Chapter 20, verses 2, 4, 11, with verses 1, 2, 10, 11 of chapter

21, show the beginning of that Age of Judgment, and the re- straining of blinding errors and misleading systems. The "Beast" and the "False Prophet" are the chief symbols, and rep- resent the organizations or systems of error which together constitute "Babylon." This judgment against the "thrones" of the present time, and against "the Beast and the False Prophet" systems follows speedily upon the introduction of this Millennial judgment reign. The thrones of the present dominion1 of earth will be "cast down," and the dominion transferred to the great Prophet, Priest, King and Judge, "whose right it is." (Compare Dan. 7: 14, 22; Ezek. 21 127.) Then the systems of error will be speedily judged worthy of destruction, "the lake of fire," "the Second Death." — Rev. 19 : 20.
Thus the second destruction or death begins quite early in the new Judgment: it begins with the false systems symbolized by the Beast, False prophet, etc., but it will not reach the world of mankind, as individuals, until they have first had full trial, with full opportunity to choose life and live forever. Chapters 20: 12, 13, and 21 : 3-7, indicate the blessed, favorable trial in which all," both dead and living (except the Church, who, with Jesus
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Christ, are kings, priests, joint-heirs and judges), will be brought to a full knowledge of the truth, relieved from sorrow and pain, and freed from every blinding error and prejudice, and tried "according to their works."
The grand outcome of that trial will be a clean universe. As the Revelator expresses it, ''Every creature which is in heaven and on the earth . . . heard I saying, Blessing and honor and glory and power be unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb forever/'' But this result will be accomplished in harmony with all God's dealings past and present, which have always recognized man's freedom of will to choose good or evil, life or death.
We cannot doubt then that in the close of the Millennial Age, God will again for a "little season" permit evil to triumph, in order thereby to test His creatures (who will by that time have become thoroughly acquainted with both good and evil, and the consequence of each, and will have had His justice and love fully demonstrated to them), that those who finally prefer and choose evil may be cut off— destroyed. Thus God will for all eternity remove all who do notlove righteousness and hate iniquity.
We read, regarding that testing, that Satan will endeavor to lead astray all mankind, whose numbers will then be as the sand of the sea for multitude ; but that many of them will follow Satan's evil example and choose evil and disobedience, with past experience before them, and unhampered by present weaknesses and blinding influences, we need not suppose. However, when God does not tell us either the number or the proportion of those to be found worthy of life, and those to be judged worthy of death (the Second Death), we may not dogmatize. Of one thing we may be confident, God willeth not the death of the wicked, but would that all should turn to Him and live; and no one will be destroyed in that "lake of fire and brimstone" (fig- urative of utter destruction — Gehenna) who is worthy of life, whose living longer would be a blessing to himself or to others in harmony with righteousness.
Utter and hopeless destruction is intended only for wilful evil doers, who, like Satan, in pride of heart and rebellion against God, will love and do evil notwithstanding the manifestations of God's disapproval, and notwithstanding their experience with its penalties. Seemingly the goodness and love of God in the pro- vision of a Ransom, a Restitution, and an opportunity of life for those men who had none in this life instead of leading all to an abhorrence of sin, will lead some to suppose that God is too lov- ing to cut them off in the Second Death, or that if He did so he would give them other, and yet other future opportunities. Building thus upon a supposed weakness in the Divine character, these may be led to try to take advantage of the grace (favor)
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of God, as a license for wilful sin. But they shall go no further, for their folly shall be made manifest. Their utter destruction will prove to the righteous the harmony and perfect balance of Justice, Wisdom, Love and Power in the Divine Ruler.
The true character of the goat class is portrayed thus : The fearful and unbelieving [who will not trust God], the abomi- nable, murderers [brother-haters], whoremongers, sorcerers, idolaters [such as misappropriate and misuse Divine favors, who give to self or any other creature or thing that service and honor which belong to God], and all "liars" — "whosoever loveth and maketh a lie" [in a word, all who do not love the Truth and seek it, and at any cost defend and hold it] "shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone [Gehenna, symbol of utter destruction], which is the Second Death." Rev. 21 : 8.) Such company would be repulsive to any honest, upright being. It is hard to tolerate them now, when we can sympathize with them, knowing that such dispositions are now in great measure the result of inherited weakness of the flesh. We are moved to a measure of sympathy by the remembrance that in our own cases, often, when we would do good evil is present with us. But in the close of the Millennial judgment when the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall have given every advantage and opportunity of knowledge and ability, this class will be an ab- horrence and detestation to all who are in harmony with the King of Glory. And the righteous will be glad when, the trial being ended, the gift of life of which these shall have proved themselves unworthy, shall be taken from them, and when the corrupters of the earth, and all their work and influence, shall be destroyed.
Rev. 20 : g tells of the destruction of those individuals who join with Satan in the last rebellion; and verse 15 tells of that same destruction in other words, using the symbol "lake of fire." They are devoured or consumed in fire. This being the case, the torment of verse 10 cannot refer to these human beings who are consumed, destroyed. Hence the question narrows down to this, Will Satan and a False Prophet and a Beast be tortured* forever? and does this verse so teach?
