CHAPTER VII.

Like God's own voice, in after ytars,
Resounds the Warrior^ s fame, Whose Sold his hopeless country cheers,
Who is its noblest Name.
—Albert Pike.
According to tradition the first Lodge in France was founded at Paris by the Earl of Derwentwater in 1725; hut all that can be reasonably inferred with any approach to certainty is, that prior to 1738 there existed in Paris one, and in the Departments two, regularly constituted Lodges, together with some others more or less irregular, and that the fashiou' had been set, in the first instance, by refugees at the Cyurt of the Pretender.
The iirst French military officer of the highest rank who joined the Fraternity was Marshal D'Estrees, " admitted at the expense of ten Louis d'Ors," in 1737. The two next were the Comte de Saxe and the Due de Ptichelieu, also Marshals of France.
The first historical Grand Master was Lieutenant-General the Due d'Antin, elected in 1738; and the second, Louis de Bourbon, Comte de Clermont — an officer of the same military rank — who was chosen to preside over the Grand Lodge of France in 1743.
Four of these brethren commanded French armies in the field, The Comte de Saxe in a series of glorious campaigns, and the other three in the lesser operations of the Seven Years' Wai-. The two Marshals — D'Estrees and Puchelieu — won renown at Hastenbach and Cluster Seven ; but the Comte de Clermont was utterly defeated by another com- mander of high mditary and Masonic standing, Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, at Creveldt — all these events occurring in 1757.
About this time new rites were multiplying in France
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and Germany, and in the so-called " Scots degrees," which sprang vip about 1740, we have the first of the legion of additions to Freemasonry on the Continent. Then followed the Chapter of Clermont (1754), the Knights of the East (1756), and the Emperors of the East and West (1758).
Many of the degrees afterwards absorbed within these various rites, originated in the Lodges estal)lished by prisoners of war, of which the most industrious and inventive were those working at Berlin in 1757 and at Magdeburg in 1759-61.
There was a great rivalry between the " Knights " and the " Emperors," and to this must be attributed the sorrowful picture of discord presented by the Grand Lodge of France from 1760 until the close of its career.
The Lodge "Montmorenci — Luxembourg," in the Regiment of Hainault Infantry, was the stem or trunk from which the Grand Orient of France budded forth in December, 1773. The Due de Luxembourg, colonel of the regiment, and " Brigadier des Armees du Koi," was the Master ; the wardens, his son and the Prince de Rohan-Guemenee, and among the members — who were ail, with one exception, noblemen— may be named the Princes of Conde, Ligne, Tarente, Montbazon, Nassau, and Pignatelli ; and the Dukes of Lauzun, Coigny, and Fronsac. Gf the first officers of the Grand Orient, the six highest in rank — including the Due de Chartres, Grand Master— and nearly the whole of the honorary Grand Officers, were members of this Lodge.
The Due de Chartres — afterwards Due d'Orleans, and who was guillotined as "Citizen Egalite, in 1793 — com- manded a division of the French fleet in the action with Keppel oflf Ushant, in 1778; and though his conduct won the applause of the populace, it is doubtful whether he did not behave with pusillanimity. This prince showed no anxiety to enter upon the duties of his Masonic office, and for several years the Due de Luxembourg, who assumed the title of " General Administrator," was in all but name the real Grand Master.
In the archives of the Grand Orient are the records (dossiers) of about two hundred Regimental Lodges, together
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with a minil'er of documents formerly belonging to the Lodges established in England (and elsewhere) by French prisoners of war. Others, of conrse, existed, which are only to be traced in the official lists. Of the older French Army Lodges there were seventy-six, the last on the roll being " Parfait Amitie " in the Royal Italian Infantry, constituted in 1787, of which the first Master was Andre (afterwards Marshal) Massena, adjutant of the regiment. About a third of the number were founded by the Grand Lodge, and the remainder by the, Grand Orient, of France. The first on the list, " Parfaite Egalite," in the "Regiment Irlandais de Walshe," has the date of 1688, but was only taken on the roll of the Grand Lodge in 1772. The second, in the "Vivarais Infantry," was established in 1759, and with hardly a doiibt must be regarded as the older of the two, and, consequently, the senior Lodge of its class in the monarchy of France.
