section is subdivided into clauses. In this Lecture,

virtue is painted in the most beautiful colours, and the duties of morality are strictly enforced. Here we are taught such wise and useful lessons as prepare the mind for a regular advancement in the principles of knowledge and philosophy ; and these are imprinted on the memory by lively and sensible images, well calculated to influ- ence our conduct in the proper discharge of the duties of social life.
The First Section.
The First Section of this Lecture is suited to all capacities, and may, and ought to be known by every person who wishes to rank as a Mason. It consists of general heads, which, though they be short and simple, will be found to carry weight with them. They not only serve as marks of distinction, but communicate useful and interesting knowledge when they are duly investigated. They qualify us to try and examine the rights of others to our privileges, while they demonstrate our own claim ; and as they induce us to inquire minutely into other particulars of greater importance, they serve 3
26 ILLUSTRATIONS
as a proper introduction to subjects which are more amply explained in the following Sections.4
The Second Section.
The Second Section makes us acquainted* with the peculiar forms and ceremonies which are adopted at the initiation of candidates into Masonry ; and convinces us, beyond the power of contradiction, of the propriety of our rites ; whilst it demonstrates to the most sceptical and hesitating mind their excellence and utility.5
A Prayer used at me Initiation.
" Vouchsafe thine aid, Almighty Father of the Universe, to this our present convention ! and grant, that this Candidate for Masonry may dedicate and devote his life to thy service, and become a true and faithful Brother
4 As we can annex to this remark no other explanation, consistently with the rules of Masonry, we must refer the more inquisitive to our regular assemblies for further instruction.
5 The following particulars, relative to the ceremony of initiation, may be introduced here with propriet}'.
The Declaration to be assented to by every Candidate previous to Initiation, and to be subscribed by his Name at full lengtJi.
" To the Worshipful Master, Wardens, Officers, and Members of the Lodge of No.
" I f A.B.], being free by birth, and of the full age of twenty-one years, do declare, that, unbiassed by the improper solicitation of friends, and uninfluenced by mercenary or other unworthy motives, I freely and voluntarily offer myself a candidate for the mysteries of Masonry ; that I am prompted by a favourable opinion conceived of the institu- tion, and a desire of knowledge : and that I will cheerfully conform to all the ancient usages and established customs of the Order. Witness my hand, this day of [A.B.l
"Witness, [C.D.]"
N. B. Copies of this Declaration may be had of the Grand Secre- tary.
The Candidate is then proposed in open lodge, as follows :
" W. Master and Brethren,
" At the request of A. B., [mentioning his Christian name and sur- name^ addition or profession, and place of abode,} I propose him, in form, as a proper Candidate for the mysteries of Masonry. I recom- mend him, as worthy to share the privileges of the Fraternity; and, in consequence of a declaration of his intentions, voluntarily made and properly attested, I believe he will strictly conform to the rules of the Order."
The Candidate is then ordered to be prepared for Initiation.
OF MASONRY. V
amongst us! Endue him with a competency of thy Divine wisdom ; that, by the secrets of this Art, he may be the better enabled to display the beauties of godliness, to the honour of thy holy Name ! So mote it be."6
The Third Section.
The Third Section, by the reciprocal communication of our marks of distinction, proves the regularity of our initiation ; and inculcates those necessary and instructive duties which dignify our character, in the double capacity of men and Masons.
We cannot better illustrate this section, than by in- serting the following
Charge at Initiation into the First Degree.7 BROTHER,
[As you are now introduced to the first principles of our Order, it is my duty to congratulate you on being accepted a member of an ancient and honourable Society ; ancient, as having subsisted from time immemorial ; and honourable, as tending, in every particular, so to render all men who will be conformable to its precepts. No institution was ever raised on a better principle, or more solid foundation ; nor were ever more excellent rules and useful maxims laid down, than are inculcated on every person when he is initiated into our mysteries. Monarchs in all ages have been encouragers and promoters of the Art : and have never deemed it derogatory from their dignities, to level themselves with the brethren, to extend their privileges, and to patronize their assemblies.]
As a Mason, you are to study the Sacred Law;8 to consider it as the unerring standard of truth arid justice, and to regulate your life and actions by its Divine pre- cepts.
The three great moral duties, to God, your neighbour,
6 It is a duty incumbent on the Master of the lodge, before the ceremony of initiation takes place, to inform the Candidate of the purpose and design of the institution; to explain the nature of his solemn engagements; and, in a manner peculiar to Masons, to require his cheerful acquiescence to the tenets of the Order.
7 The paragraphs enclosed in brackets [] may be occasionally omitted, if time will not admit of delivering the whole Charge.
s In England, the Bible- but in countries where that book is unknown, whatever is understood to contain the will or law of God In Fiance and Germany the Bible is of the Hebrew text.— EDITOR.
28 ILLUSTRATIONS
and yourself, you are strictly to observe : — To God, by holding his name in awe and veneration : viewing him as the chief good, imploring his aid in laudable pursuits, and supplicating his protection on well-meant endeavours :— To your neighbour, by always acting upon the square ; and considering him equally entitled with yourself to share the blessings of providence, rendering unto him those favours and friendly offices, which, in a similar situation, you would expect to receive from him : — And to yourself, by not abusing the bounties of Providence, impairing your faculties by irregularity, or debasing our profession by intemperance.
In the state, you are to be a quiet and peaceable sub- ject, true to your sovereign, and just to your country; you are not to countenance disloyalty or rebellion, but patiently submit to legal authority, and conform with cheerfulness to the government under which you live ; yielding obedience to the laws which afford you protec- tion ; but never forgetting the attachment you owe to the place of your nativity, or the allegiance due to the sovereign or protectors of that spot.
[In your outward demeanour, you are to avoid censure or reproach ; and beware of all who may artfully endea- vour to insinuate themselves into your esteem, with a view to betray your virtuous resolutions, or make you swerve from the principles of our institution. Let not interest, favour, or prejudice bias your integrity, or influ- ence you to be guilty of a dishonourable action ; but let your conduct be uniform, and your deportment suitable to the dignity of the profession.]
Above all, practise benevolence and charity ; for these virtues have distinguished Masons in every age and coun- try. [The inconceivable pleasure of contributing toward the relief of our fellow-creatures, is truly experienced by persons of a humane disposition; who are naturally excited, by sympathy, to extend their aid in alleviation of the miseries of others. This encourages the generous Mason to distribute his bounty with cheerfulness. Sup- posing himself in the situation of an unhappy sufferer, he listens to the tale of woe with attention, bewails misfor- tune, and speedily relieves distress.]
The 'Constitutions of the Order9 are next to engage
9 Under the superintendence :>f William Williams. Esq.. Barrister
OF MASONRY. 29
your attention. [These consist of two parts, oral and written communications ; the former comprehending the mysteries of the Art, are only to be acquired by practice and experience in the lodge ; the latter includes the his- tory of genuine Masonry ; the lives and characters of its patrons, and the ancient charges and general regulations of the Craft.]
A punctual attendance on the duties of the Order we earnestly enjoin ; more especially in that assembly in which your name is enrolled as a member. [There, and in all regular meetings of the Fraternity, you are to behave with order and decorum, that harmony may be preserved, and the business of Masonry be properly con- ducted. The rules of good-breeding you are never to violate, by using unbecoming language, in derogation of the name of God, or toward the corruption of good manners ; neither are you to enter into any dispute about religion or politics ; nor behave irreverently, while the lodge is engaged in what is serious and important.] On every occasion you are to pay a proper deference and respect to the Master and presiding Officers, and diligently apply to the work of Masonry, that you may the sooner become a proficient therein ; as well for your own credit, as for the honour of the company with whom you asso- ciate.
