V. < inmiediately pure.

79. ^ If, during the ten days, another death or ano- ' ther birth intervene, a Brahmen remains impure, only ^ till those ten days have elapsed.
80. ^ A spiritual teacher being dead, the sages de- ^ clare his pupil impure for three days ; but for a day ' and a night, if the son or wife of the teacher be * deceased : such is the sacred ordinance.
81. ^ For a reader of the whole Veday who dwells ^ in the same house, a man is unclean three nights ; ^ but for a maternal uncle, a pupil, an officiating ' priest, and a distant kinsman, only one night winged ^ with two days.
82. ^ On the death of a military king, in whose do- ' minion he lives, his impurity lasts while the sun or ' the stars give light ; but it lasts a whole day, on ' the death of a priest, who has not read the whole ^ Vdda^ or of a spiritual guide, who has read only ' part of it, with its Angas.
83. ^ A man of the sacerdotal class becomes pure ^ in ten days ; of the warlike, in twelve ; of the com- ^ mercial, in fifteen ;• of the servile, in a month.
84. ^ Let no man prolong the days of impurity;. ^ let hun not intermit the ceremonies to be performed
' with
* See Note on Book V. vene 83.
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AND WOMEN. 1^7
' with holy fires: while he performs those rites, even chap. ^ though he be a sapinda^ he is not impure. ^•
85. ^ He, who has touched a Chanddloy a woman
* in her courses, an outcast for deadly sin, a new- ^ bom child, a corpse, or one who has touched a ^ corpse, is made pure by bathing.
86. ' If, having sprinkled his mouth with water, and ^ been long intent on his devotion, he see an unclean ^ person, let him repeat, as well as he is able, the ^ solar texts of the Fi^da, and those, which confer purity.
87. ^ Should a Brdhmen touch a human bone moist
* with oil, he is purified by bathing; if it be not oily, ^ by stroking a cow, or by looking at the sun, having ^ sprinkled his mouth duly with water.
88. ' A student in theology shall not perform the ' ceremony of poiuing water at obsequies, until he ^ have completed his course of religious acts; but if, ' after the completion of them, he thus make an ofifer- ^ ing of water, he becomes pure in three nights.
89. ^ For those, who discharge not their prescribed. ' duties, for those, whose fathers were of a lower ^ class than their mothers, for those, who wear a ^ dress of religion unauthorized by the VMa, and for
* those, who illegally kill themselves, the ceremony of
* giving funeral water is forbidden by law;
90. ' And for women imitating such hereticks, as ^ wear an unlawful dress, and for such women as live
' at
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168 ON DIET, PURIFICATION,
CHAP. ^ at their own pleasure, or have caused an abortion, ^' ^ or have stricken their husbands, or have drunk any ^ spirituous liquor.
9L ^ A student violates not the rules of his order, ^ by carrying out, when dead, his own instructor in ^ the V^dasy who invested him with his holy cord, ^ or his teacher of particular chapters, or his reverend ^ expounder of their meaning, or his father, or his ^ mother.
92* * Let men carry out a dead Sddra by the ^ southern gate of the town; but the twice-born, in ^ due order, by the western, northern, and eastern ^ gates.
93. ^ No taint of impurity can light on kings or ^ students in theology, while employed in discharging * their several duties^ nor on those who have actually ^ begun a sacrifice; for the first are then placed on ^ the seat of Indra, and the others are always equally ' pure with the celestial spirit.
94. \ To a king, on the throne of magnanimity, the ' law ascribes instant purification, because his throne ^ was raised for the protection of his people and the ^ supply of their nourishment:
95. ^ It is the same with the kinsmen of those, who ^ die in battle, after the king has been slain, or have ^ been killed by lightning, or legally by the king him* ^ self, or in defence of a cow, or of a priest; and ^ wiUi all those, whom the king wishes to be pure.
96. ' The
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AND WOMEN. 169
96. ^ The corporeal frame bf a king is composed chap. ^ of particles from So'ma, Agni, Su'rya, Pavana, Indra^ ^' ^ Cuvb'ra, Varuna, and Yama, the eight guardian ^ deities of the world:
97« ^ By tho^e guardians of men in substance is the ^ king pervaded, and he cannot by law be impure; ^ since by those tutelar gods are the purity and im- ^ purity of mortals both caused and removed.
98. ^ By a soldier, discharging the duties of his class, ^ and slain in the field with brandished weapons, the ' highest sacrifice is, in that instimt, complete; and ^ so is his purification: this law is fixed.
99. ^ A priest, having performed funeral rites, is ^ purified by touching water; a soldier, by touching ^ his horse or elephant, or his arms; a'^usbandman, ' by touching his goad, or the halter of his cattle ; a ^ servant, by touching his stafif.
100. ^ This mode of purifying ^optndm, O chi^ of ^ the twice-born, has been fully declared to you ! leani ^ now the purification required on the death of kins- ' men less intimately connected.
101. ^ A Br6hmenj having carried out a dead ^BrtfA- ' men, though not a sajrinda^ with the affection ' kinsman, or any of those nearly related to him by ^ his mother, becomes pure in three days;
102. * But, if he taste the food offered by their ^ s^qnndasy he is purified in ten days ; and in one day^
^ if
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160 ON DIET. PURIFICATION,
CHAP. ^ if he neither partake of their food, nor dwell in ^' ' the same house.
103. * If he voluntarily follow a corpse, whether of ' a paternal kmsman or of another, and afterwards ' bathe with his apparel, he is made pure by touch- ^ ing fire and tasting clarified butter.
104. ^ Let no kinsman, whilst any of his own class ^ are at hand, cause a deceased Brdhmen to be carried ^ out by a Sudra; since the funeral rite, polluted by ^ the touch of a servile man, obstructs his passage ^ to heaven.
105. ^ Sacred learning, austere devotion, fire, holy ^ aliment, earth, the mind, water, smearing with cow- \ dung, air, prescribed acts of religion, the sun, and ^ time, are purifiers of imbodied spirits;
106. ' Biit of all pure things, purity in acquiring ^ wealth, is pronounced the most excellent: since he, ^ who gains wealth with clean hands, is truly pure; ^ not he, who is purified merely with earth and water.
107. ^ By forgiveness of injuries, the learned are ^ purified ; by liberality, those who have neglected their ' duty; by pious meditation, those who have secret ^ faults ; by devout austerity, those who . best know ' the Vdda.
108. * By water and earth is purified what ought to ' be made pure ; a river, by its current ; a woman, ^ whose thoughts have been impure, by her monthly
* discharge,
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AND WOMEN-
161
' discharge^ and the chief of twice-born men, by fixing char
* his mind wholly on God. ^ ^*
109. ^ Bodies are cleansed by water; the mind is ^ purified by truth; the vital spirit, by theology and ^ devotion; the understanding, by clear knowledge.
110. * Thus have you heard me declare the precise ' rules for purifying animal bodies : hear now the modes ^ of restoring purity to various inanimate things.
111. ^ Of brilliant metals, of gems, and of every ^ thing made with stone, the purification, ordained by ^ the wise, is with ashes, water, and earth.
112. ^ A golden vessel, not smeared, is cleansed with
* water only; and every thing produced in water, as ^ coraly shells^ or pearls^ and every stony substance, ^ and a silver vessel not enchased.
113. ^ From a junction of water and fire arose gold ^ and silver; and they two, therefore, are best purified
* by the elements, wh^ice they sprang.
114. * Vessels of copper, iron, brass, pewter, tin ^ and lead, may be fitly cleansed with ashes, with ^ acids, or with water.
115. ^ The purification ordained for all sorts of li- • ^ quids, is by stirring them with cuM-grass; for cloths
^ folded, by sprinkling them with hallowed water; ' for wooden utensils, by planing them.
116. ^ For the sacrificial pots to hold clarified but- ^ t^r and juice of the moon-plant, by rubbing them
y * with
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1^2 . ON DIET, PURinCATION,
CHAP. ■' with the band, and washiftg thmn, at the tfane of ^- ^ the sacrifice:
117. ' Implements to wash the rice, to contain the ' oblations, to cast them into the fire, to collect, win- ' now, and prepare the grain, mnst be purified with ^ water mad6 hot.
118. ' The purification by sprinkling is ordained for
* grain and cloths in large quantities; but to purify ' them in small parcels, which a man may easily carry y
* they must be washed.
119.-' Leathern utensils, aiid such as are made with ' cane, must generally be purified in the same man-
* ner with cloths; green vegetables, roots, and fruit, ' in the same manner with grain;
120. ^ Silk and woollen stuflF, with saline earths; ' blankets from Nipdla^ with pounded arishtas^ or nimba ^ fruit; vests and long drawers, with the fruit of the ' Vilva; mantles of c^wmAy with white mustard-seeds.
121. ' Utensils made of sheUs or of horn, of bones ' or of ivory, must be cleansed by him, who knows \ the law, as mantles of cshumd are purified, with ' the addition of cows' urine or of water.
122. ' Grass, firewood, and straw, are purified by ' sprinkling them with water ; a house, by rubhing, ' bnishing, and smearing with cow^dung; an earthen ' pot, by a second burning:
123. ' But an earthen pot, which has been touched
* with
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AKD WOMEN- 163
* with any spirituous liquor, with uriae, with ordure, cHap.
* with sphtle, with pus, or with bloody cannot, even '^•
* by another burning, be rendered pure.
124. ^ Land is cleansed by five modes ; by sweeping, ' by smearing with c»>w-dmig, by sprinkling with cows' ' urine, by scraping, or by letting a cow pass a day ^ and a night on it.
125. ^ A thing nibbled by a bird, smelt at by a ' cow, shaken with a foot, sneezed on, or defiled by ^ Uce, is purified by earth scattered over it
126. ^ As long as the scent or moisture, caused by ^ any impurity, remain on the thing soiled, so long ^ must earth and water be repeatedly used in all pu- ^ rifications of thix^ inaniniate.
127. ^ The gods declared three pure things peculiar ^ if} Brihmens ; what has been defiled wkhout their ^ knowledge; what, in cases of doubt, they sprinkle ^ with water; and what they connnend with their ^ speech.
128. ^ Waters are pure, as far as a cow goes to ^ quench her thirst in theqd, if they flow over clean ^ earth, and are sullied by no impmrity, but have a ^ good scent, colour, and taste.
