II. When the Jews were rebuilding the walls of Jeru-

salem, their enemies strove hard to let the works : so that ' they built with one hand, and held their weapons of war in the other.' And round us too do enemies gather, while we are building the walls of our Church : our own sins, or ungodly men, willing to hinder our success. Whence, while we build our walls, that is, while we add virtue to virtue, we must fight with the enemy, and grasp our weapons firmly : we must ' take the helmet of salvation, the shield of faith, the breastplate of righteousness : and for our sword the word of God,' ^^ that we may defend ourselves against them : and God's
"1 Eph. vi, i6, 17,
Of a Church and its Parts 1 9
priest shall be unto us in Christ's stead, to teach us by his lessons, and defend us by his prayers.
12. Furthermore, of what the tabernacle was made the Lord hath told us, saying unto Moses, ' Take the first fruits,' — that is, the most precious gifts — ' of the children of Israel : but from him alone who willingly offereth gold, and silver, and brass, and precious stones, and purple and linen twice dyed ' ; namely cloth of the colours of blue, purple, and scarlet : and of biss, which is a kind of Egyptian linen white and soft : ' and goat's hair, and rams' skins dyed red,' which we call Parthian, because the Parthians first dyed them thus, ' and purple skins and shittim wood ' (shittim is the name of a mountain, and also of a tree : its leaves are like the white thorn, and to be injured neither by fire nor by decay) : ' and oil for the lights, frankincense, and ointment of a sweet savour, onyx stones, and sard-onyxes, and jewels: and let them make Me a house, that I may dwell in the midst of them : and that they may not weary them- selves in returning to this mountain.' ^^
14. The arrangement of a material church resembleth that of the human body : the chancel, or place where the altar is, representeth the head : the transepts, the hands and arms, and the remainder — towards the west — the rest of the body. The sacrifice of the altar denoteth the vows of the heart. Furthermore, according to Richard de Sancto Victore, the arrangement of a church typifieth the three states in the Church : of virgins, of the continent, of the married. The sanctuary ^^ is smaller
" Exodus XXV, 2. '^ The sanctuary of course means that eastermost division in churches consistino^ of three parts, which still remains in many Norman buildings, and of which Kilpeck, in Herefordshire, may be taken as a type. These churches are generally apsidal : but there are instances to the contrary, as Bishopstone, in Sussex. A view of the sanctum sanctorum and chancel arches in this church is given in the Cambridge Camden Society's 'Illus- trations of Monumental Brasses,' part iv.
20 TJie Symbolisin of Churches
than the chancel, and this than the nave : because the virgins are fewer in number ^'^ than the continent, and these than the married. And the sanctuary is more holy than the chancel : and the chancel than the nave : because the order of virgins is more worthy than that of the continent, and the continent more worthy than the married.
15. Furthermore, the church consisteth of four walls, that is, is built on the doctrine of the Four Evangelists ; and hath length, breadth, and height : the height repre- senteth courage, the length fortitude, which patiently endureth till it attaineth its heavenly home ; the breadth is charity, which, with long suffering, loveth its friends in God, and its foes for God ; and again, its height is the hope of future retribution, which despiseth prosperity and adversity, hoping ' to see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the living.' ^^
16. Again, in the temple of God, the foundation is faith, which is conversant with unseen things : the roof, charity, 'which covereth a multitude of sins.' ^^ The door, obedience, of which the Lord saith, ' If thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments.'^' The pavement, humility, of which the Psalmist saith, ' My soul cleaveth to the pavement.' ^^
17. The four side -walls, the four cardinal virtues, justice, fortitude, temperance, prudence. Hence the Apocalypse saith, 'The city lieth four-square.'^^ The windows are hospitality with cheerfulness, and tender- ness with charity. Concerning this house saith the Lord, 'We will come unto him, and make our abode
■-•» This passage is somewhat obscure ; but the difference between the virgins and the continent appears to be this : by the former are meant those who have taken vows of celibacy ; by the latter, those who practise it, without, however, having bound themselves to it by vow.
25 Psalm xxvii (^Dominus il/uminatio), 13. "^^ I S. Peter iv, 8.
"'' S. Matthew xix, 17. -^ Psalm cxix (^Adhcesit pavimento)^ 25.
-" Rev. xxi, 16.
