II. Good Masonry, I understand ; the keys of all lodges

are at my command, &c., &c.
RIBBON. The ribbon worn by the Companions of the Order, is a sacred emblem denoting light, being composed of the two principal colours with which the veil of the tabernacle was interwoven. It is further signified by its radiated form, and in both respects has been considered an emblem of regal power and dignity.
RIGHT ANGLE. The perfect sincerity of one right line to another, is as the line of that angle, the line of duty being radius. An acute angle is imperfect sincerity. An obtuse angle is injustice. Join sincerity perfectly to any duty, and it forms justice, and is equal to an angle of ninety degrees. — Old Lecture.
RIGHT HAND. The proper residence of faith or fidelity was thought to be in the right hand, and therefore this deity was sometimes represented by two right hands joined together; sometimes by two little images shaking each other by the right hand ; so that the right hand was esteemed by the ancients as a sacred symbol. And agreeably to this are those expressions in Virgil : — " Eii tlext.ra fidesque;" as if shaking by the right hand was
RIG— KIT. 647
an indispensable token of an honest heart And again "Cur dextrae jungere dextram non datur, ac veras auclire, et reddere voces'/" that is to say, why should we not join right hand to right hand, and hear and speak the truth '? — Anderson.
RIGHT LINE. A right line is a duty persisted in with constancy, or any uninterrupted advantage, profit, pleasure, or .happiness. That which hath no dependence on any other thing to make it perfect in itself, is a right line. Every divine command is a right line, and also the sincerity with which such a command ought to be per- formed. Every line representing a duty to be performed, may be supposed to contain .all the particular branches of that duty ; for the branches or parts of any duty, must of consequence make up the whole duty itself. — Old Lecture.
RIGHTS. The right of the Entered Apprentice to be advanced, or the Fellow Craft to be raised, depends, in strict principle, upon his proficiency in the degree which he has received. He should be able to exhibit a beautiful specimen of intellectual or moral work, to entitle him to receive wages, or to enter upon the study of highei departments of science. — Scott.
RITE. A rite is an item in the ceremonial of confer- ring degrees, although in some countries it is extended to include a number of degrees and orders, as in the French rite " ancien et accepte," which comprehends the " Ma- (^onnerie Symbolique, Elu, Chev. d' Orient, du Soleil, Kadosh, Rose Croix," &c., with the " Grades dites Phi- losophiques et Administratifs."
RITUAL. This word imports how a lodge ought to be opened and closed, and how an initiation, passing, or raising ought to be conducted; this may also be called the liturgy of the lodge. The ritual is not the same in all lodges, nay, there are nearly as many different rituals as there are Grand Lodges. Many of those rituals are of quite modern origin, especially that of the Grand Lodge Royal York, Berlin, and that of the Grand Lodge of Hamburgh. The English ritual is the most ancient, ano
648 RIV— ROD.
extended itself into every part of the earth but was afterwards superseded in many places by the French, Swedish, and others. Those outward forms and cere- monies, although they differ, yet they do not divide the brethren amongst themselves, but each lodge and its members is tolerant with the members of other lodges ; and all lodges are allowed to endeavour and strive to obtain their object by what way they think best. Neither is there any real difference whether some ceremonies are to be performed in this manner, or in that, according to the different rituals, or whether the officers are called this or that. Time and various circumstances have made those alterations in the rituals principally to produce a more lasting impression upon the mind of the candidate at his initiation, and to advance with the improved spirit of the times. Fragments from some of the rituals have been published, especially from the old ones ; but there must be more than a dozen rituals published before an uninitiated person could learn how an initiation was con- ducted, or how a lodge was held. The end to which the ritual leads us is the principal object, or the real secret of Freemasonry, and it would require an adept to discover this from any ritual. There only ought to be one ritual, as was the case in former ages ; and the unlucky word system ought never to have been introduced into the Craft. — Gadicke.
RIVERS OF EDEN. The four rivers of Paradise had a reference to the cardinal virtues. In Pisor, oui first parents revered the fountain of prudence ; in Gihon they beheld the sacred stream of justice. The rapid tor- rent of Hiddekel denoted fortitude, and the Euphrates the mild and steady current of temperance. Happy was their state, while these sacred truths continued to guide their actions; and the Mason will be equally happy who, through life, adheres to the lessons here inculcated. Instructed by prudence, guided by justice, strengthened by fortitude and restrained by temperance, like Adam in the garden of Eden, his services will be acceptable to the Deity.
