CHAPTER XX

THE ROMAN PRISON. FINAL SCENES.
He was cast into the Prison of the Roman Inquisition, Feb. 27th 1593.^ Here he lay seven long years. For the greater part of this time there is absolute silence concerning him, and some Italian critics deem the absence of existing documents significant.^ During the short rule of the Roman Republic in 1849, the Secret Archives of the Vatican were searched backwards from February 1600, but time only admitted of records up to Nov. 1598 being examined. To day we are assured that no further docu- ments exist there.*
Bruno would lie unvisited, save by Officials of the In- quisition and chosen priests, scriptures in hand, come to exhort him to repentance. Neither books nor writing materials were allowed. Prisoners were often put into irons. If they remained obstinate in heresy, milder measures were sometimes tried and promises held out; or, if they were supposed to conceal their views, they were put to the torture. Campanella was tortured twelve times, the twelfth lasting forty hours.* During this barbarity a notary took down what the sufferer said, and, if he were silent, torture was re-applied. The mildest punishment
• Roman Docs. Hi.
" Luigi, Annibale; Dtte Artisti ed uno sciemiato, Atti della R. Ace. delle sc. mor e pal, Napoli, xxiv, pp. 468 sq. ' ArckivJ. Gesch. d. Phil., vj, p. 344 sq.
* Levi, D ; G. Bruno, Torino, 1887, p. 369.
293
294 GIORDANO BRUNO
which an apostate monk might hope for was perpetual imprisonment. The Inquisitors were instructed to be merciful. Their manual speaks of the Institution as not desiring the death of the sinner, but rather that he should turn from his wickedness and live.^
The earliest of the documents still preserved in the Archives of the Holy Office at Rome bears the date Jan. 14, 1599.^ The Congregation consisted of eight cardinals, seven coadjutors and the official notary. Eight heretical propositions had been extracted from Bruno's books and from the process by the Commissary and Bellarmin. These were read, and it was decided that certain ones, not named in the document, should be selected, so that it might be seen whether he would abjure them. A search was to be made in the process and in his works for other heretical propositions.
Among the Congregation were Cardinal Santoro di Santa Severina and the great Jesuit luminary Robert Bellarmin. Santoro had been a candidate for the Papacy ; so sure was he of election that he had chosen his title — the same assumed by his rival Aldobrandini ; his naturally bitter temperament was not thereby improved. Bellarmin was one of the first learned men to weaken the mediaeval conception of Papal empire ; but he was unaware of the real nature and importance of the new principles he invoked; he was always ready to employ his vast erudition and intellectual dexterity in the service of obscurantism; he it was who took the main responsibility on himself of denouncing the Copernican theory, who distinguished himself by persecut- ing Sarpi and Galileo and who added certain works on Natural Science by distinguished men to the Index.
' Sacro Arsenate ovvero Pratica deW Officio della S. Inquiz, Bologna, 1665, p. 294. 2 Given in Berti's Vita di G. B. 1886, p. 441.
THE ROMAN PRISON. FINAL SCENES 295
We gather from a further record of a Congregation held on Feb. 4th, whereat six cardinals, seven coadjutors and the notary were present, that Bruno had expostulated concern- ing the eight propositions deemed to be heretical, whereupon the Pontiff (who, it may be observed, was falling more and more under the influence of the more bigoted and therefore the more energetic members of the College of Cardinals) "decrees and ordains that it be intimated to him by the Father in Theology Bellarmin and the Commissary that all these propositions are heretical, and not now declared so for the first time, but by the most ancient Fathers of the Church and the Apostolic Chair. If he shall acknowledge this, good ; if less, a term of forty days shall be allowed." The later part of these minutes is not in the notary's hand and has been corrected.^ What the propositions were, we do not know." For all the papers of the trial as well as Bruno's MSS. have mysteriously disappeared. Yet, however doubt- ful, it is quite possible that Bruno's trial did not commence before the sitting of Jany. 14th ; the first in which there is a recorded reference to him. For it was decided then that the propositions which Bellarmin and the Commissary had already selected should be read and acted on.
But why was there in this case a delay which was un- precedented and unparalleled ? On Monday, April 5 th 1 599, a visitation of the Prison is recorded. Among twenty-one other names appears that of Bruno, "apostate from the order of Preaching Friars " ; the dates of incarceration are given, and only one prisoner had been kept confined so long as a little more than a year and eight months, most of them only a few weeks or days. The problem remains unsolved. Gentile believes that Bruno may have referred to his books
* Berti, op. cit., p. 441.
' Tocco endeavours to reconstruct them. See his Conferenza, 1886, p. 86.
