CHAPTER II.

THE WHITE HORSE INN AND KRUPP'S GUNS,

Reproduction of a Famous English Hostelry— Coffee and Cakes a la Francaise— Great Guns as Peace
makers— A Gun Weighing 121 Tons That Will Send a Shell Fifteen Miles —Opinions of
Major-General Schofield— Shoe and ' eather Building— Merchant Tailor's Building— Choral Hall—
The Teiminal Station— Intramural Railroad — Service Building— Bureau of Admissions — Puck
Building— White Star Line Pavilion— Windmills, Hospitals, Restaurants and New England Clam
Bakes.

HITE HORSE INN stands in the south end of Jack-
son Park, close to Agricultural Hall. This is an
exact reproduction of the English hostelry made
famous by Dickens in the "Pickwick Papers." Over
the main entrance is the old sign of the original house
— a life-size figure of a white horse. A wide hall leads
into a square court around which, at the second story,
runs a rustic balcony. On the left is a bar, on the
right the restaurant and directly back is the kitchen
In the court are rustic tables, chairs and railings
covered with trailing ivy. Here genuine English
maids serve genuine substantiate and drinkables sup-
posed to be peculiarly British. The interior is finished
in the quaint old English decorations, the woodwork
being stained a very dark color in imitation of oak.
In both bar and restaurant are large brick fireplaces, adorned by portraits of
Dickens, Pickwick, Sam Weller and other characters taken from the work.

Aside from the figures over the mantlepieces, there is but little decoration.
The second floor is occupied by the World's Fair Auxiliary Pickwick Club and is
cut up into small rooms for private parties, and tables are also found around in the
balcony, which, with the inner court, extends to the top of the building and are
used as outdoor refectories.

The inn is the terminal point of a stage line from the city to the Exposition.
The coaches, of English pattern, drawn by four-horse teams, land their passengers
along the boulevards and through Washington Park to the grounds, where English
patrons and others find a regular "chop house."

Near the White Horse Inn is a French bakery, where all kinds of French
bread and cakes are made in great ovens, bigger than any in France, in the pres-
ence of the patron. These cakes and bread, and coffee at five cents per cup, are
server! by French maids.

4i8

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING.

One of the most attractive and impressive exhibits at the south end is that of
the Krupps, who show, among many others, the largest gun in the world. The
Krupp pavilion is east of the south pond, and consists of a large iron hall 196 feet
in length, 82 feet in width and 42 feet in height, and was constructed and erected
by the Gutehoffnungshuette of Oberhausen. On the land side there are two small

towers on the front ex-
tensions, two large ves-
tibule entrances and a
high square tower in
the center. The panels
on the front are dec-
orated with coat-of-
arms of Westphalia and
Rhineland and on the
cornice are shields bearing the coats-of-arms of the different states in Germany.

Sixteen monster guns line the west side of the interior, facing the lake, and
from the center of the line protrudes the gigantic barrel of the thunderer, 17 feet in
diameter. The barrel is a jacketed, built-up tube. It has Krupp's rounded-wedge
breech closure. Its total length is 46 feet and it has 120 grooves in rifling. The
barrel, which has the immense weight of 121 tons, including the breech-closure, is
supported by a front pivot carriage with a weight of projectile of 2,205 pounds.
This gun was made in 1886 and has since been fired with sixteen rounds with full
charges. A steel-armor shell with the above-mentioned initial velocity can per-
forate, when striking at right angles, a wrought-iron plate 3^ feet in thickness at a
range of two-thirds of a mile. It can also send a ball or an explosive shell 15 miles.
There are five quick-firing guns, from 3 to 5
feet in caliber. The five-foot gun has a speed
of over eight shots a minute. The four-foot
gun has a speed for firing thirteen shots aimed
fire a minute and the three-foot gun of over
nineteen shots. There are also two small field
guns, one with a barrel 680 pounds in weight,
besides a great variety of smaller guns and
other implements of war. It costs $1,250 to
discharge the big gun. Gishert Gillhausen,
the engineer who represents Krupp here, sug-
gests that even though the cost was large the
directors of the Exposition might save money
after the show closed by firing the gun, as the
concussion would undoubtedly knock down all the great buildings in Jackson Park
and thus save a lot of labor in their removal. The big Krupp gun exhibit cost
nearly $1,000,000.

According to the census of 1893, the total number of persons employed at the
Krupp works were 25,301; of these 16,956 were at the cast steel works at Essen.

MERCHANT TAILORS' BUILDING.

