dent of experience. The sensationalists consider them entirely due to our sensations. The Spencerian evolutionalists occupy a middle ground and call them a mental heredity resulting from the experience of the race. It has been well shown, as Edgar Fawcett says, by two impartial critics, that this controversy cannot be solved by any agreement of Western psychol- ogists. Buckle inveighs against these discordant sys- tems as having " thrown the study of the mind into a confusion only to be compared to that in which the study of religion has been thrown by the controversies of the theologians." x And George Henry Lewes, in his " History of Philosophy," deplores this perplex- ing condition of metaphysics. The solution of the problem comes, along with reincarnation, from the eastern students, who assert that a true conception of the soul is discovered only by the culture of super- sensuous faculties. They concede a portion of truth to both extreme schools, declaring that the primary acquisition of such ideas was gained by sensation, but that at present they are innate in the infant mind. They are now the generalized experience of former existences rising again into consciousness.
The restlessness of our spirits points to ancient habits of varied action. And a still more forcible in- dication is the diversity of character in the same per- son. These wavering uncertainties and contraries in each one of us, which strive for the mastery and are never crushed even by the sternest fixity of habit — 1 H. T. Buckle, History of Civilization, vol. i. p. 166.
32 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
rendering the best of us amenable to temptations, and making the strongest vacillate, may well result from meandenngs in numerous characters. The main trend ot our natures is still often distracted into old forgot- ten ways. °
5. Reincarnation provides a complete answer to the most perplexing problem of theology, _ original sm. Properly this point belongs to the precedin^scc. tion, but its importance justifies a separate mention the endless controversies centering upon this question show how Christian metaphysics have vainly wrestled
Wh 7 7 kn°twhich C™ Possibly I,, untied horn the standpoint considering this life the initial and only earthly one, -a knot which reincarnation not simply cuts, but reveals how it was made. Between the extreme dogmas of Pelagius, who maintained that all men are born in a state of innocence and may therefore hve without sin, and of Augustine, who held the total depravity of mankind, arising from their transgression m Adam and their absolute bondage to the devL , " has raged a continual warfare, which has divided
doctrine. The modern church creeds still range them- selves m confl.cting battalions, following ,1,; ,,is . sions during the Reformation between Erasmus wno denied the power of hereditary sin over free wil ami Luther, who insisted that the race is complete!, the dev, s power by nature. By far the laLst ,a
itthWZW°rld *-""^-*~ KC tei taith, that men are born entirely corrupt. Even
the Armenians, Quakers, and libera denomination
who admit only a germ of sin in humanitv are a a
oss to account it. The ordinary theological ex 1^
tion which derives our sin from the t~ress m^
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 33
Adam, as apparently taught by St. Paul, although tacitly hold by most of the churches and expressed in the majority of creeds, grates so severely on the inner Consciousness and common sense that it does not answer the real difficulty. There is a general agree- ment among mankind, upon which the code- of prac- tical life are based, that Adam's responsibility for our sin is only a makeshift of the theologian very
Sensible man knows that no one but the individual himself can be blamed for his WTong-doing. Adam is accepted as a fable for our older selves. Dismissing all the interminable arguments of theology, which only obscure truth in a cloud of intellectual wranglings, the broad foundation of ethics, grounded in our best instincts, attached sin somehow, though incxplainahly, to the sinner; and the only sufficient explanation traces its beginning to earlier li\
The moral character of children, especially the currenoe of evil in them long before it could have been implanted by this existence, has forced acute
observers to assume that the human spirit has made choice of evil in a pre-natal sphere similar to this. Every one who knows children rejects the Pelagian theory of their immaculate innocence As soon as they have the power to do wrong, without any teach- ing the wrong is done as a natural proceeding.
The germ of sin springs up from some old sowing. But the Augustinian doctrine is equally untrue to hu- man nature. The most incorrigible tendency to evil in an uninfluenced child cannot conceal the good within it, but merely indicates that former ill habits are working themselves out. The depraved criminal at last sees his own folly when his course of sin is run, and becomes so weary of it that the next lease of life
34 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
must be on a better plan. So evil is discovered to be good in the making, and vice is virtue in the strength- ening.
Every person at some stage of growth awakens to the recognition of sin within him, and is certain that it is so radical as to reach back of all hifl pr» life, although it is surely foreign to his true nature. We all feel ourselves to have bounded into life like a stag carrying a panther which must be shaken off. Theology attempts to account for this by Adam entailing a hereditary depravity. But our inmost consciousness agrees with the common sense of man- kind in holding us alone responsible for our tendency to wrong. Remorse seizes ua for the inexplicable evil in us. The only solution is thai of the parasite in the butterfly. The insect allowed the pest to enter when it was a worm. This blighted condition cannot be the original state of man. It must be the result of the human will resisting the divine, and choosing wrong in old existences beyond recollection.
A masterly expression of this thought nourished the childhood of Christianity in the teaching of Origen,1 and flourished with wholesome influence until it forcibly crushed out of popularity by the Council of Constantinople, to make room for the harsh dogl which have since darkened the rationale of Christian- ity. It never was intelligently met and conquered, hut was summarily ousted as incompatible with the weight of prejudice. The same treatment of it appear Dr. Hodge's " Systematic Theology" (under the tion on Preexistenee). That it is in harmony with Scripture has been shown by Henry More, Soame Jen- yns, Chevalier Ramsay, and Professor Bowen, from 1 See pages 233 ct seq.
EVIDENCES 01 REINCARNATIi 35
whom quotat □ in chapter iv.. arid
writers mentioned al the close of this book. Julias M tiller, I, ing, Edward Beecber,1 Coleridge! and Kant/ i ii from «*i religio-philosophical
ground. It is the onlj a of the
theological idea of sin.