296 GIORDANO BRUNO
to refute Mocenigo and that the works published abroad were sent for and carefully examined, which would take time.^ As Mclntyre remarks, the books were not hard to come by, " and it would not require six years to find enough material to condemn him if that were desired." ^ But was it desired, ardently desired ? Fanatics may be, and often are, conscientious and painstaking ; the doctrine of the Two- fold truth was not yet officially condemned ; the relationship philosophy should bear to theology, a thorny subject, not officially determined, and Clement was by nature conciliatory and diplomatic, one who would perceive the value of de- monstrating by example the liberal bearing of Rome towards thinkers could Bruno but be brought to bridle his tongue and make himself subservient to the Authority of that Church which he had never renounced. Brunnhofer thinks that the " Seven Liberal Arts '' may have been already written and have proved in some measure acceptable to Clement, as furnishing a plausible alliance between philo- sophy and religion. There could hardly have been anyone at once so powerful and so friendly to Bruno as to have intervened on his behalf. Perchance, however, some of the Princes of the Church may have perceived the essential sincerity of the man in believing he was genuinely Catholic, and the strength of his desire for reconciliation. But, in the absence of documents, speculation is idle. The Church has never acted precipitately ; its wont is to await the unfolding of events and act at the appropriate season. And doubtless it had its own good reasons for delay.
Forty days had been granted, but more than nine and a half months were allowed to pass — evidence both as to the skilful dialectic, courage and firmness of the prisoner and the no less persistent effort of the theologians to break
' Gentile ; G. B. nella storia delta cultura, 1907, p. 75. ' Mclntyre ; op. cit., pp. 88, 89.
THE ROMAN PRISON. FINAL SCENES 297
him down. For the times, the lenity shown was phe- nomenal. But it must not be forgotten that the Inquisitor's manual directs that " if the culprit deny the indictments and these be not fully proved and he, during the term assigned to him to prepare his defence, have not cleared himself from the imputations which result from the process, it is necessary to have the truth out of him by a rigorous examination." ^ The case of Campanella shows what "rigorous examina- tion " meant. Whether the sardonic irony of torture was applied to the man who had sung of heroic enthusiasm and held it the acme of human greatness to rise above all sensibiHty to pain * we do not know. If so, he remained steadfast and unsubdued.
On Dec. 21st Bruno was brought in person before tlje Congregation, which numbered nine cardinals, six co- adjutors and the notary. He was "heard concerning all his pretensions." " Says that he ought not to renounce nor will he do so ; there is nothing for him to renounce and he knows not what he should renounce. The very illus- trious" were still patient (Santoro and Bellarmin were among them) ; they ordered that his " blind and false doctrine should be made manifest to him, and appointed " Hypohtus Maria ' and Paulus Vicarius * " to deal with the said brother and point out to him the propositions to be abjured, so that he may recognise his errors and amend and recant ; and do him all the good they can as soon as possible." ^
The Pope himself presided at a Congregation held on January 20th 1600. It was reported that Bruno was settled in his resolve not to abjure, asserting that he had
^^Sacro Arsenate, p. 154. " Spaccio, II. iij.
' Ippolito Maria Beccaria, no less a person than General of the Dominicans.
* Paolo di Mirandola, his vicar. ' Berti, pp. 444-6.
298 GIORDANO BRUNO
never propounded any heretical doctrines and had been badly interpreted by the servants of the Holy Office. An appeal of his to the Pope was presented and opened but not read.i Among the Catholic dignitaries who had visited and failed to convince Bruno was Cardinal Baronius,^ Clement's confessor, from whom he was wont to obtain daily absolu- tion,* and who may have reported his impressions concern- ing the prisoner to the Pope. It was at once decreed that " further measures be proceeded with, sentence passed and the said Brother Jordan handed over to the secular arm." * There is a further record of this having been done on Feb. 8th.
There are reasons for the final condemnation which readily suggest themselves, though those for the long delay which preceded it remain a mystery. The apostate monk demanded free enquiry into truth, unprejudiced and unaffected by theologic authority. And he was regarded as a heresiarch, the possible leader of a new sect, the fomenter of a new discord within the Church that had already suffered so much in purse, prestige and power from the sectaries of the Reformation.
The sentence was publicly declared the next day. Caspar Schopp, a scholar and recent convert to Rome, was present. He was informed that the culprit had been about two years in prison. He says the Cardinals and Coadjutors were assembled together at the Monastery of the Minerva. The Governor of Rome represented the secular arm. Bruno was brought into the Hall of the Inquisition and forced down on his knees. Sentence was
' For the purpose of preparing the petition writing materials would be allowed him.
' Conr. Ritterhaus suo G. Schoppius, vide Berti, op. cit., Ap- pendice I.
' Struvius, B. G ; Bib. hist, lit, Jenae, 1754, vol. I,fasc. v.
♦ Berti ; op. cit., p. 447.