120. ^ The hand of an artist employed in his art
* is always pure; so i« every vendible commodity, ' when exposed to sale ; and that food is always clean, ^ which a student m theology has begged and received : ' such is the sacred rule.
y2 . 130. /The
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164 ON DIET, PUEinCATION,
CHAP. 130. * The mouth of a woman is constantly pure ; ^' * a bird is pure on the fall of fruit, which he has ^ pecked; a sucking animal, on the flowing of the ' milk; a dog, on his catching the deer:
131. ^ The flesh of a wild beast slain by dogs, ^ Menu pronounces pure ; and that of an animal slain ' by 'other carnivorous creatures, or by men of the ^ mixed class, who subsist by hunting.
132. * All the cavities above the navel are pure, ^ and all below it, unclean ; so are all excretions, that ^ fall from the body.
133. ^ Gnats, clear drops from the mouth of a ^ speaker, a shadow, a cow, a horse, sun-beams, dust, ^ earth, air, and fire, must all be considered as clean, ^ even when they touch an unclean thing.
134. ^ For the cleansing of vessels, which have held. ^ ordure or urine, earth and water must be used, as ^ long as they are needful ; and the same for cleansing y the twelve corporeal impurities.
135. ^ Oily exudations, seminal fluids, blood, dan- ' druff, urine, feces, ear-wax, nail-parings, phlegm, ^ tears, concretions on the eyes, and sweat, are the ' twelve impurities of the human frame.
136. * By the man, who desires purity, one piece
* of earth together with water must be used for the ^ conduit of urine, three for that of the feces; so, ten ^ for one hand, that «>, the left; then seven for both:
* buty if necessary^ more )nust be used.
137. * Such'
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AND WOMEN, 166
137. ^ Such is the purification of married men ; that chap. of students must be double ; that of hermits, triple ; ^' that of men wholly recluse, quadruple.
138. ^ Let «Msh man sprinkle the cavities of his body, and taste water in due form, when he has discharged urine or feces ; when he is going to read the Fisda ; and, invariably, before he takes his food :
139. ^ First, let him thrice taste water; then twice let hun wipe his mouth, if \ie be of a twiee'-bom clasSy and desire corporeal purity; but a woman or servile man may once respectively make that ablution.
140. ^ Stidrml engaged in religious duties, must per- form each month the ceremony of shaving their heads; their food must be the orts of Brdhmens ; and their mode of purification, the same with that of a Vaisya.
141. ^ Such drops of water, as fall from the mouth or any part of the body, render it not unclean ; nor hairs of the beard, that enter the mouth ; nor what adheres awhile to the teeth*
142. * Drops, which trickle on the feet of a man holding water for others, are held equal to waters flowing over pure earth : by them he is not defiled.
143. ^ He, who carries in any manner an inanimate burden, and is touched by any thing impure, is cleansed by making an ablution, without laying his burden down.
144. ^ Having vomited or been purged, let him
' bathe
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166
ON DIET, PURIHCATION,
CHAP. V.
bathe and taate clarified butter, but, if he have eaten already, let him only perform an ablution: for him, who has been connected with a woman, bathing is ordained by law.
145. ^ Having slumbered, having sneezed, having eaten, having spitten, having told untruths^ having drunk water, and going to read sacred books, let him, though pure, wash his mouth.
146. ^ This perfect system of rules for piuifying men of all classes, and for cleansing inanimate things, has been declared to you: hear now the laws con- cerning women.
147. * Br a girl, or by a young woman, or by a woman advanced in years, nothing must be done, even in her own dwelling place, according to her mere pleasure :
148. ^ In childhood must a female be dependent on her father; in youth, on her husband; her lord being dead, on her sons ; if she have no sonSy an the near kinsmen of her husband; if he left no kinsmen, on those of her father; if she have no paternal kins- men, on the sovereign: a woman must never seek independence.
149. ' Never let her wish to separate herself from her father, her husband, or her sons ; for, by a separation from them, she exposes both families to contempt. . *
150. ^ She must always Uve with a cheerful temper,
' with
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• * AND WOMEN. 167
' with good management in the affairs of the^ house, chap. ^ with great care of the household furniture, and with ^' ^ a frugal hand in all her expences.
151. ^ Him, to whom her father has given her, or ^ her brother with the paternal assent, let her obse- ' quiously honour, while he lives; and, when he dies, ^ let her never neglect him.
152. ^ The recitation of holy texts, and the sacri- ^ fice ordained by the lord of creatures, are used in
^ marriages for the sake of procuring good fortune to ' brides; but the first gift, or troth plightedy by the ^ husband, is the primary cause and origin of marital
* dommion.
153. ^ When the husband has performed the nuptial
* rites with texts from the Vdday he gives bliss con- ^ tinually to his wife here below, both in season and ^ out of season; and he will give her happiness in ^ the next world.
154. ' Though inobservant of approved usages, or ^ enamoured of another woman, or devoid • of good
* qualities, yet a husband must constantly be revered ^ as a god by a virtuous wife.
155. ^ No sacrifice is allowed to women apart from ^ their husbands, no religious rite, no fasting : as far
* only as a wife honours her lord, so far she is ex- ^ alted in heaven.
156. ' A ffdthfid wife, who wishes to attain in heaven
' the
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168 ON DIET, PURIFICATION.
t
CHAP. ^ the mansion of her husband, must do nothing unkind ^' ^ to him, be he living or dead:
157. ^ Lpt her emaciate her body, by living vo- ^ luntarily on pure flowers, roots, and fruit ; but let ^ her not, when her lord is deceased, even pronounce ^ the name of another man.
158. ^ Let her continue till death forgiving all injuries, ^ performing harsh duties, avoiding every sensual plea- ' sure, and cheerfully practising the incomparable rules ^ of virtue, which have been followed by such women, ' as were devoted to one only husband.
159. ^ Many thousands of Brdhmensy having avoided ' sensuality from their early youth, and having left no ^ issue in their families, have ascended, nevertheless^ ' to heaven ;
160. * And, like those abstemious men, a virtuous \ wife ascends to heaven, though she have no child, ^ if, after the decease of her lord, she devote herself ' to pious austerity:
161. * But a widow, who, from a wish to bear chil- ' dren, slights her deceased husband by marrying ' again, brings disgrace on herself here below, and ^ shall be excluded from the seat of her lord.
162. ' Issue, begotten on a woman by any other ' than her hushandy is here declared to be no progeny ^ of hers; no more than a child, begotten on the ' wife of another man, belongs to the begetter: nor is
' a second
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AND WOMEN.
169
a second husband allowed^ in any part of this code, chap. to a virtuous woman. ^•
163. * She, who neglects her former (jmrvd) lord, though of a lower class, and takes another (^pard) of a higher, becomes despicable in this world, and is called parapdrvdy or one who had a different hus'- band before.
164. ^ A married woman, who violates the duty, which she owes to her lord, brings infamy on her- self in this life, and, in the newty shall enter the womb of a shakal, or be afflicted with elepha^iasisy and other diseases, which punish crimes;
165. ^ While she, who slights not her lord, but keeps her mind, speech, and body, devoted to him, attains his heavenly mansion, and by good men is called sddhwty or virtuous.
166. ^ Yes; by this course of life it is, that a wo- man, whose mind, speech, and body are kept in subjection, acquires high renown in this world, and, in the next, the same abode with her husband.
167. * A twice-born man, versed in sacred ordi- nances, must bum, with hallowed fire and fit imple- ments of sacrifice, his wife dying before him, if she was of his own class, and lived by these rules :
9
168. ' Having thus kindled sacred fires, and per- formed funeral rites to his wife, who died before him, he may again marry, and again light the nuptial fire^
z 169. ' Let
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170 ON DIET, PURinCATION, Sec. ,
CHAP. 169. ' Let him not cease to perform day by day,
^* ^ according to the preceding rules, the five great
' sacraments; and, having taken a lawful consort, let
' him dwell in his house during the second period of
' his life. %
CHAP.
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CHAP. VI. On Devotion; or on the Third and Fourth Orders.
1. ' Having thus remained in the order of a house- cijap.
* keeper, as the law ordains, let the twice-born man, ^•
* who had before completed his studentship, dwell in ^ a forest, his faith being firm and his organs wholly ^ subdued.
2. ^ When the father of a family, perceives his ^ muscles become flaccid and his hair gray, and sees ^ the child of his child, let him then seek refuge in ^ a forest :
3. ^ Abandoning all food eaten in towns, and all his ^ household utensils, let him repair to the lonely wood,
^ committing the care of his wife to her sons, or . ^ accompanied by her, if she chuse to attend him.
4. ^ Let him take up his consecrated fire, and all ^ his domestick implements of making oblations to it,
* and, departing from the town to the forest, let him
* dwell in it with complete power over his oigans of ' sense and of action.
5. ^ With many sorts of pure food, such as holy
* sages used to eat, with green herbs, roots, and ^ fruit, let him perform the five great sacraments be- ^ fore mentioned, introducing them with due cere- ^ monies.
z 2 6. ^ Let
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172
ON DEVOTION ; OR ON THE
CHAP. VL
6. ^ Let him wear a black antelope's hide, or a vesture of foark; let him bathe evenii^ and morn- ing; let him suffer the hairs of his head, his beard, and his nails to grow continually.
7. ^ From such food, as himself may eat, let him, to the utmost of his power, make offerings and give alms; and with presents of water, roots, and fruit, let him honour those who visit his hermitage.
8. • Let him be constantly engaged in reading the Veda; patient of all extremities, universally bene- volent, with a mind intent on the Supreme Being; a perpetual giver, but no receiver of gifts; with tender affection for all animated bodies.
9. ^ Let him, as the law directs, make oblations on the hearth with three sacred fires; not omitting in due time the ceremonies to be performed at the conjunction and opposition of the moon.
10. ^ Let him also perform the sacrifice ordained in honour of the lunar constellations, make -the pre- scribed offering of new grain, and solemnize holy rites every four months, and at the winter and summer solstices.
11. * With pure grains, the food of ancient sages, growing in the venial and autumnal seasons, and brought home by himself, let him severally make, as the law ordains, the oblations of cakes and boiled grain;
12. ^ And, having presented to the gods, that purest
^ oblation.
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THIRD AND FOURTH ORDERS. 173
^ oblation, which the wild woods produced, let him chap. ^ eat what remains, together with some native salt, ^^' ^ which himself collected.
13. ^ LfCt him eat green herbs, flowers, roots, and ^ fruit, that grow on earth or in water, and the produc- ^ tions of pure trees, and oils formed in fruits.
14. ^ Honey and flesh-meat he must avoid, atid all ^ sorts of mushrooms, the plant bhiistrina, that named ^ sigrucoy and the fruit of the slishmdtaca.
