L. B. Goodrich, of State Center, Iowa; the Live Stock association of Fort

Wayne, Ind.; Colonel Holloway, of Alexis, 111.; and the Canadian Government. M.
W. Dunham, of Wayne, 111., exhibited fine stables of Percherons, French trotters
and coach horses.

Of special interest to Americans were the great exhibits of the Russian and
the German governments, the former showing Orloff trotters and the latter the
celebrated coach horses of that country. The imperial stud of his majesty the Czar
was well represented. There were also fine specimens of English hackneys and
Cleveland bays, the latter being the celebrated coach horses of Yorkshire.

In short, the best representatives of all the equine families were here at this
Columbian show in such numbers as were never before witnessed. The opportun-
ities for studying and comparing the different breeds here have never been equaled,
and the exhibit was a great object lesson or school of instruction to students in this
department of the Exposition,

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 591

Will T. Potts, of the firm of J. H. Potts & Son, of Jacksonville, 111., spoke in
enthusiastic terms of the cattle exhibit. He was confident that it far surpassed
everything of the kind that has gone before. The cattle exhibit was opened or*
the 22d of August. The arena was divided, and horses and cattle were shown
simultaneously, and the judging was done at the same time. The exhibits in the
pavilion opened at nine o'clock in the morning and continued till evening. Of
beef cattle there were more shorthorns than any other breeds shown. Among:
the large exhibitors of this strain were J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville, 111.; Colonef
Moberly, Kentucky; Robbins & Son, Indiana; Mr. Fisher, Illinois; H. F. Brown,
Minnesota; L. W. Brown & Son, and Mr. Varner, of Illinois. There were line
displays of Jersey milch cows, and herds of Herefords, Polled Angus, etc. In a
word, Mr. Potts and others declared it was the greatest cattle exhibit ever seen in
the United States or Canada. Colonel Charles F. Mills, who was in charge of the
live stock department, was a very busy man. He was constantly surrounded by
farmers and stock-raisers seeking information on all conceivable topics, from
exhibitors, passes to the price of baled hay. But the colonel was equal to the
occasion, and took care of everyone in the most affable manner. Many people from
the agricultural districts v ere in attendance the last two weeks of Ausrnst on
account of the live stoc* . exhibit.

On the 2Oth of September the exhibit of sheep and swine was opened, "r\d
no greater has ever been seen in any country. The finest breeds of French and
Spanish merinoes from various parts of America were to be seen, and also extraor-
dinary specimens of well-bred hogs. To farmers in particular, and many others,
all these live-stock exhibits have been highly entertaining and instructive.

592

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY

HE great Exposition brought out some features that, while
none of them took place within the grounds, were more or
less connected with the Fair — we mean the Congresses. The
women led off at the Art Institute in June, and eminent ladies
from all over the world spoke on such subjects as women in
journalism, typewriting, cashiers, etc., three times a day for
two weeks. Many papers were read which showed that
much sedentary and some other work performed by men
could be as well done by women, and the gist of claims was
that the latter should be paid quite as well or nearly as well as
men. It was shown that women, as a general thing, were as
faithful, more regu ar, and, of course, a great deal more temperate, than men. All
this was carried out in a spirit of cleverness, goodness and skill, as well as of
moderation, charity and justice. The speakers manifested no ill-will or exclu-
siveness, but their remarks and arguments were characterized by good sense and
firmness throughout.

The Congress of Peace occupied a week at Washington Hall, ending on Sun-
day, August 21. Probably the best speech made was the closing one, by Rev. Dr.
Moxom, of Boston, himself an old soldier. The speaker at the outset called atten-
tion to the fact that the nations of the earth are to-day armed to the teeth; that in
Europe, owing to the system of conscription, almost every man is a soldier, and that
never before was the machinery for destroying life so perfect as it is to-day. This
he said looked as if the ideal state of national and international peace were a long
way off. Yet never was the outlook for peace so hopeful as it was to-day. The very
perfection of the implements of war was in itself one of the greatest arguments in
behalf of peace. He referred to the recent attitude of England and America to-
ward arbitration as a hopeful sign of the times, and said the recent debate in the
British House of Commons on the question of international arbitration showed the
recent development of the peace spirit perhaps better than anything else. So pro-
nounced was this peace sentiment that not a single vote was recorded against
the motion of Mr. Cremar in favor of arbitration. Even the prestige of an
emperor was hardly sufficient to get through an army bill in Germany. Dr.
Moxom then went on to deal with some of the objections raised against the
peace crusade. The first was that it is human nature to perpetuate war. The
lust of power will predominate in the end. In reply, he said, such a statement
ignored the moral progress of the species. Strong as selfishness might be it was
weaker than love. "What is the gain of one nation is the gain of all nations," said
Dr. Moxom. "Men are bound together by commerce, by social and religious ties,
by friendship, and by love. The higher qualities of human nature are bound to rule."

