IX. < agriculture and trade ^ and to that of keeping cattle;

327. ^ Since the Lord of created beings, having ^ formed herds^ and flocks, intrusted them to the care ^ of the Vaisya, while he intrusted the whole human
* species to the Brdhmen and the Cshatriya :
328. ^ Never must a Vaisya be disposed to say-i
* " I keep no cattle ;'* nor, he being willing to keep ^ them, must they by any means be kept by men of ^ another class.
329. ^ Of gems, pearls, and coral, of iron, of wo-
* ven cloth, of perfumes and of liquids, let him well ^ know the prices both high and low :
330. ^ Let him be skilled likewise in the time and ^ manner of sowing seeds, and in the bad or good ' qualities of land; let him also perfectly know the
* correct modes of measming and weighing,
331. * The excellence or defects of commodities, • ^ the advantages and disadvantages of diflferent re-
' gions, the probable gain or loss on vendible goods, ' and the means of breeding cattle with large aug- ^ mentation :
332. ^ Let him know the just wages of servants,
* the various dialects of men,- the best way of keep- ^ ing goods, and whatever else belongs to purchase ' and sale.
33$. ^ Let him apply the most vigilant care to'
* augment
Digitized by
Google
COMMERCIAL AND SERVILE CLASSES. 339
^ augment his wealth by 'performing his duty; and, chap.
* with great solicitude, let him give nourishment to ^^' ^ all sentient creatures.
334. ^ Servilb attendance on Brdhmeris learned in
* the Veda, chiefly on such as keep house and are ^ famed for virtue, is of itself ^he highest duty of a ^ SMrUy and leads him to future beatitude.
335. ^ Pore in body and nUnd, humbly serving the ^ three higher classes, mild in speech, never arrogant, ^ ever seeking refuge in Brdhmens principally, he may ^ attain the most eminent class in another transmigra- ^ tian.
336. ^ This clear system of duties has been pro- ^ mulgated for the four classes, when they are not ^ in distress for subsistence; now learn in order their ^ several duties in times of necessity.'
2x2 ^ CHAP.
Digitized by
Google
CHAP- X.
On the nUaed Qasses ; and on Times of Distress.
CHAI». 1, ^ in their several duties, carefully read the Vdda; but ^ a Brahmen must explain it to them, not a man of ' the other two classes: this is an established rule.
2. * The Brdhmen must know the means of sub- ^ sistence ordained by law for all the classes, and ^ must declare them to the rest : let himself likewise ^ act in conformity to law.
3. * From priority of birth, from superiority of ori-
* gin, from a more exact knowledge of scripture, and ^ from a distinction in the sacrificial thread, the Brdh- ^ men is the lord of all classes.
4. ^ The three twice- bom classes are the sacerdotal, ' the military, and the commercial ; but the fourth, or ^ servile, is once-born, that is, has no second birth
* from the gdyatri, and wears no thread : nor is there ^ a fifth pure class.
5. * In all classes they, and they only, who are ' bom, in a direct order, of wives equal in class and ^ virgins at the time of marriage, are to be considered ^ as the same in class with their fathers:
6. * Sons, begotten by twice-born men, on women
' of
Digitized by
Google
ON THE MIXED CLASSES. 341
of the class next immediately below them, wise le- chap. gislators call similar, not the same^ in class mth their ^' parents^' because they are degraded^ to a middle rank between both, by the lowness of their mothers : they are named in order, Mtirdhdbhishicta^ Mdhishya^ and Carana, or Cdyast'ha; and their several employments are teaching military exercises; musick, astronomy, and keeping herds; and attendance on princes.
7. * Such is the primeval rule for the sons of wo- men one degree lower than their husbands : for the sons of women two or three degrees lower, let this rule of law be known.