THE ROMAN PRISON. FINAL SCENES 299
pronounced, and therein his life, studies and opinions were recounted, as well as the zeal and brotherly love of the Inquisitors in their efforts to convert him.^ In the latter part of the last century copies of documents relating to Bruno and the Inquisition were, by sanction of the Pope, given by Canon Giovanni Battista Storti to Raffaelle De Martinis, a worthy priest. The document containing the sentence is mutilated just at the place where it should begin. Storti gave a few words of the condemnation : these run : " You have said that the transubstantiation of bread into flesh was great blasphemy." But Storti adds : " This note (sic) is not in the Archives to-day. G. C. S." ^ Gentile believes that the Canon was under orders.* It is suspected by many that the record of the sentence was deliberately and designedly destroyed and false colouring given to the fact. One able critic writes : " The sad con- clusion is that one can place no confidence in the Heads of the Holy Office"* This may be so. Schopp repeats the travesty of Bruno's views, as given by Mocenigo, almost word for word, and, although he attributes these to the work entitled " The Shadow of Ideas," he reproduces the denunciation so accurately that there can be no doubt about these charges having been repeated in Court for the edification of those not behind the scenes. Therefore one may well believe that it was convenient to suppress the terms of the condemnation ; for Schopp heard that when the Nolan was only eighteen he began to doubt and subsequently denied Transubstantiation ; he was also
' Berti ; op. cit., Appendice I, Conrado Ritterhusio sua G. Schoppius.
^ De Martinis, R ; Giordano Bruno, Napoli, 1886, pp. 207 sgq.
' Gentile, G ; G. B. nella Storia etc., 1907, pp. 71 sqq.
* Luigi, Annibale ; Due ArtisH ed un scienziato, Atti Delia R. Ace. delle so. mor. e pol, Napoli, xxiv, pp. 468-69. — See also Archiv. far Gesch. d. Philos. IV, pp. 348-50.
300 GIORDANO BRUNO
charged with denying the Conception of Christ by a virgin, the pubHcation in London "of a libel concerning the Triumphant Beast — which is to say the Pope," (sic !) and other manifold " terrible and most absurd doctrines " among which we find those of an eternal universe and innumerable worlds. All this should have been duly set forth in the precious document of which no trace can be found. " Then," says Schopp, " he was unfrocked, excom- municated and handed over to the secular arm."^ The office of formally stripping a priest of his insignia and station should have been singularly unpleasant ; but it was by no means unprofitable. The general register of Pontifical expenses bears the record that the bishop of Sidonia received 27 scudi for " the degradation of Giordano Bruno, heretic." ^ The Governor of Rome was addressed, in the usual formula : " take him under your jurisdiction, subject to your decision, so as to be punished with due chastisement ; beseeching you, however, as we do earnestly beseech you, so to mitigate the severity of your sentence with respect to his body that there may be no danger of death or of the shedding of blood. So we, Cardinals, Inquisitor and General, whose names are written beneath decree." ^ By this hypocritical form, Holy Church was wont to secure its purpose while veiling its infamy. " When all these things were done," writes Schopp, " he said not a word except in a menacing way, 'Perchance your fear in passing judgment on me is greater than mine in receiving it.' " « The officials of the Governor then con- veyed him to the city prison by Tiber-side, nearly
' Berti, op. cit., Appendice I, Schopp' s letter. ' Fiorentino, F ; Op. lat. di G. B, state edition, I, p. xix. ' Frith ; op. cit., p. 302 ; also Sacro Arsenale ; Schopp' s letter. • The Count di Ventimiglia, a pupil of Bruno, gives the same testi- mony. Berti, p. 326, note i.
THE ROMAN PRISON. FINAL SCENES 3OI
opposite to the castle of St. Angelo,^ a considerable distance from the Minerva.
So great was the horror of causing the death and eternal damnation of an impenitent sinner that eight days of grace passed by before the sentence was carried into effect. But, on the 1 2th February the Avvisi, a wretched and ill-informed attempt at giving news, informed the Roman world : " To day we believe there will be witnessed the doing of a most solemn act of Justice (nor do I know if it be not already finished) on a Dominican monk of Nola, a most obstinate heretic, who on Wednesday, at the mansion of Card. Madruccio (sic) was shown to be the author of diverse horrid opinions, in which he remained obstinate and does so still, notwithstanding that theologians visit him daily.''