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 593

Dr. Moxom went onto speak on the social and moral aspects of war. He
pointed out the economical waste of life and treasure that follows in its train, and
quoted that inimitable piece of sarcasm from Carlyle, where, in "Sartor Resartos,"
the sage of Chelsea depicts the training and feeding of thirty strapping young men
in the town of Dumbdrudge, and in due time they were accoutred as soldiers and
shipped off to the south of Spain, where, as fate would have it. they met over thirty
similar men from a Dumbdrudge in France and straightway the two squads com-
menced to blow the souls out of each other, and the end of it was that instead of
sixty fine soldiers being left there was nothing left but sixty carcasses.

Dr. Julius E. Grammar, of Baltimore ,also gave an eloquent address. He said
the mission of Christ in the world was peace. The age of war, he said, had passed,
and the time had come to put the true spirit of Christianity into practice. War, he
said, belonged to the savage, while peace was an attribute of civilized and Christian
nations.

The colored people had a day or two atthe Art Institute, with Fred Douglass
at their head. The origin of the African and of African slavery was touched upon
in a superior way, and also the emancipation of the black slave in our own and
other countries.

The Congress of Science and Philosophy convened in the Art Institute Mon-
day morning at 10 o'clock, August 21, and was divided into fifteen sections,
embracing such subjects as astronomy, chemistry, pharmacy, electricity, mete-
orology, geology, philosophy, physical science, and anthropology, zoology, social and
economic science, statistics, revenue, taxation, profit sharing; and in the knotty
problems sought to be unraveled some of the acutest thinkers of the day took part.
The department of electricity, whose chairman, Dr. Elisha Gray, had prepared an
excellent program, was represented by such giants as Thomas A. Edison and Dr.
von Helmholtz, of Germany. This section was composed of two chambers, one of
them representing the delegates sent by the different countries of the world, the
other divided into three sub-sections, which discussed respectively pure science,
science and practice, and practice.

In the other congresses in this department the best talent of both hemispheres
participated. Eminent scientists from England, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Russia,
France, Scotland, and nearly every State in America had been secured, and they
either were present in person or their papers were read by others.

One of the pleasantest of all these congresses, although the mercury reached
93 at noon, was that of the geographers, at which Paul du Chaillu, the distinguished
traveler and writer, was present.

Ensign Roger Welles, Jr., U. S. N., read a paper on the Orinoco River, and
Dr. Emil Hassler, Paraguayan Commissioner, told some geographical facts about
his country.

Other geographers talked about Columbus and other folks who are supposed
to have discovered America before Columbus got ready to start. Capt. John
Bourke, U. S, A., who had helped guide the visitors through the model of La Rabida

5^4 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

in the morning, told them all about the real La Rabida and made many merry little
jests which much relieved the heat of recital hall. Captain Bourke rela ed als
much of the early h.story of Spain, told the congress that the word infantry took its
origin from the. first force of Spanish foot soldiers having been commanded bv the
Span.shmanta whereat all the women looked interested^ thought of Eulali
of reo^aihvM the1cameMforward-the man who has made personal studies
witfa bald h H 7^ frOI\Norway ^ central Africa, a short, swart, little man
!±u ^ h-il^ Snd a neat whl.te vest. He looked like a reduced CODV of F

marck HP W,C ^ e o°ed like a redu^d copy of Bis

"0 te» °f his

f

fee I that du Ch 1 \Unny f°reign aCCCnt End in a Wa^ that made everybody

feel that du Cha.Jlu must be a pretty nice man. He told of his work in the islands

main o'f th' ^ ^ ^ ^^ °f 25°'°°° ^kings, and said that from the t±

before thVc," ?° '' "f*?1**? ^ the Vikin^s had been making voyages
Christ th^hChn,Stian era and Tthat they had settled in England before the time of
?adtt reCItCd m Latin thC descriPtion ^ the Vikings' ships written by

exploration." be my most glorious

paper C^Coll^^ Following his

of them which he commands He exhib?tPH °lumbus'1 ™^** the reproductions
from his three little shipT m&ny rdlCS which he had br°^ht