Some of the regiments to which Lodges were attached served in America during the War of Independence, and among the higher military officers who accompanied them were the Due de Biron (afterwards Marshal) and the Marquis de Lafayette, both prominent members of the Craft, and each of whom probably saw the light of j\lasonry in an Army Lodge (French or American) of the Revolution.
No Field Lodges were constituted in 1788 or 1789, and only eight between 1790 and 1801. Forty-three regiments had Lodges attached to them in 1804, of which one only was of earlier date than the Revolution, while no less than thirty-five had been warranted in 1802-4. The year 1804 witnessed the foundation of a new Masonic power in France, in the form of a Supreme Council — of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, an expansion of the Emperors of the East and West — by the Comte de Grasse-Tilly (son of the Admiral defeated by Lord Rodney), " Captain of Horse." This Rite has now- obtained a firm footing in nearly every other coimtry, and for the most part either rivals the grand authority of the Craft, or is only in nominal subjection to it.
When Glogau, in Silesia, was occupied by the French, in 1808, there was a military Lodge at work there, attached to
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the head-quavters of the 6th Corps of the Grand Army. The Master was General (afterwards Count) Jean Gabriel Marchand, and among the members were Joseph Delom, a distinguished member of the General Staff, and Louis Marcognet, General of Brigade, who subsequently held a high command at Waterloo.
In 1811 the number of Lodges in the French Army had risen to sixty-nine. At this time they were both opened and closed with the cry of " Vive l' Empereur .' " There is ground for belief that Napoleon himself was a Freemason, and, according to Besuchet, his initiation took place at Malta in 1798.
Further Lodges were established in the two following years, but in 1815 they had all virtually ceased to exist. The Grand Master, Joseph Buonaparte, sailed for America, and the superintendence of the Craft was vested in a military triumvirate, consisting of Marshal Macdonald, and Generals Beurnonville (afterwards jMarshal), and the Marquis de Valence.
A few Lodges were established in regiments after the Restoration, but in 1844 " Ciruus," in the 10th Regiment of the Line, the last of the long roll of French Military Lodges, disappeared from the scene. In the following year, the Minister of War— Marshal Soult— in a circular to the colonels of regiments declared " that it was contrary to the rules of the service for any of the military to become members of the Institution." Soult was himself a Free- mason, and his diploma (or certificate) found in his tent after tlie battle of Vittoria, which afterwards fell into the possession of a Scottish Lodge, was returned to him through the British Ambassador in 18.t1.
Many other Marshals of France of the same (or a slightly later) peiiod were also members and (in most instances) Grand Officers of the Society — for example, Augereau, Rernadotte, Beurnonville, Brune, Kellerman, Lefebvre, Lauriston, Massena, Mortier, Murat, Macdonald, Oudinot, Perignon, Poniatowski, Serrurier, and Sebastiani.
The Viceroy of Italy, Prince Eugene, was likewise of the brotherhood, and so were Generals Dumouriez, the Conite de Segur, Junot, and the Comte de Fernig, together with
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Colonel Godefroy Latour D'Auvergne, the " First Grenadier of France."
Marshal Magnan was appointed Grand Master of the Grand Orient by the Emperor Louis Napoleon in 1862, and retained the office initil his death in 1865. General Mellinet was his successor, but declined re-election in 1870.
Throughout the German Empire, Field or Camp Lodges are regarded as merely auxiliary to the regular or stationary Lodges. The former are in every ease erected to serve a temporai'y purpose, and before a candidate is accepted for initiation, he is required to name one of the latter as the Lodge he will repair to for admission, when the warrant of the movable and transitory body is surrendered or with- drawn. They only exist in time of war, or when an appeal to arms is believed to be impending.