15. ^ In the month ^swina let him cast away the ' food of sages, which he before had laid up, and ^ his vesture, then become oW, and his herbs, roots, ^ and fruit.
16. ^ Let hhn not eat the produce of ploughed land, ^ though abandoned by any man, who owns it, nor fruit ^ and roots produced in a town, even though hunger ^ oppress him.
17. ^ He may eat what is mellowed by fire, and ^ he may eat what is ripened by time; and either ^ let him break hard fruits with a stone, or let his ^ teeth serve as a pestle.
18. ^ Either let him pluck enough for a day, or ^ let him gather enough for a month; or let him col- ^ lect enough for six months, or lay up enough for ' a year;
19. ^ Having procured food, as he is able, he may * eat it at eve or in the morning; or he may take
' only
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174 ON DEVOTION; OR ON THE
CHAP. ^ only every fourth, or every eighth, smdi regular ^'- ' meal ;
20. ^ Or, by the rules of the lunar penance, he may ^ eat a mouthful less each day of the bright, and
* a mouthful more each day of the dark fortnight ; or ^ he may eat only once, at the close of each fort- ' night, a mess of boiled grains :
21. ^ Or he may constantly live on flowers and roots, ' and on fruit matured by time, which has fallen ' spontaneously, strictly observing the laws ordained
* for hermits.
22. ^ Let him slide backwards and forwards on the ^ grounds or let him stand a whole day on tiptoe; ^ or let him continue in motion rising and sitting alter- ^ nately ; but at sunrise, at noon, and at sunset, let ^ him go to the waters and bathe.
23. ' In the hot season, let him sit exposed to five ^ fires, four blazing around him with the sun above; ^ in the rains, let him stand uncovered, without even a
* mantle y where the clouds pour the heaviest showers j ' in the cold season, let him wear humid vesture; and ^ let [him increase by degrees the austerity of his ^ devotion :
24. * Performing his ablution at the three Savanas, ^ let him give satisfaction to the manes and to the ^ gods; and, enduring harsher and harsher mortifica* ^ tions, let him dry up his bodily frame.
25. ' Then
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THIRD AND FOURTH ORDERS. 175
" ^. * Then, having reposited his holy fires, as the chap. ^ law directs, in his mind, let him live without e^- ^ ' ^ temal fire, without a mansion, wholly silent, feeding ^ on roots and fruit ;
26. ^ Not solicitous for the means of gratification, ^ chaste as a student, sleeping on the bare earth, in
* the haunts of pious hermits, without one selfish affec- ^ tion, dwelling at the roots of trees.
27. * From devout Brdhmens let him receive alms ^ to support life, or from other housekeepers of twice- ^ born classes, who dwell in the forest :
28. * Or the hermit may bring food from a town, ' having received it in a baricet of leaves, in his naked ^ hand, or in a potsherd; and then let him swallow ^ eight mouthfuls.
29. \ These and other rules must a Brdhmen^ who
* retires to the woods, diligently practise; and, for
* the purpose of uniting his soul with the Divine ^ Spirit, let him study the various Upamshads of scrip- ^ ture, or chapters on the essence and attributes of Gody
30. ^ Which have been studied with reverence by an- ' chorites versed in theology, and by housekeepers, ^ who dwelt afterwards in forests, for the sake of in- ^ creasing their sublime knowledge and devotion, and ' for the purification of their bodies.
31. ^ Or, if he has any incurable disease ^ let him ' advance in a straight path, towards the invincible ^ north eastern point, feeding on water and air, till
' his
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176 ON DEVOTION; OR ON THE
^^^^' ^ *^is mortal frame totally decay, and his soul become ' united with the Supreme.
32. * A Brahmen^ having shuffled oflF his body by ^ any of those modes, which great sages practised, ^ and becoming void of sorrow and fear, rises to ^ exaltation in the divine essence^
33. ^ Having thus performed religious acts in a forest ^ during the third portion of his life, let him become ^ a SannydH for the fourth portion of it, abandoning ^ all sensual affections, and wholly reposing in the Su* ' preme Spirit:
34. * The man. who has passed from order to order,
* has made oblations to fire on his respective changes ^ of state, and has kept his members in subjection, ' but, tired with so long a course of giving alms and ^ making offerings, thus reposes himself entirely on ^ God, shall be raised after death to glory.
35. ^ When he has paid his three debts to the sages, ^ 'the manes, and the gods, let him apply his mind to
* final beatitude ; but low shall He fall, who presumes ^ to seek beatitude, without having discharged those ^ debts :
36. ' After he has read the V^das in the form pre- ^ scribed by law, has legally begotten a son, and has ^ performed sacrifices to the best of his power, he ' has paid his three debts, and may then apply his ' heart to eternal bliss;
37. ^ But if a Brdhmen have not read the Veda, if
' he
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• THIRD AND FOURTH ORDERS. ' 177
* he have not begotten a son, and if he have not chap. ^ performed sacrifices, yet shall aim at final beatitude, ^^-
^ he shall sink to* a place of degradation.
38. * Having performed the sacrifice of Prajapati, ^ accompanied with a gift of all his wealth, and hav- ^ ing reposited in his mind the sacrificial fires, a Brdh-
* men may proceed from his house, that ^, from the
* second order, or he may proceed even from the first, to
* the condition of a Sanmj&si.
39. ^ Higher worlds are illuminated with the glory ^ of that man, who passes from his house into the
* fourth order, giving exemption from fear to all ani-
* milted beings, and pronouncing the my stick words of ' the V4da :
40. * To the Brdhmen, by whom not even the smallest ^ dread, has been occasioned by sentient creatures, there
* can be no dread from any quarter whatever, when ' he obtains a release from his mortal body.
41. ^ Departing from ^is house, taking with him : ' pure implements, his water-pot and staff, keeping
' silence,, unallured by desire of the objects near him,
* let him enter into the fourth order.
,42. ^ Alone let him constantly dwell, for the sake ^ of his own felicity, observmg the happiness of a ^ solitary man, who neither , forsakes nor is forsaken, ' let ^im live without a companion.
43. * Let him have no culinary fire, no domicil; let
* him, when very hungry, go to the town for food;
2 a Met
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178 ON DBVOTIOK; OR ON THE
CHAP. ^ let him p«liently bear disease; let his mind be firmi ^^' ' let Mm study to know God, and fix )m attention * on God alone.
44. * An earthen water-pot, the roots of large trees, ^ coarse vesture^ total soUtude, equanimity toward all ^ creatures, these are the efaaracteristicks of a Brih- ^ men set free.
45. ' Let him not wish for death; let him not wish ^ for life; let him expect his appointed time, as a ' hired servant expects his wages.
46. ^ Let him advance his foot purified by looking ^ down, lest he touch any thing impure; let him drink ^ water purified by straining with a cloth, leH he hurt ^ some insect ; let him, if he chuse to speak y utter words ' puarified by truth; let him by all means keep his ^h^ort purified
47. * Let him bear a reproachful speech with pa- ^ tience; let him speak reproachfully to no man; let
! ^ him not, on accoimt of this frml and feverish body, ^ engage in hostility with any one living.
48. ^ With an angiy man let him not in his turn be ^ angry; abused, let him speak mildly; nor let him ^ utter a word relating to vain, illusory things and ' coiifined witihm seven gales, the jwe orgtms of sense, ^ the heart and the itdeUect ; or this world , with three ^ above and three bebm it.
49. ' DdBghted with meditating on the Supreme ' Spirit, mtling^ fixed in such neditalioii, widraut uMd-
' ing
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THIRD AND FOURTH ORDERS. IW
' ing any thing earthly ^ without (me senmial desire, OHA^^ ^ without any companion but his own soul, let him ^'^' ^ live in this world seeking the bliss of the next.
50. ^ Neither by explaining omens and prodigies, ^ nor by skill in astrology and palmestry, nor by ^ oasuistry and expositions of holy texts, let him at ^ any time gain his daily support.
51. ^ Let him not go near a house frequented by ^ hermits, or priests, or burds, or dogs, or other beg-
* gars.
52. ^ His hair, nails, and beard being clipped, bear- ^ ing with him a dish, a stafF^ and a water-pot, his ^ whole mind being fixed on God, let him wander ^ about continually, without giving pain to ammal or ^ vegetable beings.
^ 53. ^ His dishes must have no fracture, nor must ^ they be made of bright metals: the purification or- ^ dained for them must be with water alone, like that ^ of the vessels for a sacrifice.
54. ^ A gourd, a wooden bowl, an earthen dish, or ^ a basket made of reeds, has Menu, son of the Self- ^ existing, declared fit vessels to receive the food of
* Brdhmens devoted to Grod.
55. * Only once a day let him demand food; let ^ him not habituate him to eat much at a time ; for ^ an anchorite, habituated to eat much, becomes in- ' clined to sensual gratifications.
56. ^ At the time when the smoke of kitchen ires
2 A 2 'has
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180 ON DEVOTION; OR ON THE
CHAP. ^ has ceased, when the pestle lies moti6iiles&, when ^^ ^ the burning charcoal is extinguished, when people . ' have eaten, and when, dishes are removed, ihoU is, ' late in the day^ let the Sannydsi always beg food.
57. ^ For missing it, let him not be sorrowful; nor ^ for gaining it, let him be glad ; let him care only ^ for a sufficiency to support life, but let him not be ^ anxious about his utensils.
58. * Let him constantly disdain to receive food
* after humble reverence ; since, by receiving it in con- \ sequence of an humble saliitation, a Sannyiist, though
* free, becomes a captive.
59. * By eating little and by sitting in solitary places, 'let him restrain those organs, which are naturally
* hurried away by sensual desires.
60. ' By the coercion of his members, by the absence
* of hate and aflFection, and by giving no pain to sen-
* tient creatures,' he becomes fit for immortality.
61. ' Let him reflect on the' transmigrations of men ' caused by their sinful deeds, on their downfal into
* a region of darkness, and their torments in the man-
* sion of Yama;
62. ' On their separation from those, whom they love, ^ and their union with those, whom they hate, on their ' strength overpowered by old age, and their bodies ^ racked with disease;
63. ^ On their agonizing departure from this cor-
^ poreal
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THIBD AND FOURTH ORoiSRS. 181
^ poreal frame, their formation again in the womb, and chap. ' the glidings of this vital spirit through ten thousand ^^* ^ millions ^ of uterine passives ;
64, ^ On the misery attached to embodied spirits ' from a violation of their duties, and the unperishable > bliss attached to them from their abundant perform- ^ ance of all duties, religious and civil
66. * Let him reflect also, with exclusive application
* of mind, on the subtil , indivisable essence of the ^ Supreme Spirit, and its complete existence in all ^ beings, whether extremely high or extremely low.
