II. D$ Magia Operatrice.

So careful a writer as Dr. Tylor uses language which makes magic include divination*1
It will be presently pointed out that in the Old Testa- ment magic and divination often go together under one designation, e.g. DDp etc.
Nevertheless, there are obvious advantages in con- sidering the two apart as Robertson Smith does. But it should constantly be kept in mind that at first the two were not differentiated, and that in all ages, in- cluding our own, magic is made to do duty for both*
Magic and Demonology.
At the first, as at present among savage peoples, the spirits communicated with were not sharply distinguished
1 See Prim. Cult., i. 134.
INTRODUCTION 29
as gcod and bad. Since magic in the narrow sense tends more and more to have the character of constraint, it being sought by means of drugs, by forms of words, etc., to force the evil spirit by means of the good one ; there- fore more and more magic got to be associated with evil spirits.
I have already alluded1 to the distinction made in later times between so-called "Black" and "White" magic. The distinction was not originally made, because good and evil spirits were not separated in thought, though the separation, and, indeed, the opposition of the two classes, must soon have occurred to reflecting human beings.
It will be seen in* the course of this essay how im- possible it is to keep magic and demogology apart. The methods adopted to ward off demons or to prevent their evil influences are magical, and this is the kind of magic of which we have far more traces than of any other among the Hebrews and among all nations ancient and modern.
1 See supra , p. 3 .