Of a Church and its Paris 21
with him.' ^'^ But some churches are built in the shape of a cross, to signify, that we are crucified to the world, and should tread in the steps of the Crucified, according to that saying, ' If any man will come after Me, let him deny himself and take up his cross, and follow Me.' ^^ Some also are built in the form of a circle : ^^ to signify that the Church hath been extended throughout the circle of the world, as saith the Psalmist : ' And their words unto the end of the world.' ^^ Or because from the circle of this world, we reach forth to that crown of eternity which shall encircle our brows.
1 8. The choir is so called from the harmony of the clergy in their chanting, or from the multitude collected at the divine offices. The word chorus is derived from chorea, or from corona. For in early times they stood like a crown round the altar, and thus sung the Psalms in one body : but Flavianus and Theodorus taught the antiphonal method of chanting, having received it from S. Ignatius, who himself learnt it by inspiration. The two choirs then typify the angels, and the spirits of just men, while they cheerfully and mutually excite each other in this holy exercise. Others derive chorus from concord, which consisteth of charity ; because he who hath not charity, cannot sing with the spirit. But what this choir signifieth, and why the greatest in it sit last, shall be explained in the fourth book.^* And observe, that when one sings, it is called in Greek a monody, in
3" S. John xiv, 23. ^i g. Matthew xvi, 18.
^- This of course refers to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the proto- type of these buildings. There are four, as it is well known, in England yet standing, and two in ruins — namely. Temple Aslackby, in Lincoln- shire, and the church in Ludlow Castle.
^ Psalm xix {Ccrli enarrayit')^ 4.
3' We may observe that Prynne perverts the fact, that the westernmost seats in the choir are the most honourable, to a depreciation of the Catholic custom of the position of the altar. See his ' Pacific Examina- tion,' s.v.
22 The Syvibolisni of Churches
Latin tyciniiLin. When two sing, it is called biciniuni; when many, a chorus.
19. The exedra is an apsis, separated a little from a temple or palace ; so called because it projecteth a little from the wall (in Greek l^eSpa), and signifieth the lay portion of the faithful joined to Christ and the Church. The crypts, or subterranean caves, which we find in some churches, are hermits who are devoted to a solitary life.
20. The open court signifieth Christ, by Whom an entrance is administered into the heavenly Jerusalem : this is also called porch, ixovc\. porta^ a gate, or because it is aperia, open.
21. The towers are the preachers and prelates of the Church, which are her bulwark and defence. Whence the bridegroom in the Canticles saith to the bride, ' Thy neck is like the tower of David builded for an armoury.' ^^ The pinnacles of the towers signify the life or the mind of a prelate which aspireth heavenwards.
22. The cock at the summit of the church is a type of preachers. For the cock, ever watchful even in the depth of night, giveth notice how the hours pass, waken- eth the sleepers, predicteth the approach of day, but first exciteth himself to crow by striking his sides with his wings. There is a mystery conveyed in each of these particulars. The night is this world : the sleepers are the children of this world who are asleep in their sins. The cock is the preacher, who preacheth boldly, and exciteth the sleepers to cast away the works of darkness, exclaiming, 'Woe to them that sleep ! Awake thou that sleepest ! ' ^^ And these foretell the approach of day when they speak of the Day of Judgment, and the glory that shall be revealed : and like prudent mes-
^^ Canticles iv, 4, ^ Eph. v, 14.
Of a Church and its Parts 23
sengers, before they teach others, arouse themselves from the sleep of sin by mortifying their bodies. Whence the Apostle, 'I keep under my body.' ^^ And as the weathercock faceth the wind, they turn themselves boldly to meet the rebellious by threats and arguments : lest they should be guilty, ' when the wolf cometh, of leaving the sheep and fleeing.' ^^ The iron rod, whereon the cock sitteth, representeth the discourse of the preacher, that he speaketh not of man but of God : according to that saying, ' If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God.' ^^ But in that the iron rod is placed above the cross, on the summit of the church, it signi- fieth that Holy Scripture is now consummated and con- firmed. Whence saith our Lord in His Passion, ' It is finished ' : and that title is written indelibly over Him.
23. The cone, that is the summit of the church, of great height, and of round shape, signifieth how perfectly and inviolably the Catholic faith must be held : which faith except a man do keep whole and undefiled, with- out doubt he shall perish everlastingly.