ROD. The rod of Moses, fearful as the attack of a serpent to the Egyptians, was a sceptre of righteousness
ROU— ROY. 649
to the children of Israel. It was a sign ^f the divine authority, and a visible demonstration of God's power vised to confound the pretended skill of the magicians, to show the omnipotence of the Deity, and to humble the pride of Pharaoh, when he beheld the mighty won- ders wrought by so contemptible an agent as a shepherd's staff. But above all, this rod metamorphosed, was a type of Christ's death, to which indeed Freemasonry ultimately points ; for as by a serpent death came into the world, so by the death of the Son of God, the serpent, or Satan, was fully vanquished and trodden un- derfoot.
ROUGH ASHLER. We cannot regard the rough ashler as an imperfect thing, for it was created by the Almighty Great Architect and he created nothing imper- fect, but gave us wisdom and understanding, so as to enable us to convert the seemingly imperfect to our especial use and comfort. What great alterations are made in a rough ashler by the mallet and chisel ! With it are formed, by the intelligent man, the most admirable pieces of architecture. And man, what is he when he tirst enters into the world ? — Imperfect, and yet a perfect work of God, out of which so much can be made by education and cultivation. — Gadickc.
ROYAL ARCH. This degree is more august, sublime, and important than those which precede it, and is the summit of ancient Masonry. It impresses on our minds a more firm belief of the existence of a Supreme Deity without beginning of days or end of years, and justly reminds us of the respect and veneration due to that holy name. Until within these few years, this degree wafr not conferred on any but those who had been enrolled a considerable time in the fraternity, and could besides give the most unequivocal proofs of their skill and pro Eciency in the Craft. — Ahiman Rezon.
ROYAL ART. It is a royal art to be able to preserve a secret, and we are, therefore, accustomed to call Free- masonry a royal art. To be able to plan large buildings, especially palaces, is also certainly a great and a royal art, but it is still a more royal art to induce men to do that
650 ROY— SAC.
whicii is good, and to abstain from evil, without having recourse to the power of the law. Others derive the appellation, royal art, from that part of the members of the English Builders' Huts, who, after the beheading oi Charles I., 30fch January, 1649, joined the persecuted Stuart, inasmuch as that they laboured to restore the oyal throne, which had been destroyed by Cromwell. Anderson, on the contrary, in his English Constitution Book, affirms that the appellation royal art is derived from the fact, that royal persons have stood, and still stand, at the head of the Craft. — Gadicke.
ROYAL LODGE. The Royal Lodge was held in the city of Jerusalem, on the return of the Babylonish cap- tives in the first year of the reign of Cyrus ; over it pre sided Z., the prince of the Jews, H., the prophet, and J. the high priest. Now it was that the kingly power was again more visibly restored, and continued till the total destruction of the city and temple by the Romans, under the command of Titus ; when Herod, not of their own royal line, nor even a Jew, was appointed king, and hereby was verified that prophecy of Jacob's in Egypt, delivered more than one thousand years before, " that the sceptre should not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come."
RUAMMI. The words Ammi and Ruammi, made use of by the prophet Hosea, may be interpreted, mij people, and obtained mercy.
RULERS. The rulers and governors, supreme and subordinate, of the ancient lodge, are to be obeyed in their respective stations by all the brethren, according to the old charges and regulations, with all humility, rever nee, love, and alacrity. — Ancient Charges.
SABBATH. The institution of a Sabbath was in tignum creationis, for a memorial of the creation ; because, as God rested on that day in testimony that his work was completed, so it was accounted holy, and appointed to be observed as a day of universal repose.
SACRKD. We call that sacred which is separated
SAC. 65 1
FroiL common things, and dedicated either entirely or partially to the Most High. The ideas of truth and vir- tue, the feeling of a pure love and friendship are sacred, for they elevate us above common things and lead to God. The tenour of sacred thought and feelings is towards religion, and therefore all things are sacred which are peculiarly dedicated to religious services, and carefully guarded from being applied to profane uses, or which, by means of their religious importance and value, are es- pecially honoured and considered indispensable to our spiritual and moral welfare. According to these ideas oi what is sacred, the Freemason can call his work sacred, and every brother must acknowledge it to be so. Our labours being separated from the outward world, and founded upon truth and virtue, require brotherly love and philanthropy, and always elevate the spirit to the Great Architect of the Universe. But true inward sanctity every brother must have in his own breast, and not have it to seek in the degrees of the Order. — Gadicke.