«***?^%£^^

tarians, Presbyterians, H$^^ Uni-

neither Judaism, Buddhism or Christianitv Th ^ m wh° Spared

heaven, hell, and resurrection, and Tn^r It deTeVa Uh\^ xf ^^ "
some murmurings at times, and much squirmin * too TW r " ^^

trasts. each day of the Parliament and on tXS t i Were startling con-

all the Congresses, the SSK^R^&^ may be stated that, of
resources and grandest speakers of all. No W ike it f ^ , the greatCSt

and it may be safe to say that many years win?0 IK If eveur been known before
tion of this extraordinary "Parliament ' Y **°K there wil1 be a repeti'

HISTORY OF THF. WORLD'S FAIR.

CHIC A GO'S O WN DAY AT THE PAIR.

T took place on Monday, October 9, 1893 — Just 22 years after
Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over the light that set Chicago on
fire and burned the greater part of it to the ground. No fairer
day has ever been seen in any land. The sun came up and
shone throughout against a perfectly cloudless sky, and the
f evening was just as fair and beautiful.

^ Fifty thousand people remained up all the night pre-
ceding, and were at the gates at daylight. At 8 a. m., 60,000 had
entered, and at 9, 90,000 more. At 10 a. m. 75,000 additional
paying tickets had been taken, and at 11,80,000 more. At
noon 350,000 paying people had entered. At i p. m., 70,000
more; at 2, 80,000; at 3,60,000; at 4, 35,000, and at 5, 40,000; making a total up to
the later hour of 660,000. This was swelled by 56,881 during the evening, making
the total paying admissions 716,881 ! — to which may be added 37,380 free admissions,
making the total attendance 754,261!

This exceeds anything of the kind known in ancient or modern history, as no
such multitude has ever before congregated at one time in one place, (even a
hundred times larger than Jackson Park). The armies of old, fabulously written
of, could not have been assembled in an area no bigger than Jackson Park, while
those at Waterloo and Gettysburg occupied more than three times as much space.
As some one has truly said, to speak of a "big crowd" is to convey an idea of
extreme vagueness. For instance: The day President Cleveland visited the fair
in St. Louis in 1889 130,000 people paid to get within the inclosure and this was con-
sidered something phenomenal in the Missouri City. Seventeen years ago the
American idea of a great crowd was much more modest than now. The greatest
attendance at the Centennial Exposition in one day, 257,590, was looked upon as
extraordinary. On the big day at the Paris Exposition 397,150 persons passed
through the gates. The average attendance Sundays was 200,000 and week days
100,000. On the opening day the attendance was 110,000, the last day, 370,000, the
day the Shah of Persia visited the fair 330,000, and the day Edison was the distin-
guished visitor, 254,000 persons passed the turnstiles.

Next to an international exposition in drawing power may be placed the Ox-
ford-Cambridge boat race, which once brought together a concourse estimated to
number 300,000, but this crowd, it must be remembered, was scattered along more
than three miles of river front and paid nothing for the privilege of witnessing the

596 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

event. There was absolutely no means of computing the crowd with any degree
of accuracy.

That great British carnival which for 11 years has been held on the Wednes-
day following Trinity Sunday, drew to Epsom Downs 150,000 people May 31. Again
this is a mere estimate, since the greater part of the crowd was in an open field and
paid no admission. Perhaps the greatest horse race in point of attendance was
the Melbourne cup race of July, 1892, at Melbourne, Australia, which was witnessed,
it was estimated, by 225,000 persons.

A day for crowds which the London Times gravely avers " broke the record "
was the bank holiday of 1890, in which 230,000 holiday-makers were abroad. But
these were widely scattered; in fact, the crowd could scarcely be spoken of in the
singular number, for a division of 100,000 visited Kew Gardens, 60,000 passed the
turnstiles of the Zoological Gardens, and 70,000 spread themselves over Hampstead
Heath. One railway, the Great Eastern, handled 135,000 passengers, and the peri-
odicals declare the railway employes were worn out with excitement and fatigue.
Compare this with the work of the transportation lines leading to Jackson Park.

It is claimed that 500,000 persons have attended labor meetings in Hyde Park,
London, but those familiar with the capacityof Hyde Park say the statement
should be taken with several adult grains of salt.