24. The glass windows in a church are Holy Scrip- tures, which expel the wind and the rain, that is all things hurtful, but transmit the light of the true Sun, that is, God, into the hearts of the faithful. These are wider ^^ within than without, because the mystical sense is the more ample, and precedeth the literal meaning. Also, by the windows the senses of the body are signi- fied : which ought to be shut to the vanities of this world, and open to receive with all freedom spiritual gifts.
25. By the lattice work* of the windows, we understand the prophets or other obscure teachers of the Church Militant : in which windows there are often two shafts,
37 1 Cor. ix, 27. 3s s. John x, 12. ^9 j g Pe^gj- iv, n.
^^ This passage is particularly to be observed, for the reason given in the Introduction. * See Appendix I.
24 TJie Symbolism of Churches
signifying the two precepts of charity, or because the apostles were sent out to preach two and two.
26. The door of the church is Christ: according to that saying in the Gospel, * I am the door.' ^^ The apostles are also called doors.
27. The piers of the church are bishops and doctors : who specially sustain the Church of God by their doctrine. These, from the majesty and clearness of their divine message, are called silver, according to that in the Song of Songs, ' He made silver columns.' ^^ Whence also Moses at the entering in of the tabernacle, placed five columns, and four before the oracle, that is, the holy of holies. Although the piers are more in number than seven, yet they are called seven, according to that say- ing, 'Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars ' : ^^ because bishops ought to be filled with the sevenfold influences of the Holy Ghost : ** and SS. James and John, as the Apostle testifieth, ' seemed to be pillars.' ^^' The bases of the columns are the apostolic bishops,^*^ who support the frame of the whole church. The capitals of the piers are the opinions of the bishops and doctors. For as the members are directed and moved by the head, so are our words and works governed by their mind. The ornaments of the capitals are the words of Sacred Scripture, to the medi- tation and observance of which we are bound.
28. The pavement of the church is the foundation of our faith. But in the spiritual Church, the pavement is the poor, of Christ : the poor in spirit, who humble them- selves in all things : wherefore on account of their
•*' S. John X, 9. ••- Canticles viii, 9. ^^ Prov. viii, I.
■" Compare the Veni Creator :
Thou the anointing Spirit art, Who dost Thy sevenfold gifts impart. ^^ Gal ii, 9,
^^ That is, it may be supposed, bishops of those sees which were founded by the apostles themselves, e.g. Rome, Crete, Ephesus.
Of a Church and its Parts 25
humility they are Hkened to the pavement. Again, the pavement, which is trodden under foot, representeth the multitude, by whose labours the Church is sustained.
29. The beams '^'^ which join together the church are the princes of this world or the preachers who defend the unity of the Church, the one by deed, the other by argument.
30. The stalls in the church signify the contemplative, in whom God dwelleth without hindrance, who, from their high dignity and the glory of eternal life, are com- pared to gold. Whence He saith in the Canticles, * He made a golden seat' *
31. The beams in the church are preachers, who spiritually sustain it. The vaulting also, or ceiling, re- presenteth preachers, who adorn and strengthen it, con- cerning whom, seeing that they are not corruptible through vice, the bridegroom glorieth in the same Canticles, saying ' the beams of our house are cedar, and its ceiling, fir.' For God hath built His Church of living stones, and imperishable wood, according to that saying, 'Solomon made himself a Htter of cedar wood ;' ^^ that is,
*'' Beams. That is, probably, tie-beams : here is another reference to the architectural arrangements of Early English date.
^^ It is very difficult to find the right meaning of the v^ord ferculimi here. The English version gives the passage from the Canticles, ' King Solomon made himself a chariot (marg. reading, bed) of the wood of Lebanon. In the extremely beautiful treatise of Hugo de S. Victore, De NuMiis SMHtti- alibus (cap. iii), the fercida nuptialia appear to mean the marriage feast, which is to perform its part in the general Sensinim refectio, by its sweet savours ; as the bed or chariot of Solomon is noted for the odour of its cedar wood. However, the same writer devotes five Tituli of his Eriidit. Theolog. Ex Miscellan. namely, lix — Ixii of the first book, and cxxi of the second, to the consideration of this Ferculum Solomonis : which he de- cides to be a lectica sen vehiaihcm, a litter or sedan (such as is now used in Sicily under the name of lettigd), differing from the lectidiis or bed (Cant, i, 16), inasmuch as this denotes the repose of the contemplative life, while the ferculum tj'pifies the laborious exercise of the active life ; and differing again from the airnis or chariot (the only other vehicle mentioned in Holy Scripture), since the latter is drawn on the earth with a grating noise, and represents a depraved heart clinging to earthly things, but the former is borne smoothly and quietly above the ground, an image of the righteous soul despising earthly and seeking heavenly things. Lastly, Xh.Q ferculum, or litter, typifies the Church, from carrying, aferendo, as doth the Church her children unto Heavenly Rest. * See Appendix I.