66. * Equal-minded towards all creatures, in what ^ order soever he mmf have been placed, let him fully
* discharge his duty, though he bear not the visible ^ marks of his order : the visible mark, ot mere namey ^ of his order, is by no means an effective discharge ^ of his duty;
67..* As, although the fruit of the tree cataca pu-
* rify water, yet a man cannot purify water by merely ' pronouncing the name of that fruit: he must throw ^ ity when pounded, into the jar.
68. ' For the sake of preserving minute animals by
* night and by day, let him walk, though with pain
* to his own body, perpetually looking on the ground.
69. * Let a Sannydsi, by way of expiation for the
* death of those creatures, which he may have de- ^ stroyed uftknowingly by day or by night, make six ^ suf^resdons of iiis breath, having duly bathed :
70. ' Even
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1B2 OV DBTOnON; OR OK TUB
CHAP. 70.
^' ' cording to the divint rule, aecompanied with the
' triverbal phrase (hhur kkuMih swahj and the triliteral
^ syllable O^Jf ^^Y b^ considered as the h^hest de-
^ votion of a Brdhmen;
71. ^ Eor as the dross and impurities of metallick ' ores are eonmmied by fire, thus are the sinful acts ^ of the human organs consumed by suppressions of ^ the breath, while the mystick words, and the measures
* of the g&yatri are revolved in the mmd.
72. ^ Let him thus, by such suppressions of breath, ^ bnm away his offences; by reflecting intensely on
the steps of ascent to beatitude, let him destroy ^ sins by coercing his members, let him restrain all ^ sensual attachments; by meditating on the intimate ' union qf his own soul and the divine essence, let ^ him extinguish all qualities repugnant to the na* ' ture of GrOD.
7du ^ Let him observe, witii extreme application of ^ mfaid, the pro^press of this internal s[»rit through ^ various bodies, high and low; a progress hard to ^ be discerned by men with unimproved intellects.
, 74. ^ He, who fully understands the perpetual om- ^ nipresence of God, can be led no more captive by ^ criminal acts; but he, who possesses not that sub- ^ lime knowledge, shall wander again through the
* world.
75^ ^ By iiyuiing noAing animated, by subduing all
^ sensual
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THIRD AND FOUETH OaDBBS. 183
^ teBAttatl habits^ by de¥ . ^ and by rigoroua nmrtifi^ations, men obtam^ even in ^* ^ this life, the state of beatitude.
76. ' A manaion with bones for its rafters and ^ beams; with nerves and tendons^ for cords; with ^ muscles and bloody for mortar; with skin, for its
* outward covering; filled with no sweet perfume, ^ but loaded with feces and urine ;
77. ^ A mansion infested by age and by sorrow, ^ the seat of malady, harassed with pains, hauixted ' with the quality of darkness, and incapaUe of stand-
* ing long; such a mansion of the vital soul let its ^ occupier always cheerfully quit :
78. ^ As a tree leaves the bank of a river, whm it
* fails in, or as a bird leaves the brands of a tree at ^ his pleasure, thus he^ who leaves his body hf neces- ^ sity or by legal choice, is delivered frc«n the rav^i- ^ ing shark, or crocodile, of the world.
79. ' Letting his good acts descend (by the law of ^ the Vhda^ to those, who love him^ and his e^ ^ deeds^, to thos ^ through devout meditation, the eternal spirit.
80. ^ Whffliy having well conmlered the nature and ^ consequence of sin, he becomes averse from all sen- ^ sual delights, he then attains bliss in this world; ^ bliss, which shall endure after dea^
81. ^ Thus having gradui^ abandoned aU earthly ' attachments^ and indiiEerent te aU paira
^ things
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194 ' ON DEVOTION; OR ON THE
CHAP, ^things, €Ls honour and dishonour^ and the like, he ^^' ^ remains absorbed in the divine essence.
82. ^ All, that has now been declared, is obtained ^ by pious meditation ; but no man, who is ignorant ^ of the Supreme Spirit, can gather the fruit of mere ^ ceremonial acts.
83. * Let him constantly study that part of the ^ Veda, which relates to sacrifice ; that, which treats
* of subordinate deities ; that, which reveals the na- ^ ture of the Supreme God ; and whatever is declared
* in the Upanishads.
84. * This holy scripture is a sure refuge even for ^ those, who understand not its meaning, and of ^ course for those, who understand it ; this P^eda is a ^ sure resource for those, who seek bliss above ; this ^ is a sure resource for those, who seek bliss eternal.
85. * ThatBrahmen, who becomes 9l Sannydsi by this ^ discipline, announced in due order, shakes oflF sin
* here below, and reaches the Most High.
86. ^ This general law has been revealed to you ^ for anchorites with subdued minds : now learn the
* particular discipline of those who become recluses ^ according to the Veda, that is, of anchorites in the
* first of the four degrees.
87- ^ The student, the married man, the hermit,
* and the anchorite, are the ofiTspring, though in four ^ orders, of married men keeping house ;
88. • And all, or even any, of those ordcfrs, assumed
* m-
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THIRD AND FOURTH ORDERS. 186
* in tlieit turn, according to the sacred ordinances^ chap. ' lead the Brahmen^ who acts by the preceding rules,
^ to the highest mansion :
89. ^ But of all those, the house-keeper, observing ^ the regulations of the Sruti and iSmn/i, may be
* called the chief; since he supports the three other
* orders.
90. ^ As all rivers, female and male, run to their ^ determined place in the sea, thus men of aD other ^ orders, repair to their fixed p]ace in the mansion of
* the house-keeper.
91. ^ By Brdhmensj placed in these four orders, a f ten-fold system of duties must ever be sedulously
* practised :
92. ^ Content, returning good for evil, resistance to ^ sensual appetites, abstinence from illicit gain, puri-
* fication, coercion of the oi^ans, knowledge of scrip-
* ture, knowledge of the Supreme Spirit, veracity, ^ and freedom from wrath, form their tenfold system Vof duties.
^* * T Such Brdhmensy as attentively read the ten from ^ts of duty, and after reading, carefully prac- ^ J^assegjiem, attain the most exalted condition.
94. ^ A Br6hmen having practised, with organs under ^ command, this ten-fold system of duty, having heard ' the Upanishads explained, as the law directs, and ^ who has discharged his three debts, may become an
2 b • * anchorite.
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186 ON DEVOTION, Ac
qHAP. ^ anchorite, tn the house of hU san^ {tccording to the v^- ' Vdda;
95. ^ And, having abandoned all ceremonial acts, ' having expiated all his offences, having obtained a ^ command over his organs, and having perfectly ^ understood the scripture, he may live at his ease, ' while the household affairs are conducted by his ^ son.
96. ^ When he thus has relinquished all forms, is * intent on his own occupation, and free from every ^ other desire, when, by devoting himself to God, he ^ has effaced sin, he then attains the supreme path of ' glory.
97- ' This four-fold regulation for the sacerdotal ' class, has thus been made known to you; a just ^ regulation, producing endless fruit after death: next, ^ learn the duty of kings, or the military elasa.
eclubv. f in the
CHAP.
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CHAP. VII.
On Government^ and Publick Law ; or on the Military Class.
1. M WILL fully declare the duty of kings; and show chap.
* how a ruler of men should conduct himself. In what ^il
* manner he was framed, and how his ultimate re- ^ ward may be attained hy him.
2. * By a man of the military class, who has received ^ in due form the investiture which the /^cfa prescribes, ^ great care must be used to maintain the whole assetn- ^ hlage of laws.
3. ^ Since, if the world had no king, it would quake ^ on all sides through fear, the ruler of this universe^ ^ therefore, created a king, for the maintenance of this ^ system, both religious and civil,
4. ^ Forming him of eternal particles drawn from the
* substance of Indra, Pavana, Yama, Su'rya, of Agni
* and Varuna, of Chandra and Cuvera:
b. ^ And since a king was composed of particles drawn ^ from those chief guardian deities, he consequently sur- ^ passes all mortals in glory.
6. ^ like the sun, he bums eyes and hearts; nor ^ can aoy human creature on earth even gaze on him.
7. * He t* fire and air ; he, both sun and moon ; he, ^ the god of criminal justice ; he, the genius of wealth ;
2 B 2 * he.
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188 ON GOVERNMENT; OR ON
CHAP. ^ he, the r^ent of waters; he^ the lord of the firmar ^^- ' ment.
8. ^ A king, even though a child, must not be treated ^ lightly, from an idea that he ifi^ a mere mortal : no ; ^ he is a powerful divinity, who appears in a human
* shape.
9. ^ Fire burns only one person, who carelessly goes ^ too near it; but the fire of a king in wrath bums ^ a whole family, with all their cattle and goods.
10. ^ Fully considering the business before him, his ^ own force, and the place, and the time, he assumes ' in succession all sorts of forms, for the sake of ^ advancing justice.
11. ^ He, sure, must be the perfect essence of ma- ^ jesty, by whose favour Abundance rises on her lotos, ^ in whose valour dwells conquest; in whose anger, ^ death.
12. ^ He, -who shews hatred of the king, through ^ delusion of mind, will certainly perish; for speedily ' will the king apply his heart to that man's perdi- ^ tion.
13. ^ Let the king prepare a just compensation for ' the good, and a just punishment for the bad: the ^ rule of strict justice let him never transgress.
14. * For his use Brahma' formed in the beginning of
* time the genius of punishment, with a body of pure \ light, his own son, even abstract criminal justice, the ^ protector of all created things:
15. ' Through
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THE MILITARY CLASS. 189
16. * Through fear of that geniua, iiU sentient i)eing8^ chap. ^ whether fixed or locomotive, are fitted for natural ^^* ^ eigoyiQjents and swferve not firom duty-
16. ^ When the king, therefore, has fully considered ' place and time, and his own strength, Mid the divine ^ ordinance, let him justly inflict punishment on all those, ^ who act unjustly.
17. * Punishment is an active ruler; he is the true ^ manager of publick a£fairs; he is the dispenser of ^ laws; and wise men call him the sponsor of all
* the four orders for the discharge of their several ^ duties.
18. ^ Punishment governs all mankind; punishment ^ alone preserves them; punishment wakes, while their ^ guards are asleep; the wise consider punishment as ^ the perfection of justice.
19. ^ When rightly and considerately inflicted, it ' makes all the people happy; but, inflicted without
* fiill consideration, it wholly destroys them all.