8. * From a Brdhmen, on a wife of the Vaisya- class, is bom a son called Ambashiha, .or Vaid- ya, on a SAdrh-vAi^ a Nish&da, named also P&ra- sava :
9. * From a Cshatriya, on a wife of the /Stidra-class, springs a creature, called Ugra, with a nature partly warlike and partly servile, ferocious in his manners, cruel in his acts.
10. ' The sons of a JBrdhmen by women of three lower classes, of a Cshatriya by women of two, and of a Vaisya by one lower class, are called jipasa- ddhy or degraded below their fathers.
11. * From a Cshatriya, by a JBrrfAm^i-wife, springs a Sdta by birth; from a Vaisya, by a military or sacerdotal wife, spring a Mdgadha and a Vaid^ha.
12. ^ From a S&dra, on women of the commercial,
^ military.
Digitized by
Google
d43 OM TH£ MIXED CLASSES; AND
CHAP. ( military^ and priestly classes^ are bom sons of a ^' ^ mixed breeds called Ay6giX€a^ Cshattriy and Chan-
* ddlaj the lowest of mortals.
13. ^ As the AmbasMha and Ugra, bom in a di-
* rect order, with one class between those of their ' parentSy are considered in law, so are the Cshattriy ^'and the VaidSha, bom in an inverse order with one ^ intermediate class; and all four may be touched with- ^ out impurity.
14. ^ Those sons of the twice-born, who are begot- ^ ten on women without an interval (AntaraJ between ^ the classes mentioned in order, the wise call Anan- ^ tarasy giving them a distinct name from the lower ^ degree. of their mothers.
15. ^ From a Brdhmeny by a girl of the C^ra-fribe, ^ is bom an Avrita; by one of the -^micw^Aa-tribe, ^ an Ahhira; by one of the ^yd^^cwa-tribe, a Dhig- ^ vana.
16. ^ The Ay6gavay the Cshattriy and the Chanddla, ^ the lowest of men, spring from a Sudra in an in-
* verse order of the classes y and are thereforcy all three ' excluded from the performance of obsequies to their
* ancestors:
17. ^ From a Vaisya the Mdgadha and Vaidihay ^ from a Cshatriya the Sdta ovXjf ^^ horn in an in- ^ verse order; and they are three other sons excluded
* from funeral rites to their faikera,
18. ' The son of a Ntsh4da by a woman of the
' Sddra-
Digitized by
Google
ON TIMES OF DISTRESS. 343
^ ^S^(cfrci-class, is by tribe a Puccasa; but the son of chap. ^ a Sddra by a iVe^A^fcB-woman, is named Cuecuiaca. . ^-
19. * One, bom of a Cshattrt by an Ugrd, is called ^ Swapica; and one, begotten by a Vaiddha on an ^ ^m^oiAMi-wife, is called if^%wi.
20. ^ Those, whom the twice-born beget on women ^ of equal* classes, but who perform not the proper ^ ceremonies of assuming the thready and the like, ^ people denominate Prdtyas, or excluded from the ^ g^oiri.
21. * From such an outcast Brdhmen springs a son ^ of a sinful nature, who in different countries is ^ named a Bhiirfacantacay an Avantya, a Plitadhdna, ^ a Pushpadha and a Saic^ha:
22. ^ From such an outcast Cshatriya comes a son ^ called a J'halla, a Malla, a Ntch^hwi^ a Nata, a
* Caranay a C^hasa^ and a Dravira :
23. ^ From such an outcast Vaisya is bom a son ^ called Sudhanwan^ Chdryay Cdrusha, Vijanmany Mai* ^ tray sxid Sdiwata.
24. ^ By intermixtures of the classes, by their mar- ^ riages with wom^n who ought not to be married, ' and by their omission of prescribed duties, impure
* classes have been formed.
25. ^ Those men of mingled births, who were bom ^ in the inverse order of classes, and who intermarry
* among themselves, I will now compendiously de- ^ scribe. •
26. ' The
Digitized by
Google
344 ON THE MIXED CLASSES; AND
CHAP. 26. ' The Sdta, the Vaid^ha, and the Chanddla,