SACRED LODGE. Over the sacred lodge presided Solomon, the greatest of kings, and the wisest of men ; Hiram, the great and learned king of Tyre ; and Hiram Abiff', the widow's son, of the tribe of Napthali. It was held in the bowels of the sacred Mount Moriah, under the part whereon was erected the S. S., -or H. of H. On this mount it was where Abraham confirmed h.is faith by his readiness to offer up his only son Isaac. Here it was where David offered that acceptable sacrifice on the threshing-floor of Araunah, by wrhich the anger of the Lord was appeased, and the plague stayed from his people. Here it was where the Lord delivered to David, in a dream, the plan of the glorious temple, afterwards erected by our noble G. M. K. S. And lastly, here it was where he declared he would establish his sacred name and word, which should never pass away; and for these reasons, this was justly styled the Sacred Lodge.
SACRED NAME. This name expresses the eternity of the Godhead, and points to his unchangeableness, as well as his infinite perfections. The Hebrews noted the attributes of the Deity under different names. If they
652 ST.
wished to express his divine essence, they used the \vord Jehovah, if his omnipotence was the theme, it was El, Elah, or Eloah; to express his excellency, they used the word Elion; and for his mercy, Elchannan.
ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST. He was the forerunner of Jesus, a son of the Jewish priest Zacharias and ol Elizabeth, who, as a zealous judge of morality and un- daunted preacher of repentance, obtained great celebrity, first in his native country, then in the mountains of Judea, and afterwards among the whole nation. His simple and abstemious manner of living contributed much to his fame, and especially the peculiar purification or consecration by baptism in a river bath, which he introduced as' a symbol of that moral purity which he so zealously inculcated. Jesus allowed himself to be bap- tized by him, and from that time forward John said unto his disciples, that he was certainly the Messias. The frank earnestness and .the great fame with which he preached even in Galilee, soon brought upon him the suspicion and hatred of the court of'Tetrarch Antipas, or King Herod, who imprisoned him, and on the 29th August, in the thirty-second or thirty-third year of his life, caused him to be beheaded. The 24th June, his birth-day, is dedicated to his memory through all Chris- tendom. The patron saint of the Freemasons' brother- hood was formerly not St. John the Baptist, but St. John the Evangelist, whose festival they celebrated the 27th December, upon which day they hold their general assembly, probably induced thereto because at this sea- son of the year the members could be better spared from their business or profession. For this reason also they chose for their quarterly festivals, the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, Michaelmas, and the festival of St. John the Baptist, which last festival, on account of the better weather and other circumstances having been found to be more convenient for the yearly assembly, was often appointed for the time on which it should be held, so that it has now become nearly general. Many lodges si-ill celebrate the 27th December, and call it the minor St. John's day. — Gudicke.
ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST. St. John thi
ST.— SAL 053
Evangelist and Apostle of Jesus, whose gospel is so important to all Freemasons, was born in Bethsaida, in Galilee, a son of Zebedee, and a disciple of Jesus, who loved him because he distinguished himself by his gentle- ness and humility. After the ascension of Jesus, he preached the gospel principally in Asia Minor and at Ephesus, where it is probable that he died in a good old age. He was a man of great energy and poetic fire and life; in his early years somewhat haughty and intolerant, but afterwards an example of love. We have a gospel or biography of Jesus by him, and three of the epistles also bear his name. The gospel of St. John is especially important to the Freemason, for he preached lo^e, and his book certainly contains all the fundamental do '.trines of Freemasonry. As a Freemason ought never to forget that he has laid his hand upon the gospel of St. John, so should he never cease to love his brethren according to the doctrine of love contained in that sacred book. Many lodges celebrate his anniversary, the 27th D mem- ber.— Gadicke.
ST. JOHN'S MASONRY. Originally there was only one kind of Freemasonry. But when the Scottish and other higher degrees were introduced, the three first degrees received the name of St. John's Masonry. — Gadicke.
SALT. In the Helvetian ceremonies of Masonry, salt is added to the corn, wine and oil, because it was a symbol of the wisdom and learning which characterize Masons' lodges. Pierius makes it an emblem of hos- pitality and friendship, and also of fidelity. In the Scriptures, salt is considered as a symbol of perpetuity and incorruption, and used as a covenant. The formula used by our ancient brethren, when salt was sprinkled on the foundation-stone of a new lodge was, "May this undertaking, contrived by wisdom, be executed in strength and adorned with beauty, so that it may be a house where peace, harmony, and brotherly love shall per- petually reign."