20. * If the king were not, without indolence, to ^ punish the guilty, the stronger would roast the weaker, ^ like fish, on a spit ; (oVy according to one readings the ^ stronger would oppress the weaker, like fish in their ^ element;)
21. * The crow would peck the consecrated oflfering
* of rice; the dog would lidc the clarified butter; owner-
* ship would remain with none; the lowest would ^ overset the highest.
22. ' The
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190 ON GOVERNMENT j 0» ON
CHAP. 22. ^ The whole rai» of men is k^t m order by
^^^' ^ punishment ; for a guiltless man is hard to be found :
^ through fear of punishment, indeed, this uniyerse is
^ enabled to enjoy its blessings;
29. ^ Deities and demons, heavenly songsters and ^ cruel giants, birds and serpents, are made capable,
* by just correction, of their several enjoyments.
24. ^ AU classes would become corrupt ; all barriers
* would be destroyed, there would be total confusion ^ among men, if punishment either were not inflicted^
* or were inflicted unduly:
25. ^ But where ptinishment, with a black hue and ^ a red eye, advaoces to destroy sin, there, if the judge ^ discern well^ the people are imdisturbed*
26. ' Holy sages consider as a fit cQspenser of cri- ^ minal justice, that king, who invariably speaks truth, ^ who dtdy considers all cases, who understands the ^ sacred books, who knows the distinctions of virtue, ' pleasure, and riches ;
27* ^ Such a king, if he justly inflict legal punish- ^ mentSy greatly increases those three means oi happi^^ ^ ness; but punishment itself shall destroy a king,
* who is crafty, voluptuous, and wrathful:
28. ^ Criminal justice, the bright essence of majesty, ^ and hard to be supported by men with uninq)roved ^ minds, eradicates a king, who swerves from his ' duty, together with all his race:
29. ^ Punishment shall overtake his castles, his ter-
^ ritories,
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THE MILITARY CLASS. 191
* ritories^ liis peopled land, with all fixed and move- chap, ^ able things, that exist on it : even the gods and the ^"*
' sages, who lose their oblations, will be afflicted and ^ ascend to the sky.
30. ^ Just panishment cannot be inflicted by an ig- ^ norant and covetous king, who has no wise and ^ virtuous assistant, whose understanding has not been ^ improved, and whose heart is addicted to sen* ^ suality:
'•^'31. ^ By a king, wholly pure, faithful to his promise, ^ observant of the serqitures, with good aacdstants and ^ sound understanding, may punishment be justly in- ' flicted
32. ^ Let him in his own domains act with justice, ^ diastise foragn foes with rigour, behave without ^ duplicity to his affecticmate friends, and with lenity ^ to JBrdhmena.
33. ^ Of a king thus disposed, even though he sub* ^ sist by gleaning, or, be his treasure ever so small, the ^ fame is far spread in the world, like a drop of
* oil in water;
34. ^ But of a king with a contrary disposition, ^ with passions unsubdued, be his riches ever so great, ^ the fame is contracted in the world, like clarified ^ butter in the same el^nent.
35. ^ A king was created as the protector of all ^ those classes and orders, who, from thefirst to the ^ last, discharge their several duties;
36. * jind
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192
ON GOVERNMENT 5 OR ON
CHAP. VII.
36. ^ ^nd all, that must be done by him, for the protection of his people, with the assistance of good ministers, I will declare to you, as the law directs, in due order.
37. ^ Let the king, having risen at early dawn, respectfully attend to Brdhmens, learned in the three VSdMy and in the science of ethicks ; and by their decision let him abide.
38. * CJonstantly must he show respect to Brdh- mensy who have grown old, both in years and in piety y who know the scriptures, who in body and mind are pure; for he, who honours the aged, will perpetually be honoured even by cruel demons:
39. ^ From them, though he may have acquired modest behaviour by his own good sense and by study y let him continually learn habits of modesty and com- posure; since a king, whose demeanour is humble and composed, never perishes.
40. ^ While, through want of such humble virtue, many kings have perished with all their possessions, and, through virtue united with modesty, even her- mits have obtained kmgdoms.
41. * Through want of that virtuous humility Vb'na was utterly ruined, and so was the great king Na- HUSHA, and Suda'sa, and Yavana, (or, by a Afferent reading y and Suda'man, the son of Pi yavana) and Sumac' HA, and Nimi;
42. * But, by virtues with humble behaviour, Pbff'hu
^ and
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THE MILITARY CLASS. 193
^ and Menu acquired sovereignty; Cuve'ra^ wealth in- 6uap. * exhaustible ; and Viswa'mitba, son of Ga'dhi^ the ^'• ^ rank of a priest, though ham in the military class.
43. * From those, who know the three VSda^j let ^ him learn the triple doctrine comprised in them, ^ together with the primeval science of criminal justice ^ and sound policy, the system of logick and metaphy- ^ sicks, and sublime theological truth : from the people ^ he must learn the theory of agriculture, commerce, ^ and other practical arts.
44. * Day and night must he strenuously exert him- ^ self to gain complete victory over his own organs; ^ since that king alone, whose oi^ans are completely ^ subdued, can keep his people firm to their duty.
45. ^ With extreme care let him shun eighteen vices, ^ ten proceeding from love of pleasure, eight springing ^ from wrath, and all ending in misery;
46. ^ Since a king, addicted to vices arising from ^ love of pleasure, must lose both his wealth and his ^ virtue, and, addicted to vices arising from anger, ^ he may lose even his life from the publick resent- ^ ment.
47. ^ Hunting, gaming, sleeping by day, censuring ^ rivals, excess with women, intoxication, singing, in- ^ strumental musick, dancing, and useless travel, are * the ten-fold set of vices produced by love of plea- ^ sure :
2 c 48, ^ Tale.
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Id4 ON GOVERNMENT; OB ON
CHAP. 48. ^ IVilebearmg, violence, insidious wounding, envy,
^^- * detraction, unjust seizure of property, reviling, and
^ open amault are in like manner the eight-fold set
* of vices, to which anger gives birth,
49. ' A selfish inclination, which all wise men know ^ to be the root of those two sets, let him suppress ^ with diligence: both sets of vices are constantly
* produced by it.
50. * Drinking, dice, women, and hunting, let him ^ consider as the four most pernicious in the set,
* which love of pleasure occasions:
51. ' Battery, defamation, and injury to property, ^ let him always consider as the three most heinous in ' the set, which arises from wrath;
52. ' And in tiiis seven-fold assemblage of vices, ^ too frequently picrrailing in all kingdoms, let an ^ enlightened prince consider the first, and so forth in ^ order, as the most abominable in each set.
53. ^ On a con^arison between death and vice, the ^learned pronounce vice the more dreadful; since, ^ after death, a vicious man ednks to regions lower
* and lower, while a man, free from vice, reaches ' heaven.
54. ^ The king must aj^int seven or eight minis- ^ ter$, who must be sworn hy touching a saered image ^ and the like; men, whose ancestors were servants ^ of kings ; who are versed in the holy books ; who
^ are
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THE MLITARY CLASS. 195
' are personally brave; who are skilled m the use of chap. ^ weapons; and whose lineage is npble. ^^^'
55. * Even an act easy in itself is hard sometimes
* to be performed by a single man, especially if he ^ have no assistant near: how much harder muH it be ^ to perform alone the business of a kingdom with great ^ revenues!
56. * Let him perpetually consult with those minis-
* ters on peace and war, on his forces, on his reve-
* nulBs, on the protection of his people, and on the ^ means of bestowing aptly the weisdth which he has ^ acquired :
57. * Having ascertained the several opinions of his ^ counsellors, first apart and then collectively, let him ^ do what is most beneficial for him in publick affairs.
58. ^ To one learned Brdhmen^ distinguished among ^ them all, let the king impart his momentous counsel,
* relating to six principal articles.
59. ^ To him, with full confidence, let him intrust ^ all transactions; and with him, having taken his ^ final resolution, let him begin all his measures.
60. ^ He must likewise appoint other officers; nen ^ of integrity, well informed, steady, habituated to gain
* wealth, by lK>nourable means, and tried by expe- ^ rience.
61. ^ As many officers as the due performance of ^ "^his business requires, not slothful men, but active,
2 c 2 ' able.
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CHAP. VII.
196 ON GOVERNMENT ; OR ON
able, and well instructed, so many, and no more, let him appoint.
62. ^ Among those let him employ the brave, the skilful, the well-bom, and the honest, in his mines of gold or gems, and in other similar works for amassing wealth; but the pusillanimous, in the re- cesses of his palace.
63. ^ Let him likewise appoint an ambassador versed in all the Sdstrasy who understands hints, external sign^, and actions, whose hand and heart are pure, whose abilities are great, and whose birth was il- lustrious :
64. ^ That royal ambassador is applauded most, who is generally beloved, pure within and without, dex- terous in business, and endued with an excellent memory; who knows countries and times, is hand- some, intrepid, and eloquent.
65. * The forces of the realm must be immediately regulated by the commander in chief; the actual infliction of punishment, by the officers of criminal justice; the treasury and the country, by the king himself; peace and war, by the ambassador;
66. ^ For it is the ambassador alone who unites, who alone disjoins the united ; that is, he transacts the business, by which kingdoms are at variance or in amity.
67. ^ In the transaction of aflfairs let the ambassador * comprehend the visible signs and hints, and discover
' the
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THE MILITARY CLASS. 197
* the acts, of the foreign king, by the signs, hints, chap.
* and acts of his confidential servants, and the mea- ^'
* sures, which that king wishes to take, by the character- ^ and conduct of his ministers.
68. * Thus, having learned completely /i'om his dm- ' hcLssador all the designs of the foreign prince, let ^ the king so apply his vigilant care, that he bring ^ no evil on himself.
69. ^ Let him fix his abode in a district containing ^ open champaigns ; abounding with grain ; inhabited
* chiefly by the virtuous ; not infected with maladies ; ^ beautiful to the sight ; surrounded by submissive ^ mountaineers^ foresters ^ or other neighbours; a coun- ^ try, in which the subjects may live at ease.
70. ^ There let him reside in a capital, having, by
* way of a fortress, a desert rather more than twenty ^ miles round it^ or a fortress of earth, a fortress of ^ water, or of trees, a fortress of armed men, or a ^ fortress of mountams.
71. ' With all possible care let him secure a fortress ' of mountains; for, among those just mentioned, a ^ fortress of mountains has many transcendent pro-
* perties.