*The words translated "tormented" and "torment" in Rev. 20: 10; 14: 10, 11, are in the Greek basanizo and basanismos, the former a verb, the latter a noun. All Greek lexicographers agree that the first meaning of the verb is "to test," "to examine"; that its second mean- ing, derived from the ancient custom of testing persons by torture, e. g., in the ordeal, is "to test by torture," "to examine by torture" ; and that its third meaning is "to torture," "to torment." In Acts 22 : 24 we have apart from the word an illustration of how ancient exami- nations were held by scourging, i. e., torture. The noun basanismos
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We answer in God's own words, "All the wicked will He de- stroy." Concerning Satan, the arch enemy of God and man, God expressly advises us that he will be destroyed, and not pre- served in any sense or condition. — Heb. 2 : 14.
The beast and false prophet systems, which during the Gospel Age have deceived and led astray, will be cast into a great, con- suming trouble in the close of this Gospel Age. The torment of those systems will be aionion, i. e., lasting. It will continue as long as they last, until they are utterly consumed. So also the system of error, which will suddenly manifest itself at the end of the Millennial Age and lead the "goats" to destruction, will be consumed. (Rev. 20:7-10.) That deceiving system (not specified as to kind, but merely called Satan, after its instigator) will be cast into the same sort of trouble and destruction, in the end of the Millennial Age, as the Beast and False Prophet sys- tems are now being cast into it, in the end of the Gospel Age.
Rev. 19:3, speaking of one of these systems, says: "Her smoke rose up forever and ever." That is to say, the remem-
has the same three meanings in noun form. (See any Greek lexicon, but as the best authorities, especially, Liddell and Scott on the class- ical, and Thayer on the Biblical uses of these words.) In Rev. 20: 10; 14:10, 11 the primary, and not the tertiary meaning of these words should be given. In Rev. 14 : 10 the thought seems to be that the destruction (fire and brimstone) of the institutions, symbolized by the Beast and the False Prophet, will be a very sore trial, test, to their devotees, who believe these institutions to be Divinely sanc- tioned, whereas they are Divinely disapproved. In Rev. 14:11 the meaning seems to be that the memory, history (smoke, what is left after a thing passes away, ceases to be), of the sore trial, test, of such devotees will eternally come up in men's minds. The meaning in Rev. 20 : 10 is very similar : Eternally will the perfect minds of God's creatures, found worthy of life, examine the nature, character, fruits and history of the Devil, Beast and False Prophet ; and as often as they examine them, will they draw the true conclusion from their examination, that these three things are deservedly in the lake of fire and brimstone, i. e., in annihilation. In Isa. 14: 12-14 under the symbol of one man, because of their cooperation, the Devil, Beast and False Prophet are described, as to their evil deeds; then verses 15-20 describe the "examination" — "shall be tormented" — of Rev. 20: 10; while verses 21-27 describe the casting of these into the figurative lake of fire and brimstone. The remark that the words basanizo and basanismos are derived from the word basanos, a touchstone, a means of testing and examining metals to determine their purity or their alloyedness, will prove helpful to a proper understanding of their signification. Had the Translators given us the primary, and not the tertiary meaning of these words, they would not only have prevented the widespread delusion, but would have spread the correct thought on the meaning of Rev. 14: 10, 11 ; 20: 10. — Editor's Note.
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brance ("smoke") of the destruction of these systems of decep- tion and error will be lasting, the lesson will never be forgotten — as smoke, which continues to ascend after a destructive fire, is testimony that the fire has done its work. — See also Isa. 34 : 8-10.
Of Rev. 14: 9-1 1 we remark, incidentally, that all will at once concede that if a literal worshiping of a Beast and Image were meant in verse 9, then few, if any, in civilized lands are liable to the penalty of verse 11 ; and if the Beast and his Image and worship and wine and cup are symbols, so also are the torments and smoke and fire and brimstone.
The casting of death and the grave into utter destruction, the Second Death, during the Millennial Age, is a part of the utter destruction which will include every improper, injurious and useless 'thing. (Isa. 11:9; Psa. 101 : 5-8.) The Second Death, the sentence of that individual trial, will be final : it will never be destroyed. And let all the lovers of righteousness say, Amen ! For to destroy the Second Death, to remove the sentence of that just and impartial trial, would be to let loose again not only Satan, but all who love and practise wrong and deception, and who dishonor the Lord with their evil institutions — to oppose, offend and endeavor to overthrow those who love and desire to serve Him and enjoy His favor. We rejoice that there is no danger of this, but that Divine Justice unites with Divine Wis- dom, Love and Power, to bring in everlasting righteousness on a permanent basis.
"The wicked shall be returned into hell, and all the nations that forget God." (Psa. 9:17.) This statement of the Lord recorded by the Psalmist we find without any qualification what- ever, and we must accept it as a positive fact. If the claims of "Orthodoxy" respecting hell were true, this would be, indeed, a fearful message. But let us substitute the true meaning of the word sheol, and our text will read : "The wicked shall be returned into the condition of death, and all the nations that forget God." This we believe; but next, who are the wicked? In one sense all men are wicked, in that all are violators of God's law; but in the fullest sense the wicked are those who, with full knowl- edge of the exceeding sinfulness of sin, and the remedy pro- vided for their recovery from its baneful effects, wilfully persist in sin. As yet few — only consecrated believers — have come to a true knowledge of God. The world knows Him not, and the nations cannot forget God until they are first brought to a knowledge of Him. The consecrated have been enlightened, led of the Spirit through faith to understand the deep and hidden things of God, which reveal the glory of God's character, but which, though expressed in His Word, appear only as foolish- ness to the world.