The sentence was carried into effect on the ninth day after the trial " without the shedding of blood." For many years the only account of the tragedy was that of Caspar Schopp, and Catholic apologists declared the letter to be a forgery and that Bruno had only been burned in effigy.^ It was long suspected, however, that some document relat- ing to the execution might be found in the Archives of the Brotherhood of Pity of St. John the Beheaded, who were wont to accompany heretics to the stake and use the last chance of moving an obdurate soul and ensure to it "a happy journey." It was stoutly denied that any such record existed, and examination of the Archives was refused to many of the most eminent Italian scholars. But when Crispi was in power he desired to inquire into the
' Berti ; op. cit., Appendice I. — Pognisi, A; G. B. e I'archivio di S. G. Decollato, Torino, 1891, p. 62. The prison was called the " Tower of Nona."
" Desdouits, Theophile ; La Legende tragique de J. B, comment elle a et6 formie, son origine suspecie, son invraisemblance, Paris, 1885.
' Pognisi, op. cit., p. 63.
302 GIORDANO BRUNO
finances of the Brotherhood. They thought that, as so many applications had been made concerning Bruno, this was what Crispi was at, and forthwith, in order to avoid further inconvenient investigations, the Royal Commissioner was informed of the presence of an entry concerning him in their registers. In fact, the Company was discovered to have registers of the roasting to death of 25 other people during the sixteenth century, and some of these "solemn acts of justice " were aggravated by atrocious cruelty.^ The journal of the Provveditore records," ''Justice done on an impenitent heretic. At the second hour of the night in- formation came that justice would be done on an impenitent friar in the morning. Hence, at the sixth hour of the night, the Comforters and the chaplain assembled at S. Ursula and went to the prison in the Tower of Nona, entered the chapel, and offered up the winter-prayers. To them was consigned the man Giordano Bruno, son of Gni. Bruno,' an apostate friar of Nola in the Kingdom, an impenitent. He was exhorted by our brothers in all love, and two Fathers of the Order of St Dominic, two of the Order of Jesus, two of the new Church and one of St. Jerome were called in. These with all loving zeal and much learning, showed him his error, yet he stood firm throughout and to the end in his accursed obstinacy, setting his brain and mind to a thousand errors and vain- gloryings; and he continued steadfastly stubborn while conducted by the Servants of Justice to the Field of Flowers {Campo di Fiori), and there being stripped and bound to a stake, was burned alive. Throughout, our
' Pognisi ; op. cit., p. 23.
" The entry is dated Thursday 1 6th ; it should read 17th.
' We do not know if Giordano's father, who was alive in 1586, still lived, and of his mother we only hear in the examination at Venice.
THE ROMAN PRISON. FINAL SCENES 303
Brotherhood sang litanies and the Consolers exhorted him to the very last to overcome his obstinacy. But thus ended his agony and his wretched life.''^
Short inadequate notices have been found in the contempo- rary issues of news. One runs : "Thursday was burned alive in the Field of Flowers that Dominican Brother from Nola, a pertinacious heretic, with a gag on his tongue because of the vile words he spoke without wishing to listen to the Comforters or others. He has been twelve years in the prisons (sic) of the Holy Office, from which he was liberated on another occasion." Yet another account, bearing 19th Feb. for date, announced that : " Yesterday morning in the Field of Flowers was burned alive that wicked Dominican Brother from Nola, of whom we have given news before ; a most obstinate heretic who, in his whims, concocted diverse dogmas against Holy Faith, and particularly against the Most Holy Virgin and the Saints. The vile man obstinately made up his mind to perish in these. He said that he died willingly and was a martyr, and that his soul would ascend in the smoke to Paradise. To-day he knoweth if he spake truth." * The two accounts would appear to differ as to the tying of the tongue, but probably Bruno was gagged when he could not be restrained in uttering " wicked words." For it would seem that the Count of Ventimiglia, a disciple of Bruno who was present at the trial, said that, before his death, the sufferer urged him (the Count) "to follow his glorious footsteps and to flee from prejudices and errors," ' and Cantii, without naming his authority, writes : " It is narrated that when the crucifix was offered him he refused to kiss it, and that he repeated the words of Plotinus, ' Vast power was needed to reunite that which is divine in me with
' Pognisi ; op. cit., p. 62.
' Libri " A vvisi e di Ritorni," quated by Berti, op. cit., pp. 329, 330. ' Ibid., p. 326.
304 GIORDANO BRUNO
that which is divine in the universe.' " ^ Schopp, writing to his Protestant friend Conrad Rittershausen, this very 17th February, 1600, tells him that when the heretic "was led to the stake to-day, although already dying, when the crucifix was held out to him, he turned his face aside in disdain." At last he had come at the actual worth of dialectic doublings and glozings and of an official Religion of Love. He had done with all that now, mocked by the imbecile zealots who, almost from Calvary, have converted the symbol of self- sacrifice into an engine for letting loose all the devils that lurk in the human bosom to rage and rend.
He had sung of despising death ; ^ he had written of being " so deeply possessed by other thoughts as not to feel the last agony."* That he was victor over the grave we know; that supreme confidence in a rational universe so filled his soul that his senses were dead to the torment of the stake, we may piously hope.