The same is true regarding the church's d future punishment and 1 1 liable consid-
eration i'ail-> to understand how the jump can be made from this condition of things to an eternity of either Buffering or bliss as ordinary th The Roman Catholic aized this difficulty suffi-
ciently to provide Purgatory, and in thai they
meet the sense of humanity. Reincarnation simply says that there are many purgatories, and 01 earth. The more rational Prote incongruity by permitting many gradi heaven and hell, which approaches the same Reincarnation says also, there are infinite d- heaven and bell, and many of them slope down thn this life. It i^ inconceivable bow earthly uat (and most of human s alties and their rewards elsewhere than on some kind <>f earth. The scheme o\' the universe present where a simple and sublime habit of keeping together, and it certainly seems as if the same economy eoidd apply to souls as to atoms. This idea m better than any other the principles that punishment
1 See page 66. page 72.
4 Kant's distinction between the Intelligible charact Empirical or acquired character, which is ■ metaphyaiea] form
of the reincarnation view concerning the eternal Individuality and the temporal Personality, is shown by Professor Bowen on pp. 102 et scq.
36 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
for sin cannot continue longer than the sin continues, and that the everlasting mercy of the Supreme will pro- vide some final release for his erring children.
6. Reincarnation explains many curious experiences. Most of us have known the touches of feeling and thought that seem to be reminders of forgotten things. Sometimes as dim dreams of old scenes, sometimes as vivid lightning flashes in the darkness recalling distant occurrences, sometimes with unutterable depth of mean- ing. It appears as if nature's opiate which ushered us here had been so diluted that it did not quite efface the old memories, and reason struggles to decipher the ves- tiges of a former state. Almost every one has felt the sense of great age. Thinking of some unwonted sub- ject often an impression seizes us that somewhere, long ago, we have had these reflections before. Learning a fact, meeting a face for the first time, we are puzzled with an obscure sense that it is familiar. Travel- ing newly in strange places we are sometimes haunted with a consciousness of having been there already. Music is specially apt to guide us into mystic depths, where we are startled with the flashing reminiscences of unspeakable verities which we have felt or seen ages since. Efforts of thought reveal the half-obliter- ated inscriptions on the tablets of memory, passing be- fore the vision in a weird procession. Every one has some such experiences. Most of them are blurred and obscure. But some are so remarkably distinct that those who undergo them are convinced that their sen- sations are actual recollections of events and places in former lives. It is even possible for certain persons to trace thus quite fully and clearly a part of their by- gone history prior to this life.
Sir Walter Scott was so impressed by these experi-
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 37
ences that they led him to a belief in preexistence. In his diary was entered this circumstance, February 17, 1828 : " I cannot, I am sure, tell if it is worth mark- ing down, that yesterday, at dinner time, I was strangely haunted by what I would call the sense of preexistence, viz. a confused idea that nothing that passed was said for the first time ; that the same topics had been discussed and the same persons had stated the same opinions on them. . . . The sensation was so strong as to resemble what is called a mirage in the desert and a calenture on board ship. ... It was very distressing yesterday, and brought to my mind the fancies of Bishop Berkeley about an ideal world. There was a vile sense of unreality in all I said or did." x That this was not due to the strain upon his later years is evident from the fact that the same expe- rience is referred to in one of his earliest novels, where this " sentiment of preexistence " was first described. In " Guy Mannering," Henry Bertram says : " Why is it that some scenes awaken thoughts which belong, as it were, to dreams of early and shadowy recol- lections, such as old Brahmin moonshine would have ascribed to a state of previous existence. How often do we find ourselves in society which we have never before met, and yet feel impressed with a mysterious and ill-defined consciousness that neither the scene nor the speakers nor the subject are entirely new ; nay, feel as if we could anticipate that part of the con- versation which has not yet taken place."
Bulwer Lytton describes it as " that strange kind of
inner and spiritual memory which often recalls to us
places and persons we have never seen before, and
which Platonists would resolve to be the unquenched
1 Lockhart's Life of Scott (first edition, vol. vii. p. 114).
38 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
and struggling consciousness of a former life." Again, in " Godolphin" (chapter xv.), he writes : " How strange is it that at times a feeling comes over us as we gaze upon certain places, which associates the scene either with some dim remembered and dreamlike im- ages of the Past, or with a prophetic and fearful omen of the Future. . . . Every one has known a similar strange and indistinct feeling at certain times and places, and with a similar inability to trace the cause."
Edgar A. Poe writes (in " Eureka ") : " We walk about, amid the destinies of our world existence, accom- panied by dim but ever present memories of a Destiny more vast — very distant in the bygone time and in- finitely awful. . . . We live out a youth peculiarly haunted by such dreams, yet never mistaking them for dreams. As memories we know them. During our youth the distinctness is too clear to deceive us even for a moment. But the doubt of manhood dis- pels these feelings as illusions."
Explicit occurrences of this class are found in the narratives of Hawthorne, Willis, Coleridge, De Quincey, and many other writers. A striking instance appears in a little memoir of the late William Hone, the Parodist, upon whom the experience made such a pro- found effect that it roused him from thirty years of materialistic atheism to a conviction of the soul's inde- pendence of matter. Being called in business to a house in a part of London entirely new to him, he kept noticing that he had never been that way before. " I was shown," he says, " into a room to wait. On looking around, to my astonishment everything ap- peared perfectly familiar to me : I seemed to recognize every object. I said to myself, what is this ? I was never here before and yet 1 have seen all this, and if
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 39
so, there is a very peculiar knot in the shatter." He opened the shutter, and there was the knot.