26 The Symbolism of Churches
Christ, of His saints who wear the white robe of chastity. The chancel, that is, the head of the church, being lower "^^ than its body, signifieth how great humility there should be in the clergy, or in prelates, according to that saying, ' And the more thou art exalted, humble thyself in all things.' The rail, by which the altar ^^ is divided from the choir, teacheth the separation of things celestial from things terrestrial.
32. The seats in the choir admonish us that the body must sometimes be refreshed : because that which hath not alternate rest wanteth durability.
33. The pulpit in the church is the life of the perfect : and is so called from being public, or placed in a public place. For we read, ' Solomon made a brazen scaffold, and set it in the midst of the temple, and stood upon it, and stretching forth his hands spake to the people of God.' Esdras also made a wooden scaffold for speaking: in which when he stood, he was higher than the rest of the people.^^
34. The analogium (rood-loft) is so called because in it the Word of God is read and delivered. Which also is called ambo, from ambire^'^ to surround, because it surroundeth him that entereth in.
*^ The fact that in many unaltered and unmutilated churches the chancel is lower than the nave, appears to have been unnoticed by ecclesiologists. Wherever it occurs, William Dowsing, or some of his puritanical coadjutors, have been supposed agents in the matter. But there exist chancels, which, whether from the height of the piscina and sedilia, or on other accounts, cannot have been lowered, to which never- theless there is a descent from the nave. Such an one is that of S. Giles's at Cambridge : and the arrangement is very common in the little churches of the south-west part of Sussex.
^ This is another very remarkable passage : and one which proves that the injunction of Abp. Laud for the erection of altar rails was not a novelty. And though their abolition is much to be wished, as well from the ugliness of all existing specimens, as from the irreverence which they seem to pre-suppose, the Church in England can scarcely be charged with the adoption of an innovation in giving her sanction to them.
^1 3 Kings vi, 13.
^2 This is, of course, a false derivation. The important subject of Rood- lofts has been treated with admirable learning by Father Thiers, in his treatise ' Sur les jubes,' to which the reader is referred. See also Appendix C.
Of a Church and its Parts 27
35. The horologium, by means of which the hours are read, teacheth the dihgence that should be in priests to observe at the proper times the canonical hours : as he saith, 'Seven times a day do I praise thee.' ^^
36. The tiles ^^ of the roof which keep off the rain are the soldiers, who preserve the Church from paynim, and from enemies.
37. The circular staircases, which are imitated from Solomon's temple, are passages which wind among the walls, and point out the hidden knowledge which they only have who ascend to celestial things. Concerning the steps, by which ascent is made to the altar, hereafter.
38. The sacristy, or place where the holy vessels are deposited, or where the priest putteth on his robes, is the womb of the Blessed Mary, where Christ put on his robes of humanity. The priest, having robed himself, cometh forth into the public view, because Christ, having come from the womb of the Virgin, proceeded forth into the world.
The bishop's throne in the church is higher than the rest.
39. Near to the altar, which signifieth Christ, is placed the piscina, or lavacrum, that is, the pity of Christ, in which the priest washeth his hands, thereby denoting that by baptism and penitence we are purged from the filth of sin : which is drawn from the Old Testament. For he saith in Exodus, * And Moses made a laver of brass, with his basin, in the which Aaron the priest and his sons should wash, before they went up to the altar, that they might offer an offering. ^^
40. The lamp in the church is Christ : as He saith, ' I am the light of the world ' ; ^^ and again, ' That w^as the
^ Psalm (cxix), Beatiimmaculaii, 164. ^' This passage deserves to be noticed, as proving that lead was not the only roofing employed in the Norman churches.