Although your frequent appearance at our regular meetings be earnestly solicited, your necessary employ- ments in life are not to be neglected on that account: neither are you to suffer your zeal for Masonry to exceed the bounds of discretion, or lead you into argument with persons who may ridicule our institution ; but extend your pity toward those who may be apt, through igno- rance, to contemn what they never had an opportunity to comprehend. All that is required for your general observance is, that you study the liberal arts at leisure : trace science in the works of eminent masters; and im- prove in the disquisitions of the system, by the conver- ' sation of well-informed brethren, who will always be as ready to give, as you can be to receive instruction.
at Law, M. P. for Weymouth, and P. G. M. for Dorsetshire, a new edition of the Book of Constitutions has been prepared, and partly published by order of the Grand Lodge, since the ACT OF UNION took place.
30 ILLUSTRATIONS
Finally : Adhere to the Constitutions ; and support the privileges which are to distinguish you as a Mason above the rest of the community, and mark your consequence among the Fraternity. If, in the circle of your acquaint- ance, you find a person desirous of being initiated into the Order, be particularly attentive not to recommend him, unless you are convinced that he will conform to our rules; that the value of Masonry may be enhanced by the difficulty of the purchase ; the honour and reputation of the institution be established OK the firmest basis ; and the world at large be convinced of its benign influence.
[From the attention you have paid to the recital of the duties of the Order, we are led to hope, that you will form a proper estimate of the value of Freemasonry, and imprint on your mind the dictates of truth, honour, and justice.]10
10 The late ±,odge of Reconciliation (the Rev. Samuel Hemming, D.D., Master) recommended the use of the following CHARGE; to be recited to every Mason immediately subsequent to his initiation j which was honoured with the approbation of the United Grand Lodge, their Royal Highnesses the Dukes of Kent and Sussex being present ; the former illustrious Prince being Past, and the latter Present M.W. Grand Master. The Editor, however, did not think himself justified in omitting the Charge to which Brother Preston's readers and hearers had hitherto been accustomed.
BROTHER,
As you have now passed through the ceremonies of your initiation, allow me to congratulate you on being admitted a member of our ancient and honourable society. Ancient, no doubt, it is, as having subsisted from time immemorial; and honourable it must be acknow- ledged to be — because, by a natural tendency, it conduces to make all those honourable who are strictly obedient to its precepts. Indeed, no institution can boast a more solid foundation than that on which Freemasonry rests — The practice oj social and moral virtue: and to so high an eminence has its credit been advanced, that in every age, monarchs themselves have become the promoters of the Art; — have .not thought it derogatory from their dignity to exchange the sceptre for the trowel ; — have patronized our mysteries ; — and even joined in our assemblies.
As a Mason. I would first recommend to your most serious contem- plation the volume of the Sacred Law: charging you to consider it as the unerring standard of truth and justice, and to regulate your actions by the divine precepts it contains. Therein you will be taught the important duties you owe to God, to your neighbour, and to yourself. To God, by never mentioning his name, but with that awe and reverence which are due from the creature to his Creator; by imploring his aid on all your lawful undertakings, and by looking up
OF MASONRY. 81
This section usually closes with the following
EULOGIUM.
Masonry comprehends within its circle every branch of useful knowledge and learning, and stamps an indeli- ble mark of pre-eminence on its genuine professors, which neither chance, power, nor fortune, can bestow. When its rules are strictly observed, it is a sure foundation of tranquillity amid the various disappointments of life; a friend, that will not deceive, but will comfort and assist in prosperity and adversity ; a blessing, that will remain with all times, circumstances, and places; and to which recourse may be had, when other earthly comforts sink into disregard.
Masonry gives real and intrinsic excellency to man, and renders him fit for the duties of society. It strength- ens the mind against the storms of life, paves the way to
to him in every emergency, for comfort and support. To your neigh- bour, by acting with him upon the square ; by rendering him every kind office which justice or mercy may require; by relieving his dis- tresses, and soothing his afflictions ; and by doing to him, as, in similar cases, you would wish 'he should do to you. And to yourself, by such a prudent and well-regulated course of discipline, as may best conduce to the preservation of your corporeal and mental faculties in their fullest energy ; thereby enabling you to exert the talents wherewith God has blessed you, as well to his glory, as to the welfare of your fellow-creatures.
As a citizen of the world, I am next to enjoin you to be exemplary in the discharge of your civil duties, by never proposing, or at all countenancing, any act that may have a tendency to subvert the peace and good order of society ; by paying due obedience to the laws of any state which may for a time become the place of your residence, or afford you its protection; and above all, by never losing sight of the allegiance due to the Sovereign of your native land; ever remembering, that Nature has implanted in your breast a sacred and indissoluble attachment to that country, from which you derived your birth and infant nurture.
As an individual, I am further to recommend the practice of every domestic as well as public virtue. Let Prudence direct you! Temper- ance chasten you ! Fortitude support you ! and Justice be the guide of all your actions ! Be especially careful to maintain, in their fullest splendour, those truly masonic ornaments, which have already been amply illustrated. Benevolence and Charity.
Still, however, as a Mason, there are other excellences of character, to which your attention may be peculiarly and forcibly directed. Among the foremost of these are. Secrecy, Fidelity, Obedience.
Secrecy may be said to consist in an inviolable adherence to the
32 ILLUSTRATIONS
peace, and promotes domestic happiness. It meliorates the temper, and improves the understanding; it is com- pany in solitude, and gives vivacity, variety, and energy, to social conversation. In youth, it governs the passions, and employs usefully our most active faculties; and in age, when sickness, imbecility, and disease, have be- numbed the corporeal frame, and rendered the union of soul and body almost intolerable, it yields an ample fund of comfort and satisfaction.
These are its general advantages: to enumerate them separately, would be an endless labour. It may be suffi- cient to observe, that he, who cultivates this science, and acts agreeably to the character of a Mason, has within himself the spring and support of every social virtue ; a subject of contemplation, that enlarges the mind, and expands all its powers ; a theme that is inexhaustible, ever new, and always interesting.
obligation you have entered into, never improperly to reveal any of those Masonic Secrets which have now been, or may at any future time be, intrusted to your keeping; and cautiously to shun all occasions which might inadvertently lead you so to do.
Your Fidelity must be exemplified by a strict observance of the constitutions of the Fraternity ; by adhering to the ancient landmarks of the Order; by n^ver attempting to extort, or otherwise unduly obtain, the secrets of a superior degree ; and by refraining to recom- mend any one to a participation of our secrets, unless you have strong grounds to believe that, by a similar fidelity, he will ultimately reflect honour on our choice.
So must your Obedience be proved by a close conformity to our laws and regulations; by prompt attention to all signs and summonses ; by modest and correct demeanour whilst in the lodge; by abstaining from every topic of religious or political discussion; by ready acquies- cence in all votes and resolutions duly passed by the brethren : and by perfect submission to the Master and his VYardens, whilst acting in the discharge of their respective offices.
And. as a last general recommendation, let me exhort you to dedi- cate yourself to such pursuits as may enable you to become at once respectable in your rank of life, useful to mankind, and an ornament to the society of which you have this day been admitted a member ; that you would more especially devote your leisure hours to the study of such of the liberal arts and sciences as may lie within the compass of your attainment; and that, without neglecting the ordinary duties of your station, you would consider yourself called upon to make a daily advancement in masonic knowledge.
[From the very commendable attention which you appear to have given to this charge, I am led to hope that you will duly appreciate the excellence of Freemasonry, and imprint indelibly on your mind the sacred dictates of Truth, of Honour, and of Virtue !]
OF MASONRY. 33
The Fourth Section.
The Fourth Section rationally accounts for the origin of our hieroglyphical instruction, and points out the advantages which accompany a faithful observance of our duty. It illustrates, at the same time, certain par- ticulars, our ignorance of which might lead us into error; and which, as Masons, we are indispensably bound to know.
To make daily progress in the Art, is a constant duty and expressly required by our general laws. What end can be more noble, than the pursuit of virtue? what motive more alluring, than the practice of justice? or what instruction more beneficial, than an accurate elucidation of symbols which tend to improve and embellish the mind? Every thing that strikes the eye, more immediately engages the attention, and imprints on the memory serious and solemn truths. Masons have, therefore, universally adopted the plan of inculcating the tenets of their Order by typical figures and allegorical emblems, to prevent their mysteries from descending within the familiar reach of inattentive and unprepared novices, fror% whom they might not receive due venera- tion.