The experience of many persons supports this truth. The sacred Hindu books contain many detailed his- tories of transmigration. Kapila is said to have writ- ten out the Vedas from his recollection of them in a former life. The Yishnu Purana furnishes some en- tertaining instances of memory retained through suc- cessive lives. Pythagoras is related to have remem- bered his former existences in the persons of a herald named iEthalides, Euphorbus the Trojan, Hermo- timus of Clazomenae, and others. It is stated that he pointed out in the temple of Juno, at Argos, the shield with which, as Euphorbus, he attacked Patroclus in the Trojan war. The life of Apollonius of Tyana gives some extraordinary examples of his recogni- tions of persons he had known in preceding lives. All these cases are considered fictions by most people, because they trespass the limits of historical accuracy. But there are many facts in our own time that point in the same direction. The Druses have no doubt that this life follows many others. A Druse boy ex- plained his terror at the discharge of a gun by saying, " I was born murdered ; " that is, the soul of a man who had been shot entered into his body. A scholarly friend of the writer is satisfied that he once lived among the mountains before his present life, for, though born in a flat country destitute of pines, his first young entrance to a wild pine-grown mountain dis- trict roused the deepest sense of familiarity and home- likeness. And his last life, he thinks, was as a woman, because of certain commanding feminine traits which continually assert themselves. And this in spite of an apparently strong masculine nature, which never excites a suspicion of effeminacy.
40 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
Another friend of the writer says that his only- child, a little girl now deceased, often referred to a younger sister of whom he knew nothing. When cor- rected with the assurance that she had no sister, she would reply, " Oh, yes, I have ! I have a little baby sister in heaven ! " The same gentleman tells this anecdote of a neighbor's family where the subject of reincarnation is never mentioned. A group of chil- dren was playing in the house at a counting game while their mother watched them. When they reached one hundred they started again at one and climbed up the numbers once more. The brightest boy com- mented on the proceeding : " We count ten, twenty, thirty, and so on to a hundred. Then we get through and begin all over. Mamma ! That 's the way people do. They go on and on till they come to the end, and then they begin over again. I hope I '11 have you for a mamma again the next time I begin." Law- rence Oliphant gives in " Blackwood's Magazine " for January, 1881, a remarkable account of a child who remembered experiences of previous lives.
A writer in " Notes and Queries," second series, vol. iv. p. 157, says, " A gentleman of high intellectual attainments, now deceased, once told me that he had dreamed of being in a strange city, so vividly that he remembered the streets, houses, and public buildings as distinctly as those of any place he ever visited. A few weeks afterward he was induced to visit a pano- rama in Leicester Square, when he was startled by seeing the city of which he had dreamed. The like- ness was perfect except that one additional church ap- peared in the picture. He was so struck by the cir- cumstance that he spoke to the exhibitor, assuming for his purpose the air of a traveler acquainted with
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 41
the place. He was informed that the additional church was a recent erection." It is difficult to ac- count for such a fact by the hypothesis of the double structure of the brain, or by clairvoyance.
In Lord Lindsay's description of the valley of Kadisha ("Letters," p. 351, ed. 1847) he says : " We saw the river Kadisha descending from Lebanon. The whole scene bore that strange and shadowy resem- blance to the wondrous landscape in 4 Kubla Khan ' that one so often feels in actual life, when the whole scene around you appears to be reacting after a long interval. Your friends seated in the same juxtaposi- tion, the subjects of conversation the same, and shift- ing with the same dreamlike ease, that you remember at some remote and indefinite period of preexistence ; you always know what will come next, and sit spell- bound, as it were, in a sort of calm expectancy."
Dickens, in his " Pictures from Italy," mentions this instance, on his first sight of Ferrara : "In the fore- ground was a group of silent peasant girls, leaning over the parapet of the little bridge, looking now up at the sky, now down into the water ; in the dis- tance a deep dell ; the shadow of an approaching night on everything. If I had been murdered there in some former life I could not have seemed to re- member the place more thoroughly, or with more em- phatic chilling of the blood ; and the real remem- brance of it acquired in that minute is so strengthened by the imaginary recollection that I hardly think I could forget it."
A passage in the story of " The Wool-gatherer " shows that James Hogg, the author, shared the same feeling and attributed it to an earlier life on earth. N. P. Willis wrote a story of himself as the reincar-
42 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
nation of an Austrian artist, narrating how he discov- ered his previous personality, in "Dashes at Life," under the title " A Kevelation of a Previous Exist- ence." D. G. Kossetti does the same in his story " St. Agnes of Intercession."
The well-known lecturer, Eugene Ashton, recently contributed to a Cincinnati paper these two anec- dotes : —
" At a dinner party in New York, recently, a lady, who is one of New York's most gifted singers, said to one of the guests : 4 In some reincarnation I hope to perfect my voice, which I feel is now only partially developed. So long as I do not attain the highest of which my soul is capable I shall be returned to the flesh to work out what nature intended me to do/ 'Butj madam, if you expect incarnations, have you any evidence of past ones ? ' 'Of that I cannot speak positively. I can recall dimly things which seem to have happened to me when I was in the flesh before. Often I go to places which are new to the present personality, but they are not new to my soul ; I am sure that I have been there before.'
" A Southern literary woman, who now lives in Brook- lyn, speaking of her former incarnations, says : ' I am sure that I have lived in some past time ; for in- stance, when I was at Heidelberg, Germany, attending a convention of Mystics, in company with some friends I paid my first visit to the ruined Heidelberg Castle. As I approached it I was impressed with the existence of a peculiar room in an inaccessible portion of the building. A paper and pencil were provided me, and I drew a diagram of the room even to its peculiar floor. My diagram and description were perfect, when we afterwards visited the room. In some way
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 43
not yet clear to me I have been connected with that apartment. Still another impression came to me with regard to a book, which I was made to feel was in the old library of the Heidelberg University. I not only knew what the book was, but even felt that a certain name of an old German professor would be found written in it. Communicating this feeling to one of the Mystics at the convention, a search was made for the volume, but it was not found. Still the impression clung to me, and another effort was made to find the book ; this time we were rewarded for our pains. Sure enough, there on the margin of one of the leaves was the very name I had been given in such a strange manner. Other things at the same time went to convince me that I was in possession of the soul of a person who had known Heidelberg two or three centuries ago.' "
The writer knows a gentleman who has repeatedly felt a vivid sense of some one striking his skull with an axe, although nothing in his own experience or in that of his family explains it. An extraordinary per- son to whom he had never hinted the matter once sur- prised him by saying that his previous life was closed by murder in that very way. Another acquaintance is sure that some time ago he was a Hindu, and recol- lects several remarkable incidents of that life.
