CHAPTER III.

DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS.

The Most Important Educational Feature of The Expositon— Wonderful and Complete in Every Detail
— Tremendous Advantages to be Derived from this Matchless Exhibition — Every State in the
Union and Nearly Every Country in the World Represented— Splendid Exhibits from Montreal
and Quebec — An Interesting Display by the American Bible Society — The Lincoln Manuscripts—
The Only Letter that Jefferson Davii Wrote to Abraham Lincoln — Tens of Thousands of Unique
and Charming Features— Sketch of Professor Peabody— " Trip Around the World.'

HE same great roof covers the Department of Manufactures
and that of Liberal Arts, chief of which is Selim H. Peabody.
This department is divided into 12 groups, respectively of
(i) physical development, training and condition and
hygiene and treats of the nursery and its accessories, athletic
training, alimentation, sanitary construction, food inspection,
immigration. (2) Instruments and apparatus of medicine.
(3) Primary, secondary and superior education, which treats
of elementary instruction, infant schools and kinder-
gartens, models of schools, appliances of teaching, specimens
and diagrams and text books of primary schools. Domestic
and industrial training for girls — models and apparatus for
the teaching of cookery, housework, washing and ironing, needle-work and embroi-
dery, dress-making, artificial flower-making, painting on silk, crockery, etc. Speci-
mens of school work. Handicraft teaching in school for boys — apparatus and fit-
tings for elementary trade teaching in schools. Specimens of school work. Science
teaching — apparatus and models for elementary science instruction in schools.
Apparatus for chemistry, physics, mechanics, etc.; diagrams, copies, text-books, etc.;
specimens of the school work in the subjects. Art teaching — apparatus,models and
fittings for elementary art instruction in schools; diagrams, copies, text-books, etc.,
specimens of art work, modeling, etc., in schools. Technical and apprenticeship
schools. — Apparatus and examples used in primary and secondary schools for
teaching handicraft; models, plans and designs for the fitting up of workshop and
industrial schools; results of industrial work done in such schools. Special schools
for the elementary instruction of Indians. Education of defective classes — schools
for the deaf, dumb, blind and feeble-minded; adult schools for the illiterate. Public
Schools — descriptions, illustrations, statistics, methods of instruction, etc. Higher
education — academies and high schools. Descriptions and statistics. Colleges and
universities. Descriptions, illustrations of the buildings, libraries, museums, collec-
tions, courses of study, catalogues, statistics, etc. Professional schools — theology*

240

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

law, medicine and surgery, dentistry, pharmacy; mining, engineering, agriculture,
mechanic arts; art and design; military, naval, normal, commercial; music. Gover-
ment aid to education — national Bureau of Education — reports and statistics. (4) Liter-
ature, books, libraries and journalism — divided into classes as follows: books and
literature, with special examples of typography, paper and binding, philosophy, re'-
ligion, sociology, philology, natural sciences, useful arts, fine arts, literature, history
and geography; cyclopedias, magazines and newspapers; bindings, specimens of
typography. School books. Technical industrial journals. Illustrated papers.
Newspapers and statistics of their multiplication, growth and circulation. Journal-
ism; statistics of: with illustrations of methods, organization and results. Trade
catalogues and price lists. Library apparatus; systems of cataloguing and appli-
ances of placing and delivering books. Directories of cities and towns. Publica-
tions by governments. Typo-
graphical maps. Marine and
coast charts ; geological maps and
sections; botanical, agronomical,
and other maps, showing the ex-
tent and distribution of men, ani-
mals and terrestrial products;
physical maps; meteorological
maps and bulletins, telegraphic
routes and stations; railway and
route maps; terrestrial and celes-
tial globes, relief maps and mod-
els of portions of the earth's sur-
face, profiles of ocean beds and
routes of submarine cables. (5)
Civil government, public works,
and constructive architecture —
treating of all kinds of land sur-
veys, drainage, specifications for
bridges, aqueducts, working plans
of masons, carpenters and other
mechanics. (6) Instruments of
precision, experiment, research
and photography. (7) Govern-
ment and law. (8) Commerce,
trade and banking. (9) Institu-
STATUARY. tions and organizations for the

increase and diffusion of knowl-
edge. (10) Social, industrial, and co-operative associations, (n) Religious organiza-
tions and systems, statistics and publications. (12) Music and musical instruments —
presenting history and theory of music, music of primitive people. Crude and cu-
rious instruments. Combinations of instruments, bands and orchestras, Music