To return to America, it was generally agreed that a vast crowd witnessed
the last inauguration of President Cleveland. A liberal estimate placed the num-
ber at 275,000. On the occasion of the Grand Army Encampment in 1892 some
325,000 persons were congregated in the National Capital. Probably the largest
crowd ever gathered there was when the grand review of the Union armies took
place in 1865, when it was figured that 500,000 people were present.

It was estimated that the procession at the Washington Centennial celebra-
tion in New York April 30, 1889, was seen by 1,000,000 persons, but it must be borne
in mind that not only were the spectators scattered along the entire six miles of the
route, but that the estimate also includes the number, by no means inconsiderable,
which viewed the parade from the windows of houses, so that it is hardly fair to in-
clude this occasion in a comparison of crowds. Newspaper estimates of the num-
ber of people who witnessed the naval review at New York April 28 placed the fig-
ure at 350,000. This was. calculating that there were 200,000 people on the river
banks and 150,000 aboard the various crafts on the river. The estimate as to the
number of people on the excursion boats and yachts is substantially correct.

So far as Chicago is concerned, one of the largest crowds seen here previous
to 1893, was gathered in and near Lincoln Park, Oct 7, 1891, to witness the unveil-
ing of the Grant Monument. That day it was estimated that 150,000 spectators
saw the ceremonies, while 20,000 others took part in the parade.

A glance at the following will give in comprehensive form an idea of the
comparative size of great gatherings in the past.

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 597

Greatest day at Paris Exposition 397,150

Greatest day at Centennial 257,590

Bank Holiday in London, 1890 (estimated) 230,000

Cleveland day, St. Louis Fair, 1889 130,000

Melbourne cup day, Melbourne, 1893 (estimated) 225,000

Shah of Persia day, Paris Exposition 330,000

Closing day, Paris Exposition 370,000

Cleveland's inauguration, 1893 (estimated) 275,000

Grand Army Encampment, Washington, 1892s(estimated) 325.000

Review of Union armies, Washington, 1865 (etimated) 500,000

English Derby day, 1893 (estimated) 150,000

Oxford-Cambridge boat race, 1893 (estimated) 300,000

Unveiling Grant monument, Chicago, 1891 (estimated) 170,000

Edison day at Paris Exposition 254,000

American Derby day, 1892 41,0£>0

Naval Review. New York, April 28, 1893 (estimated) 350,000

This three-quarters of a million of men, women and children moved at will
throughout Jackson Park and its grand buildings, and up and down Midway Plais-
ance, and no one was seriously hurt within the Exposition inclosures — and all were
safely gotten out by midnight, and na hour or two later all had reached their abid-
ing-places, so perfect were the methods of transportation by the various steam, ele-
vated, electric and cable roads. Besides the general sights of the White City, there
were parades by military and other organizations during the day, and processions
of floats and fire-works at night — the latter surpassing anything ever before at-
tempted in the way of pyrotechnic effect.

One of the herculean tasks of Chicago Day was to feed the multitude assem-
bled in Jackson Park. Fully 300,000 people ate their midday meal inside the
grounds. One-third of this number went supplied with boxes and baskets contain-
ing sandwiches, pickles, pie, cake, and otherarticles of food generally contained in
a well supplied picnic repast. The rest fou nd an abundance in restaurants and at
lunch counters to alleviate their wants. Thousands more ate at the neighboring
hotels, cafes, and lunch counters outside the grounds before they purchased their
tickets of admission.

One of the unique and most interesting features of the day was the sight
presented in every part of the park, in the restaurants, and about the lunch coun-
ters from ii a. m. to 3 p. m., when the multitude was scrambling to get something
to relieve the inner man. Those who took their luncheons with them, of course,
enjoyed them without any further effort than to seek out some quiet spot where
they could settle down, either on benches, chairs, ledges, or the greensward and
quietly refresh themselves. All through the Wooded Island and among the State
buildings, on the Stock Pavilion verandas and grassy lawns, and under clusters of
shade trees could be seen thousands of men, women, and children enjoying them-
selves in genuine picnic style. It was the thousands who depended on getting
something to eat at the various restaurants in the World's Fair grounds that had
to endure long waits and take what they could get.

However, the restaurants v.ere well prepared and they handled the crowd in

598 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

good shape. They had been anticipating a multitude and with the experience of
former big days to work upon had sufficient quantities of provisions in store to ac-
commodate all.