Objectors ascribe these enigmas to a jumble of as- sociations producing a blurred vision, — like the drunk- ard's experience of seeing double, a discordant remem- brance, snatches of forgotten dreams, — or to the double structure of the brain. In one of the lobes, they say, the thought flashes a moment in advance of the other, and the second half of the thinking machine regards the first impression as a memory of something
44 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
long distant.1 But this explanation is unsatisfactory, as it fails to account for the wonderful vividness of some of these impressions in well-balanced minds, or the long trains of thought which come independent of any companions, or the prophetic glimpses which anticipate actual occurrences. Far more credible is it that each soul is a palimpsest inscribed again and again with one story upon another, and whenever the all-wise Au- thor is ready to write a grander page on us He washes off the old ink and pens his latest word. But some of us can trace here and there letters of the former man- uscript not yet effaced.
A contributor to the " Penn Monthly," of Septem- ber, 1875, refers to the hypothesis of double mental vision as supposed to account for most of these instances, and then concludes : " Such would be my inference as regards ordinary cases of this sort of rem- iniscence, especially when they are observed to ac- company any impaired health of the organs of mental action. But there are more extraordinary instances of this mental phenomenon, of which I can give no ex- planation. Three of these have fallen within my own range of observation. A friend's child of about four years old was observed by her older sister to be talk- ing to herself about matters of which she could not be supposed to know anything. 'Why, W •,' ex- claimed the older sister, ' what do you know about that ? All that happened before you were born ! '
' I would have you know, L , that I grew old in
heaven before I was born.' I do not quote this as if
1 As a physiological explanation of these instances, Dr. Wigan published in 1844 a curious book entitled, " The Duality of the Mind " (London), which excited animated discussions and called forth a number of circumstances which the double structure of the brain could not explain.
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 45
it explained what the child meant it to explain, but as a curious statement from the mouth of one too young to have ever heard of preexistence, or to have inferred it from any ambiguous mental experiences of her own. The second case is that of the presence of inexplicable reminiscences, or what seem such in dreams. As everybody knows, the stuff which dreams are ordinarily made of is the every-day experience of life, which we cast into new and fantastic combinations, whose laws of arrangement and succession are still unknown to us. In the list of my acquaintances is a young mar- ried lady, a native of Philadelphia, who is repeatedly but not habitually carried back in her dreams to English society of the eighteenth century, seemingly of the times of George II. , and to a social circle somewhat above that in which she now lives. Her acquaintance with literature is not such as to give her the least clue to the matter, and the details she furnishes are not such as would be gathered from books of any class. The dress, especially the lofty and elaborate head- dresses of the ladies, their slow and stately minuet dancing, the deference of the servants to their supe- riors, the details of the stiff, square brick houses, in one of which she was surprised to find a family chapel with mural paintings and a fine organ — all these she describes with the sort of detail possible to one who has actually seen them, and not in the fashion in which book-makers write about them. Yet another, a more wide-awake experience, is that of a friend, who remembers having died in youth and in India. He sees the bronzed attendants gathered about his cradle in their white dresses ; they are fanning him. And as they gaze he passes into unconsciousness. Much of his description concerned points of which he knew
46 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
nothing from any other source, but all was true to the life, and enabled me to fix on India as the scene which he recalled."
7. The strongest support of reincarnation is its happy solution of the problem of moral inequality and in- justice and evil which otherwise overwhelms us as we survey the world. The seeming chaos is marvelously set in order by the idea of soul-wandering. Many a sublime intellect has been so oppressed with the topsy- turviness of things here as to cry out, " There is no God. All is blind chance." An exclusive view of the miseries of mankind, the prosperity of wickedness, the struggles of the deserving, the oppression of the masses, or, on the other hand, the talents and suc- cesses and happiness of the fortunate few, compels one to call the world a sham without any moral law. But that consideration yields to a majestic satisfaction when one is assured that the present life is only one of a grand series in which every individual is gradu- ally going the round of infinite experience for a glori- ous outcome, — that the hedging ills of to-day are a consequence of what we did yesterday and a step toward the great things of to-morrow. Thus the tangled snarls of earthly phenomena are straightened out as a vast and beautiful scheme, and the total ex- perience of humanity forms a magnificent tapestry of perfect poetic justice.
The crucial test of any hypothesis is whether it meets all the facts better than any other theory. No other view so admirably accounts for the diversity of conditions on earth, and refutes the charge of fa- voritism on the part of Providence. Hierocles said, and many a philosopher before and since has agreed with him, " Without the doctrine of metempsychosis
EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION. 47
it is not possible to justify the ways of God." Some of the theologians have found the idea of preexistence necessary to a reasonable explanation of the world, although it is considered foreign to the Bible. Over thirty years ago, Dr. Edward Beecher published " The Conflict of Ages," in which the main argument is this thought. He demonstrates that the facts of sin and depravity compel the acceptance of this doc- trine to exonerate God from the charge of malicious- ness. His book caused a lively controversy, and was soon followed by " The Concord of Ages," in which he answers the objections and strengthens his posi- tion. The same truth is taught by Dr. Julius Muller, a German theologian of prodigious influence among the clergy. Another prominent leader of theological thought, Dr. Dorner, sustains it.