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

241

books and scores. Musical notation. History of literature and music. Portraits of
great musicians. Self-vibrating instruments, drums and tambourines; cymbals, tri-
angles, gongs, castanets, "bones." Bells, chimes and peals. Bell-ringers' instruments.
Musical glasses. Glockenspiels, zylophones, marimbas. Music boxes. Stringed
instruments played with the fingers or plectrum. Lutes, guitars, banjos and man-
dolins. Harps and lyres. Zithers, dulcimers. Stringed instruments played with the
bow. The violin. The viol, viola, viola da gamba, viola diamore. The violoncello
and the bass viol. Mechanical instruments, hurdy-gurdy and violin piano. Stringed
instruments with key-board. The piano-forte square, upright-and grand. Actions
and parts of a piano. The predecessors of the piano. — Clavicytherium clavicymbal,
clavichord manichord, virginal, spinet, harpsichord, and hammer harpsichord. In-
struments and methods of manufacture. Street pianos. Wind instruments, with sim-
ple aperture or plug mouthpiece. The flute, flute-a-bec. Syrinx. Organ-pipes.
Flageolet. Wind instruments, with mouthpiece regulated by the lips. The clarionet,
oboe and saxophone. Wind instruments with bell mouthpiece, without keys. The
trumpet (simple) and the bugle (oliphant.) Alpenhorn. The trombone (with slide

and with finger-holes).
The serpent, bassoon and
bagpipe. Wind instru-
ments with bell mouth-
piece, with keys. Key bu-
gles, cornets, French
horns. Cornopeans, orphi-
cleides. Wind instruments
with complicated systems.
The pipe organ. Reed or-
gans, melodeons and har-
monicas. Accordions, con-
certinas and mouth or-
gans. Hand organs and
organettes. Automatic or-
g a n s, orchestrions, etc.
Accessories of musical in-
struments— strings, reeds,
bridges. Conductors' ba-
tons, drum-majors' staves.
Mechanical devices for
the orchestra. Tuning
forks, pitch-pipes, metro-
nomes, music stands, etc.

Music in relation to human life — musical composers. Great performers. Great
singers. Portraits. Biographies. Concerts and the concert stage. The opera.
The oratorio. Masses. Church music and sacred music of all periods. Hymnol-
ogy, ballads, folk-songs, and folk-music of all lands. National airs. The theatre

WEST SIDE OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.

242 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

and the drama. The stage. Plans and models of stages and theatres. History
of drama, so far as can be shown by literary record. Portraits of actors. Relics of
actors. Playbills, etc. Costumes, masks, armor, Scenery. Appliances of illusion,
etc. Plays of all ages and people.

To the student and to the teacher alike is the department of liberal arts a
mecca for the mind; and it must be regarded, on the whole, if not so winsome as
diamonds and pictures and flowers, nor so spectacular as fountains and fireworks
and electrical displays, as the greatest and most serviceable educational feature of
the Exposition. Indeed, no tongue can tell — no pen can faithfully describe — the
tremendous advantages that are being derived from this matchless exhibition in
the space allotted to liberal arts. Nearly every state in the union is largely repre-
sented, as well as nearly every country in the world.

As one among half a million unique and interesting exhibits that came from
Quebec, under charge of Canon Bruchesi, D.D., appointed by the government,
assisted by Brother Pelerinus, is entitled to special mention. The collection comes
from 200 convents and academies, and the McGill University, Protestant, of Mont-
real. The exhibit of the latter is not as extensive as the merit of the university
warrants, but the space could not be obtained. The work represented shows the
system of education of the convents and academies by grades, from the first step
to the graduating course. There are compositions in English, French, German,
and Spanish by pupils of the various schools, and some of these are illustrated with
pen drawings by the student, the subject being treated of in a two-fold manner.
Great albums contain samples of needlework from the simplest bit to the finest
crochet and lacework. The name of each worker and her age are appended to the
article. The ages range from 8 to 16 years and some of the work is remarkable.
In one exhibit work is shown in flax, from the preparatioa of it on through its sev-
eral stages, the last being a woven article. This is done by the students of Ursaline
Convent, Robertvue, Lake St. John. The work of the blind in the asylum at Mont-
real, under the direction of the Gray Nuns, is but another revelation of the ability
of the blind. One example will illustrate: A blind girl 11 years old wrote a
poem in French. The manuscript is shown. Then she copied it from a type ma-
chine and the typescript is perfect. The history of the Institute of the Congregation
of Notre Dame (burned a few months ago) from its foundation in 1620, by Mar-
guerite Bourgeoys, is shown in a large frame, the priests, sisters superior, and others
appearing in pen sketches. Oil paintings and sketches by the deaf mutes of Mont-
real are interesting. In a glass cage are 18,000 pressed flowers, each analyzed, all
from the soil of Canada. The exhibit, as a whole, is varied and many things there
are curious, and all are creditable to the system of education in the old province-
Brother Maurelian also makes a wonderful exhibit.