In the last century thei'e were Military (which sometimes became Field) Lodges, one of the earliest of which, *' Farfaite Union,'" was founded by French prisoners of war at Magdeburg in 1761. But at a much earlier date, both in North and South Germany, military officers of high rank were enrolled as members of the Society. Francis, Duke of Lorraine, afterwards Emperor of the West, was initiated in 1731, and Frederick, Crown Prince (afterwards King) of Prussia, in 1738. At his father's death the latter founded the " Royal Lodge," of which he was the Master until 1744, and many distinguished princes and soldiers received the light at his hands. The outbreak of war then diverted the attention of the great Frederick to other matters, but daring his reign three grand Lodges grew up in Berlin, to all of which he formally extended his y)rotection, and in the earliest of them — Grand National ^lother Lodge of the Three Globes — he filled the Grand Master's chair.
Masonry has never really flourished in Austria, although it enjoyed the patronage of the Emperor Francis, a former Duke of Lorraine (p. 36). He died in 1765, and the suppression of the Craft in the Austrian hereditary dominions, which had been decreed but not executed in 1764, was relentlessly carried out (in the absence of his sheltering arm) in 1795. After his death, Francis was ■commonly referred to by the brethren in Vienna as "Grand
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Master of the Old Lodge." This was the " Trois Canons" (at first styled the Grand Lodge), of which he became a member (on its formation) in 1742. It afterwards merged, about 1760, into the Loge Royal Milita.ire de Vienne, a title derived from the prevailing element in its composition.
A movable Lodge {loge volante) appeared on the scene in 1765. On the death of the Emperor Charles VI. (father of Maria Theresa), the French, Bavarian, and Saxon armies occupied Bohemia, and in November, 1741, Prague was taken by the allies. At the instance of the Commander-in- Chief, Count Rutowski (a natural son of Augustus 11. of Poland, and brother of Marshal Saxe), who was Grand Master of Saxony, a military Lodge was formed at Leitmeritz and named " Sincerite" which soon after became dormant, but early in the sixties awoke to new life, and we find it working as a loge volante at Pilsen, in 1765, and afterwards at EUbogen and Klattau. In the subsequent war of 1778, a regiment Avhich had been in garrison at Klattau was ordered to Silesia. Among the officers were members of ^'^ Sincerite," who applied for and received a warrant from Prague, by virtue of which a Lodge, "Joseph of the Three Trophies," was founded, but which ceased to exist after the treaty of peace, when the regiment was sent back to Bohemia. " La Parfaite Union," formed at Magdeburg by prisoners of war, has already been referred to. Among the members were officers of Austrian, Hungarian, and Croatian nationality, who, on retm-ning to their native countries, established Lodges there. Of these the first appears to have been the "Lodge of Military Friendship, "which was founded at Glina, a small village in Croatia, at some time between 1764 and 1769.
Returning to the dominions of Frederick the Great, a Lodge — ^'■Minerva" — was established at Potsdam in 1768, which at first consisted of military officers onh'. The first " travelling Lodge " was the " Flaming Star," founded in 1770, it being thought desirable "to take the brethren of military rank out of all the Lodges, and to erect a separate Lodge for them, which, in the case of war, might follow the camp, and exemplify the benefits of Masonry in the field." From this time all military candidates were sent to the " Flaminor Star" for initiation.
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In 1778 there was a concentration of the troops both in Saxony and Silesia, and the military duties of the Master — Captain C. A. Marschall von Bieberstein — taking him in the former direction, he was accompanied by the " Flaming Star," while a branch or " Dispensation " Lodge, under Major von Kleist, proceeded to diffuse Masonic light in the other.
In 1779 the brethren were re-united in a single (stationary) Lodge, which is still in existence at Berlin.
Seven Field Lodges, the most important of which were the "Golden Goblet," "Finger Post," and "Army Lodge No. 1," were formed between 1778 and 1797, and five others during the continuance of the War of Independence, ending at Waterloo. One of the latter was established bj Count von Lottom, in furtherance of his desire to found a Lodge " on hearing that General Blucher was to command the Army Corps on the Prussian Coast of the Baltic." This great soldier was a member of " Field Lodge No. 1 " in 1812.
Tw'O military Lodges at Frankfort have yet to be referred to. One of these (consisting chiefly of foreigners) was formed by Count Schmettau in 1743, and the other was at work in the Rojal Deux Ponts (successively a Swedish, French, and Bavarian) Regiment, about 1 760. This Regiment, and doubtless the Lodge, accompanied the expe- dition of General Rochambeau to North America in 1780, as the latter was still in existence, and transferred its allegiance to the Grand Orient of France at the termination of the war in 1783.