We conclude, therefore, that reincarnation is ne- cessitated by immortality, that analogy teaches it, that science upholds it, that the nature of the soul needs it, that many strange sensations support it, and that it alone grandly solves the problem of life. The fullness of its meaning is majestic beyond ap- preciation, for it shows that every soul, from the lowest animal to the highest archangel, belongs to the infinite family of God and is eternal in its con- scious essence, perishing only in its temporary dis- guises ; that every act of every creature is followed by infallible reactions which constitute a perfect law of retribution ; and that these souls are intricately in- terlaced with mutual relationships. The bewildering maze thus becomes a divine harmony. No individual stands alone, but trails with him the unfinished se- quels of an ancestral career, and is so bound up with his race that each is responsible for all and all for
48 EVIDENCES OF REINCARNATION.
each. No one can be wholly saved until all are re- deemed. Every suffering we endure apparently for faults not our own assumes a holy light and a sublime dignity. This thought removes the littleness of petty selfish affairs and confirms in us the vastest hopes for mankind.
III.
OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION.
Man has an Eternal Father who sent him to reside and gain ex- perience in the animal principles. — Paracelsus.
God, who takes millions of years to form a soul that shall under- stand Him, and be blessed ; who never needs to be and never is, in haste ; who welcomes the simplest thought of truth or beauty as the return for seed he has sown upon the old fallows of eternity. —
George Macdonald.
It may be doubted whether the strangeness and improbability of this hypothesis (pre existence) among ourselves arises after all from grounds on which our philosophy has reason to congratulate itself. It may be questioned whether, if we examine ourselves candidly, we shall not discover that the feeling of extravagance with which it affects us has its secret source in materialistic or semi-materialistic prejudices. — Professor William Archer Butler's Lectures on Platonic Philosophy.
Might not the human memory be compared to a field of sepulture, thickly stocked with the remains of many generations ? But of these thousands whose dust heaves the surface, a few only are saved from immediate oblivion, upon tablets and urns ; while the many are, at present, utterly lost to knowledge. Nevertheless each of the dead has left in that soul an imperishable germ ; and all, without distinc- tion, shall another day start up, and claim their dues. — Isaac Taylor.
The absence of memory of any actions done in a previous state cannot be a conclusive argument against our having lived through it. Forgetfulness of the past may be one of the conditions of an entrance upon a new stage of existence. The body which is the organ of sense-perception may be quite as much a hindrance as a help to re- membrance. In that case casual gleams of memory, giving us sud- den abrupt and momentary revelations of the past, are precisely the phenomena we would expect to meet with. If the soul has preexisted, what we would a priori anticipate are only some faint traces of re- collection surviving in the crypts of memory. — Professor Wil- liam Knight.
III.
OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION.
There are four leading objections to the idea of re- births : —
1. That we have no memory of past lives.
2. That it is unjust for us to receive now the re- sults of forgotten deeds enacted long ago,
3. That heredity confutes it.
4. That it is an uncongenial doctrine.
1. Why do we not remember something of our pre- vious lives, if we have really been through them ?
The reason why there is no universal conviction from this ground seems to be that birth is so violent as to scatter all the details and leave only the net spiritual result. As Plotinus said, " Body is the true river of Lethe ; for souls plunged into it forget all." The real soul life is so distinct from the material plane that we have difficulty in retaining many expe- riences of this life. Who recalls all his childhood? And has any one a memory of that most wonderful epoch — infancy ?
Nature sometimes shows us what may be the ini- tial condition of a man's next life in depriving him of his life's experience, and returning him to a second childhood, with only the character acquired during
52 ^CTIONS TO REINCARNATION.
life i parable fortune. The great and good
reclerick Christian von Oetingen of Wurtem- berij j 2-1782) became in his old age a devout
.Qocent child, after a long life of usefulness, dually speech died away, until for three years he was dumb. Leaving his study, where he had written many edifying books, and his library, whose volumes were now sealed to him, he would go to the streets and join the children in their plays, and spend all his time sharing their delights. The profound scholar was stripped of his intellect and became a venerable boy, lovable and kind as in all. his busy life. He had bathed in the river of Lethe before his time. Similar cases might be produced, where the spirits of strong men have been divested of a lifetime's memory in aged infancy, seeming to be a foretaste of the next existence. They show that the loss of a life's details does not appear strange to nature, and that the ne- penthic waters of Styx, which the ancients represented as imbibed by souls about to reenter earthly life to dispel recollection of former experiences, are not wholly fabulous.
" Memory of the details of the past is absolutely impossible. The power of the conservative faculty though relatively great is extremely limited. We forget the larger portion of experience soon after we have passed through it, and we should be able to re- call the particulars of our past years, filling all the missing links of consciousness since we entered on the present life, before we were in a position to remem- ber our ante-natal experience. Birth must necessarily be preceded by crossing the river of oblivion, while the capacity for fresh acquisition survives, and the
OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION. 53
garnered wealth of old experience determines the amount and character of the new." 1
But it has been shown that there are traces of former existences lingering in some memories. These and other exceptional departures from the general rule furnish substantial evidence that the obliteration of previous lives from our consciousness is only ap- parent. Sleep, somnambulism, trance, and similar conditions open up a world of super-sensuous reality to illustrate how erroneous are our common notions of memory. Experimental evidence demonstrates that we actually forget nothing, though for long lapses we are unable to recall what is stored away in the cham- bers of our soul ; and that the Orientals may be right in affirming that as a man's lives become purer he is able to look backward upon previous stages, and at last will view the long vista of the aeons by which he has ascended to God. Many cases reveal that the reach and clearness of memory are greatly increased during sleep and still more greatly during somnani- bulent trance ; so much so that the memory of some sleepings and of most trances is sufficiently distinct from the memory of the same individual in waking consciousness, to seem the faculty of a different person. And, while the memory of sensuous con- sciousness does not retain the facts of the trance condition, the memory of the trance state retains and includes all the facts of the sensuous consciousness ■ — exemplifying the superior and unsuspected powers of our unconscious selves. Instances are frequent illustrating how the higher consciousness faithfully stores away experiences which are thought to be long