72. ^ In the three first of them live wild beasts, ^ vermin, and aquatick animals; in the three last, ^ apes, men, and gods, in order as they are named:
73. ^ As enemies hurt them not in the shelter of ' their several abodes, thus foes hurt not a king, who
^ has
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198 . ON OOVERNBIBMT; CWl ON
CHAP. ^ has taken refuge in his dkrga, or place of dificulf ' * €u:cess.
74. ^ One bowman^ placed on a wall, is a match ,^ in war for a hundred enemies; and a hundred, for ' ten thousand; therefore is a fort recommended.
75. * Let that fort be supplied with weapons, with
* money, with grain, with beasts, \dth BrdhmenSy with ^ artificers, with engines, with grass, and with water.
76. ^ In the centre of it let him raise his own ^ palace, well finished in all its parts, completely de- ^ fended, habitable in every season, brilliant with white ' stucco, surrounded with water and trees:
77. ^ Haying prepared it for his mansion, let him ^ chuse a consort of the same class with himself, en- ^ dued with all the bodily marks of excellence, bom ^ of an exalted race, captivating his heart, adorned ' with beauty and the best qualities.
78. ^ He must appoint also a domestick priest, and ^ retain a performer of sacrifices, who may solemnize ^ the religious rites of his family, and those performed
* with three sacred fires.
79. ' Let the king make sacrifices, accompanied with ' gifts of many different kinds; and, for the fiill dis-
' leg€U enjoyments and moderate wealth.
80. * His annual revenue he may reodve from his

* m
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' in this world observe the diyime orcliiuaicea ; let him chap. ^ act as a fiath^ to his pec^le. ^^•
81. ' Here and there he must appoint m^y norts ' of Hitelligent snpervison, who may inspect all the ' acts of the officers engaged in his business.
82. ^ To Brdhmem returned from the mansions of ' their preceptors, let him show d«e rei^pect; for that ' is called a precious nnperi^hable g^m, deposited by ^ kings with the sacerdotal clas9:
83. ^ It is a gem, which neither thieves or foes take ' away; wlmh oev^ perishes: kingp must, therefore^ ^ deposit with Brdhmens that indestructible jewel of ' respectful presents.
84. ^ An Qblati0^ in the mouth, or hand^ of a Brdh- ^ men, is far better thap offerings to holy fire : it ' never drops ; it never dries ; it is never consumed.
85. ^ A gift, to one not a BrdhmeUy produces fruit ^ of a middle standard; to one who calls himself a ^ Brdhmen, double; to a well-read Brahmeny a hun- ^ dred thousand-fold; to one who has read all the ' ^VedaSy infinite.
86. ^ Of a gift made witii faith in the SAstra^ to a ^ person highly deserving it, the giver shall induhitaUy ^ gain the fruit after death, be the present small or ^ great.
87. ^ A KiNG^ 'wlifile he projbtteto Ins people, being ^ defied fay an eseviy of eqsaL, greater, er less foroe,
^ must
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200 ON (GOVERNMENT ; OR ON
CHAP. ^ must by no means turn his face from battle^ but ^^ ^ must remember the duty of his military class:
88. ^ Never to recede from combat^ to protect the ^ people^ and to honour the priests, is the highest duty ' of kings and ensures their felicity.
89. * Those rulers of the earth, who, desirous of ' defeating each other, exert their utmost strength in ' battle, without ever averting their faces, ascend after
* death directly to heaven.
90. ^ Let no man, engaged in combat, smite his
* foe with sharp weapons concealed in woody nor with ' arrows mischievously barbed, nor with poisoned ar- ^ rows, nor with darts blazing with fire;
91. ^ Nor let him in a car or on horseback strike his ^ enemy alighted on the ground; nor an effeminate ' man ; nor one, tuho sues for life with closed palms ; ^ nor one, whose hair is loose and obstructs his sight; ^ nor one, who sits down fatigued; nor one, who says,
I am thy captive ;^^
i a
\
92. * Nor one, who sleeps; nor one, who has lost
* his coat of mail ; nor one, who is naked ; nor one, who
* is disarmed; nor one, who is a spectator, but not ^ a combatant; nor one, who is fighting with another ^ man :
93. ^ Calling to mind the duty of honourable men, ^ let him never slay one, who has broken his weapon; ^ nor one, who is afflicted with private sorrow; fior
' one.
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THE MILITARY CLASS- 201
* one^ vAko has been gkw ^y wounded; nor one, chap.
* who ^8 terrified; nor oneW -^ turns his back. ^ii.
94. ^ The soldier, indeed, who, fearing and turning ^ his back, happens to be slain by his foes in an ^ engagement, shall take upon himself all the sin of ^ his commander, whatever it be }
95. * And the commander shall take to himself the
* fruit of all the good conduct, which the soldier, ^ who turns his back and is killed, had previously ^ stored up for a future life.
96. ^ Cars, horses, elephants, umbrellas, habiliments, ^ except the jewels which may adorn them, grain, cattle, ^ women, all sorts of liquids and metals, except gold ^ and silver, are the lawful prizes of the man who ^ takes them in war;
97. * But of those prizes, the captors must lay the ^ most valuable before the king; such is the rule in ^ the Feda concerning them ; and the king should dis- ^ tribute among the whole army what has not been ^ separately taken.
98. * Thus has been declared the blameless primeval ^ law for military men; from this law a king must ^ never depart, when he attacks his foes in battle.
99. * What he has not gamed from his foe^ let him
* strive to gam; what he has acquired, let him pre- ^ serve with care; what he preserves, let him augment ; ^ and what he has augmented, let hiin bestow on ^ the deserving.
2d 100. ^ This
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2102 ON GOVESNMENT; OB ON

^^^' ^ sider as the store means, of attaining the great object
^ of man, hqjfpin?ss; and let him practise it fiiUy with-
^ opt intentii^sion; witjioijit indolence:
101. ^ What he has not gained^ let him strire to ^ gain by military strength $ what he ims acquired^ let \ him pj^eserve by c^u-eful inspection; what he has pre-
* served, let \nm augnj^jjt by legal modes of increase ; ' and what be has augmented, let him dispense with
* just liberality.
102. *Xet his troops be constantly exercised; his
* prowess, constantly ^splayed; what he ought to se-
* cure, constantly secured; and the weakness of his
* foe, constantly investigated-
103. • By a king, whose forces are alwaya ready for ^ action, the whole world may \f^ kept in awe ; let
* him then, by a force always ready, make all creatiu*es
* living his own.
104. ^ Let him act on all joccasioits witiiont guile, ^ and never with insincerity; but, keying himself ever
* on his guard; lest him discover the fraud intended ^ by his foe.
105. ^ Let not hia euiomy discern his vulnerable part,
* but the vulnerable part of his enemy let him well
* disoern : like a tortoise, let him draw in his mem- ^ b€;rs uMlfr the shell qf con^eaki^ent^ ^ntd diljgently let ' hiBn repau* any breach thfit may be made in it.
106. ^ Like a heron, let him muse on gaining /ad>-
.. ^ vantages;
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THB MIUTABY CLASS. 388
S^Mittgtft; lite a Uoiii let bitn put forth Ub etrettgtih; chap. ^ like a ^olf, let him oreep towards hk prey ; like a ^^ ^ hare^ let hkn double to he&m ln» retreat.
107. * When he thus has prepared himself for con- ^ quest, let him rediioe all opposars to subaussion by ^ negotiation and three other eaq;>edientt, namefy^ pre- ^ setUs^ . dmriswn^ tmdforcB 6f anhs:
108.^ If they cannot be restrained by the three first ^ methods, then let him, firmly but gradually, bring ^ them to subjection by military fierce,
109. * Among thosie four modes of obtaining success,
* the wise prefer negotiation and war for the exalta-
* tion of kingdoms.
110. ^ As a husbandman plucks up weeds and pre- ^ serves his com, thus let a king destroy his opponents ^ and secure his people.
111. * That king, who, through weakness of intellect,
* rashly oppresses his people, will, together with his ^ family, be deprived both of kingdom and life :
112. * As, by the loss pf bodily sustenance^ the lives ^ of anhnated beings are destroyed, thus, by the dis-
* tress of kingdoms, are destroyed even the lives of
* kings.
113. ' For due sake of protQcting his dominions, let ^^ the king perpetually observe the following rules; for, ^ by protecting his dominions^ he wiU increase his ^ own happiness.
^ 2 D 2 114. * Let
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304 ON^JK)VERNMBNT; OR ON
CHAP. 114 ^ Let. him plaoe^ sis the pnMt^otoFS of hkireaim^
^^^' ' a company of guards, conunanded by an approved
' officer, over two, three, five, or a hundred districts,
^ according to their extent.
115.^ Let him appoint a lord of one town with '■ its district, a lord of ten towns, a lord of twenty, ^ a lord of a hundred, and a lord of a thousand.
116. ^ Let the lord of one town certify of his own ^ accord to the lord of ten towns any robberies, tu- \ multsy or other evils, which arise in his district, and ^ which he cannot suppress; and the lord of ten, to the
* lord of twenty:
117. * Then let the lord of twenty towns notify ^ them to the lord of b hundred; and let the lord of ^ a hundred transmit the information himself to the ' lord of a thousand townships.
118. * Such food, drink^ wood, and other articles, ^ as by law should be given each day to the king
* by the inhabitants of the township, let the Iwd of ' one towij receive as his perquisite:
119. • Let the lord of ten towns enjoy the produce ' of two plough-lands, or as much ground as can be ^ tilled with two ploughs y each drawn by siv bulls; the ^ lord of twenty, that of ten*^ plough-lands; the lord ^ of a hundred, that of a village or smaU town; the ^ lord of a thousand, that of a large town.
120. * The affairs of those townships, either jointly
^ or
* See Note on Book VQ verse 119.
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THE MILITARY CLASS. 3^5
* ^r separately transacted, let another minister of the chap.
* kmg inspect ; who should be wfM aflfected, and by ^" ^ no means remiss.
121. * In every large town or city, let him appoint ^ one superintendent of all atfairs, elevated in rank, ^ formidable in power, distinguished as a planet among ^ stars;
122. ^ Let that governor from time to time survey ^ all the rest in person, and, by means of his emis* ^ saries, let him perfectly know their conduct in their ^ several districts.
133. ^ Since the servants of the king, whom he ^ has appointed guardians of districts, are generally ^ knaves, who seixe what belongs to other men, from ^ such knaves let him defend his people:
124. ^ Of such evil-minded servants, as wring wealth ' from subjects attending them on business^ let thjp ^ king confiscate all the possessions, and banish them ; from his realm.