As we have hitherto seen, this will not be so in the Age to
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come, for then "The earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea." (Isa. 11:9.) Much that we now receive by faith will then be demonstrated to the world. When He who has ransomed man from the power of the grave (Hos. 13: 14) begins to gather His purchased possessions back from the prison-house of death (Isa. 61 : 1), when the sleepers are awakened under the genial rays of the Sun of righteous- ness, they will not be slow to realize the truth of the hitherto seemingly idle tale, that "Jesus Christ, by the grace of God, tasted death for every man."
We have also seen that the gradual ascent of the King's High- way of Holiness in that Age will be possible to all, and com- paratively easy, because all the stones — stumbling-blocks, errors, etc. — will have been gathered out, and straight paths made for their feet. It is in that Age that this text applies. Those who ignore the favoring circumstances of that Age, and will not be obedient to the righteous Judge or Ruler, Christ, will truly be the wicked. And every loyal subject of the Kingdom of God will approve the righteous judgment which turns such an one again into sheol — the condition of death. Such an one would be unworthy of life; and, were he permitted to live, his life would be a curse to himself and to the rest of mankind, and a blemish on the work of God.
This will be the Second Death, from which there will be no resurrection. Having been ransomed from the grave (sheol) by the sacrifice of Christ, if they die again on account of their own sin, "there remaineth no more sacrifice for sin." (Heb.io: 26.) "Christ dieth no more; death hath no more dominion over him." (Rom. 6:9.) The Second Death should be dreaded and shunned by all, since it is to be the end of existence to all those deemed unworthy of life. But in it there can be no suffering. Like Adamic death, it is the extinction of life.
It is because through sin mankind had become subject to death (sheol, hades) that Christ Jesus came to deliver us and save us from death. (1 John 3:8; Heb. 2:14.) Death is a cessation of existence, the absence of life. There is no differ- ence between the conditions in the Adamic and Second deaths, but there is hope of a release from the first, while from the second there will be no release, no return to life. The first death sentence passed upon all on account of Adam's sin, while the Second Death can be incurred only by wilful, individual sin.
That the application of our text belongs to the coming Age is evident, for both saints and sinners go into sheol or hades now. This Scripture indicates that, in the time when it ap- plies, only the wicked shall go there. And the nations that for- get God must be nations that have known Him, else they could not forget Him; and never yet have the nations been brought
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to that knowledge, nor will they be until the coming time, when the knowledge of the Lord shall fill the whole earth, and none shall need to say unto his neighbor, Know thou the Lord, for all shall know Him, from the least to the greatest of them. — Isa. 11:9; Jer. 31:34.
The Hebrew word goi, rendered "nations" in this verse, is elsewhere used by the same writer and rendered "heathen," "Gentiles" and "people." The thought seems to be, any who do not become God's covenant people, even though they be- not openly wicked. The nations (Gentiles, all who under that full knowledge do not become Israelites indeed) who are forgetful or negligent of God's favors enjoyed, and of their duties and obligations to Him, shall share the fate of the wilfully "wicked," and be cast into the Second Death.
In further proof of this, we find that the Hebrew word shub, which in our text is translated "turned," signifies turned back, as to a previous place or condition. Those referred to in this text either have been in sheol or are liable to enter it, but being redeemed by the precious blood of Christ, will be brought out of sheol. If then they are wicked, they, and all who forget God, shall be turned back or returned to sheol.
Noting that we teach that the doctrine of everlasting torment was engrafted upon the doctrines of the Christian Church dur- ing the period of the apostasy, the great falling away which cul- minated in Papacy, some have inquired whether it does not seem, according to the works of Josephus, that this doctrine was firmly held by the Jews; and if so, they ask, does it not seem evident that the early Christians, being largely converts from Judaism, brought this doctrine with them in the very outstart of Chris- tianity? We answer, No; the doctrine of everlasting torment sprang naturally from the doctrine of human immortality, which as a philosophic question was first promulgated in something like the present form by the Platonic school of Grecian philos- ophy. These first affirmed that each man contained a fragment of deity, and that this would prevent him from ever dyirig. This foundation laid, it was as easy to describe a place for evil-doers as for well-doers. But to the credit of those heathen philoso- phers be it recorded that they failed to develop, or at least to manifest, that depth of degradation from benevolence and rea- son and pity necessary to paint, by word and pen and brush, such details of horrors and agonies as were soon incorporated into their doctrine, and a belief thereof declared "necessary to salva- tion" in the professed Church of .Christ.
To appreciate the case, it is necessary to remember that when the Christian Church was established Greece stood at the head of intelligence and civilization. Alexander the Great had con- quered the world, and had spread respect for Greece every-
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where; and though, from a military point of view, Rome had taken her place, it was otherwise in literature. For centuries Grecian philosophers and philosophies led the intellectual world, and impregnated and affected everything. It became customary for philosophers and teachers of other theories to claim that their systems and theories were nearly the same as those of the Grecians, and to endeavor to remove differences between their old theories and the popular Grecian views. And some sought to make capital by claiming that their system embraced all the good points of Platonism with others which Plato did not see.