So closed a life marked by supreme unity of purpose — to know the truth and declare it.
He perished in jubilee year. The men of all countries flocked to Rome. Fifty cardinals were assembled there. Processions, confessions, kneelings at altars went on all day. Rome resounded with penitential psalms. Trades- men and harlots did a busy trade. Men went along the broad new streets and- marvelled at them and at the new cut by which Sixtus V had joined the Lateran with the Vatican ; at the new population where a waste had existed ever since Robert Guiscard burned half the city of Hilde- brand to the ground ; at the great buildings. Little notice was taken of the fire lighted that early morning in the Field of Flowers. It was no startling novelty; only a minor
' Cantu, Cesare; Gli eretici d' Italia, 1867, p. 62. The quotation is from Porphyry's Life of Plotinus.
2 De immenso, I, i. 3 Sig. Sigill.
THE ROMAN PRISON. FINAL SCENES 3O5
excitement thrown in with the other allurements of a holiday. The culprit made his painful way over the tufa stones with bared feet. He was chained by the neck and wore a white sheet emblazoned at the corners with the cross of St. Andrew and illuminated here and there with devils and red flames. He was accompanied by a procession of priests, singing litanies, exhorting him to repent, and thrusting the crucifix to his lips ; the Brotherhood carried torches and the officials of the Governor of Rome acted as guard. Arrived at the open space where the fashionable frivolity of the ancient city was once wonted to crowd into the Theatre of Pompey, the ruins of which still guarded the Field of Flowers, all the rabble of Rome who now dwelt around it were assembled at this "Roman holiday." Narducci discovered at the Vatican that the precise spot where Bruno was burned was in front of a house at the corner of the Campo di Fiori and the Vicolo Balestrari, where there is a stone inscribed with Latin verses and put up by the Superintendent of Streets in the fifteenth century.^ That Jubilee was re- membered ; for it celebrated the success of Clement's foreign policy and the submission of Catholics to the yoke of dis- cipline. Bruno's small part in it was forgotten, almost from the moment when, in accordance with the official direction concerning heretics, his ashes were scattered to the winds.
The strange delay in dealing effectively with him was repeated in the case of his writings. They were not placed on the Index until 2| years later (Aug. 7th, 1603). Since in Catholic Countries the possessor of proscribed works placed himself in grave peril, original specimens have become very rare. His books never achieved popularity. The English deists who rediscovered him in the early part of the eighteenth century tried to make much of him and failed.
' Levi ; op. cit., p. 390, n. i.
U
306 GIORDANO BRUNO
His name practically disappeared. Then, in the vigorous yoiith of German Philosophy, Jacobi recognised his genius, and this was generally acknowledged by German thinkers, though his works were not closely studied. Hegel and Schelling found in him a kindred spirit. In 1847 a French- man, Christian Bartholmess, furnished with scanty material laboriously collected, attempted a biography and gave the world a well-considered criticism of his published works. Since then, in Germany, France, England and especially in Italy, research has been made and valuable monographs have appeared. During his researches, Ranke came across a portion of the record of the trial at Venice. Valuable documents were afterwards discovered and scholars, such as Fiorentino, Berti and Tocco, devoted years to the examina- tion of Bruno's life and works. After the unification of Italy, his countrymen caught fire. A complete edition of his writ- ings, including unprinted manuscripts, was issued volume by volume. For a time there was a veritable " Brunomania." The man more " God-intoxicated " than Spinoza even, was hailed in the eighties by materialists and monists and hide- bound scientists claiming to be metaphysicians as their harbinger in the i6th century. The general enthusiasm reached its climax on the 9th June 1889. Thirty thousand folk assembled, most of whom could never have read Bruno or have formed any sound judgment as to his merits : they only knew he had been martyred by the Papacy. And to the ordinary Roman, who from time immemorial has never been able to abide a Pope or subsist without one, that was occasion enough. All followed the Syndic to the Field of Flowers, where a monument had been erected to the memory of yet another great Italian ; and this statue of the Nolan was unveiled. There was much feasting, and the guests hurried from dinner back to the monument to illuminate it. It is said that Leo XIII fasted throughout
THE ROMAN PRISON. FINAL SCENES 307
the day, and cast himself prostrate at the Statue of St Peter. He issued an address to the Curia which was read in the churches. One discovers therein an impotent echo of that species of Christian charity and understanding which was exercised so freely of old time. He denounced Bruno as " a man of impure and abandoned life: a double renegade, a heretic formally condemned, whose obstinacy against the Church endured unbroken even to his last breath. He possessed no remarkable scientific knowledge, for his own writings condemn him of a degraded materialism and show that he was entangled in commonplace errors. He had no splendid adornments of virtue, for as evidence against his moral character there stand those extravagancies of wicked- ness and corruption into which all men are driven by passions unresisted. He was the hero of no famous exploits and did no signal service to the state ; his familiar accomplishments were insincerity, lying and perfect selfishness, intolerance of all who disagreed with him, abject meanness and perverted ingenuity in adulation." ^
Reading this, one thinks of the famous exclamation of Galileo, " E pur si muove." Amid the hysterics of the herd on the one hand and, on the other, the denunciations of dogmatists in fanaticism of fear, "the heavens journey still and sojourn not " and " philosophic liberty " pursues her path of peace unconcerned.
