M. Kratzenstein, who showed that all the vowels could be distinctly

pronounced by blowing through a reed into the lower ends of the pipes of the annexed figures, as shown in Fig. 48, where the corresponding vowels are marked on the different pipes. The vowel I is pronounced by merely blowing into the pipe _a b_, of the pipe marked I, without the use of a reed. [Illustration: _Fig. 49._] About the same time that Kratzenstein was engaged in these researches,