Of this class were the teachers in the Christian Church in the second, third and fourth centuries. Conceding the popularly accepted correctness of the philosophers, they claimed that the same good features of philosophy were found in Christ's teach- ings, and that He was one of the greatest philosophers, etc. Thus a blending of Platonism and Christianity took place. This became the more pronounced as kings and emperors began to scrutinize religious teachings, and to favor those most likely to awe the people and make them law-abiding. While heathen teachers were truckling to such imperial scrutiny, and teaching an everlasting punishment for those who violated the laws of the emperors, who ruled as divinely appointed, we cannot sup- pose otherwise than that the ambitious characters in the Church at that time, who were seeking to displace heathenism, and to become the dominant religious power instead, would make prom- inent such doctrines as would in the eyes of the emperors seem to have an equal hold upon the fears and prejudices of the peo- ple. And what could be more to the purpose than the doctrine of the endless torment of the refractory?
The same motives evidently operated with Josephus when writing concerning the belief of the Jews. His works should be read as apologies for Judaism, and as efforts to exalt that nation in the eyes of Rome and the world. It should be remembered that the Jews had the reputation of being a very rebellious peo- ple, very unwilling to be ruled even by the Caesars. They were hoping, in harmony with God's promises, to become the chief nation. Many rebellious outbreaks had occurred among them, and their peculiar religion, different from all others, came in for its share of blame for favoring too much the spirit of liberty.
Josephus had an object in writing his two principal works, "Antiquities" and "Wars of the Jews." He wrote them in the Greek language while living in Rome, where he was the friend and guest successively of the Roman Emperors Vespasian, Titus and Domitian, and where he was in constant contact with the Grecian philosophers. These books were written for the pur- pose of showing off the Jewish people, their courage, laws, ethics, etc., to the best advantage before the Grecian philoso-
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phers and Roman dignitaries. This object is covertly admitted in his preface to his "Antiquities," in which he says:
"I have undertaken the present work as thinking it will appear to all the Greeks worthy of their study. . . . Those that read my book may wonder that my discourse of laws and historical facts contains so much of philosophy. . . . However, those that have a mind to know the reasons of everything may find here a very curious philosophical theory."
In a word, as a shrewd man who himself had become imbued with the spirit of the Grecian philosophers then prevailing, Jo- sephus drew from the Law and the Prophets, and from the tra- ditions of the elders and the theories of the various sects of the Jews, all he could find that in the most remote degree would tend to show : — First, that the Jewish religion was not far behind popular Grecian philosophy ; but that soyneivhat analogous theo- ries had been drawn from Moses' Law, and held by some Jews, long before the Grecian philosophers broached them. Secondly, that it was not their religious ideas which made the Jews as a people hard to control or "rebellious," as all liberty-lovers were esteemed by the Caesars. Hence he attempts to prove, at a time when virtue was esteemed to consist mainly in submission, that Moses' Law "taught first of all that God is the Father and Lord of all things, and bestows a happy life upon those that follow Him, but plunges such as do not walk in the paths of virtue into inevitable miseries." And it is in support of this idea, and for such purposes, evidently, that Josephus, after saying: "There are three philosophical sects among the Jews : first, the Phari- sees; second, the Sadducees; and third, the Essenes," proceeds to give an account of their three theories; especially detailing any features which resembled Grecian philosophy. And because the last and least, the Essenes, most resembled the doctrines of the Stoics and leading Grecian theories, Josephus devotes nearly ten times as much space to their views as to the views of both Sadducees and Pharisees combined. And yet the Essenes were so insignificant a sect that the New Testament does not even mention them, while Josephus himself admits they were few. Whatever views they held, therefore, on any subject, cannot be claimed as having Jewish sanction, when the vast majority of Jews held contrary opinions. The very fact that our Lord and the Apostles did not refer to them is good evidence that the Essenes' philosophy by no means represented the Jewish ideas. This small sect probably grew up later and probably absorbed from Grecian philosophy its ideas concerning immortality and the everlasting torment of the non-virtuous. It should be re- membered that Josephus was not born until three years after our Lord's crucifixion, and that he published his "Wars" — A. D. 75 — and "Antiquities" — A. D. 93 — at a time when he and
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other Jews, like all the rest of the world, were eagerly swallow- ing Grecian philosophy and science, falsely so called, against which St. Paul warned the Church.— Col. 2:8; 1 Tim. 6 : 20.
Josephus directed special attention to the Essenes because it suited his object to do so. He admits that the Sadducees, next to the largest body of Jewish people, did not believe in human immortality. And of the Pharisees' views he makes a blind statement, calculated to mislead, as follows : "They also believe that souls have an immortal vigor in them [This might be under- stood to mean that the Pharisees did not believe as the Saddu- cees that death ended all existence, but believed in a vigor or life beyond the grave — by a resurrection of the dead], and that under the earth there will be rewards and punishments, accord- ing as they have lived virtuously or viciously in this life; and that the latter are to be detained in an everlasting prison [death — not torture], but that the former [the virtuous] shall have power to revive and live again"
Is it not apparent that Josephus has whittled and stretched the views of the Pharisees, as much as his elastic conscience would allow, to show a harmony between them and the philoso- phies of Greece? St. Paul, who had been a Pharisee, contradicts Josephus. While Josephus says they believed "that only the vir- tuous would revive and live again [Does not this imply a resur- rection, and imply also that the others would not live again, but remain dead, in the great prison — the tomb?] St. Paul, on the contrary, says : "I have hope toward God, which they them- selves also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust." — Acts 24: 15.