The usages and customs of Masons have ever corre- sponded with those of the ancient Egyptians; to which indeed, they bear a near affinity. Those philosophers, unwilling to expose their mysteries to vulgar eyes,* con- cealed their particular tenets and principles of polity and philosophy under hieroglyphical figures; and expressed their notions of government by signs and symbols, which they communicated to their magi alone, who were bound by oath11 never to reveal them. Pythagoras seems to have
1 1 " The oath proposed to the aspirant for the Pythagorean mysteries, was made on the number FOUK, or Tetraclys, which was expressed by TEN commas or jods, x supposing it to be derived from the Tetragram- maton of the Jews,) disposed in the form of an equilateral triangle, each side containing four, as follows :
, Monad, fire, or the active principle.
, . Duad, the passive principle.
, Triad, the world proceeding from their union.
, ' , , , Quaternary, the liberal sciences.
This triangle, as some authors suppose, bore a reference to the Triune God, whence it was termed Trigonon mysticum. larablichus gives us 3*
34 ILLUSTRATIONS
established his system on a similar plan; and many Orders of a more recent date have copied the example. Masonry, however, is not only the most ancient, but the most moral Institution that ever subsisted; as every character, figure, and emblem, depicted in the lodge, has a moral meaning, and tends to inculcate the practice of virtue on those who behold it.12
The Fifth Section.
The Fifth Section explains the nature and principles of our institution, and teaches us to discharge with pro- priety the duties of the different departments which we are appointed to sustain in the government of the lodge. Here, too, our ornaments are displayed, and our jewels and furniture specified : while a proper attention is paid to our ancient and venerable patron.
To explain the subjects treated in this Section, and assist the industrious Mason to acquire them, we can only recommend a punctual attendance on the duties of the lodge, and a diligent application to the lessons which
are there inculcated.
•
The Sixth Section.
The Sixth Section, though the last in rank, is not the least considerable in importance. It strengthens those which precede; and enforces, in the most engaging man- ner, a due regard to character and .behaviour^ in public as well as in private life; in the lodge, as well as in the general commerce of society.
This Section forcibly inculcates the most instructive lessons. Brotherly Love, Relief', and Truth, are themes on which we here expatiate. By the exercise of Brotherly Love, we are taught to regard the whole human species as one family, the high and low, the rich and poor; who, as children of the same parent, and inhabitants of the
the words of this tremendous oath. Ov fta rov aperey^, &c. By the GREAT TETRACTYS, or name IAO, who hath communicated the foun- tain of eternity to our souls, £c." (Oliver's Hist. Init., in notis.) — EDITOR.
18 This section closes with a definition of Charity, for which see p. 14.
OF MASONRY. 35
same planet, are to aid, support, and protect each other. On this principle Masonry unites men of every country, sect, and opinion ;13 and conciliates true friendship among those who might otherwise have remained at a perpetual distance. — Relief is the next tenet of the profession ; and, though to relieve the distressed is a duty incumbent on all men, it is more particularly so on Masons, who are linked together by an indissoluble chain of sincere affec- tion. To,soothe calamity, alleviate misfortune, compas- sionate misery, and restore peace to' the troubled mind, is the grand aim of the true Mason. On this basis he establishes his friendships, and forms his connections. — Truth is a divine attribute, and the foundation of every virtue. To be good and true, is the first lesson we are taught in Masonry. On this theme we contemplate, and by its dictates endeavour to regulate our conduct : influ- enced by this principle, hypocrisy and deceit are unknown in the lodge, sincerity and plain-dealing distinguish us; while the heart and tongue join in promoting the general welfare, and rejoicing in each other's prosperity.
To this illustration succeeds an explanation of the four cardinal virtues, Temperance, Fortitude, Prudence, and Justice. — By Temperance, we are instructed to govern the passions, and check unruly desires. The health of the body, and the dignity of the species, are equally con- cerned in a faithful observance of it. — By Fortitude, we are taught to resist temptation, and encounter danger with spirit and resolution. This virtue is equally distant from rashness and cowardice ; and he, who possesses it, is seldom shaken, and never eve/thrown, by the storms that surround him. — By Prudence, we are instructed to regulate our conduct by the dictates of reason, and to judge and determine with propriety in the execution of every thing that tends to promote either our present or
13 I cite a single instance of this fact from Lawrie. ;c A Scottish gentleman in the Prussian service was taken prisoner at the battle of Lutzen, and was conveyed to Prague along with four hundred of his companions-in-arms. As soon as it was known that he was a Mason, he was released from confinement ; he was invited to the tables of the most distinguished citizens, and requested to consider himself as a Freemason, and not as a prisoner of war. About three months after the engagement, an exchange of prisoners took place, and the Scottish officer was presented by the Fraternity with a purse of sixty ducata to defray the expenses of his journey." — EDITOR.
36 ILLUSTRATIONS
future well-being. On this virtue, all others depend ; it is, therefore, the chief jewel that can adorn the human frame. — Justice, the boundary of right, constitutes the cement of civil society. This virtue, in a great measure, constitutes real goodness, and is therefore represented as the perpetual study of the accomplished Mason. With- out the exercise of justice, universal confusion would ensue; lawless force might overcome the principles of equity, and social intercourse no longer exist, r
The explanation Of these virtues 'is accompanied with some general observations on the equality observed among Masons. In the lodge, no estrangement of be- haviour is discovered ; influenced by the same principle, an uniformity of opinion, which is useful in exigencies, and pleasing in familiar life, universally prevails, strength- ens the ties of friendship, and promotes love and esteem. Masons are brethren by a double tie; and among them, as brothers, no invidious distinctions exist ; merit being always respected, and honour rendered to whom honour is due. — A king, in the lodge, is reminded, that although a crown may adorn the head, or a sceptre the hand, the blood in the veins is derived from the common parent of mankind, and is no better than that of the meanest sub- ject.— The statesman, the senator, and the artist, are there taught that, equally with others, they are by nature exposed to infirmity and disease ; and that an unforeseen misfortune, or a disordered frame, may impair their faculties, and level them with the most ignorant of their species. This checks pride, and incites courtesy of behaviour. Men of inferior talents, or who are not placed by fortune in such exalted stations, are instructed to regard their superiors with peculiar esteem; when they discover them voluntarily divested of the trappings of external grandeur, and condescending, in the badge of innocence and bond of friendship, to trace wisdom, and follow virtue, assisted by those who are of a rank beneath them. Virtue is true nobility, and Wisdom is the channel by which Virtue is directed and conveyed ; Wisdom and Virtue, only, mark distinction among Masons.
Such is the arrangement of the Sections in the First Lecture ; which, including the forms adopted at opening and closing the lodge, comprehends the whole of the
OF MASONRY. 37
First Degree. This plan has not only the advantage of regularity to recommend it, but the support of precedent and authority, ard the sanction and respect which flow from antiquity. The whole is a regular system of morality, conceived in a strain of interesting allegory, which readily 'unfolds its beauties to the candid and industrious inquirer.
SECT. IV. REMARKS on the SECOND LECTURE.
MASONRY is a progressive science, and is divided into different classes, or Degrees, for the more regular advance- ment in the knowledge of its mysteries. According to the progress we make, we limit or extend our inquiries; and, in proportion to our talents, we attain to a lesser or greater degree of perfection.
Masonry includes almost every branch of polite learn- ing under the veil of its mysteries, which comprehend a regular system of virtue and science. Many of its illus- trations may appear unimportant to the confined genius; but the man of more enlarged faculties will consider them in the highest degree useful and interesting. To please the accomplished scholar and ingenious artist, the institution is well suited ; and in the investigation of its latent doctrines, the philosopher and mathematician may experience equal satisfaction and delight.