Five additional Lodges in the Prussian Army were formed in the period ending with 1820, and the two last of the series in 1850 and 1861, but at the present time all the Field or Garrison Lodges which existed at any date in Germany, are either extinct or have long ceased to possess any Military character.
From the time of Frederick the Great, every King of Prussia except Frederick William IV. and the present German Emperor, has been a Freemason. The late Emperor William was admitted into the Craft in 1840, and in 1853 he initiated his son (and successor) Frederick William, in a special Lodge composed of the representatives of the three
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Prussian Grand Lodges. Over one of these bodies, the " Grand National Lodge of German Freemasons," the latter presided as Grand Master from I860 until 1874.
The other Royal Families of what is uoav the German Empire — and among them were many ftimous soldiers — have also been firm supporters and protectors of the Craft. The most conspicuous member of the Fraternity in Germany during the latter half of the eighteenth century, was Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (p. 130), who saw the rise and fall of the Strict Observance, and except in the earliest years of its existence was the pivot and ruler of its destinies. To his enthusiasm it ow^ed its success — to his calmer judgment and punctilious honour its decay. Of that wonderful perversion of Freemasonry alone, no less than twelve reigning Princes were members in 1774.
A previous Grand Master and the founder of the " Grand National Lodge of German Freemasons " was J. W. von ZinnendorfF, one of the most remarkable Masons that ever existed. He was a military surgeon, and the examples are more numerous than in any other walk in life, where brethren of the medical departments of armies have attained the highest distinction as Freemasons. Officers of high military position figure largely as German Grand Masters, and among the " rank and file " of the Craft in the " Fatherland " there have been many victorious commanders. Of the former class, it will be sufficient to refer to Generals Frederick August, Prince of Brunswick, who distinguished himself in the Seven Years' War, and afterwards commanded in Holland ; J. H. von Schmidt, who fought with the Turks against the Pvussians in 1791, and was Chief of the Prussian Artillery in Napoleon's Grand Army of 1812; H. W. von Zerchau, also a veteran of the Russian Campaign ; Count Henckel von Donnersmark, who held many important commands, saw much active service, wrote a famous military work, and was the leading " Master " at the reception of Prince (afterwards the Emperor) William, in 1840; K. F. von Selinsky, Aide-de-camp to General York in 1813, and who subsequently performed very gallant services ; the O'Etzels, father and son; and (coming to our own times) August von Reinhardt, the present Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the Sun at Bayreuth.
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Of the latter class, the examples that might be given would far transcend the limits of the present ^vork, so I shall content myself with citing the names of G. L. von Blucher, Prince of Wahlstadt and Field Marshal, for many yeai's Master of the Lodge at Wesel, and who, throughout all his numerous campaigns, never wavered in his allegiance to the Society ; and General F. W. Osten Sacken, subsequently a Prince and Field Marshal, who was a most zealous member of the Minerva Lodge, at Leipsic.
General von Scliarnhorst, a minor hero, but equally intense patriot, who was also a Freemason, accompanied Blucher as chief of the staff in the war of 1813. It was this officer who, with General Gneisenau, skilfully evaded the provision of the Treaty of Paris (1808), limiting the Prussian Army to 42,000, by training fresh bodies of men in relays.
The archivist of the Grand Lodge of the Three Globes at Berlin, who served throughout the late Franco-German War, informs me that during the armistice of 1871, in Vesoul, he attended a Grand Field Lodge, at which there were present about 180 German officers and military em2Jloyes, and about 300 French officers, military employh, and civilians.
Military and Travelling Lodges {loges militaires et voyageiis.es) formerly existed in Holland, Sweden, Russia, and Belgium. The first Dutch Field Lodge was established at Maastrecht in 1745, the twenty-second and last at Alkmaar in 1814. The "Lodge of the Swedish Army" [Svenska Armeens) was formed at Greifswald (Pomerania) in 1761. During the contiiuiance of the Seven Years' War the Lodge threw off shoots at Greifswald, Stralsund, and Christianstadt. A pension fund was established for wounded soldiers, and the recipients of its bounty wore silver medals, struck at the expense of the Lodge. Prince Frederick Adolphe, Duke of East Gothland, the King's bi'other, was its Master at the time of his decease. In 1781 its labours came to an end, and the members joined other Lodges at Stockholm.