1 Professor William Knight, in the Fortnightly Review, 1878. See p. 95.
54 OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION.
forgotten until some vivid touch brings them forth in accurate order.1 The higher recollection and the lower sometimes conduct us through a double life. Dreams that vanish during the day are resumed at night in an unbroken course. There is an interest- ing class of cases on record in which the memory which links our successive dual states of consciousness into a united whole is so completely wanting that in observing only the difference between the two phases of the same person we describe it as " alternating con- sciousness." These go far toward an empirical proof that one individual can become two distinct persons in succession, making a practical demonstration of reincarnation. Baron Du Prel's " Philosophic der Mystik " cites a number of such authentic instances, of which the following is one, given by Dr. Mitchell in " Archiv fur thierischen Magnetismus," iv.
1 Leibnitz first directed attention to these singular pheno- mena. Sir William Hamilton has collected a number of in- stances of such wonderful revival of memory. Carpenter's Mental Physiology, pp. 430 et seq., and Brodie's Psychological In- quiries, Second Series, p. 55, mention several cases. Coleridge cited from the German a remarkable illustration, and com- mented upon it in his Biographia Literaria, chapter vi. : —
" This fact (and it would not be difficult to adduce several of the same kind) contributes to make it even probable that all thoughts are in themselves imperishable ; and that, if the in- telligent faculty should be rendered more comprehensive, it would require only a different and apportioned organization, the body celestial instead of the body terrestrial, to bring before every human soul the collective experience of its whole past existence. And this — this, perchance, is the dread Book of Judgment, in whose mysterious hieroglyphics every idle word is recorded ! Yea, in the very nature of a living spirit, it may be more possible that heaven and earth should pass away than that a single act, a single thought, should be loosened or lost from that living chain of causes to all whose links, conscious or unconscious, the free will, our only absolute Self, is co-extensive and co-present."
OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION. 55
" Miss K enjoyed naturally perfect health, and
reached womanhood without any serious illness. She was talented, and gifted with a remarkably good memory, and learned with great ease. Without any previous warning she fell one day into a deep sleep which lasted many hours, and on awakening she had forgotten every bit of her former knowledge, and her memory had become a complete tabula rasa. She again learned to spell, read, write, and reckon, and made rapid progress. Some few months afterward she again fell into a similarly prolonged slumber, from which she awoke to her former consciousness, i. e., in the same state as before her first long sleep, but without the faintest recollection of the existence or events of the intervening period. This double ex- istence now continued, so that in a single subject there occurred a regular alternation of two perfectly distinct personalities, each being unconscious of the other, and possessing only the memories and knowledge acquired in previous corresponding states."
More singular still are cases in which one individual becomes two interchanging persons, of whom one is wholly unconnected with the known history of that in- dividual, like that narrated in Mr. Stevenson's story of " The Adventures of Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde," and Julian Hawthorne's story of " Archibald Malmaison." The newspapers recently published an account of a Boston clergyman, who strangely disappeared from his city, leaving no trace of his destination. Just be- fore going away he drew some money from the bank, and for weeks his family and friends heard nothing of him, though he had previously been most faithful. Soon after his departure a stranger turned up in a Pennsylvania town and bought out a certain store,
56 OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION.
which he conducted very industriously for some time. At length a delirious illness seized him. One day he awoke from it and asked his nurse, " Where am I ? "
" You are in ," she said. " How did I get
here ? I belong in Boston." " You have lived here
for three months and own Mr. 's store," replied
his attendant. " You are mistaken, madam ; I am the
Rev. , pastor of the church in Boston."
Three months were an absolute blank. He had no memory of anything since drawing the money at his bank. Returning home, he there resumed the broken line of his ministerial life and continued in that char- acter without further interruption.
Numerous similar cases are recorded in the annals of psychological medicine, and justify us in assuming, according to the law of correspondences, tha/t some such alternation of consciousness occurs after the great change known as death. The attempt to ex- plain them as mental aberrations is wholly unsuccess- ful. Reincarnation shows them to be exceptions prov- ing the rule — the recall of former activities supposed to be forgotten. In these examples of double identity the facts of each state disappear when the other set come forward and are resumed again in their turn. Where did they reside meanwhile ? They must have been preserved in a subtler organ than the brain, which is only the medium of translation from that un- conscious memory to the world of sense-perception. This must be in the super-sensuous part of the soul. This provides that, as a slow and painful training leads to unconscious habits of skill, so the experience of life is stored up in the higher memory, and becomes, when assimilated, the reflex acts of the following life, — those operations which we call instinctive and hered- itary.
OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION. 57
2. The question is raised, is it just that a man should suffer for what he is not conscious of having done?
As just as that he should enjoy the results of what he does not remember causing. It is said that justice requires that the offender be conscious of the fault for which he is punished. But the ideas of justice between man and man cannot be applied to the all- wise operations of the Infinite. In human attempts at justice that method is imperative because of our lia- bility to mistake. God's justice is vindicated by the undisturbed sway of the law of causation. If / suffer it must be for what / have done. The faith in Provi- dence demands this, and it is because of unbelief in reincarnation that the seeming negligence on the part of Providence has obliterated the idea of a Personal God from many minds. Nature is the arena of in- fallible cause and effect, and there is no such absurd- ity in the universe as an effect without a responsible cause. A man may suffer from a disease in ignorance of the conditions under which its germs were sown in his body, but the right sequence of cause and effect is not imperiled by his ignorance. To doubt that the experiences we now enjoy and endure properly belong to us by our own choice is to abandon the idea of God. How and why they have come is explained only by reincarnation. The universal Over-Soul makes no mistakes. By veiling our memories the Mother Heart of all, mercifully saves us the horror and burden of knowing all the myriad steps by which we have become what we are. We would be stag- gered by the sight of all our waywardness, and what we have done well is possessed more richly in the grand total than would be possible in the infinite de-
58 OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION.
tails. "We are in the hands of a generous omniscient banker, who says : " I will save you all the trouble of the accounts. Whenever you are ready to start a new folio, I will strike the balance and turn over your net proceeds with all accrued interests. The itemized rec- ords of your deposits and spendings are beyond your calculation."