To exhaust the various subjects of which Masonry treats, would transcend the powers of the brightest genius: still, however, nearer approaches to perfection may be made; and the man of wisdom will not check the progress of his abilities, though the task he attempts may, at first, seem insurmountable. Perseverance and application will remove each difficulty as it occurs; every step he advances, new pleasures will open to his view, and instruction of the noblest kind attend his researches. In the diligent pursuit of knowledge, great discoveries are made; and the intellectual faculties are wisely employed in promoting the glory of God and the good of mankind.
SUCH IS THE TENDENCY OF ALL THE ILLUSTRATIONS
38 ILLUSTRATIONS
IN MASONRY. REVERENCE FOR THE DEITY AND GRATI- TUDE FOR THE BLESSINGS OF HEAVEN ARE INCULCATED
IN EVERY DEGREE. This is the plan of our system, and the result of our inquiries.
The First Degree being intended to enforce the duties of morality, and imprint on the memory the noblest principles which can adorn the human mind ; the Second Degree extends the plan, and comprehends a more diffu- sive system of knowledge. Practice and theory are united, to qualify the industrious Mason to share the pleasures which an advancement in the Art necessarily affords. Listening with attention to the opinions of experienced men on important subjects, the mind of the Craftsman is gradually familiarized to useful instruction, and he is soon enabled to investigate truths of the utmost concern in the general transactions of life.
From this system proceeds a rational amusement. While the mental powers are fully employed, the judg- ment is properly exercised : a spirit of emulation prevails ; and every brother vies, who shall most excel in promot- ing the design of the Institution.
The First Section.
The First Section of the Second Degree elucidates the mode of introduction into this class; and instructs the diligent Craftsman how to proceed in the proper arrangement of the ceremonies which are used on that occasion. It enables him to judge of the importance of those rites, and convinces him of the necessity of adhefing to all the established usages of the Order. Here -he is entrusted with particular tests, to prove his title to the privileges of this Degree; and satisfactory reasons are given for their origin. The duties which cement, in the firmest union, well-informed brethren, are illustrated ; and an opportunity is given to make such advances in the Art, as will always distinguish the talents of able Craftsmen.
Besides the ceremony of initiation in the Second Degree, this Section contains many important particu- lars, with which no officer of the lodge should be unac- quainted.
OP MASONRY. £9
Charge at Initiation into the Second Degree.1* BROTHER,
Being advanced to the Second Degree of the Order, we congratulate you on your preferment. [The internal', and not the external, qualifications of a man, are what Masonry regards. As you increase in knowledge, you will consequently improve in social intercourse.
It is unnecessary to recapitulate the duties which, as a Mason, you are now bound to discharge; or enlarge on the necessity of a strict adherence to them ; as your own experience must have established their value. It may be sufficient to observe, that] Your past behaviour and regular deportment have merited the honour which we have conferred ; arid in your new character, it is expected that you will not only conform to the principles of the Order, but steadily persevere in the practice of every virtue.
The study of the liberal arts [that valuable branch of education, which tends so effectually to polish and adorn the mind] is earnestly recommended to your considera- tion; especially the science of Geometry, which is established as the basis of our Art. [Geometry, or Masonry, originally synonymous terms, is of a divine and moral nature, and enriched with the mos-t useful know- ledge: whilst it proves the wonderful properties of Nature, it demonstrates the more important truths of Morality.]
As the solemnity of our ceremonies requires a serious deportment, you are to be particularly attentive to your behaviour in our regular assemblies; you are to preserve our ancient usages and customs sacred and inviolable, and induce others, by your example, to hold them in due veneration.
The laws and regulations of the Order you are strenu- ously to support and maintain. You are not to palliate, or aggravate, the offences of your brethren ; but, in the decision of every trespass against our rules, judge with candour, admonish with friendship, and reprehend with mercy.
14 The sentences enclosed in brackets [ ] may be occasionally omitted.
4:0 ILLUSTRATIONS
As a Craftsman, in our private assemblies you may offer your sentiments and opinions on such subjects as are regularly introduced in the Lecture, under the super- intendence of an experienced Master, who will guard the land-mark against encroachment. By this privilege you may improve your intellectual powers; qualify yourself to become an useful member of society ; and like a skil- ful Brother, strive to 'excel in what is good and great.
[15 All regular signs and summonses, given and received, you are duly to honour, and punctually obey; inasmuch as they consist with our professed principles. You are to encourage industry and reward merit ; supply the wants and relieve the necessities of brethren and fellows, to the utmost of your power and ability; and on no account to wrong them, or see them wronged, but timely to apprize them of approaching danger, and view their interest as inseparable from your own.
Such is the nature of your engagement, as a Craftsman ; and these duties you are now bound, by the most sacred ties, to observe.]
The Second Section.
The Second Section of this Degree presents an ample field for the man of genius to perambulate. It cursorily specifies the particular classes of the Order, and explains the requisite qualifications for preferment in each. In the explanation of our usages, many remarks are introduced, which are equally useful to the experienced artist and the sage moralist. The various operations of the mind are demonstrated,' as far as they will admit of elucidation, and a fund of extensive science is explored throughout. Here we find employment for leisure hours; trace science from its original source; ana by drawing the attention to the sum of perfection, contem- plate with admiration the wonderful works of the Creator. Geometry is displayed, with all its powers and properties; and in the disquisition of this science, the mind is filled with rapture and delight. Such is the latitude of this Section, that the most judicious may fail
15 This and the folio wing paragraph are to be omitted, if previously used in the course of the ceremony.
OF MASONRY. 41
in an attempt to explain it ; the rational powers being exerted to their utmost stretch in illustrating the beau- ties of Nature, and demonstrating the more important trutns of morality.
As the Orders of Architecture come under consideration in this Section, the following brief description of them may not be improper:
By order, in architecture, is meant a system of the members, proportions, and ornaments of columns and pilasters; or, it is a regular arrangement of the project- ing parts of a building, which, united wdth those of a column, form a beautiful, perfect, and complete whole. Order in architecture may be traced from the first forma- tion of society. When the rigour of seasons obliged men to contrive shelter from the inclemency of the weather, we learn that they first planted trees on end, and then laid others across, to support a covering. The bands which connected those trees at top and bottom, are said to have suggested the idea of the base and capitals of pillars ; and from this simple hint originally prpceeded the more improved art of architecture.
The five orders are thus classed; the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite.
The Tuscan is the most simple and solid of the live orders. It was invented in Tuscany, whence it derives its name. Its column is seven diameters high ; and its capital, base, and entablature, have but few mouldings. The simplicity of the construction of this column ren- ders it eligible where solidity is the chief ooject, and where ornament would be superfluous.
The Doric orderr which is plain and natural, is the most ancient, and was invented by the Greeks. Its column is eight diameters high, and it has seldom any ornaments on base or capital, except mouldings; though the frieze is distinguished by triglyphs and metopes, and the triglyphs compose the ornaments of the frieze. The solid composition of this order gives it a preference in structures where strength and a noble but rough sim- plicity are chiefly required.16
16 The Doric is the best proportioned of all the orders. The several parts of which it is composed are founded on the natural position oJ solid bodies. In its first invention it was more simple than in it present state. In after-times, when it began to be adorned, it gained
42 ILL USl RATIONS
The Ionic bears a kind of mean proportion between the more solid and delicate orders. Its column is nine diameters high : its capital is adorned with volutes, and its cornice has denticles. There is both delicacy and ingenuity displayed in this pillar ; the invention of which is attributed to the loriians, as the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus was of this order. It is said to have been formed after the model of an agreeable young woman, of an elegant shape, dressed in her hair; as a contrast to the D6ric order, which was formed after that of a strong robust man.