A curious and interesting exhibit is the one prepared by the American Bible
Society. In a general way the purpose of the Bible Society is to show the work it
has accomplished and the progress it has made in the seventy-six years of its ex-
istence. Copies of each of the annual reports and bound files of the Bible Society
Record occupy shelves in one of the eight cases of which the exhibit is contained. In

16

244 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

the same case also appears specimens of the electrotype plates used in printing
the Scriptures. Two of these plates are especially noteworthy, one of them having
been employed in the set used in printing 980,000 copies of the 5-cent edition of the
New Testament, a total edition numbering 3,300,000 having been issued since 1878-
The other plate is one of those used in supplying 876,000 copies of the 2,054,000 20-
cent Bibles which have come from the society's presses in the same period.

Many rare and valuable volumes from the library in the Bible House are
placed on shelves for the inspection of the public at the Fair. Among t^iem is a
copy of the original King James' edition of the Bible, which was published in 1611.
There is also displayed a fac-simile of the first page of the first Bible ever printed,
the famous Mazarin Bible of 1450, a.:d a copy of the Biblia Pauperum, represent-
ing the style of printing from wooden blocks before the invention of movable types.
The English Hexapla, showing six early versions of the Scriptures at a single open-
ing, together with the Greek text, is also exhibited.

In order to demonstrate the great advancement made in the publication of
the Bible in other tongues, the Rev. Dr. E. W. Gilman, who has charge of the
foreign department of the society's business, has selected a large number of works
that are printed by the society in nearly all of the 300 languages in which the Script-
ures have been published. One case is especially devoted to the Chinese language
and its colloquials, to exemplify the stupendous difficulties that have been overcome
in mastering the multitude of dialects which the Celestial tongue presents to the
translator.

Like many other volumes in the collection, the Chinese books lie with open
pages, so that they maybe more readily seen; and copies of Marshman's, "The Dele-
gates," and Bridgman & Culbertson's and Dr. Schereschewsky's versions of the Scrip-
tures in Chinese are included in the list of these works. Specimens of the Mandarin,
Foochow colloquial, Ningpo colloquial, Amoy colloquial, Soochow colloquial, Swatow
colloquial, and others are among those presented. Complete or detached portions
of the Scriptures in the Turkish, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Urdu, modern Greek,
Siamese, Burmese, Pali, Tamil, Tulu, Marathi, Ponape, Tibetan, Npongwe, Sheet-
siva, Azerbijan, Osmali-Turkish, Mende, and other languages form part of the ex-
hibit.

A separate case has been provided for the Scriptures in Hawaiian. Ehon,
Slavic and Bulgarian, together with bilingual specimens showing the two languages
in parallel columns. Of these are the New Testament in German and English, in
French and English, in Portuguese and English, in Welsh and English, in Danish
and English, and Swedish and English.

In one of the cases is a display of a quantity of curious objects which have
been taken in barter in exchange for the Scriptures in far-off lands, and remain a
lasting record of the travels of American missionaries. In this collection is a copper
coin that is more than eighteen centuries old. It was coined in China in the year 25
A. D., and was given in exchange for one of the Gospels to an agent of the society
in 1880. Several cowries, queer African shells, which are used as money by the
natives, and a number of ancient copper coins, received by Dr. Jacob Chamberlain

HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

245

in return for Bibles during his famous tour through the interior of India, are shown.
Other notable curiosities are a photograph of a Roman manuscript of the Penta-
teuch that is over 900 years old. This manuscript was found in China in a Hebrew
synagogue, where it had been in use for centuries, it is supposed.

\ V ^y '

v T\

PAINTED DOME IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

The "Lincoln manuscripts," occupy a case by themselves. They are con-
stantly surrounded by a throng of people who speak in low tones, and approach the
case with a deference rising at times to reverence, as their eyes fall upon the hand-
writing of the martyred President. The original draft of the proclamation, dated

246 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.

April 15, 1861, calling out 75,000 men, scarcely looks like the power which made the
North quiver to its center and wrought patriotism to fusing heat. It lies near Lin-
coln's letter accepting the nomination for President. A corrected proof of Lincoln's
inaugural address, with his own interpolations and additions, is one of the papers,
and a letter accepting a challenge to a duel sent by State Auditor Shields, in which
Lincoln specified the largest of cavalry sabers as weapons, is another. The only
letter that Jefferson Davis, as "president of the confederate states of America,"
ever wrote to Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, is in the collec-
tion. Twenty-five or thirty letters, orders and other communications from the col-
lection are arranged around a life mask of Lincoln taken by Leonard Volk of Chi-
cago in 1860. Casts of Lincoln's hands are shown.

A collection of manuscripts of many present-day writers affords a fine oppor-
tunity for a comparative study of chirography, especially by those who affect to
read character in the pen strokes of genius. Thomas Bailey Aldrich wrote "The
Chevalier de Resseguier" in a precise backhand as plain as print. Henry James ac-
cording to the manuscript, handles his pen with vigor, a strong, dashing hand. W.