3. It may be claimed that the facts of heredity bear against reincarnation. As the physical, mental, and moral peculiarities of children come from the parents, how can it be possible that a man is what he makes himself — the offspring of his own previous lives?
Science is certain of the tendency of every organism to transmit its own qualities to its descendants, and the intricate web of ancestral influences is assumed to account for all the aberrations of individual life. But the forces producing this result are beyond the ken of science. The mechanical theory of germ cells multi- plying their kind is inadequate: for the germs be- come more complex and energetic with growth, and ex- ceed the limitations of molecular physics. The facts of heredity demand the existence in nature of super- sensuous forces escaping our observation and cogniz- able only through their effects on the plane of sen- suous consciousness. These forces residing in the inaccessible regions of the soul mould all individual aptitudes and faculties and character. Eeincarnation includes the facts of heredity, by showing that the tendency of every organism to reproduce its own like- ness groups together similar causes producing similar effects, in the same lines of physical relation. Instead of being content with the statement that heredity causes the resemblances of child to parent, reincarna- tion teaches that a similarity of ante-natal develop-
OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION. 59
ment has brought about the similarity of embodied characteristics. The individual soul seeking another birth finds the path of least resistance in the channels best adapted to its qualities. The Ego selects its material body by a choice more wise than any volun- tary selection, by the inherent tendencies of its nature, in fitness for its need, not only in the particular phy- sique best suited for its purpose, but in the larger phys- ical casements of family and nationality. The rela- tion of child and parent is required by the similarity of organisms. This view accounts also for the dif- ferences invariably accompanying the resemblances. Identity of character is impossible, and the conditions which made it easy for an individual to be born in a certain family, because of the adaptation of circum- stances there to the expression of portions of his na- ture, would not prevent a strong contrast between him and his relatives in some respects. The facts observed in the life history of twins show that two individuals born under precisely identical conditions, and having exactly the same heredity, sometimes differ completely in physique, in intellect, and in character. The birth of geniuses in humble and commonplace circumstances furnishes abundant evidence that the individual soul outstrips all the trammels of physical birth ; and the unremarkable children of great parents exhibit the in- efficiency of merely hereditary influences. These con- spicuous violations of the laws of heredity confirm reincarnation.
4. At the first impression the idea of re-births is unwelcome, because —
a. It is interlaced with the theory of transmigration through animals ;
b. It destroys the hope of recognizing friends in the coming existence ;
60 OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION.
c. It seems a cold, irreligious notion.
a. As will be fully shown in chapter xii., the con- ceit of a transmigration of human souls through animal bodies, although it has been and is cherished by most of the believers in reincarnation, is only a gross meta- phor of the germinal truth, and never was received by the enlightened advocates of plural existences.
b. The most thoughtful adherents of a future life agree that there must be there some subtler mode of recognition between friends than physical appearances, for these outer signs cannot endure in the world of spirit. The conviction that " whether there be prophe- cies they shall fail, whether there be tongues they shall cease, whether there be knowledge it shall vanish away," but " love never faileth," and only character shall remain as the means of identification, is precisely the view entertained by believers in reincarnation. The most intimate ties of this life cannot be explained otherwise than as renewals of old intimacies, drawn to- gether by the spiritual gravitation of love, and enjoy- ing often the sense of a previous similar experience. (A further reference to this point will be found later. See page 295.)
c. The strongest religious natures have been nour- ished from time immemorial with the feeling that life is a pilgrimage through .which we tread our darkened way back to God. The Scriptures are full of it, and the spiritual manhood of every age has found it a source of invigoration. From Abraham, who reckoned his lifetime as " the days of the years of his pilgrim- age," through all the phases of Christian thought to the mightiest book of modern Christendom, " The Pilgrim's Progress," this idea has been universally cherished. A typical expression of it may be seen in
OBJECTIONS TO REINCARNATION. 61
the mediaeval churchyard of St. Martin at Canterbury, upon a stone over the remains of Dean Alf ord bearing these words in Latin, which were inscribed by his own direction : " The inn of a traveler journeying to Jeru- salem." Now this pilgrimage philosophy is only a simpler phrasing of reincarnation. Our theory ex- tends the journey in just proportion to the supernal destination, providing many a station by the way, wherein abiding a few days we may more profitably traverse the upward road, gathering so much experi- ence that there will be no occasion to wander again. Instead of being a cold philosophic hypothesis, rein- carnation is a living unfoldment of that Christian germ, enlarged to a fullness commensurate with the needs of men and the character of God. It throbs with the warmth of deepest piety combined with no- blest intelligence, providing as no other supposition does, for the grandest development of mankind.
IV.
WESTERN PROSE WRITERS ON REINCARNATION.
I seem often clearly to remember in my soul a presentiment which I have not seen with my present, but with some other eye. — J. E. Von Schubert.
I produced the golden key of preexistence only at a dead lift, when no' other method could satisfy me touching the ways of God, that by this hypothesis I might keep my heart from sinking. — Henry More.