420

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

The cast steel works at Essen consists 01 more than 100 departments. Some of
them, for example the hydraulic presses and armor plate mill and many other
works, were built recently. At the cast steel works at Essen are about 1,500 fur-
naces, twenty-two trains of rolls, 1 1 1 steam hammers, and four hydraulic presses of
enormous power, and about 3,000 machine tools. The total length of driving-shafts
amounts to five and one-half miles; the total length of driving belts to thirty miles.
There is a branch steel work at Annen. The iron ore is blasted at four iron
works situated along the shore of the Rhine, and 547 ore mines in Germany, as well

as several mines at Bilbao
in the north of Spain, fur-
nish ore for these works.
The quantity of coal used
in the works is 4,200 tons a
day, and the coal mines be-
longing to the firm supply
the works with the greater
part of this quantity, the out-
put of the firm's own collier-
ies average. 3,300 tons per
working day. The analyses,
as well as a great number of
assays, are made in test
houses and in chemical lab-
oratories, while the war ma-
terial is tested on the large
practice groundsat Meppen.
One day in June Maj. Gen.
John M. Scofield, command-
ing the armies of the United
States, looked into the yawn-
ing mouths of what he calls
"the greatest peacemakers
in the world." These peace-
makers are the huge guns

which are housed in the pavilion of Herr Krupp. " The cannon of Herr Krupp,"
says Gen. Schofield, " makes a fit addition to an exhibition of the arts of peace.
People who look at them can realize, to some degree at least, the horrors of war,
and they teach a lesson more forcible than almost any other advocate of the
universal brotherhood of men. The people of the United States are a peace-lov-
ing people, and as such they should learn that the only way to preserve peace is to
prepare for war. If other people see that we are ready and able to protect our-
selves and that they cannot attack us without danger of severe consequences they
will be apt to let us alone."

OLD WINDMILL— HOLLAND EXHIBIT.

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

421

•' But the government has none of the Krupp guns in use nor does it need
any. Our own manufacturers can supply us. At the armory in Troy, N. Y., the
machinery is now being built for a i6-inch gun which will be practically the same
as the largest of the Krupp kind. Possibly next year, and certainly the year after,
a type of these immense weapons will be built and tested. For one thing, no
nation needs any of these enormous cannon. They are useful only where there is
room for but few guns. The experience of the English and Italian navies has
already shown that they are too large for service on board ship. The difficulty is
to float such an immense mass of metal and at the same time to carry sufficient ar-
mor to protect the vessel from the attacks of land batteries. On land, however,
no such difficulty is encountered, and consequently the advantage is all with the
defense. In this way, also, the invention and construction of larger cannon con-
stantly tends to promote peace.

" But while in the interest of peace we should have ready a supply of the most
improved weapons of modern warfare, it does not follow that a large standing
army should be main-
tained. In this patriotic
country it is easy to
raise an army, but great
cannon and other ap-
paratus cannot be man-
ufactured in a month.
Men who are able to
handle the delicate ma-
chinery by which they
are sighted and fired
must also be kept in ser-
vice." Quite an interesting place is the Leather and Shoe Trades building, situated
on the shore of the lake, south of the great central basin, southeast of the Agricul-
tural building, and between the Krupp gun exhibit and the Forestry building. It
is 575 feet long and 150 wide; its greatest length being from north to south. In the
center of the building is a hall, 64 feet wide by 480 feet long and 50 feet high;
around the hall are the galleries, 42 feet wide, 18 feet high on the first floor, and 22
feet high on the second floor. The building is well lighted by 520 windows and1
skylights, and is built entirely of wood. The exterior covering is of staff and
plaster. Two large stairways at the end of the hall lead to the galleries or second
story; two small ones, in the center of the building, lead directly to the offices and
restaurant. A bridge at the height of the first floor crosses the main hall. The
building was erected by the subscribers to the stock of the World's Columbian
Exposition, oh account of the Leather and Shoe Trades building. Work upon this
building was commenced December 5, 1892, and completed and ready for the
reception of exhibits on April i, 1893. It contains all the domestic exhibits of
leather, boots and shoes, rubber boots and shoes, and of the allied trades; also the
exhibits of leather in all forms, from all the foreign countries exhibiting at the

TERMINAL STATION.

422

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

Exposition. Fine exhibits were prepared by the following countries, and were
shown in the building, erected exclusively for leather, viz: France, Germany, Rus-
sia, Austria, Spain, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela and the Argentine Republic.
There is also shown in the building leather curios from the different foreign coun-
tries, such as the native foot-gear, clothing, harness, saddles, bags, and such articles
from museums and private collections as have been made famous by age and asso-
ciation. A model shoe factory is in operation in this building, and more than one
thousand pairs of shoes were manufactured daily during the Exposition. The
entire second floor is devoted to machinery, which includes the model factory, shoe,

leather and rubber ma-
chinery. The Merchant
Tailors' building at the
northern end was erect-
ed under the supervis-
ion of the Chicago Mer-
chant Tailors' World's
Fair Committee of the
Merchant Tailors' Na-
tional Exchange of the
United States of Amer-
ica, at a cost of $30,-
ooo, the money having
been raised by volun-
tary contributions from
the merchant tailors
and woolen and trim-
ming merchants of the
United States. The
building is 94 feet each
way over all. It is 55