We have no hesitancy about accepting the testimony of the inspired Apostle Paul, not only in regard to what the Jews be- lieved, but also as to what he and the early Church believed; and we repeat, that the theory of the everlasting torment of the wicked, based upon the theory that the human soul cannot die, is contrary to both the Old and the New Testament teachings, and was introduced among Jews and Christians by Grecian phil- osophers. Thank God for the purer philosophy of the Scrip- tures, which teaches that the death of the soul (being) is the penalty of sin (Ezek. 18: 20) ; that all souls condemned through Adam's sin were redeemed by Christ's soul (Isa. 53: 10) ; and that only for wilful, individual sin will any die the Second Death — an everlasting punishment, not an everlasting torment!
"I have set before thee this day life and good, death and evil." "I have set before thee life and death, blessing and cursing; therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live." — Deut. 30: 15, 19. We come now to the consideration of other Scripture statements in harmony with the conclusions set forth in the preceding articles. The words here quoted are from
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Moses to Israel. To appreciate them we must remember that Israel as a people, and all their covenants, sacrifices, etc., had a typical significance. God knew that they could not obtain life by keeping the Law, no matter how much they would choose to do so, because they, like all others of the fallen race, were weak, depraved through the effect of the "sour grape" of sin which Adam had eaten, and which his children had continued to eat. (Jer. 31:29.) Thus, as St. Paul declares, the Law given to Israel could not give them life because of the weaknesses or depravity of their nature. — Rom. 8:3; Heb. 7:19; 10 : 1-10.
Nevertheless, God foresaw a benefit to them from even an unsuccessful attempt to live perfectly; namely, that it would develop them, as well as show them the need of the better Sacri- fice (the Ransom, which our Lord Jesus gave) and a greater Deliverer than Moses. And with all this their trial furnished a pattern or shadow of the individual trial insured to the whole world (which Israel typified) and secured by the "better sacri- fices'' for sin (which were there prefigured) to be accomplished by the great Prophet of whom Moses was but a type.
Thus seeing that the trial for life or death presented to Israel was but typical of the individual trial of the whole world, arid its issues of life and death (of eternal life or the Second Death), may help some to see that the great thousand-years-Day of trial, of which our Lord Jesus has been appointed the Judge, contains the two issues, life and death. All will then be called upon to decide, under that most favorable opportunity, for righteousness and life or sin and death, and a choice must be made. And, al- though there will be rewards and "stripes" according to the deeds of the present life, as well as according to their conduct under that trial (John 3: 19; Matt. 10:42; 11:20-24), the ver- dict in the end will be in harmony with the choice expressed by the conduct of each during that Age of trial.
The second trial, its sentence and its result, are also shown in the words of Moses quoted by St. Peter (Acts 3:22, 2^): "A Prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me. Him shall ye hear in all things whatso- ever he shall say unto you. And it shall come to pass that every soul [being] which will not hear [obey] that Prophet [and thus choose life] shall be destroyed from among the people." Tn few words this calls attention to the world's great trial, yet future. It shows the great Prophet or Teacher raised up by God to give a new judgment or trial to the condemned race, which he has redeemed from the condemnation which came upon it through its progenitor, Adam. It shows, too, the conditions of eternal life to be righteous obedience, and that with the close of that trial some will be judged worthy of that life, and some worthy of destruction — the Second Death.
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Our Lord Jesus, having redeemed all by His perfect and pre- cious sacrifice, is the Head of this great Prophet; and during the Gospel Age God has been selecting the members of His Body, who, with Christ Jesus, shall be God's agents in judging the world. Together they will be that Great Prophet or Teacher promised. "Do ye not know that the saints shall judge the world ?" — 1 Cor. 6 : 2.
The first trial was of mankind only, and hence its penalty or curse, the first death, was only upon man. But the second trial is to be much more comprehensive. It will not only be the trial of fallen and imperfect mankind, but it will include every other thing and principle and being out of harmony with Jehovah. "God will bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing."
The "judgment to come" will include the judgment to con- demnation of all false systems — civil, social and religious. These will be judged, condemned and banished early in the Millennial Day, the light of truth causing them to come into disrepute and therefore to pass away. This judgment comes first, in order that the trial of man may proceed unhindered by error, preju- dice, etc. It will also include the trial of "the angels which sinned" — those angels "which kept not their first estate" of purity and obedience to God. Thus it is written by the Apostle of the members of the Body of the great Prophet and High Priest, who is to be Judge of all — "Know ye not that the saints shall judge angels ?" — 1 Cor. 6 : 3.
This being the case, the condemnation of the Millennial trial (destruction, Second Death) will cover a wider range of offend- ers than the penalty or curse for the sin of Adam, which "passed upon all men." In a word, the destruction at the close of the trial will be the utter destruction of every being and every thing which will not glorify God and be of use and blessing to His general creation.
In the preceding pages we briefly show the extreme penalty for wilful sin. Adam's penalty, which involved his entire race, was of this sort; and only as the result of Christ's death as our Ransom from the penalty of that wilful sin, is any forgiveness of it or of subsequent sins possible.