The most famous soldier, whose name has been recorded in the annals of Swedish Freemasonry, was Marshal Bernadotte, who, as Crown Prince, was Grand Master until.
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his succession to the throne, when he assumed the superior office of " Vicavius Salamonis," which is always held by the King of Sweden for the time being.
James Keith, after trying his fortune in Spain, entered the Russian service, and was Master of a Lodge either at Moscow or St. Petersburg in 1732. He was present with his brother the Earl Marischal at the Grand Lodge of England in 1740, and, on being recalled to Russia, bore with him a commission as Provincial Grand Master, which was granted by his kinsman. Lord Kintore.
In 1744, having attained the rank of Lieutenant-General, he left Russia, joined the Prussian Army as a Field ^larshal, and after displaying the greatest talents and bravery, was killed at the battle of Hochkirchen, in 1758.
In 1761 a Field Lodge was formed in the Russian Army, which at that time had its head-quarters at Marienburg, in West Prussia. A second — afterwards the stationary Lodge of "The Three Towers" — with Major-General von Tscheplin as Master, was established at the same place in 1765. Others were erected at St. Petersburg in 1773 ; and at Kief, one of the ancient Russian capitals, in 1784. A fifth, under the presidency of Colonel von Scheffler, was at work at Gumbernen (East Prussia) in 1814 ; and the latest of all, " George the Victorious," was constituted in France in 1817.
The labours of all the Russian Lodges were suspended in 1794, but ten years later the liberal-minded Alexander, who, with good reason, is supposed to have been a Freemason, let it be understood that he would not interfe.re with the meet- ings of the Fraternity. From that time until its final suppression. Masonry flourished greatly in Russia, and the leading officers of the army were enrolled under its banner. Of this there are ample proofs, but the matter is placed in a very clear light by the testimony of Sir Robert Wilson, a distinguished British General and military writer, whose reputation for courage and ability (acquired under the Duke of York, Moore, Abercrombie, Baird, Hutchinson, and "Wellington) was still further increased by the Russian and German campaigns of 1812-14, and the Emperor Alexander acknowledged the value of his services by hanging the cross of St. George round his neck in the presence of the army.
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During an earlier campaign in Poland, of which Sir Robert wrote a Sketch, an incident occurred which is recorded under the date of June 7th, 1807 : —
'•While Marshal Xey had been defending Giitstadt. General Platoff passed the AUer. near Bergfried. and surprised an enemy's post ; the French commanding officer saved his life by a sign of Masonry just as the lance was about to pierce him — a brother was near, and by an exertion preserved him."
General Platoff, the celebrated Hetman of the Coissack.s, is again referred to by the same writer a month later in his Private Diary : —
"He told the King that I was not only his adjutant, but his brother : and that he had no other name for me but " Boatt Wilson.' which in the Russian language signifies " brother.' ""
What this implied is made very clear in the Diary kept by Sir R. Wilson during the subsequent campaigns of 1812-14, where, under the date of " J^'ebruary 16th, 1813, Kladova," we read : — " I was much gratified at finding Brother Platoff here."''
On an earlier page the English General writes : — "November 25th, 1812. This morning the Grand Duke Constantino arrived suddenly. He received me with most remarkable proofs of friendship, and with Masonic proofs of amicable bonds."
At a very early date Masonry entered the old Kingdimi of Poland, where it was mainly fostered and propagated by military officers of rank. The greatest name of all, however, among the Polish Freemasons, is that of the gallant Joseph Poniatowsky, created by Xapoleon, on the field of Leipsic, a Marshal of France. This prince lost his life in the river Elster, while covering the retreat of the French army in 1813, and a solemn Funeral Lodge was held in his honour at Warsaw in the following year.
The closing of all the Russian Lodges was summarily decreed by an Luperial Ukase in 1822. The suppression of Polish Freemasonry had been enacted in the previous year, and in either instance there appears to have been ample justification for the action of the Czar.