Surely an ironic smile plays on the lips of Clio, the Muse of History, as she registers the vagaries of " succession and vicissitude." Rarely has old Time, that antic fool with a bitter wit, seemed more sardonic than in his dealings, during life and after death, with this man of so rare personal force. Bruno was endowed with the fatal combination of a mind of enormous power and almost unrestricted range and a de-
1 Given by the late Prof. R. Adamson in his Development of Modern Philosophy, 1903, vol. ij, p. 23.
U 2
308 GIORDANO BRUNO
ficiency in those self-regarding virtues which we hold in so high esteem to-day. One of the most original thinkers, or rather let us say, one of the most penetrative of seers, that gift of practical wisdom in the conduct of his own life which makes the safe and successful man, was withheld from him. He experienced little but protracted buffetings from adverse fate. And the man who, in many respects, marched genera- tions ahead of his fellows had the evil fortune to influence directly only one great thinker. But that thinker was Baruch de Spinoza, and, after all, to influence Baruch de Spinoza was much. And the intrepid constancy of the martyr for the right to think is more. It raises the human measure for faithfulness and strengthens reverence for what is of highest and best in man. Bruno fell like a first blossom of spring, foredoomed to be withered, to fail of its function and to fall. But it is the promise of a thousand to follow, which shall not fail but fructify.
INDEX
Absolute, The, 23, 24, 49, 127, 131, 132, 133, 152, 153, 154, 162, 163, 165, 176, 180, 199, 203, 204, 216, 228, 229, 230, 233,234, 241, 242, 243, 244, 268
Academies, Italian, 19, 37
Acidalius, Valens, see Havekenthal.V.
Acta Sanctorum, 161
Actuality, 130, 131
Adamson, Prof., 80, yyjn
^neas Silvius, see Pius II
Agrippa, Cornelius, 18, 26, 168, 217, 237
Albertus Magnus, 21 & n, 208, 243, 249, 261
Albigny, Pierre d', 188
Alchemy, 86, 116, 213, 222
Algazel, 19, 20, 124
Alsted, J. H, 198, 264
Analogy, 71
Anaximander, 139
.Ancona, 287, 292
Anglicans, 107
Angoulfime, Henry of, 62
Animism, 30, 67, 121, 135, 144
Anne of Denmark, 215
Anthony, St., 12
Antidicsonus, 113
Apuleius, 167, 169
Aquinas, 11, 14, 21 & «, 50, 52, 56, 57, 116, 124, 151, 243, 259, 269, 272, 285
"Arbor Philosophorum, ' 186
Aretino, Pietro, 17, 78
Arianism, see Arius
Ariosto, 17, 148
Aristotelians and Aristotelianism, see Aristotle
Aristotle, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 31, 44, 45, 46, 52, 58, 64, 6g, 8r, 83, 85, 88, 100, 106, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, I29n, 13I«, 13s, 14s, 169, 170, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 216, 230, 239, 240, 243, 269, 285
Arius, 14 sq, 270
Art, 116
Ascham, Roger, 40
Asinity, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172
Astrology, 149, 210, 213, 216, 217, 249,
255. 275 Atomism, 139, 145, 218, 229 sqq. Aubigny, D', J. A, 59
Augustine, St. , 12,15,41, 124, 185,269,
270 Augustus, Emperor, 6 Augustus of Saxony, 206, 207 Auvray, L, 44 Avanta, Matteo, 258 Avempace, 19 Averrhoes,ig Avicebron, 19, 20, 129 Avicenna, 19, 135 " Avvisi," 301
Bacon, Francis, 33, 45, ii3n, 117,
i67» Balbani, N, 43 Barbadico, 276 Barebones, 83 Baronius, Card., 298 Bartholmfess, C, 306 Bartholomew's day. Massacre of St.,
SS. 287 Bassaus, 224, 241
Beaumont House, 90, 93, 105, 109 Beccaria, Ippolito, 297 Bellarmin, R, 294, 295, 297 Belville, Abbot of, see Albigny,
Pierre d' Benivieni, G, 173 Bergamo, 39
Bishop of, 182
Bergeon, J, 45
Bergerac, Cyrano de, 80
Bergson, H, 134, I55», i64n, 2oin.