The Corinthian, the richest of the five orders, is deemed a master-piece of art, and was invented at Corinth by Callimachus. Its column is ten diameters high, and its capital is adorned with two rows of leaves and eight volutes, which sustain the abacus. The frieze is orna- mented with curious devices, and the cornice with denti- cles and modillions. This order is used in stately and superb structures.17
The Composite is compounded of the other orders, and was contrived by the Romans. Its capital has the two rows of leaves of the Corinthian, and the volutes of the Ionic. Its column has the quarter-round as the Tuscan and Doric orders, is ten diameters high, and its cornice has denticles, or simple modillions. This pillar is gene- rally found in buildings where strength, elegance, and beauty are united.18
the name of Doric ; for when it was constructed in its primitive and simple form, the name of Tuscan was conferred on it. Hence the Tuscan precedes the Doric in rank, on account of the resemblance to that pillar in its original state.
17 Callimachus is said to have taken the hint of the capital of this pillar from the following remarkable circumstance : — Accidently pass- ing by the tomb of a young lady, he perceived a basket of toys covered with a tile placed over an acanthus root ; having been left there by her nurse. As the branches grew up, they encompassed the basket, till, arriving at the tile, they met with an obstruction, and bent downwards. Callimachus, struck with the object, set about imitating the figure ; the vase of the capital he made to represent the basket , the abacus the tile ; and the volutes the bending leaves.
18 The original orders of architecture were no more than three : — the Doric. Ionic, and Corinthian. To these the Romans added two : — the Tuscan, which they made plainer than the Doric; and the Composite which was more ornamental, if not more beautiful than the Corinthian. The nrst three orders alone show invention and particular character and essentially differ from each other ; the two others have nothing
OF MASONRY. 43
These observations are intended to induce the indus- trious Craftsman to pursue his researches into the rise and progress of architecture, by consulting the works of the best writers on the subject,19
From this theme we proceed to illustrate the moral advantages of Geometry:
Geometry is the first and noblest of sciences, and the basis on which the superstructure of Freemasonry is erected.
The contemplation of this science in a moral and com- prehensive view fills the mind with rapture. To the true Geometrician, the regions of matter with which he is surrounded afford ample scope for his admiration, while they open a sublime field for his inquiry and disquisition. Every blade of grass which covers the field, every flower that blows, and every insect which wings its way in the bounds of expanded space, proves the existence of a First Cause, and yields pleasure to the intelligent mind.
The symmetry, beauty, and order displayed in the various parts of animate and inanimate creation are pleasing and delightful themes, and naturally lead to the source whence the whole is derived. When we bring within the focus of the eye the variegated carpet of the terrestrial creation, and survey the progress of the vege- tative system, our admiration is justly excited. Every plant that grows, every flower that displays its beauties or breathes its sweets, affords instruction and delight. When we extend our views to the animal creation, and contemplate the varied 'clothing of every species, we are equally struck with astonishment ! and when we trace the lines of Geometry drawn by the Divine pencil in the beautiful plumage of the feathered tribe, how exalted is our conception of the heavenly work ! The admirable structure of plants and animals, and the infinite number
but what is borrowed, and differ only accidentally; the Tuscan is the Doric in its earliest state; and the Composite is the Corinthian enriched with the Ionic. To the Greeks, and not to the Romans, we are indebted for what is great, judicious, and distinct, in architecture. 19 How much soever I may regret the loss of the fine analysis of '' the Senses" which Mr. Preston had introduced here ;.yet, as it forms no part of the present system of Masonry, it is necessarily expunged — otherwise this volume would have a tendency to mislead rather than inform — EDITOR.
44 ILLUSTRATIONS
of fibres and vessels which run through the whole, with the apt disposition of one part to another, is a perpetual subject of study to the true Geometrician ; who, while he adverts to the changes which all undergo in their progress to maturity, is lost in rapture and veneration of the Great Cause that produced the whole, and which continues to govern the system.
When he descends into the boavels of the earth, ami explores the kingdom of ores, minerals, and fossils, he finds the same instances of Divine wisdom and goodness displayed in their formation and structure; every gem and every pebble proclaims the handy-work of an Al- mighty Creator.
When he surveys the watery element, and directs his attention to the wonders of the deep, with all the inhabi- tants of the mighty ocean, he perceives emblems of the same Supreme Intelligence. The scales of the largest whale, and the pencilled shell of the most diminutive fish, equally yield a theme for his contemplation, on which he fondly dwells; while the symmetry of their formation, and the delicacy of the tints, evince to his discerning eye the Wisdom of the Divine Artist.
When he exalts his view to the more noble and eleva- ted parts of Nature, arid surveys the celestial orbs, how much greater is his astonishment ! If, on the principles of Geometry and true philosophy, he contemplates the sun, the moon, the stars, and the whole concave of heaven, his pride is humbled, and he is lost in awful admiration. The immense magnitude of those bodies, the regularity and rapidity of thett motions, and the vast extent of space through which they move, are equally inconceivable ; and, as far as they exceed human compre- hension, baffle his most daring ambition, till, lost in the immensity of the theme, he sinks into his primitive insig- nificance.
By Geometry, then, we curiously trace Nature, through her various windings, to her most concealed recesses. By it we discover the power, the wisdom, and the good- ness of the Great Artificer of the universe, and view with delight the proportions which connect this vast machine. By it we discover how the planets move in their different orbits, and demonstrate their various revo- lutions. By it we account for the return of seasons, and
OF MASONRY. 45
the variety of scenes Vhich each season displays to the discerning eye. Numberless worlds are around us, all framed by the same Divine Artist, which roll through the vast expanse, and are all conducted by the same unerring law.
A survey of Nature, and the observation of her beau- tiful proportions, first determined man to imitate the Divine plan, and study symmetry and order. This gave rise to societies, and birth to every useful art. The architect began to design ; and the plans which he laid down, improved by experience and time, produced works which have been the admiration of every age.
The Third Section.
The Third Section of this Degree has reference to the origin of the institution, and views Masonry under two denominations, Operative and Speculative. These are separately considered, and the principles on which both are founded are particularly explained. Their affinity is pointed out by allegorical figures and typical representa- tions. Here the rise of our government, or division into classes is examined ; the disposition of our rulers, supreme and subordinate, is traced ; and reasons are assigned for the establishment of several of our present practices. The progress made in architecture, particularly in the reign of Solomon, is remarked ; the number of artists20
20 I copy from "Anderson's Book of Constitutions,-" the numbers
and classes of all the Craftsmen who were employed about this
work : —
^ Harodim, princes, rulers, or provosts
Menalzehim, expert Master Masons 3,300
Gliiblim, stone squarers and sculptors, )
Jsh Cholzeb, men of hewing, V able Fellow Crafts . 80,000
Benai, layers or builders, >
The levy out of Israel, appointed to work in Lebanon one month in three, 10.000 every month, under the direction of the noble Adoniram, who was the Junior Grand Warden . 30,000
All the Freemasons employed in the work of the Temple,
exclusive of the two Grand Wardens 113,600
Besides the Jsh Sabbal, or ipen of burden, the remains of the old Canaanites, amounting to 70,000, who are not numbered among Masons. Solomon distributed the Fellow Crafts into separate lodges, with a master and wardens in each, that they might receive commands
46 ILLUSTRATIONS
who were employed in building th^Temple of Jerusalem, with their privileges, are specified ; the stipulated period for rewarding merit is fixed, and the inimitable moral to which that circumstance alludes is explained ; the crea- tion of the world is described, and many particulars are recited, which have been carefully preserved among Masons, and transmitted from one age to another by oral tradition. In short, this Section contains a store of valuable knowledge, founded on reason and sacred record, both entertaining and instructive, and is well calculated to enforce the veneration due to antiquity.21
in a regular manner, might take care of their tools and jewels, might be regularly paid every week. &c., and the Fellow Crafts took care of their succession by educating Entered Apprentices." — EDITOR.
81 We can afford little assistance, by writing, to the industrious Mason in this Section, as it can only be acquired by oral communica- tion: for an explanation, however, of the connection between Operative and Speculative Masonry, we refer him to the Fourth Section of Book I, page 7.
The following Invocation of Solomon, at the Dedication of the Tem- ple of Jerusalem, particularly claims our attention in this Section:
INVOCATION.