Forgivable sins are those which result from weaknesses in- curred through that one Adamic sin, which Christ settles once for all. They are such as are not wilful, but are committed through ignorance or weaknesses of the flesh. God stands pledged to forgive all such sins upon our repentance, in the name and merit of Christ's sacrifice.
Unpardonable sins, sins which cannot be forgiven, are such as are wilfully done. As the penalty of the first wilful sin was death — extinction of being — so death is the penalty of every
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wilful sin against full knowledge and ability to choose and do the right. This is called the Second Death, in distinction from the first or Adamic penalty, from which Christ's Ransom Sacri- fice will release all mankind.
The "sin unto [Second] Death," for the forgiveness of which the Apostle declares it is useless to pray (i John 5: 16), is not only a wilful sin, but a sin against clear knowledge; a sin for which no adequate excuse can be found. Because it is a sin against clear knowledge, or enlightenment in holiness, it is called the "sin against the Holy Spirit" (Matt. 12:31, 32), for which there is no forgiveness.
But there are other, partly wilful sins, which are, therefore, partially unpardonable. In such the temptations within and without (all of which are directly or indirectly results of the fall) have a share — the will consenting under the pressure of the temptation or because of weakness. The Lord alone knows how to properly estimate our responsibilities and guilt in such cases. But to the true child of God there is but one proper course to take — repentance and an appeal for mercy in the name and merit of Christ, the great sacrifice for sin. The Lord will forgive such a penitent, in the sense of restoring him to His favor; but he will be made to suffer "stripes" (Luke 12 : 47, 48) for the sin, in proportion as God sees it to have been wilfully committed.
Not infrequently a conscientious person realizes that he has committed sin, and that it had some wilfulness in it. He prop- erly feels condemned, guilty before God; realizing his own guilt, and forgetting the Fountain for sin and uncleanness, opened by God for our weak, fallen race, he falls into a state of sadness, believing that he has committed the sin unto death. Such wander in deserts drear, until they find the cleansing fountain. Let such remember, however, that the very facts of their sorrow for sin and their desire to return to Divine favor are proofs that they haAre not committed the sin unto death ; for the Apostle declares that those who commit sin of this sort can- not be renewed unto repentance. (Heb. 6:6.) Penitents*, then, may always feel confident that their sins were in part, at least, results of the fall, and hence not unto death, but requiring for- giveness and stripes.
Such is the wonderful provision of God, through Christ, for the acceptance of every soul which, forsaking sin and the love of it, seeks righteousness and life through Him who is the Way, as .well as the Truth and the Life. Thus all, whether naturally stronger or weaker, have an equal opportunity to gain everlast- ing life.
While the Scriptures teach that the present Gospel Age is the Church's Judgment Day or period of trial, and that the world's
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Judgment Day or time of trial will be the Millennial Age, it is, nevertheless, a reasonable question to ask to what extent will those who are not of the consecrated Church be held responsible, in the Millennial Age, for the misdeeds, of cruelty, dishonesty and immorality, of the present time? And to what extent will those of the same class then be rewarded for present efforts to live moral and benevolent lives?
These are important questions, especially to the world; and well would it be for them if they could realize their importance and profit thereby. They are important also to the Church, because of our interest in the world, and because of our desire to understand and teach correctly our Father's plans.
We have learned that the sacrifice of Christ secures for all mankind, however vile, an awakening from death, and the priv- ilege of thereafter coming to perfection, and, if they will, of living forever. "There shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and the unjust." (Acts 24: 15.) The object of their being again brought into existence will be to give them a favor- able opportunity to secure everlasting life, on the conditions which God requires — obedience to His righteous will. We have no intimation whatever in the Scriptures that, when awakened, the moral condition of men will have changed, but we have much, in both reason and revelation, to show that as they went into death weak and depraved, so they will come out of it. As there is "no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom in the &grave" (Eccl. 9: 10), they wrill have learned nothing; and since they were sinners and unworthy of life and Divine favor when they died, they will still' be unworthy; and as they have re- ceived neither full rewards nor full punishments for the deeds of the present life, it is evident that just such a time of awak- ening as God has promised during the Millennium is necessary for rewarding, punishing and giving to all mankind the oppor- tunity for eternal life, secured by the great Ransom-Sacrifice.
While, strictly speaking, the world is not now on trial, that is, the present is not the time for its full and complete trial, yet men are not now, nor have they ever been, entirely without light and ability, for the use of which they are accountable. In the dark- est days of the world's history, and in the deepest degradation of savage life, there has always been at least a measure of the light of conscience pointing more or less directly to righteous- ness and virtue. That the deeds of the present life have much to do with the future, St. Paul taught very clearly, when before Felix he reasoned of justice and self-government, in view of the judgment to come, so that Felix trembled. — Acts. 24:25, Diag- lott translation.
At the First Advent of our Lord, an increased measure of light came to men, and to that extent increased their responsi-
98 Life — Death — Hereafter.
bility, as He said : "This is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, be- cause their deeds were evil." (John 3:19.) For those evil deeds committed against the light possessed, whether of con- science or of revelation, men will have to give an account, and will receive, in their Day of Judgment, a just recompense of reward. And likewise to the extent of their effort to live right- eously, they will receive reward in the Day of trial. — Matt. 10 : 42.