Berkeley, Bishop, 131, 165
Berti, Doraenico, 74, 2o8n, 306
Besler, Jerom, 202, 216, 248, 249, 361
B6ze, T. de, 41, 45
Bibbiena, Card. , 17, 78
Blois, 59
Boccaccio, 152
Boethius, Pastor, 218
Boiardo, 167
Bossulus, 186
Bottero, 189
Bradley, F. H, 23^, 29«, I33n,
229n Brictanus, J, 221, 250, 256, 257, 264 " Brotherhood of Pity," 301, 302, 303 Browne, Sir Thos. , 88 Browning, Robert, 249 Bruni of Asti, 2 Brunnhofer, G. B, 237, 296
309
iio
GIORDANO BRUNO
Bruno, Agostino, 7
Bruno, Felipe, see Bruno, Giordano
Bruno, Fraulissa, 2
Bruno, Gioan, i, 3, 184, 302«.
Bruno, Giordano, birth, i sq; parent- age, 2 ; childhood, 3 sqq ; education, 7 sqq, 22; enters monastery, 10; takes vows and changes name, 11 ; doubts, 12; process against, 12; ordained priest, 12, 14 ; summoned to Rome, 13 ; second process, 16 ; flight to Rome, 16, 34, 35 ; industry, 17 ; studies. Chap. HI passim ; flight toGenoa,36; atNoli,37; atSavona, 37 ; at Turin, 38 ; at Venice, 38, 39 ; at Padua, 39: at Chamb^ry, 40; at Geneva, 41 sqq ; imprisoned, 45 sqq ; at Lyons, 49 ; at Toulouse, 50 ; obtains degree, 51 ; appointed professor, 51 ; at Paris, Chap. VI passim ; summoned to Court, 57 ; appointed Lecturer, 58 ; leaves France, 65 ; at Oxford, Chap. VIII passim ; disputes there, 86, 87 ; for- bidden to teach, 87 ; rescued by Castlenau, 89 ; at Elizabeth's Court, 93 sqq: experiences in England, Chap. X passim ; robbed, 113 ; leaves England, 114 ; second visit to Paris, 181 sqq ; presides at" a dispu- tation, 190 sqq : at Mainz, 195 ; at Wiesbaden, 195: ,at Marburg, 195 sqq ; at Wittenberg, 197 ; praises Luther, 205 sq ; at'Prague, 210 sqq ; at Helmstedt, 213 sqq ; at Frankfurt, 219, 220-22; at Zurich, 222, 223; revisits Frankfurt, 223 sqq ; invited to Italy, 224 Sqq ; reaches Venice, 247 ; at* Padtfa, 247 ; returns to Venice, 249 ; handed over to In- quisition, 258 ; is tried. Chap. XVIII passim ; extradition demanded, 288 sqq ; sent to Rome, 292 ; treatment there, 292 sqq ; condemnation and death, 298 sqq.
His appearance, 57, 87, 264
His character and mind, 4, 5, 6,
14, 17, 18, 35, 44, 50, 52, 57, 59, 63, 64, 69, 71, 72, Si, 82, 83, 92, 97, 98, 105, iig, 123, 134, 136, 137, 153, 183 sqq, 209, 212, 214, 236, 237, 246, 251, 282, 283, 304, 307, 308
His ethics, 148 sqq, 175, 176, 204,
228 sqq, 273
His learning, 7 sq, 15, Chap. Ill
passim, 201
His philosophy, 67 sqq, 75, 116,
121, 126 sqq, 137 sqq, 149, 154, 171, 174, 175, 176 sqq, 199, 202 sqq, 241 sqq, 266, 267 sqq.
His religion, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 43,
44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 65, 124, 125, 133. 137. 146, 147, 156 sqq, 163, 164, 169, 173 sqq, 185, 203, 204, 207, 208,
209, 212, 217, 221, 225, 2S6, 240, 245, 251, 253, 257, 265, 266, 267, 269 sqq, 272, 273, 274, 283 sqq, 285, 286, 296
His science, 31, 32, 33, 120 sqq,
13s sq, 139 sqq, 201, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 227, 235, 237, 239 sqq.