125. * Fob women, employed in the service of the ^ king, and f6r his whole set of menial servants, let ^ him daily provide a msdntenance, in proportion to ^ their station and to their work :
126. ^ One pana of copper must be given each day ^ as wages to the lowest servant, with two cloths for
* apparel every half-year^ and a drdna of grain every ^ month; to the highest must be given wc^es in the ^ ratio qf six to one.
127. ' Having
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CBLJLP. 127. ^ Hatiiwg omertained fcfa^ rates of ptarehme and
^^- ^ sale, /^e /ea^A of the tray, the eicpences of food
' and of condiments, the charges of securing the goods
' carried, and the neat profits of 'trade^^ let the king
^ oblige traders to pay tases on their saleable fomr
^ modities :
128. ^ After full consideration, let a king so levy ^ those taioes eontitiuaUy in his dominions^ that both ' he and the merehant miay r^^ve a just eompensa'^ ^ tion for their several aete.
129. ^ As the leech, the suckling calf, and the bee, ' take their natural food by Uttle and litde, thus liBist
130. * Of cattle, of gems, of gold and silver, added ' each year to the capital stocky a fiftieth part may be ^ taken by the king; of grain, an eighth part, a sixth,
* or a twelfth, according to the diffbrenee of the soil,
* and the labour necessary to ctUtivate it
131. ^ He may also take a sixth part of the clear ^ annual increase of trees, fiesh-meat, honey, clarified
* butter, perfumes, medical substances, liquids^ flowers^
* roots, and fruit,
132. ^ Of gathered leaves, potherbs, grass, utensils ^ made with leather or cane, earthen pots, and all ^ things made of stone.
133. ^ A king, even though dying ^th want, mdst ^ not receive any tax from a Brdktnen le&med in the
' Vedas,
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THE MILITARY CLASS.
^ V44mj wa mSta raoh a Bindkmmy resi^^ in hisf chap. ' territories, to be afflicted with hunger. ^^^
134.^ Of that Ung, in whose dominion a leanled ^ Brdhmen is^ afflioted wjth hunger, the whole kingdom ^ will in a short time be afflicted with &inine.
135. ^ The king, having ascertained his knowledge ^ of scripture and good morals, must allot him a suit- ^ dble maintenapee,^ and protect him on all sides, as ^ a ftither protects his own son :
136. ^ By that religious ^uty, which such a Btdh- ^ men performs each day, under the full protection of ^ &e MMrere%n, the li£e, wealth, and dominions of fhis ivoteekor iriiaU be greatly increased.
137. ' Let the king order a mere trifle fo be paid, ^ in the name of the annual tax, by the meaner in- ^ habitants of his reahn, who subsist by petty traf* * Ach:
138. ^ By low handicraftsmen, artificers, and servile ' men, who support themselves by labour, the king ^ may canse work to be done for a day in each ^ month.
139. ^ Let him not cut up his own root by taking ^ no rwenue^ nor the root of joihet asen by excess of ^ covetomness; fori by evtting up his own root wid ^ theirs f he makes both himself and them wretched-
140. ^ Let him, considering the diversity of cases, ^ be oceaaionaUjf shai^ and occaeiomiify mBd, sin^e a
^ king
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a08 ON GOVERNMENT; OB ON
CHAP. ^ king, duly sharp and mild, becomes universally ap- V ^ proved.
141. ^ When tired of overlooking the stairs of men, ^ let him assign the station of smh an m^ecior to a ^ principal minister, who Well knoi^s his duty, who is ^ eminently learned, whose passions are subdued, and ' whose birth is exalted.
142. ^ Thus must he protect his people^ discharging, ^ with great exertion and without languor, all those ^ duties, which the law requires him to perform.
143. ^ That monarch, whose subjects are carried from ^ his kingdom by ruffians, while they call i^ud for ^ protection, and he barely looks on them with his ^ ministers, is a dead, and not a living king.
144. ^ The highest duty of a military man is the ^ defence of his people, and the. king who- receives ^ the consideration just mentioned, is bound to dis- ^ charge that duty. ^
145. ^ Having risen in the last watch of the night, ^ his body being pure, and his mind attentive^ having ^ made oblations to fire, and shown due respect to ' the priests, let him, enter his hall decently splendid:
146. ^ Standing there, let him gratify his sulgects, ' before he dismiss them, with kind looks and words} ^ and, having dismissed them all, let him take secret ^ council with his principal ministers:
147. ^ Ascending up the back of a mountain, or
' going
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THE MILITARY CLASS. ^^
^ going privately to a terraee, a bo(wer, a forest, or chap. ' a lonely place, without listeners, let him consult ^^'
* with them unobsenred.
148. ^ That prince, of whose weighty secrets all as- ^ semblies of men are ignorant, shall attain dominion
* over the whole earth, though at first he possess no ^ treasure.
■ 149. ^ At the time of consultation, let him remove ^ the stupid, the dumb, the blind, and the deaf, talk- ^ ing birds, decrepit old men, women, and infidels, the ^ diseased and the maimed;
150. ^ Since those, who are disgraced in this life ^ by reason of sins formerly committedy are Bs^t to be- ^ tray secret council ; so are talking birds ; and so ^ above all are women : them he must, for that reason, y diligently remove.
151. ^ At noon or at midnight, when his fatigues ^ ' have ceased, and his cares are di^ersed, let bom
* deliberate, with those ministers or alone, on virtue, ^ lawful pleasure, and wealth ;
-152. ^ On the means of reconciling the acquisition ^ of them, when they oppose each other; on bestow- ^ ing his daughters in marriage, and on preserving his ^ sons from evil by the best education ;
153. ^ On sending ambassadors and messengers; on ^ the probable events of his measures; on the beha- ^ viour of his women in the private apartment; and ^ on the acts even of his own emissaries.
2 B 154. ' On
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210 ON OOVERKlfSNT; OE ON
CHAP. 154. ^ On the whole eight-fold busineas
^'' ' lating to ihe revenue, to their ewpence^, to the* good
^ or had conduct of their minisierSy to legiilution in
^ dubious cases, to civil and criminal justice^ and to
* expiations for crimes, let him reflect with the greatest ^ attention; (^ his five sorts of spies, or active and ^ artful youths^ degraded anchorets, distressed husband* ^' men, decayed merchants, and fictitious penitents, whom ' he must pay and see privately ; on the good will or ^ enmity of his neighbours, and on the state of the
* circumjacent countries.
155. ^ On the conduct of that foreign prince, who ^ has moderate strength equal to one ordinary foe, but ^ no match for two; on the dedgns of him, who is
* willing and able to be a conqueror; on the condi*
* tion of him, who is padfick, hut a match even for
* the former unalliedf and on that of his natora/ ene- ^ my, let .him .sedulously meditate :
156. * Those four powers, who, in one word, are
* the root or principal strength ot the countries roimd ^ him, added to eight others, who are called the ' branches, and are as many degrees of allies and op- ^ ponents variously distinguished, are declared to be
* twelve chief objects of the royal consideration ;
157. * And five other heads, namely, their ministers,
* their territories, their strong holds, their treasuries, ^ and their armies, being applied to eiach of those ^ ^ twelve, there are in all, together with thetn, seventy-
* two foreign objects to be carefully investigated.
158. ' Let
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TW MIEITAUT CLASS. 811
158. ^ Let tbie kmg tx)n«der « hostite to him, the chap.
* power immediate^ beyond hiin^ and the favourer of ^^^•
* thBA power ; as amicable, the power next beyrard his ^ natural foe; and as neutral, the powers beyond that ^ circle:
159. ^ All those powers let him ¥endar subsenrient ^ to his interest by mild measures and the other ^ three expedients before mentioned^ either separate or
* united, but pnnc^ally by valour and policy in arms ^ and negotiation.
160. ^ Let him constantly deliberate on the six ^ measures of a military prince, namefy^ waging war, ^ and making peace or alliance, marching to battle, ^ and sitting encamped, distributing his forces, and
* seeking the protection of a more powerful monarch:
161. ^ Having considered the {Posture Of affiiirs, let ^ him occasionally apply to it the measure of sitting ^ inactive^ or of marching to action, of peace, or of ' war, of dividing his force, or of seeking protection.
162. ^ A king must know, that there are two sorts ^ of alliance and war; two, of remaining encamped, ^ and of marching ; two, likewise, of dividing his army, ^ and two of obtwiing protection^ from another power.
163. ^ The two sorts of alliancie> attended with pre- ^ sent and future advantages, are held to be those, ^ when he acts in conjunction with his ally, apd when ^ he acts apart from him.
164. ^ War is declarad to be of two sorts ; when
2 B 2 Mt
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212
ON GOVERNMENT; OH ON
CHAP. VII.
it is waged for an injury to himself^ and when it is waged for an injury to his ally^ with a view to harass the enemy both in season and out of season.
165. ^ Marching is of two sorts^ when destructive acts are done at his own pleasure by himself apart, or when his ally attends him.
166. ^ The two sorts of sitting encamped are, first, when he has been gradually weakened by the Di- vine Power, or by the operation of past sins, and, secondly J when, to favour his ally, he remains in his camp.
167. ^ A detachment commanded by the king in person, and a detachment commanded by a general officer, for the purpose of carrying some important point, are declared by those, who well know the six measures, to be the two modes of dividing his army.
168.^ The two modes of seeking protection, that his powerful support may be proclaimed in all coim- triea, are, firsts when he wishes to be secure from apprehended injury, and, neocty when his enemies actually assail him.
169. ^ When the king knows with certainty, that at some future time his force will be greatly augmented, and when, at the time present, he sustains little injury, let him then have recourse to peaceful mea- sures;
170. ^ But, when he sees all his subjects consider-
' ably
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THE MILITARY CLASS. 213
^ ably firm in strength^ and feek himself highly ex- chap.
* alted in power, let him protect his dominions by ^^•
* war.
171. ^ When he perfectly knows his own troops to ^ be cheerful and well supplied^ and those of his
* enemy quite the reverse, let him eagerly march ^ against his foes;
172. ^ But, when he finds himself weak in beasts of ^ burden and in troops, let him then sit quiet in ^ camp, using great attention, and pacifying his enemy
* by degrees.
173. ^ When a king sees his foes stronger in all ^ respects than himself, let him detach a part of his ^ army, to keep the enemy amtised, and secure his own ' safety in an inaceessible place f
174. ^ But, when he is in all places assailable by ^ the hostile troops, let him speedily seek the protec- ' tion of a just and powerful monarch.