The one concession that fed more people than all others combined had
laid in a stock of bread, meat, milk, coffee, pie, cakes, and other eatables sufficient
to allay the wants of 300,000 persons. And before midnight that enormous stock
had been reduced to an exceedingly small minimum. This company had eight
restaurants and forty lunch counters in operation. It commenced business in the
morning with 40,000 pounds of meat, 12,000 loaves of bread, 200,000 ham sand-
wiches, 400,000 cups of coffee, 15,000 gallons of cream, and pies and cakes by the
wagon-load. It also had two carloads of potatoes and 4,000 half barrels and 3,600
dozen bottles of beer. It was prepared to serve 22,000 people at one time. This
number was duplicated as often and as rapidly as they could be waited on, eat, and
get out.

At the restaurants in Electricity, Horticultural, and Administration buildings
there were crowds constantly in waiting large enough to keep every seat continu-
ously occupied from the time the doors were opened until past the middle of the
afternoon. At the lunch counters long strings of men and women stood in line
ready to take their places on the stools or at the tables as quickly as they could.
The same condition of things prevailed at other places. The Casino, the White
Horse Inn, the California, the French Bakery, the Philadelphia, the Swedish and
Polish, the Banquet Hall, and New England Restaurants, the Woman's Building
and the Public Comfort cafes had all they could accommodate and more too.

Great as was the Chicago crowd it must be conceded that the crowd of
strangers was as great, if not greater. Their attendance in such numbers was a
graceful tribute to the new Chicago and the White City. It showed that the heart
of the people of this country is with Chicago and its incomparable Exposition. It
demonstrated that they appreciate what Chicago has done and that they are proud
of its position as the great Western metropolis. And Chicago has every reason to
be grateful to them. It was a day all concerned will remember with the liveliest of
pleasure as the consummation of the success of the Fair and as a celebration of the
remarkable prosperity during the years which have passed since the ever memora
ble Oct. 9, 1871.

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 599

RED-LETTER DAYS.

In the way of statistics of attendance, what are known as the "Red-Letter
Days" are of much interest, the figures that follow representing paid admissions:

May 1 (Opening day) 128,965

May 30 (Decoration day) 115,578

JuueS (Infanta day) 135,281

June 15 (German day) 165,069

June 17 (Massachusetts day) 148,994

July 4 (United States day) 283,273

July 20 (Swedish day) 129,873

August 12 (Bohemian day) 151,971

August 15 (Rajah day) 123,530

August 18 (Austrian day) 123,428

August 19 (British day) 168,861

August 24 (Illinois day) 243,951

August 26 (Machinery day) 168,036

September 2 (Roman Catholic day) '. 148,560

September 4 (New York day) 160,382

September 6 (Wisconsin day) 175,409

September 7 (Pennsylvania and Brazil days) 203,460

Septembers (Cymrodorion day) 180,746

September 9 (California, G. A. R., Utah, Stationary Engineers', and Transportation day). ..231, 522

September 11 (Kansas, Silver, and French Engineers' day) 160,128

September 12 (Maryland and Kansas day) 167,108

September 13 (Michigan and Kansas day) 160,221

September 14 (Ohio and Kansas day) 198,770

September 15 (Costa Rica, Vermont, Kansas and Keeley day) 157,737

September 16 (Texas, Railway, and New Mexico day) 202,376

September 19 (Fishermen's day) ! 174,905

September 20 (Iowa, Fishermen's, and Patriotic Sons of America day) 180,552

September 21 (Iowa and Sportsmen's day) 199,174

September 23 (Knights of Honor day) 215,643

September 26 (Odd Fellows' day) 195,210

September 27 (Indiana day) 196,423

September 30 (Irish day) 108,885

October 5 (Rhode Island day) 180,404

October 7 (Polish day) '. 222,176

October 9 (Chicago day) 716,881

October 10 (North Dakota and Firemen's day) '. 309,294

October 11 (Conntcticut day) 309,277

October 12 (Italian and Trainmen's day) 278,878

October 13 (Minnesota and Trainmen's day) 221,607

October 21 (Manhattan day) 290,317

October 24 (Martha Washington day) 243,178

October 25 (Marine Transportation day) .252,618

October 27 (Coal, Grain, and Lumber Dealers' day) 250,583

October 28 (Reunion of Cities day) : 240,732

October 30 (Closing day) 208,173

CARTER H. HARRISON,

WORLD'S FAIR MAYOR,

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ftoi