Works; Acrotismus, 6on, 6in,
62!t, I93«, 2c;o sqq ; Animadver- siones, 184K, 205 ; ArsReminiscendi, 58n, 66n, hgn,j2n, 115, 183; Articuli centum et viginti, 6o«, 62K, 193^, 189, I9i«, I92«, 20i« ; Articuli centum et sexaginta, 33M, I59«, 212, 213, 285K ; Artificium perorandi, 198 ; Arbor Philosophorum, 184 ; Asino Cillenico, loi & «., 171-72, 284K ; Cabala, 4«, 13M, 25?;, 26«, lOiK, i62n, 167-71, 172, 234«, 284K ; Candelajo, 4n, I3«, 36», 63«, 74 sqq, 99M, 183; Cantus Circasus, 8k, 13W, 62n, 72, ii5«, 24i« ; Causa, $n, 7«, i8k, 19K, 20«, 24«, 32M, 55«, 8in, 85W, 88«, 89«, 90«, 9172, 92?;, 93n, 94«, 9872, 100, loi, 126-36, 138M, I57n, 164?/, 204», 2i6«, 228, 234M, 238, 267^, zyon, 2j'2n : Cena, 5«, 7«, I3«, I7«, 3IW, 40«, 6o«, 64M, 74«, 81M, 85W, 87«, 90«, 9272, 9377, 9477, 99, loi & 77., 10377, 104 sqq, 117-25, 12671, 200, 23577, 239 ; Clavis Magna, 53; Eroici, 377, 577, 977, 1277,
2077, 2277, 2477, 2577, 6977, 9677, 96 sqq, lOI, 10277, 13877, 14077, 172-80, 183,
203, 22477, 27077, 28777; Figuratio, 186 & 77, 187, 188 & 77 ; De Com- pendiosa Architectura, 6i?7, 6277, 6377, 7377, 197, 200« ; De Imaginum Com- positione, 2477, \j2n, 223 & '77, 224, 241 sqq : De Immenso, 577, 2477, 4977, 8777, 10577, II277, 11477, 14277, 14577, 15977, 20277, 20377, 20877, 21977, 224, 23577, 238-41, 28477, 304; De Lam- pade Combinatoria, 2677, 5377, 8677, 19377, 19677, 197, 199; De Magia, 13577, 216, 217; De Medicina, 218; De Minimo, 1977, 2477, 3377, 14277, 213, 21577, 21977,222,223,224, 227-36, 238, 26977, 283 ; De Monade, 2677, 3077, 8377, 14377, 15977, 20377, 213, 21577, 224, 236-38, 24177, 26977; De Principiis, 217; De Progressu, 199, 200 ; De Specierum Scrutinio, 202 & 77, 211; De Umbris, 2277, 2477,
5877, 5977, 6177, 6277, 66-72, 9877, 20071,
241, 299 ; De Vinculis, 244 sq, 249 ; Dialogi de Fab. Mord., 187, 188; Infinito, 2977, 4477, 6477, 8977, 90, 10077, 1027I, 136-47, 23977, 24077, 26877 ; Insomnium, 188 ; Lampas Caballistica, 202 ; Lampas Triginta Statuarum, 13877, 202-05, 233 ; Liber Physicorum , 202 ; Manuscript Works, 202, 205; Noah's Ark, 13; Oratio Consolatoria, 283 ; Oratio Valedic-
INDEX
311
toria, 2«, 5n, zin, zgn, 33«, 53?!, ig6n, zo6n, 207, 208 & n, zS^n ; Praxis, 243 & n ; Purgatory of Hell, 74, 113, 114 ; Sigillus722n, 23», 24», 39«, 49», S3«, loo & «, 115 & n, 11:6 & ?;, i24«, 159, 203, 241, 304 n ; Signs of the times, 39; Spaccio, in, 2«, 4n, 5«, 9», 29K, 36M, 38«, 49K, 55«, 70?i, g5M, 96K, 100, loin, lozn, 148-67, 174 & n, I76«, 204^, 205W, 2o6«, 208, 215, 226n, 233, 272n, 282K, 283M, 284», 28s«, 286n, 300; Summa Terminorum, 577?, 223 & n, 234W, 243 sq ; Triginta Sigilloruni Explicatio, yn, 8k, 82 & n, 90M, loow, US, 116
Bruno, Jordanus, see Bruno, Giordano
Budgell, E, 167B
Bulls, Papal, 27, 262«, 28o«
Burton, R, i4i«, 167??
Butler, S, i64»
Cabala, The Jewish, 71, 136
Cajetanus, 185
Calais, 81, 113
Callier, R, 190, 191, 192
Calvin, John, 41, 42, 43, 49
Calvinists, 49, 146 sqq, 193, 206, 207
Cambrai, College de, 60, 61, 62, 181, 184, 190, 200
Campagna (town), 14
Campagna Felice, i, 5, 9, 226
Campanella, 113, 293, 297
Campo di Fiori, 302, 303, 304, 306
Cantii, 303
Caracciolo, Galea-zzo, see Vico, Mar- quis of
Carafa, Card., 262
Cardano, G, 32
Carnesecchi (martyr), 263
Casimir, John, 206
Castelnau, Madame de, 91, 93
Maria de, 92