175. ^ Him, who can keep in subjection both his ^ own subjects and his fe>es, let him constantly sooth ^ by all sorts of attentive respect, as he would honour
* his father, natural or spiritual:
176. ^ But if, even in that situation, he find such ^ protection a cause of evil^ let him alone, though
* weak, wage vigorous war without fear.
177. * By all these expedients let a politick prince ' act with such wisdom, that neither allies, neutral
* powers.
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214 ON GOVERNBfENT; OR ON
CHAP. ^ powers^ nor foes^ may gain over him any great ad- ^^- ^ vantage.
178. ^ Perfectly let him consider the state of his ^ kingdom, both actually present and probably future, ^ with the good and bad parts of aD his actions:
179. ^ That king shall never be overcome by his ^ enemies, who foresees the good and evil to ensue ' from his measures ; who, on present occasions, takes his, resolution with prudent speed, and who weighs ' the various events of his past conduct.
180. ^ Let him so arrange all his affairs, that no ' ally, neutral prince, or enemy, may obtain any ad- ^ vantage over him : this, in a few words, is the sum
* of political wisdom.
181. ' When the king begins his march against the ^ domains of his foe, let him gradually advance, in ^ the following manner, against the hostile metro- ^ polls.
182. ^ Let him set out on his expedition in the fine
* month MdrgQs^rsha, or about the month of Phdl- ^ guna and Chaitra, according to the number of hifi ^ forces, that he may find autumnal or vernal crops in
* the country invaded by him:
183. ^ Even in other seasons, when he has a clear
* prospect of victory, and when any disaster has be- ^ fallen his foe, let him advance with the greater part
* of his army.
184. / Having
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THE MIUTARY CLASS. 215
184. ^ Having made a due arrangement of affairs in chap. Miis own cbminions^ and a disposition fit for his en-^ ^'^*
^ terprize, baviiig provided all things necessary for ^ his
* seen all his spies dispatched with propriety,
185. * Having secm'ed the three sorts of ways, over ' water ^ on plainsy and through forests, and placed his
* six-fold army, elephants, cavalry, cars, infantry, offi- ^ cers, and attendants, . in complete military form, let ^ him proceed by fit journeys toward the metropolis
* of his enemy :
186. ^ Let him be much on his guard against every ^ secret jfiiend in the service of the hostile prince, and ^ agdnst emissaries, who go and return; for in such
* friends he may find very dangerous foes.
187- ^ On his march let him form his troops, either ^ like a staff, or in an even column; like a wain, or ^ in a wedge with the apew foremost ; like a boar, or ^ in a rhomb with the van and rear narrow and ihe
* centre broad; like a Macara or sea-monster, that is, ^ in a double triangle with apices joined ; like a needlei,
* or in a long line; or like the bird of Vishnu, that ' is, in a rhomboid with the wings far extended:
188. * From whatever side he apprehends danger, ^ to that side let him extend his troops; and let him ^ always conceal himself in the midst of a squadron
* formed like a lotos-flower.
189. * Let him cause his generals and the chief com-
^ mander
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ON GOVERNMENT; OR ON
CHAP. VII.
mander under himself ^ to act in all quarters; and from whatever side he perceives a design of attack- ing him, to that side let him turn his front.
190. ^ On all sides let him station troops of soldiers, in whom he confides, distinguished by known colours and other marks ; who are! excellent both in sustain- ing a charge and in charging, who are fearless and incapable of desertion.
191. * Let him at ^ his pleasure order a few men to engage in a close phalanx, or a large number of warriours in loose ranks; and, having formed them in a long line like a needle, or in three divisions like a thunderbolt, let him give orders for battle.
192. ^ On a plain, let him fight with his armed cars and horses; on watery places, with manned boats and elephants; on ground full of trees and shrubs, with bows; on cleared ground, with swords and targets, and other weapons.
193. * Men bom in Curucshdtra^ near Indrapresfhay in MatsyUy or Ptrdta, in Panchdla, or Cdnyaouhjaj and in Sriras^na^ in the district of Mafhurhy let him cause to engage in the van ; and men, horn in other countriesj who are tall and light.
194. ^ Let him, when he has formed his troops in array, encourage them with short animated speeches ; and then, let him try them- completely : let him know, likewise, how his men severally exert themselves, while they chaise the foe.
195. * If
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THE MILITARY CLASS. 217
195. * If he block i^p his enemy, let him sit en- chap. ^ camped, and lay waste the hostile country; let him ^"•
* continually spoil the grass, water, and wood of the
* adverse prince.
196. ^ Pools, wells, and trenches let him destroy. ^ let him harass the foe by day^ and alarm him by
* night.
197. ' Let him secretly bring over to his party all
* such leaders as he can safely bring over; let him ^ be informed of all that his enemies are doing; and, ^ when a fortunate moment is offered by heaven, let ^ him give battle, pushing on to conquest and aban- ^ doning fear:
198. * Yet he should be more sedulous to reduce ^ his enemy by negotiation, by well applied gifts, and ^ by creating divisions, using either all or some of ^ those methods, than by hazarding at any time a ^ decisive action,
199. * Since victory or defeat are not surely fore- ^ seen on either side, when two armies engage in the
* j&eld ; let the king then, if other expedients prevail, ^ avoid a pitched battle:
200. ^ But, should there be no means of applying ^ the three before-meniianed expedients, let him, after ^ due preparation, fight so valiantly, that his enemy
* may be totally routed.
201. ^ Having conquered a comitry, let him respect ^ the deities adored in it, and their virtuous priests;
2 P Met
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218 ON GOVERNMENT; OE ON
CHAP. ^ let him also distribute largesses to the people^ and ^^- ^ cause a full exemption from terrour to be loudly ^ proclaimed.
202. * When he has perfectly ascertained the con- ^ duet and intentions of all the vanquished, let him
* fix in that country a prince of the royal race, and
* give him precise instructions.
203. - Let him establish tiiie laws of the conquered ^ nation as declared tn their books; and let him gratify ^ the new prince with gems and other preciotts gifts.
204. ^ The seizure of desu*able property, though it ^ cause hatred, and the donation of it, though it cause ^ love, may be laudable or blameable on different ^ occasions:
205. ^ All this conduct of human affairs is considered ^ as dependent on acts ascribed to the deity, and on ^ acts ascribed to men ; now the operations of the
* deity cannot be known by any intenseness of thought,
* but those of men may be clearly discovered.
206. * Or the victor, considering an ally, territory,
* and wealth as the triple fruit of conquest, may ' form an alUance with the vanquished prince, and ^ proceed in union with him, using diligent circum- ' spection*
207. ' He should pay due attention to the prince,
* who supported his cause, and to any other prince
* in the circumjacent region, who checked that sup- ^ pforter, so that, both from a well-wisher and from an
* opponent.
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THE MOITARY CLASS. 219
' opponent) he may secure the frcttt of his expedi- chap.
* tion.
206. ^ By gaimng wealth and territory a king acquires ^ not so great an increase of strength^ as by obtain- ^ ing a firm ally, who, thou^ weak, may hereafter
* be powerful.
209. ^ That ally, though feeble, is highly estimable,
* who knows the whole extent of his duties, who grate- ^ fully remembers benefits, whose people are satisfied, ^ oTy who has a gentle nature^ who loves his friend, ^ and perseveres in his good resolutions.
210. ^ Him have the sages declared an enemy hard ^ to be subdued, who is eminently learned, of a noble ^ race, personally brave, dexterous in management, li- ^ beral, grateful, and firm.
211. ^ Good-nature, knowledge of mankind, valour,
* benignity of heart, and incessant liberality, are the ^ assemblage of virtues, which adorn a neutral prince, ^ whose amity must be courted.
212. * Even a salubrious and fertile country, where ^ cattle continually increase, let a king abandon with- ^ out hesitation for the sake of preserving himself:
213. * Against misfortune, let him preserve his wealth; ^ at the expence of his wealth, let him preserve his
* wife ; but let him at all events preserve himself, even ' at the hazard of bis wife and his riches.
214. * A wise prince, who finds every sort of cala-
2p2 ' mity
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220 ON GOVERNMENT; OR ON
CHAP. * mity rushing violently upon him, should have recourse ^^* ^ to all just expedients, united or separate:
215. * Let him consider the business to be expe- ^ (fited, the expedients collectively, and himself who
* must apply them; and, taking refuge completely in ^ those three, let him strenuously labour for his own
* prosperity.
216. ^ Having consulted with his ministers, in the ^ manner before prescribed, on all this mass of publick
* affairs; having used exercise becoming a warriour^ ^ and having bathed after ity let the king enter at ^ noon his private apartment for the purpose of tak* ^ ing food.
217. ^ There let him eat lawful aliment, prepared by ^ servants attached to his person, who know the dif-
* ference of times and are incapable of perfidy, after
* it has been proved innocent by certain ewperimentSj ' and hallowed by texts of the Vdda repulsive of
* poison.
218. ' Together with all his food let hhn swallow ^ such medical substances as resist venom; and let
* him constantly wear with attention such gems, as
* are known to repel it.
219. * Let his females, well tried and attentive, their ^ dress and ornaments having been examined, lest some
* weapon should be concealed in them, do him humble ^ service with fans, water, and perfumes:
220. * Thus let him take diligent care, when he
^ goes
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THE MILITARY CLASS. 221
* goes out in a carriage or on horseback, when he chap.
* lies down to rest, when he sits, when he takes food,
* when he bathes, anoints his body with odorous es- ^ sencesy and puts on all his habiliments.
221. * After eating, let him divert himself with his ^ women in the recesses of his palace; and, having ^ idled a reasonable time, let him again think of pub- ^ lick affairs:
222. * When he has dressed himself completely, let ^ him once more review his armed men, with all their ^ elephants, horses, and cars, their accoutrements, and ^ weapons.
223. ^ At sunset, having performed his religious duty, ^ let him privately, but well armed, in his interior ^ apartment, hear what has been done by his reporters ^ and emissaries:
224. ^ Then, having dismissed those informers, and ^ returning to another secret chamber, let him go, ^ attended by women, to the inmost recess of his ^ mansion for the sake of his evening meal ;
225. ' There, having a second time eaten a little, ^ and having been recreated with musical strains, let ^ him take rest early, and rise refreshed from his labour.
'226. ^ This perfect system of rules let a king, free ^ from illness, observe; but, when really afflicted with ^ disease, he may intrust aU these affairs to his of- ^ ficers.'
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CHAP. Vlll.
On Judicature ; and on Law^ Private and Criminal
CHAP. L ^ A KING, desirous of inspecting judicial proceed-