^ Exodus xxxviii, 8. ^ S. John viii, 12.
28 The Symbolism of Churches
true light.' ^'' ' Or the hght in a church may denote the apostles and other doctors, by whose doctrine the Church is enlightened, as the sun and moon : concerning whom saith the Lord, ' Ye are the light of the world ' : ^^ that is, an example of good works. Wherefore He saith to them in His admonitions, ' Let your light shine before men.' ^^ But the Church is enlightened by the precepts of the Lord ; wherefore it saith in the before-quoted place, ' Speak unto the sons of Aaron that they offer oil-olive most pure, that the lamp may burn continually in the tabernacle of the testimony.' ^° Moses made also seven lights, which are the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost : for they in the darkness of this world shine forth with brightness : and they rest in candlesticks, because in Christ rested 'the spirit of wisdom and knowledge, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of learning and piety, the spirit of the fear of the Lord, by which He preached wisdom to the captives.' ^^ The number of lights showeth the number of graces in the faithful.
41. In many places a triumphal cross is placed in the midst of the church ; to teach us, that from the midst of our hearts we must love the Redeemer : who, after Solomon's pattern, ' paved the midst of his litter {ferculum) with love for the daughters of Jerusalem : ' ^^ and that all, seeing the sign of victory, might exclaim. Hail, thou Salvation of the whole world, Tree of our Redemption : and that we should never forget the love of God, who, to redeem His servants, gave His only son, that we might imitate Him crucified. But the cross is exalted on high, to signify the victory of Christ. Why a church is ornamented within and not without, shall be said hereafter.
s'' S. John i, 6. ^ S. Matthew v, 14. ^^ S. Matthew v, 16.
^ Lev. xxiv, 2. *^' Isaiah Ixi, i. *" Cantic. iii, 10.
Of a CJiurcJi and its Parts 29
42. The cloisters, as Richard, Bishop of Cremona, testifieth, had their rise either in the watchings of the Levites around the tabernacle, or from the chambers of the priests, or from the porch of Solomon's temple. * For the Lord commanded Moses, that he should not number the Levites with the rest of the children of Israel ; but should set them over the tabernacle of the testimony to carry it and to keep it' ^^ On account of which divine commandment, while the Holy Mysteries are in celebration, the clergy should in the church stand apart from the laity. Whence the Council of Mayence ordained that the part which is separated with rails from the altar should be appropriated alto- gether to the priests choral. Furthermore, as the church signifieth the Church Triumphant, so the cloister signifieth the celestial Paradise, where there will be one and the same heart in fulfilling the commands of God and loving Him : where all things will be possessed in common, because that of which one hath less, he will rejoice to see more abounding in another, for ' God shall be all in all.' ^^ Therefore the regular clergy who live in the cloisters, and are of one mind, rising to the service of God and leaving worldly things, lead their lives in common. The various offices in the cloister signify the different mansions, and the difference of rewards in the Kingdom : for ' In My Father's House are many man- sions,'^^ saith our Lord. But in a moral sense the cloister is the contemplative state, into which the soul betaking itself, is separated from the crowd of carnal thoughts, and meditateth on celestial things only. In this cloister there are four sides : denoting, namely, contempt of self, contempt of the world, love of God, love of our neighbour. Each side hath his
•^ Numbers i, 47 ; xviii, 6. •^i r Corinth, xv, 28. «^ S. John xv, 2.
L
30 The Symbolism of Churches
own row of Columns. Contempt of self hath humilia- tion of soul, mortification of the flesh, humility of speech, and the like. The base of all the columns is patience.
43. In this cloister the diversity of office-chambers is the diversity of virtues. The chapter-house is the secret of the heart : concerning this, however, we shall speak differently hereafter. The refectory is the love of holy meditation. The cellar, Holy Scripture. The dormi- tory, a clean conscience. The oratory, a spotless life. The garden of trees and herbs, the collection of virtues. The well, the dew of God's heavenly gifts ; which in this world mitigateth our thirst, and hereafter will quench it
44. The Episcopal throne, which according to the in- junctions of Saint Peter has been of old consecrated in each city (as shall be said below), the piety of our fore- fathers dedicated, not in memory of confessors, but to the honour of apostles and martyrs, and especially of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
45. But we therefore go to church, that we may there ask for the pardon of our sins, and assist in the divine praises : as shall be said in the proeme of the fifth book, and that there we may hear God's proceedings ^° with the good and the ill, and learn and receive the know- ledge of God, and that we may there feed on the Lord's body.