The essences of our souls can never cease to be because they never began to be, and nothing can live eternally but that which hath lived from eternity. The essences of our souls were a breath in God before they became living souls ; they lived in God before they lived in the created souls, and therefore the soul is a partaker of the eternity of God. — William Law.
If there be no reasons to suppose that we have existed before that period at which our existence apparently commences, then there are no grounds for supposing that we shall continue to exist after our ex- istence has apparently ceased. — Shelley.
The ancient doctrine of transmigration seems the most rational and most consistent with God's wisdom and goodness; as by it all the un- equal dispensations of things so necessary in one life may be set right in another, and all creatures serve the highest and lowest, the most eligible and most burdensome offices of life by an equitable rotation ,* by which means their rewards and punishments may not only be pro- portioned to their behavior, but also carry on the business of the uni- verse, and thus at the same time answer the purposes both of justice and utility. — Soame Jenyns.
IV.
WESTERN PROSE WRITERS ON REINCARNATION.
There is a larger endorsement of reincarnation among western thinkers than the world knows. In many of them it springs up spontaneously, while oth- ers embrace it as a luminous ray from the East which is confirmed by all the candid tests of philosophy. When Christianity first swept over Europe the inner thought of its leaders was deeply tinctured with this truth. The Church tried ineffectually to eradicate it, and in various sects it kept sprouting forth beyond the time of Erigena and Bonaventura, its mediaeval advo- cates. Every great intuitional soul, as Paracelsus, Boehme, and Swedenborg, has adhered to it. The Ital- ian luminaries, Giordano Bruno and Campanella, em- braced it. The best of German philosophy is enriched by it. In Schopenhauer, Lessing, Hegel, Leibnitz, Herder, and Fichte the younger, it is earnestly advo- cated. The anthropological systems of Kant and Schelling furnish points of contact with it. The younger Helmont, in " De Revolutione Animarum," ad- duces in two hundred problems all the arguments which may be urged in favor of the return of souls into human bodies, according to Jewish ideas. Of English thinkers the Cambridge Platonists defended it with much learning and acuteness, most conspicuously Henry More ; and in Cudworth and Hume it ranks as the

most rational theory of immortality. Glanvil's " Lux Orientalis " devotes a curious treatise to it. It capti- vated the minds of Fourier and Leroux. Andre* Pez- zani's book on " The Plurality of the Soul's Lives " works out the system on the Roman Catholic idea of expiation. Modern astronomy has furnished material for the elaborate speculations of a reincarnation ex- tending through many worlds, as published in Fonte- nelle's volume " The Plurality of Worlds," Huygens's " Cosmotheoros," Brewster's "More Worlds than One ; the Philosopher's Faith and the Christian's Hope," Jean Raynaud's " Earth and Heaven," Flammarion's " Stories of Infinity " and u The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds," and Figuier's " The To-morrow of Death." With various degrees of fancy and probability these writers trace the soul's progress among the heavenly bodies. The astronomer Bode wrote that we start from the coldest planet of our solar system and ad- vance from planet to planet, nearer the sun, where the most perfect beings, he thinks, will live. Emmanuel Kant, in his " General History of Nature," says that souls start imperfect from the sun, and travel by planet stages, farther and farther away to a paradise in the coldest and remotest star of our system. Between these opposites many savans have formulated other theories. In theology reincarnation has retained a firm influence from the days of Origen and Porphyry, through the scholastics, to the present day. In Soame Jenyns's works, which long thrived as the best published argument for Christianity, it is noticeable. Chevalier Ramsay and William Law have also written in its de- fense. Julius Miiller warmly upholds it in his pro- found work on " The Christian Doctrine of Sin," as well as Dr. Dorner. Another means of its dissemina-
PROSE WRITERS ON REINCARNATION. 67
tion through a good portion of the ministry is Dr. Ed- ward Beecher's espousal of it, in the form of preexist- ence, in " The Conflict of Ages " and " The Concord of Ages." English and Irish bishops 1 have not hesitated to promulgate it. Henry Ward Beecher and Phillips Brooks have dared to preach it. James Freeman Clarke speaks strongly in its favor. Professor William Knight, the Scotch metaphysician of St. Andrews, and Professor Francis Bo wen of Harvard University, clearly show the logical probabilities in which reincarnation compares favorably with any other philosophy.2
The following extracts from the most interesting of these and other Western authors who refer to the mat- ter may represent the unsuspected prevalence of this thought in our own midst.
1. Schopenhauer's powerful philosophy includes re- incarnation as one of its main principles, as these ex- tracts show, from his chapter on " Death " in " The World as Will and Idea " : — 3
" What sleep is for the individual, death is for the will [character] . It would not endure to continue the same actions and sufferings throughout an eternity, without true gain, if memory and individuality re- mained to it. It flings them off, and this is lethe ; and through this sleep of death it reappears refreshed and fitted out with another intellect, as a new being — 4 a new clay tempts to new shores.' '
1 A noble passage from one of the greatest of these may be found in Scott's Christian Life, chapter iii. section i. See also Dr. Henry More's Immortality of the Soul, Book II. chapter xvi., and Sir Kenelm Digby's remarks on Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici.
2 A full list of the principal western writers on this subject is given in the Appendix.
8 Haldane and Kemp's Translation, vol. iii. pp. 299-306.
68 PROSE WRITERS ON REINCARNATION.
" These constant new births, then, constitute the succession of the life-dreams of a will which in itself is indestructible, until, instructed and improved by so much and such various successive knowledge in a con- stantly new form, it abolishes or abrogates itself " — [becomes in perfect harmony with the Infinite].
" It must not be neglected that even empirical grounds support a palingenesis of this kind. As a matter of fact, there does exist a connection between the birth of the newly appearing beings and the death of those that are worn out. It shows itself in the great fruitfulness of the human race which appears as a consequence of devastating diseases. When in the fourteenth century the Black Death had for the most