And Solomon stood before the altar of the Lord, in the presence of all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands; saying.
O Lord God, there is no god like unto thee, in heaven above, or in the earth beneath: who keenest covenant, and shewest mercy unto thy servants who walk before thee, with all their* hearts.
Let thy word be verified, which thou hast spoken unto David, my father.
Let all the people of the earth know, that the Lord is God ; and that there is none else.
Let all the people of the earth know thy name and fear thee.
Let all the people of the earth know, that I have builfrthis house, and consecrated it to thy name.
But will God, indeed, dwell upon the earth? Behold — the heaven, and heaven of heavens, cannot contain thee; how much less this house, which I have built!
Yet, have respect unto my prayer, and to my supplication, and hearken unto my cry :
May thine eyes be open toward this house, by day and by night ; even toward the place of which thou hast said, My name shall be there ?
And when thy servant, and thy people Israel, shall pray towards this house, hearken to their supplication; hear thou them in heaven, thy dwelling-place: and when thou nearest, forgive!
And the Lord answered, and said, I have hallowed the house which thou hast built, to put my name there for ever; and mine eyes and mine heart shall be there perpetually.
And all the people answered and said — The Lord is gracious, and his mercy eudureth for ever.
OF MASONRY. 47
The Fourth Section.
The Fourth and last Section of this Degree is no less replete with usefi.1 instruction. Circumstances of real importance to the Fraternity are here particularized, and many traditional tenets and customs confirmed by sacred and profane record. The celestial and terrestrial globes are considered with accuracy ; and here the accomplished gentleman may display his talents to advantage in the elucidation of the sciences, which are classed in a regular arrangement. The stimulus to preferment, and the mode of rewarding merit, are pointed out ; the marks of dis- tinction which were conferred on our ancient Brethren, as the reward of excellence, are explained; and the duties, as well as privileges, of the first branch of their male offspring defined. In short, this Section contains some curious observations on the validity of our forms, and concludes with the most powerful incentives to the practice of piety and virtue.
As the seven liberal Arts and Sciences are illustrated in this Section, it may not be improper to give a short explanation of them :
Grammar teaches the proper arrangement of words, according to the idiom or dialect of any particular people ; and that excellency of pronunciation which enables us to speak or write a language with accuracy, agreeably to reason and correct usage.
Rhetoric teaches us to speak copiously and fluently on any subject, not merely with propriety, but with all the advantages of force and elegance; wisely contriving to captivate the hearers by strength of argument and beauty of expression, whether it be to entreat or exhort, to admonish or applaud.
Logic teaches us to guide our reason discretionally in the general knowledge of things, and direct our inquiries after truth. It consists of a regular train of argument, whence we infer, deduce, and conclude, according to certain premises laid down, admitted, or granted ; and in it are employed the faculty of conceiving, judging, rea- soning and disposing; which are naturally' led on from one gradation to another, till the point in question is finally determined.
Arithmetic teaches the powers and properties of num-
48 ILLUSTRATIONS
bers; which is variously affected by letters, tables, figures and instruments. By this art, reasons and demon- strations are given for finding out any certain number, whose relation or affinity to others is already known.
Geometry treats of the powers and properties of magni- tudes in general, where length, breadth, and thickness are considered.22 By this science, the architect is enabled to construct his plans; the general, to arrange his soldiers; the engineer, to mark out ground for encamp- ments ; the geographer, to give us the dimensions of the world, delineate the extent of seas, and specify the divisi- ons of empires, kingdoms, and provinces; and by it, also, the astronomer is enabled to make his observations, and fix the duration of times and seasons, years and cycles. In short, Geometry is the foundation of archi- tecture, and the root of the mathematics.
Music teaches the art of forming concords, so as to compose delightful harmony, by a proportional arrange- ment of acute, grave, and mixed sounds. This art, by a series of experiments, is reduced to a science, with respect to tones, and the intervals of sound only. It inquires into the nature of concords and discords, and enables us to find out the proportion between them by numbers.
Astronomy is that art by which we are taught to read the wonderful works of the Almighty Creator in those sacred pages, the celestial hemisphere. Assisted by Astronomy, we observe the motions, measure the dis- tances, comprehend the magnitudes, and calculate the periods and eclipses, of the heavenly bodies. By it we learn the use of the globes, the system of the world, and the primary law of Nature. While we are employed in the study of this science, we perceive unparalleled instances of wisdom and goodness, and through the whole of creation trace the glorious Author by his works.23
22 Thus the progression is from a point to a line, from a line to a superficies, and from a superficies to a solid. A point has no dimen- sions, but is an indivisible part of space. A line is the continuation of a point, embracing cnly^the single capacity of length. A superficies has two dimensions, length and breadth ; and a solid has three dimen- sions, length, breadth, and thickness. — EDITOR.
93 The doctrine of the Spheres, whic his included in the science of Astronomy, is also particularly considered in this section.
The globes are two artificial spherical bodies, on the convex surface
OF MASONRY. 49
Thus end the different Sections of the second Lecture; which, with the ceremony used at opening and closing the lodge, comprehend the whole of the Second Degree of Masonry. Besides a complete theory of philosophy and physics, this Lecture contains a regular system of science, demonstrated on the clearest principles, and established on the firmest foundation.
SECT. V.
REMARKS on the THIRD LECTURE.
IN treating with propriety on any subject, it is neces- sary to observe a regular course ; in the former Degrees we have recapitulated the contents of the several Sec- tions, and should willingly pursue the same plan in this Degree, did not the variety of particulars, of which it is composed, render it impossible to give an abstract, with- out violating the rules of the Order. It may be suffi- cient to remark, that, in twelve Sections, of which this Lecture consists, every circumstance that respects govern- ment and system, ancient lore and deep research, curious invention and ingenious discovery, is collected, and accu- rately traced ; while the mode of practising our rites, on public as well as private occasions, is satisfactorily explained. Among the brethren of this Degree, the landmarks of the Order are preserved; and from them is derived that fund of information which expert and ingenious Craftsmen only can afford, whose judgment has been matured by years and experience. To a com-
of which are represented the countries, seas, and various parts of the earth ; the face of the heavens, the planetary revolutions, and other important particulars. The sphere, with the parts of the earth deli- neated on its surface, is called the terrestial globe ; and that with the constellations, and other heavenly bodies, the celestial globe. Their principal use, besides serving as maps to distinguish the outward parts of the earth, and the situation of the fixed stars, is, to illustrate and explain the phenomena arising from the annual revolution and diurnal rotation of the earth round its own axis. They are the noblest instruments for giving the most distinct idea of any problem or proposition, as well as for enabling us to solve it. Contemplating these bodies, Masons are inspired with a due reverence for the Deity and his works ; and are induced to apply with diligence and attention to astronomy, geography, navigation, and all the arts dependent on them, by which society has been so much benefited. 4
60 ILLUSTRATIONS
plete knowledge of this Lecture, few attain ; but, it is an infallible truth, that he who acquires by merit the mark of pre-eminence to which this Degree entitles him, feceives a reward which amply compensates for all his past diligence and assiduity.
From this class of the Order, the rulers of the Craft are selected ; as it is only from those who, are capable of giving instruction that we can properly expect to receive it with advantage.
The First Section.
The ceremony of initiation into the Third Degree * is particularly specified in this branch of the Lecture, and many useful instructions are given.
Such is the importance of this Section, that we may safely aver, whoever is unacquainted with it, is ill quali- fied to act as a ruler or governor of the work of Masonry.
Prayer at Initiation into the Third Degree.
O Lord, direct us to know and serve thee aright ! prosper our laudable undertakings! and grant that, as we increase in knowledge, we may improve in virtue, and still farther promote thy honour and glory ! So mote it be.
Charge at Initiation into the Third Degree. BROTHER,
Your zeal for the institution of Freemasonry, the pro- gress which you have made in the Art, and your conform- ity to the general regulations, have pointed you out as a proper object of our favour and esteem.