46. In church, men and women sit apart: which, according to Bede, we have received from the custom of the ancients : and thence it was that Joseph and Mary lost the Child Jesus ; since the one who did not behold Him in his own company, thought Him to be with the other. . . . But the men remain on the southern, the
^ Such is probably the meaning of the passage. The original is ?// Hi bona sive mala jiidicia audianms.
Of a Church and its Parts 3 1
women on the northern side : " to signify that the saints who be most advanced in hoHness should stand against the greater temptations of this world : and they who be less advanced, against the less ; or that the bolder and the stronger sex should take their place in the position fittest for action : because the Apostle saith, ' God is faithful, Who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able.' ^^ To this also pertaineth the vision of S. John, who ' beheld a mighty angel placing his right foot in the sea.' ^^ For the stronger members are opposed to the greater dangers. But, according to others, the men are to be in the fore part \i.e. eastward], the women behind : because ' the husband is the head of the wife,' '"^ and therefore should go before her.
47. A woman must cover her head in the church, because she is not the image of God, and because by woman sin began. And therefore in the church, out of respect for the priest, who is the vicar of Christ, in his presence, as before a judge, she hath her head covered, and not at liberty : and on account of the same reverence she hath not the power of speaking in the church before him. Of old time, men and women wearing long hair stood in church with uncovered heads glorying in their locks : which was a disgrace unto them.
48. But what should be our conversation in church the Apostle teacheth, saying, ' Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs.' ''^ Whence we must, when we be there, abstain from superfluous words :
*^^ This is the practice in some parts of England even to this day : more especially in Somersetshire. Bp. Montague in his ' Visitation Articles ' (^re- printed Camb. 1841) asks (p. 17), 'Do men and women sit together in those seats indifferently and promiscuously ? or (as the fashion was of old), do men sit together upon one side of the church, and women upon the other?' And, indeed, of old there was a still further separation on each side, into the married and unmarried. The restoration of the practice re- commended by Bp. Montague is much to be wished.
•''' 1 Corinth, x, 13. ^ Apocalypse x, 7.
'" Eph. V, 23, "' Coloss. iii, 16.
32 TJie Symbolisin of Churches
according to 'that saying of S. Chiysostome, When thou goest into a king's palace, set in order thy conversation and thy habit. For the angels of the Lord are there : and the House of God is full of incorporeal virtues.'^ And the Lord saith to Moses, and so doth the angel to Joshua, ' Put off thy shoes from off thy feet : for the place where thou standest is holy ground.' ^^
49. In the last place, a consecrated church defendeth murderers who take sanctuary in it from losing life or limb, provided that they have not offended in it, or against it. Whence it is written that ' Joab fled to the tabernacle, and laid hold on the horns of the altar.' ^^ The same privilege is possessed also by an unconse- crated church, if the divine offices be therein celebrated.
50. But the body of Christ received by such persons, doth not defend them nor those who fly to it : partly because the privilege is granted to a church as a church : and therefore not to be misbestowed on other things : partly because that food is the support of the soul, and not of the body : whence it freeth the soul and not the body.
51. Churches are moved from one place to another on three accounts. First, on account of the necessity aris- ing from persecutors : secondly, on account of the difficulty of access or habitation, such as the unwholesome- ness of air : thirdly, when they are oppressed with the society of evil men : and then with the consent of the Pope or the bishop. Wherefore he that entereth into a church fortifieth himself with the sign of the cross, shall be said in the proeme of the fifth book.'^
" The passage referred to is as follows : — ' Regiam quidem ingrediens, et habitu et aspectu et incessu et omnibus aliis te ornas et componis : Hie au*:em vera est Regia et plane hie talia qualia cselestia : — et rides? Atque scio quidem quod tu non vides. Audi autem quod ubique adsunt angeli, et maxima in Domo Dei adsistunt Regis, et omnia sunt impleta incorporeis illus Potestatibus.
^^ Exod. iii, 5. Josh, v, r5. ^'2 Kings i, 28. "^ See Appendix.