If men would consider what even reason discerns, that a time of reckoning, of judgment, is coming, that God will not forever permit evil to triumph, and that in some way He will punish evil-doers, it would undoubtedly save them many sorrows and chastisements in the Age to come. Said the Prophet, "Woe unto them that seek deep to hide their counsel from the Lord, and their works are in the dark, and they say, Who seeth us? and who knoweth us?" (Isaiah 29: 15.) Behold, "The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good" ( Prov. 15:3) ; and "God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil." (Eccl. 12:14.) He "will bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of the hearts." — 1 Cor. 4:5.
The Age of Christ's Reign will be a time of just judgment; and though it will be an Age of golden opportunities to all, it will be a time of severe discipline, trial and punishment to many. , That the judgment will be fair and impartial, and with due con-w sideration for the circumstances and the opportunities of each individual, is also assured by the character of the Judge, The Christ (John 5:22; 1 Cor. 6:2), by His perfect knowledge, by His unwavering justice and goodness, by His Divine power and by His great love as shown in His sacrifice to redeem men from death, that they might enjoy the privilege of this favorable, in- dividual trial.
The varied circumstances and opportunities of men, in this and past ages, indicate that a just judgment will recognize dif- ferences in the degree of individual responsibility, which will also necessitate differences in the Lord's future dealings with them. And this reasonable deduction we find clearly confirmed by the Scriptures. The Judge has been, and still is, taking min- ute cognizance of men's actions and words (Prov. 5:21), al- though they have been entirely unaware of it; and He declares that "every idle [pernicious, injurious or malicious] word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the Day of Judgment" (Matt. 12:36) ; and that even a cup of cold water, given to one of His little ones, because he is Christ's, shall in no wise lose its reward. (Matt. 10:42.) The context shows that the "pernicious" words to which Jesus referred were words of
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wilful and malicious opposition spoken against manifest light. (Matt. 12:24, 31, 32.) He also affirmed that it would be more tolerable for Tyre, Sidon and Sodom in the Day of Judgment than for Chorazin, Bethsaida and Capernaum, which had mis- improved advantages of light and opportunity. — Matt. 11 : 20-24.
In the very nature of things, we can see that the punishments of that Age will be in proportion to past guilt. Every sin in- dulged, and every evil propensity cultivated, hardens the heart and makes the way back to purity and virtue more difficult. Con- sequently, sins wilfully indulged now, will require punishment and discipline in the age to come ; and the more deeply the soul is dyed in willing sin, the more severe will be the measures re- quired to correct it. As a wise parent wuuld punish a wayward child, so Christ will punish the wicked for their good.
His punishments will always be administered in justice, tem- pered with mercy, and relieved by His approval and reward to those who are rightly exercised thereby. And it will be only when punishments, instructions and encouragements fail — in short, when Love and Mercy have done all that Wisdom can approve (which is all that could be asked), that any will meet the final punishment which his case demands — the Second Death.
None of the world will meet that penalty until they have first had all the blessed opportunities of the Age to come. And while this is true of the world, the same principle applies now to the consecrated children of God in this our judgment (trial) Day. We now receive God's favors (through faith), while the world will receive them in the next age, viz., instruction, assistance, encouragement, discipline and punishment. "For what son is he whom the Father c^hasteneth not? But if ye be without chastise- ment, whereof all are partakers, then are ye bastards and not sons." Therefore, when we receive grievous chastisement, we should accept it as from a loving Father for our correction, not forgetting "the exhortation which speaketh unto us as unto chil- dren, My son, despise not thou the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when thou art rebuked of Him ; for whom the Lord loveth He chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom He receiveth." — Heb. 12:4-13.
How just and equal are God's ways ! Read carefully the rules of the coming Age — Jer. 31:29-34 and Ezek. 18:20-32. They prove to us, beyond the possibility of a doubt, the sincerity and reality of all His professions of love to men: "As I live, saith the Lord God, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked; but that the wicked turn from his way and live : Turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways; for why will ye die?" — Ezek. 33: n.
All who in this life repent of sin, and, as the term repentance implies, begin and continue the work of reformation to the best of their ability, will form character which will be a benefit to
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them in the Age to come; when awakened in the resurrection Age, they will be to that extent advanced towards perfection, and their progress will be more rapid and easy; while with others it will be more slow, tedious and difficult. This is implied in the words of our Lord (John 5 -.29, 30 — Diaglott) : "The hour is coming in the which all that are in their graves shall hear His voice, and shall come forth ; they that have done good unto the resurrection of life [those whose trial is past, and who were judged worthy of life, will be raised perfect — the faithful of past ages to perfect human life, the overcomers of the Gospel Age to perfect life as divine beings], and they that have done evil, unto the resurrection of judgment." These are awakened to judgment, to receive a course of discipline and correction as the necessary means for perfecting, or, otherwise, their con- demnation to the Second Death.
The man who, in this life, by fraud and injustice, accumulated and hoarded great wealth, which was scattered to the winds when he was laid in the dust, will doubtless awake to lament his loss, and bewail his poverty and his utter inability under the new order of things to repeat unlawful measures to accumulate a fortune. With many it will be a severe chastisement and a bitter experience to overcome the propensities to avarice, self- ishness, pride, ambition and idleness, fostered and pampered for years in the present life. Occasionally we see an illustration of this form of punishment now, when a man of great wealth sud- denly loses all, and the haughty spirit of himself and family must fall.