In 1817, Paul Pestel, with some other officers, organised, under the title of " Union of Salvation," one of the first (really) secret societies, the statutes of which were extracted
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from those of some Masonic Lodges. This was followed by the " Society of Russian Chevaliers," and the " Union for the Public Welfare." The Russian conspirators then turned to Poland, where, after the suppression of Freemasonry, General Uminsky had founded, in the province of Posen, an association called the " Reapers." By other Freemasons at Warsaw, nnder the guidance of Alajor I.ukasinsky, there had been formed the " Patriotic Society," to which was also given the name of " National Freemasonry." The true object of these associations was the Independence of Poland.
The death of the Master Architect was the emblem of the dismembering of the Kingdom. His three murderers represented the three monarchies which had co-operated in the spoliation. The brothers of this (counterfeit) Masonry represented those that were sent after the murderers.
The plans of the Russian and Polish conspirators would probably have met with success, but in November, 1825j the Govenmient were infonned of the plot, and twelve com- manders of regiments in the Southern Ax'my, including Paul Pestel, who was the soul of the whole conspiracy, were arrested.
The association in the North, however, under its chief leader, Conrad Ryleief, a retired sub-lieutenant, was still active, and it was determined to cause a revolt when a new oath was exacted from the army by Nicholas, on the ground that the renunciation by Constantine, his elder brother, was an imposture.
The insurrection of December 26th, .1825, was quelled with a firm hand by the Emperor Nicholas. Paul Pestel and Conrad Ryleief were hanged, and with them expired the secret associations of which they were the chiefs. The " Patriotic Society" of Poland, together with its various oflf- shoots, shared a similar fate, and the tragic end of Major Lukasinsky was spoken of throughout Europe. Arrested at a meeting of the " Society," he was cruelly tortured, and nothing is known with certainty of his ultimate fate, but some peasants of the country through which the Grand Duke Constantine passed on his reti'eat from Warsaw, asserted that they had seen, chained to a cannon, and running behind it, a man who was manacled on the hands and feet.
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The edict prohibiting the meetings of Lodges is still in force, and the period is yet far distant, in all human probability, when a revival of genuine Freemasonry may be expected to take place in the dominions of the Czar.
Four Field and two Garrison Lodges — all of which have passed out of existence — were established in Belgium, the first in 1832, the last in 1836.
No warrants for Field or Army Lodges have been granted at any time under the jurisdictions of Switzerland, Greece, Denmark, Hamburg, and Darmstadt. In the Austrian dominions Masonry is forbidden, and though the ban does not extend to Hungary, the Craft is viewed with such suspicion by the highest military authorities that few, if any. of the officers of the army (who are Hungarians) care to ruin their chances of professional advancement by applying for initiation.
Many of the national heroes, however, who served in the Revolutionary War, became Freemasons during their subsequent exile — for example, Generals George Klapka and Stephen Tiirr, both of whom were founders (and the latter the first Master) of Lodge " Mathias Corvinus," established in more peaceful times at Buda-Pesth.
In 1727, two Jacobite refugees, Philip, Duke of Wharton, and James (aftenvards Marshal) Keith, were fighting in the Spanish trenches before Gibraltar, and it was by the former brother that the first Lodge in the Peninsula was established at Madrid in 1728. The Duke, after turning many political somersaults, had finally cast in his lot with the Pretender. One evening the Jacobite Peer very nearly threw away his life by advancing close to the walls of Gibraltar, and either daring or threatening the soldiers of the garrison. They asked who he was, and he readily answered " the Duke of Wharton," but though appearing as a rebel in arms, and aggravating that oftence by the use of most intemperate language, not a shot was fired at him, and he was permitted to return to the trenches. After the siege the King of Spain appointed him as " Colonel Aggregate " to one of the Irish Regiments, a position which the second of our " Noble Grand Masters " continued to hold (having disdained the offer of a conditional pardon, and subsequently placed him-
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self beyond the pale of forgiveness by the publication of a scandalous libel on the English King) until his death, in 1731.