In the character of a Master-mason, you are henceforth authorized to correct the errors and irregularities of brethren and fellows, and guard them against a breach of fidelity. To improve the morals and correct the man- ners of men in society, must be your constant care. With this view, therefore, you are always to recommend to inferiors, obedience and submission ; to equals, courtesy
24 Our American brethren use an abundance of scripture quotations in the opening and conduct of this Degree, particularly that sublime observation of King Solomon recorded in Ecclesiastes, xii.,1 — 7 — EDITOR.
OF MASONRY. 51
and affability ; to superiors, kindness and condescension. Universal benevolence you are to inculcate ; and, by the regularity of your own behaviour, afford the best example for the conduct of others. The ancient landmarks of the Order, which are here intrusted to your care, you are to preserve sacred and inviolable ; and, never suffer an infringement of our rights, or a deviation from establish- ed usage and custom.
Duty, honour, and gratitude, now bind you to be faithful to every trust ; to support with becoming dignity your new character ; and to enforce, by example and precept, the tenets of the system. Let no motive, there- fore, make you swrerve from your duty, violate your vows, or betray your trust ; but be true and faithful, and imitate the example of that celebrated artist whom you have once represented. By this exemplary conduct you will convince the world, that merit has been your title to our privileges ; and that, on you, our favours have not been undeservedly bestowed.
The Second Section.
The Second Section is an introduction to the proceed- ings of the Chapter of Master-masons, and illustrates several points which are well known to experienced Crafts- men. It investigates, in the ceremony of opening the Chapter, some important circumstances in the two pre- ceding Degrees.
The Third Section.
The Third Section commences the historical traditions of the Order; which are chiefly collected from sacred record, and other authentic documents.
The Fourth Section.
The Fourth Section farther illustrates the historical traditions of the Order; and presents to view a finished picture of the utmost consequence io the Fraternity.
The Fifth Section.
The Fifth Section continues the explanation of the historical traditions of the Order.
62 ILLUSTRATIONS
The Sixth Section.
The Sixth Section concludes the historical traditions of the Order.
The Seventh Section.
The Seventh Section illustrates the hieroglyphical emblems25 restricted to the Third Degree; and incul- cates many useful lessons, which are intended to extend knowledge and promote virtue.
The Eighth Section.
The Eighth Section treats of the government of the Fraternity, and the disposition of our rulers, supreme and subordinate. It is generally rehearsed at installations.
The Ninth Section.26
The Ninth Section recites the qualifications of our rulers ; and illustrates the ceremony of installation in the Grand Lodge, as well as in the private assemblies of Masons.
The Tenth Section.
The Tenth Section comprehends the ceremonies of con- stitution and consecration, and a variety of particulars explanatory of those ceremonies.
The Eleventh Section.
The Eleventh Section illustrates the ceremonies used at laying the foundation-stones of churches, chapels, palaces, hospitals, &c. ; also, the ceremonies observed at the Dedication of the Lodge, and at the Interment of Master-masons.
26 Amongst these Hieroglyphics we find, the Pot of Incense, as an emblem of a pure heart; the Bee-hive, as a symbol of industry ; the Hour-glass, to point out the rapidity of time, and the Scythe, to con- vince us of the uncertainty of human life ; the Anchor and Ark, to invigorate us with hopes of future reward : the Sword, of retributive Justice ; the All-seeing Eye ; the Three Steps, of Youth, Manhood, and Old Age., &c., &c. Vide Star in the East, by the Editor,— EDI-
TOR.
27
For many particulars to which this and the two following Sections relate, see the Ceremonies of Constitution, Consecration, Installation 6ccM annexed to these remarks.
OP MASONRY. 68
The Twelfth Section.
The Twelfth Section contains a recapitulation of the essential points of the Lectures in all the Degrees, and corroborates the whole by infallible testimony.
Having thus given a general summary of the Lectures restricted to the three degrees of the Order,27 and made such remarks on each Degree as might illustrate the subjects treated, little more can be wanted to encourage the zealous Mason to persevere in his researches. He who has traced the Art in a regular progress from the commencement of the First to the conclusion of the Third Degree, according to the plan here laid down, must have amassed an ample store of knowledge, and will reflect with pleasure on the good effects of his past dili- grace and attention. By applying the improvements he has made to the general advantage of society, he will secure to himself the approbation of all good men, and the veneration of Masons.
SECT. VI.
Of the Ancient Ceremonies of the Order.
WE shall now proceed to illustrate the Ancient Cere- monies of the Order, particularly those observed at the Constitution and Consecration of the Lodge, and at the Installation of Officers, with the usual charges delivered
27 On the Continent, the Brethren extend Masonry to twenty-one Degrees, which are as follow : 1. E. A. P. 2. F. C. 3. M. M. 4. Mark Mason. 5. Past Master. 6. Most Excellent Master. 7. Royal Arch. 8. Knights of the Red Cross. 9. Nights Templars. 10. Knights of Malta. 11. Secret Master. 12. Perfect Master. 13. Intimate Secretary. 14. Provost and Judge. 15. Master in Israel. 16. Elected Knights. 17. Elected Grand Master. 18. Illustrious Knights. 19. Grand Master Architect. 20. frights of the Ninth Arch. 21. Perfection. But some enthusiasts, who identify the Rosicrucians, the Knights of the Swan, and the White Eagle, — the revolting degrees which are practised in the East, under the denomi- nation of Turkish Masonry, &c., &c., &c. — augment the number to more than a hundred. All beyond the Royal Arch, however, ought to be carefully separated from genuine Masonry, as they are mostly founded on vague and uncertain traditions, which possess not the shadow of authority to recommend them to our notice.— EDITOR.
54 ILLUSTRATIONS
on those occasions. We shall likewise -annex an expla- nation of the Ceremonies used at laying the Foundation- stones of Public Structures, at the Dedication of Public Halls, and at Funerals ; and close this part of the treatise with the Funeral Service.
The Manner of constituting the Lodge, including the Cere mony of Consecration, fyc.
Any number of regularly-registered Masons, not undei seven, resolved to form the new Lodge, must apply, by petition,28 to the Grand Master.
The petition must be recommended by the officers of some regular Lodge, and be transmitted to the Grand Secretary ; unless there be a Provincial Grand Master of the district or province in which the Lodge is proposed to be holden ; in which case, it is to be sent to him, or to his deputy; who is to forward it, with his recom- mendation or opinion thereon, to the Grand Master. If the prayer of the petition29 be granted, the provincial
28 The mode of applying, by petition, to the Grand Master, for a warrant to meet as a regular Lodge, commenced only in the year 1718 ; previous to which time, Lodges were empowered, by inherent privileges vested in the Fraternity at large, to meet and act occasion- ally under the direction of some able architect, and the acting magis- trate of the county ; and the proceedings of those meetings, being approved by the majority of the Brethren convened at another Lodge assembled in the same district, were deemed constitutional. By such an inherent authorit^, the Lodge of Antiquity in London now acts ; having no warrant from the Grand Lodge, but an authority traced from time immemorial, which has been long and universally admitted and acknowledged by the whole Fraternity.
29 The following is the form of the Petition:
" To the M. W. Grand Master of the United Fraternity of Ancient, Free, and Accepted Masons of England :
"We, the undersigned, being regularly- registered Masons of the Lodges mentioned against our respective names, having the prosperity of the Craft at heart, are anxious to exert our best endeavours to promote and diffuse the genuine principles of the Art : and. for the conveniency of our respective dwellings, and other good reasons, we are desirous of forming a new Lodge, to be named
In consequence of this desire, we pray for a warrant of constitution, empowering us to meet as a regular Lodge, at
on the of every month ; and there to discharge
the duties of Masonry, in a constitutional manner, according to the forms of the Order, and the laws of the Grand Lodge ; and we have nominated, and do recommend, Brother A. B. to be the first Master ;
OF MASONRY. 55
Grand Master may issue a dispensation, authorizing the Brethren to meet as a Lodge, until a warrant of consti- tution shall be signed by the Grand Master.