fee. 6 inches square, inside measurement, and is in the form of a Greek temple, a
reproduction of the Erectheum,.at Athens, finished about 410 B. C., planned by
Pericles, and erected under the supervision of Phidias, the great Greek sculptor.
The interior of the main room is octagonal in shape, which forms a small room in
each corner. Upon the north and south sides is a semi-circular room, 14x22 feet.
The toilet and semi-circular rooms, also the portico fronting upon the lagoon, are
strictly private for the exclusive use of subscribers to the Building Fund. The
walls are finished in cream and gold and decorated with mural paintings, repre-
senting the eight great historical periods of dress. First, Adam and Eve making
aprons of leaves; second, a Barbarian scene; third, Egyptian; fourth, classical
Greek; fifth, mediaeval; sixth, renaissance; seventh, Louis the XIV. to XVI.;
eighth, modern. There are also other frescoes emblematic of the trade. The floor
leading from the entrance to under the dome, and all of the space under the dome
(circle, 33 feet in diameter), is covered by ceramic mosaic from Shropshire. Eng-

HYGEIA BUILDING.

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 423

land, which, with the rich draper j of the entrances to the private reception rooms
make the merchant tailors' exhibit hall most attractive.

Festival (Choral) Hall building stands upon the shore of the lagoon at a
point where the two great promenades meet. Its location enables it to be seen
from distant parts of the grounds across the lagoon with its beautiful wooded island
and green shores. To the one side stands Horticultural building, while Transpor-
tation building stands on the other. The style of the building, which is Doric,
makes it simple and severe in treatment; its form, which resembles an amphitheater
surmounted by a dome, gives the building, both externally and internally, a rounded
form, from which project on the four sides porticoes, the one facing the lagoon being
the principal entrance, and enriched by fluted Doric colums six feet and a half in
diameter. From the portico leads a flight of spacious steps, at the foot of which stand
two statues, being reproductions of celebrated marblesof Handel and Bach. On either
side of the portico are panels in relief work representing the progress of music, and
in the panels over the doors are relief portraits o f Gluck, Berlioz, Wagner, Schu-
mann, Schubert, Mozart, Mendelssohn, Bach, Handel and Beethoven. The interior
has the form of a Greek theater, except that the chorus of 2, 500 voices occupies the
part assigned by the Greeks to the stage, and thus it becomes amphitheatrical in
form. There are no galleries of any kind to obstruct the view or sound. The
building seats 6,500 persons. The decoration of the interior is in the same order
as the exterior in relief work and color. A large foyer extends around the building,
giving ample room for promenade.

One of the noblest structures of all is the Terminal Station which cost nearly
$400,000. This station would do credit to any city in the country. Its interior is
even more attractive than its exterior. It was cool and inviting even during the
hottest days and nights in July and August, and its waiting room for ladies was as
extravagantly furnished as any hotel parlor in the land. Not far away was the
Cold Storage building, which was destroyed on the loth of July, 21 people, mostly
firemen, having perished.

Other features at the south end not heretofore alluded to are the Philadelphia
cafe, Hygiea Water building, Bonded warehouse, Color building, Stables, Car-
penter shop, and others. The main station of the Intramural railroad is located
between the southern ends of the Agricultural building and the Palace of Mechanic
Arts. The Intramural was an elevated electric railway, nearly four miles in length
which ran trains every ten minutes each way at ten cents a trip, and carried as
many as 70,000 people in one day. Its car house and power house are east of the
dairy barns.

Adjacent is a Vermont maple sugar and maple syrup stand and a restaurant,
where coffee and edibles are served from a big log, 12 feet in diameter and 40 feet
in length, from the State of Washington. Close by is a cluster of a hundred windmills,
representing as many makers throughout the United States. The old Dutch wind-
mill is an exact copy of one which has stood in Amsterdam since 1806. The heavy
timbers which cap the round tower are parts of the original mill. The sail shaft is of
heavy wood through wh'ch the arms of the sail are mortised at right angles to each

************

IM- ' 1^

' i

• I.i

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 425

other. A series of cog wheels made of wood run into each other at various angles,
and on one of these is fixed the crank pin operating the pumping rod. The largest
of these wheels is 5 feet in diameter. A balcony surrounds the tower about fifteen
feet below the top. The living rooms of the family in such a mill consist of a parlor,
a sitting-room and a kitchen. The walls of these ropms are covered with woven
cloth, after the manner of the eighteenth century, and the furniture of the rooms
follow the Dutch styles of the same time.

Not far off is the wonderful sewage system, pumping works, and Indian
School building. A short distance away is an old whale ship, which is an attractive
feature.

There are other structures elsewhere that deserve mention: The Service
building, Bureau of Admission's building, Merck Pharmacy, Illinois Women's Hos-
pital, Emergency Hospital, Puck building, White Star Line pavilion, Department
of Public Comfort, Cafe de la Marine, New England Clam Bake, Swedish, Polish
and other restaurants, and more than six hundred places where water, flowers and
other things are for sale, all of which dotted the landscape o'er and undoubtedly
imparted relief to everlasting greatness.

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 427