After this the Craft fell into decay, but a revival took place during the Peninsular War, which, however, was summarily arrested in 1814 by Ferdinand VII., who at one stroke abolished the constitution, and declared the Free- masons to be guilty of treason. Among the brethren imprisoned at the time was General Alava — a member of the sea as well as of the land service — aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, and of whom it is said that he was the only person who was present both at Trafalgar and Waterloo. Other military brethren of later date were General Gomez D'Antrada, Grand Master of Portugal, who, with eleven of his Masonic companions, was put to death at Lisbon in 1817 ; Colonel (afterwai-ds Marshal) Rafael Del Riego, the immortal Spanish patriot. Grand Master of the National Grand Orient, who, in 1823, after three years of glory and honours, was charged with high treason and executed, the populace applauding j Lieutenant-Colonel Galvez, who was hanged at Barcelona in 1829, for the crime of being a Freemason; Tom4s Zumalacarregui, the modern Cid, the great Basque Captain of the forces of Don Carlos in 1834-36, conqueror successively of the leading Generals of the Christino Armies ; Ramon Cabrera, who, on two occasions, nearly succeeded in securing the triumph of Don Carlos ; and Marshal the Duke of Saldanha, at the head of the Constitutionalists and Freemasons of Portugal after the Peninsidar War — whose wisdom in council was only equalled by his valour in the field.
Among the Freemasons of Italy are to be named the unfortunate Admiral Caraccioli, who, during the sanguinary reaction at Naples in 1799, was hanged from the masthead of his own vessel, and his body thrown into the sea ; Generals Schipani, Mantone and Federici, who were also hanged. The Duke de la Torre, who with five other military brethren, was burned alive ; Eugene Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy, and Grand Master of the Grand Orient "de la Division Militaire " at Milan, in 1805; Joachim Murat, King of Naples, and Grand Master of the National Grand
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Orient, in 1809 ; General Ventura, who served in the French army under Napoleon, fought at Waterloo, and made his way through Afghanistan to Lahore, where he became the chief General of Runjeet Singh ; Guiseppe Garibaldi, Liberator of Italy, who was a member of every Lodge in that country, and of many in England, France, and America ; and Timoleo Riboli, for several years Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of Italy, Ex-Surgeon in Chief of the Army of the Vosges, Compatriot and Surgeon of Garibaldi.
Mexico owes her independence to Freemasons. Hidalgo Costilla, a priest, lieaded the first revolt against the Spaniards, but was captured and shot in 1811 ; Morelos, of Indian blood, cure of Caracuaro, assisted in bearing against Spain the flag of the Revolution, and was also executed ; General Xavier Mina, a native of Spain, with a party of volunteers, landed in Mexico and fought for its independence. After the battle of Tamavilipas, where he was defeated and made a prisoner, he was put to death, and his remains, with those of Hidalgo and Morelos, now repose in the "Grande Chapelle Sepulcrale " of Mexico City; Ignace Comenfort and Benito Juarez, soldiers and Presidents of Mexico ; Generals Mariano Escobedo, and Manuel Gonzales, dignitaries of the Supreme Council ; and General Porfirio Diaz, the most distinguished Mexican commander of his time, who at present combines with the office of President, that of Protector of the Craft in the Republic.
The following military brethren of other countries were also members of the fraternity : —
General Paoli, the celebrated Corsican Patriot, a member successively of the '' Nine Muses " (London), the Secret Society and Masonic Club in the Rue Saint Nicaise, at Paris (p. 91), and the "Prince of Wales's Lodge " (London) :
Simon Bolivar, the liberator of South America ; Genex'al Paez, President of Venezuela, the most enterprising of all the officers who fought under the republican banners against Spain ; Jose Maria Monson, Roman Catholic Chaplain in the Peruvian Army of Independence, and afterwards a Canon of the Cathedral in Trujillo; Abd-el-Kader, the heroic Emir of Algeria, initiated in the " Lodge of the Pyramids " at Alexandria, whose life was a practical exemplification of
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Masonic obligations and religious duties ; General Lopez, the unfortunate Cuban hero, who was garrotted by the Spaniai-ds in 1851 ; and General Garcia, one of the native commanders in the recent struggle between Spain and America for the possession of the " Pearl of the Antilles."