In consequence of this dispensation, the lodge is formed at the place specified ; and its transactions, being properly recorded, are valid for the time being, provided they are afterwards approved by the Brethren convened at the time of Constitution.
When the Grand Lodge has signified its approbation of the new Lodge, and the Grand Master is thoroutrhiy satisfied of the truth of the allegations set forth in the petition, he appoints a day and hour for constituting [and consecrating30] the new Lodge ; and for installing the Master, Wardens, and Officers.
If the Grand Master in person attend the ceremony, the Lodge is said to be constituted IN AMPLE FORM : if the Deputy Grand Master acts as Grand Master, it is said to 'be constituted IN DUE FORM; and if the power of performing the ceremony be vested in the Mastei of a private Lodge, it is said to be constituted IN FORM.
Ceremony of Constitution.
On the day and hour appointed, the Grand Master and his Officers, or the Master and Officers of any private Lodge authorized by the Grand Master for that purpose, meet in a convenient room ; and, when properly clothed, walk in procession to the Lodge-room ; where, the usual ceremonies being observed, the Lodge is opened by the Grand Master, or Master in the chair, in all the Degrees
Brother C. D. to be the first Senior Warden ; and Brother E. F. to be the first Junior "Warden of the said Lodge.
'; The prayer of this petition being granted, we promise strict obe- dience to the commands of the Grand Master, and the laws and regulations of the Grand Lodge."
This petition, being signed by at least seven regular Masons, and recommended by the Masters of three regular lodges adjacent to the place where the new lodge is to be formed, ia delivered to the Grand Secretary ; who, on presenting it to the Grand Master, or in his absence to the Deputy, and its being approved, is ordered to grant a dispensa- tion, authorizing the brethren specified in the petition to assemble as Masons in open lodge, for forty days, and practise the rites of the Order, until such time as a constitution can be obtained by command of the Grand Lodge, or that authority be recalled.
88 This is frequently omitted.
56 ILLUSTRATIONS
of the Order. After a short prayer, an ode in honour of Masonry is sung. The Grand Master, or Master in the chair, is informed by the Grand Secretery, or his locum tenens, " That the Brethren then present [naming them], being duly instructed in the mysteries of the Art, desire to be formed into the new Lodge, under the Grand Master's patronage ; that a dispensation has been granted to them for the purpose ; and that by virtue of this authority they had assembled as regular Masons, and duly recorded their proceedings." The petition is read, as is also the dispensation, and the warrant or charter of constitution, which had been granted in consequence of it. The minutes of the new Lodge, while under dispen- sation, are likewise read, and, being approved, are declared to be regular, valid, and constitutional. The Grand Master, or Master in the chair, then takes the warrant in his hand, and requests the Brethren of the new Lodge publicly to signify their approbation or disapprobation of the Officers who are nominated in the warrant to preside over them. This being signified accordingly, an anthem is sung, and an oration on the nature and design of the Institution is delivered.
The ceremony of Consecration succeeds ; which is never to be used but when it is specially ordered.
Ceremony of Consecration.
The Grand Master and his Officers, accompanied by some dignified Clergyman, having taken their stations, and the Lodge, which is placed in the centre, being covered with white satin, the ceremony of consecration commences. All devoutly kneel, and the preparatory prayer is rehearsed. The chaplain or orator produces his authority,31 and, being properly assisted, proceeds to consecrate.32 Solemn music is introduced, while the necessary preparations are making. The Lodge being then uncovered, the first clause of the consecration prayer is rehearsed, all devoutly kneeling. The response being made, GLORY TO GOD ON HIGH, incense is scattered over the Lodge, and the grand honouss are given. The Invo-
11 The constitution roll.
8a Corn, wine, and oil, are the elements of consecration.
OF MASONRY. 67
cation is then pronounced, with the honours ; after which the consecration-prayer is concluded, and the response repeated as before, together with the honours. The Lodge being again covered, all the Brethren rise up, solemn music is resumed, a blessing is given, and the response made as before, accompanied with the honours. An anthem is then sung ; and the Brethren of the new Lodge having advanced according to rank, and offered homage to the Grand Master, the ceremony of consecra- tion ends.
The above ceremony being finished, the Grand Master advances to the pedestal, and constitutes the new Lodge in the following form : —
• ' In the elevated character of Grand Master, to which the suffrages of my brethren have raised me, I invoke the NAME of the MOST HIGH, to whom be glory and honour ! May He be with you at your beginning, strengthen you in the principles of our royal Art, prosper you with all success, and direct your zealous efforts to the good of the Craft ! By the Divine aid, I constitute and form you, my good Brethren, Masters, and Fellows, into the regular Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons ; and henceforth empower you to act in conformity to the rites of our venerable Order, and the charges of our ancient Fraternity. May God be with you !" Amen.
Flourish with drums and trumpets.
The grand honours are then given ; and the ceremony of Installation succeeds.
Ceremony of Installation.
The Grand Master33 asks his deputy, "Whether he has examined the Master nominated in the warrant, and finds him well skilled in the noble science and royal Art?" The Deputy having answered in the affirmative,54 by the Grand Master's order takes the candidate from among his fellows, and presents him at the pedestal, saying,
33 In this and similar instances where the Grand Master is specffied as acting, may be understood any Master of a Lodge who performs the ceremony.
34 A private examination is always understood to precede the install ation of every officer.
4*
58 ILLUSTRATIONS
" Most worshipful Grand Master, [or worshipful Master, as it happens,] 1 present my worthy brother A. B. to be installed Master of the Lodge. I find him to be of good morals, of great skill, true arid trusty, and a lover of the whole Fraternity, wheresover dispersed over the face of the earth ; I doubt not, therefore, that he will discharge the duties of the office with fidelity."
The Grand Master then orders a summary of the Ancient Charges35 to be read by the Grand Secretary [or acting Secretary] to the Master elect.
85 As the curious reader may wish to know the Ancient Charges that were used. on this occasion, we shall here insert them, verbatim, as they are contained in a MS. in the possession of the Lodge of Antiquity in London, written in the reign of James the Second.
'; * * * * And furthermore, at diverse assemblies have been put and ordained diverse Crafties. by the best advise of magistrates and fellows. Tune unus ex senioribus tenet librum. et illiponent manum suam super librum.
kt Every man that is a Mason take good heed to these charges (wee pray), that if any man find himselfe guilty of any of these charges that he may amend himselfe, or principally for dread of God : you that be charged, take good heed that you keepe all these charges well; for, it is a great evil for a man to forswear himselfe upon a book.
" The first charge is, That yee shall be true men to God and the Holy Church, and to use no error or heresie by your understanding and by wise men's teaching. Allso,
;' Secondly, That yce shall be true liege men to the King of England, without treason or any falsehood, and that yee know no treason or treachery, but yee shall give knowledge thereof to the King, or to his counsell; also yee shall be true one to another, (that is to say) every Mason of the Craft that is Mason allowed, yee shall doe to him as yee would be done unto yourselfe.
" Thirdly, And yee shall keepe truely all the counsell that ought to be kept in the way of Masonhood, and all the counsell of the Lodge or of the chamber. — Allso, that yee shall be no thicfe, nor thieves to your knowledge free : that yee shall be true to the king, lord, or master that yee serve, and truely to see and worke for his advan- tage.
': Fourthly, Yee shall call all Masons your fellows, or your brethren and no other names.
" Fifthly, Yee shall not take your fellow's wife in villany, nordeflowei his daughter or servant, nor put him to no dis worship. "
4' Sixthly, You shall truely pay for your meat or drinke wheresoever yee goe, to table or bord. Allso yee shall doe no villany there, whereby the Craft or science may be slandered.
" These be the charges general to every true Mason, both Masters and Fellows.
'; Now will I rehearse other charges single for Masons allowed or accepted.
" First, That no Mason take on him no lord's worke, nor any other
OF MASONRY. 69