We are told (Dan. 12 : 2) that some shall awake to shame and age-lasting contempt. And who can doubt that, when every secret thing is brought into judgment (Eccl. 12:14), and the dark side of many a character that now stands measurably ap- proved among men is then made known, many a face will blush and hide itself in confusion? When the man who steals is re- quired to refund the stolen property to its rightful owner, with the addition of twenty per cent interest, and the man who de- ceives, falsely accuses or otherwise wrongs his neighbor, ,is re- quired to acknowledge his crimes and so far as possible to repair damages, on peril of an eternal loss of life, will not this be retributive justice? Note the clear statement of this in God's typical dealings with Israel, whom He made to represent the world. — 1 Cor. 10:11; Lev. 6:1-7. See also 'Tabernacle Shadows," page 99.
As we are thus permitted to look into the perfect Plan of God, how forcibly we are reminded of His word through the Prophet Tsaiah, "Judgment also will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the plummet." (Isa. 28:17.) We also see the wholesome influence of such discipline. Parents, in disciplining their chil-
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dren, realize the imperative necessity of making their punish- ments proportionate to the character of the offences; and so in God's Government: great punishments following great offences are not greater than are necessary to establish justice and to effect great moral reforms.
Seeing that the Lord will thus equitably adjust human affairs in His own due time, we can afford to endure hardness for the present, and resist evil with good, even at the cost of present disadvantages. Therefore, "Recompense to no man evil for evil." "Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus our Lord." — Rom. 12: 17-19; Phil. 2:5.
The present order of things will not always continue: a time of reckoning is coming. The just Judge of all the earth says, "Vengeance is mine, I will repay" ; and the Apostle Peter adds, "The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptation and to reserve the unjust unto the Day of Judgmnt to be pun- ished." (2 Pet. 2:9.) And, as we have seen, those punishments will be adapted to the nature of the offences, and the benevolent object in view: man's permanent establishment in righteousness.
Other Scriptures corroborative of this view of future rewards and punishments are as follows. :2 Sam. 3:39; Matt. 16:27; 1 Pet. 3:12; Psa. 19:11; 91:8; Prov. 11:18; Isa. 40:10; 49 : 4 ; Matt. 5:12; 10 : 41, 42 ; Luke 6 : 35 ; Rev. 22 : 12 ; Rom. 14: 11, 12.
Having demonstrated that neither the Bible nor reason offers the slightest support to the doctrine that eternal torment is the penalty for sin, we note the fact that the various church creeds, and confessions, and hymn-books, and theological treatises, are its only supports; and that under the increasing light of our day, and the consequent emancipation of reason, belief in this horrible, fiendish doctrine of the dark ages is fast dying out. But alas ! this is not because Christian people generally are zealous for the truth of God's Word and for His character and willing to destroy their grim creed-idols. Ah, no ! they still bow before their admitted falsities; they pledge themselves to their defense, and spend time and money for their support, though at heart ashamed of them, and privately denying them.
The general influence of all this is, to cause the honest-hearted of the world to despise Christianity and the Bible, and to make hypocrites and semi-infidels of nominal Christians. Because the nominal Church clings to this old blasphemy, and falsely pre- sents its own error as the teaching of the Bible, the Word of God, though still nominally reverenced, is being practically repu- diated. Thus the Bible, the great anchor of truth and liberty, is being cut loose from, by the very ones who, if not deceived regarding its teachings, would be held and blessed by it.
The general effect, not far distant, will be, first open infidelity,
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then anarchy. For much, very much of this, lukewarm Chris- tians, both in pulpits and pews, who know or ought to know better, are responsible. Many such are willing to compromise the Truth, to slander God's character, and to stultify and deceive themselves, for the sake of peace, or ease, or present earthly ad- vantage. And any minister, who, by uttering a word for an unpopular truth, will risk the loss of his stipend and his reputa- tion for being "established" in the bog of error, is considered a bold man, even though he ignominiously withhold his name from his published protests.
If professed Christians would be honest with themselves and true to God, they would soon learn that "their fear toward God is taught by the precepts of men." (Isa. 29: 13.) If all would decide to let God be true, though it should prove every man a liar (Rom. 3:4), and show all human creeds to be imperfect and misleading, there would be a great creed-smashing work done very shortly. Then the Bible would be studied and appre- ciated as never before ; and its testimony that "the wages of sin is death" (extinction), would be recognized as a "just recom- pense of reward."
THE WRATH OF GOD
"The wrath of God is love's severity
In curing sin — the zeal of righteousness In overcoming wrong — the remedy Of justice for the world's redress.
"The wrath of God is punishment for sin, In measure unto all transgressions due, Discriminating well and just between
Presumptuous sins and sins of lighter hue.
"The wrath of God inflicts no needless pain Merely vindictive or Himself to please; But aims the ends of mercy to attain, Uproot .the evil and the good increase.
"The wrath of God is a consuming fire, That burns while there is evil to destroy Or good to purify; nor can expire
Till all things are relieved from sin's alloy.
"The wrath of God shall never strike in vain, Nor cease to strike till sin shall be no more; Till God His gracious purpose shall attain, And earth to righteousness and peace restore."