SALUTE. As operative masons and other mechanic* have a so-called sign or pass-word, especially when upoo 55
654 SAN— SAS.
tramp so had we also formerly a proper form for saluting strange brethren. At present the sahitntion "from the Worthy and Worshipful Brethren of the Holy Lodge of St. John," «fec., &c., is not required from a foreign brother who is paying a visit, because something more is demand- ed from him than this ancient method of legitimation, The salutation of the brethren should be a salute of peace and love, and strengthened by the sacred numbers He who does not really love his brother, let him not take him by the hand, let him not feign love. Expe- rience teaches us that every brother is not worthy of love, and that those who meet every one with an em- brace, who profess to love every one, lay themselves open to the suspicion that they do not really and truly respect any one. — Gadlckc.
SANCTUM SANCTORUM. This was the oracle: -d here were four cherubim, two lesser constructed by Moses of massive gold, and two larger made by Solo- mon and plated with gold. The former were attached to the lid of the Mercy Seat, the latter spread their •vings over it as an ornament and protection.
SANHEDRIM. The Sanhedrim was a council of seventy-one or seventy-two senators among the Jews, who determined the most important affairs of the nation. The room in which they met was a rotunda, half of which was built without the Temple and half within, the latter part being that in which the judge sat. The Nasi, or prince, who was generally the high priest, sat on a throne at the end of the hall, his deputy, called Ab-beth-din, at his right hand, and the sub-deputy, or Chacan,, at his left; the other senators being ranged in jrder on each side. Most of the members of this council were priests or Levites, though men in private stations .f life were not excluded. — Calinct.
SASH. The colour of the R. A. sash is one of the 'nost durable and beautiful in nature. It is the appro- priate colour adopted and worn by our ancient brethren of the three symbolical degrees, and is the peculiar characteristic of an institution which has stood the test of *ges and which is as much distinguished by th*»
SCA— SCH. 655
durabiity of its materials or principles as by the beauty of its superstructure. It is an emblem of universal friendship and benevolence, and instructs us that in the mind of a Mason, those virtues should be as the blue arch of heaven itself. — Moore.
SCARLET, This rich and beautiful colour is em- blematical of fervency and zeal. It is the appropriate colour of the Royal Arch degree; and admonishes us, that \ve should be fervent in the exercise of our devotions to God, and zealous in our endeavours to promote the happiness of man. — Moore.
SCEPTRE. The old Masons used to say in the R. A. Lecture, " On the top of those staves or sceptres, are the banners of the twelve tribes, which we have for many purposes ; esbecially to commemorate the great wonders wrought for the children of Israel during their travels in the wilderness, when they were first set up as standards around their encampments, and about which each tribe was assembled in due form. The devices thereon were emblematical of what should happen to their posterity in after ages."
SCHAMIR. It is asserted by the Rabbins, that King Solomon received a secret from Asmodeus, an evil spirit, mentioned in the book of Tobit, who had usurped his throne and afterwards became his prisoner. By the use of this, he was enabled to finish the temple without the use of axe, hammer, or metal tool ; for the stone schamir, which the demon presented to him, possessed the property of cutting any other substance, as a diamond cuts glass. This, however, is wholly fabulous. Metal tools were used in the forest and the quarry, and it was by a very natural process that the building was con- structed without the pollution of these instruments.
.SCHISM. It is commonly believed that the pie- valence*of schism in any institution, is the fruitful parent of many evils, which cannot fail to detract from its purity and excellence. And so it is; but the evil is not without its portion of good. Experience teaches that if the members of an institution become apathetic, nothing
656 SCH— SCI.
is so likely to rouse them to a sense of duty, as the existence of conflicting opinions, which produce a sepa- ration of interests, and divide them into two adverse sections ; each of which, like the self-multiplying poly- pus, will frequently become as strong and prosperous as the parent institution.
SCHOOLS. The Royal Freemasons' School for Fe- mule Children was established in 1788, for maintaining, clothing, and educating the female children and orphans of reduced brethren, for protecting and preserving them from the danger and misfortunes to which distressed young females are peculiarly exposed ; for training them up in the knowledge and love of virtue, and in habits of industry; and impressing on their minds true humility, and the practice of all social, moral, and religious duties. Already have nearly 600 female children been admitted to this school, since its establishment, and have been apprenticed, or returned to their friends, many of whom have become ornaments of their sex and station, and all of them good and useful members of society. I must also mention the Royal Masonic Institution for Clothing, Educating, and Apprenticing the Sons of Indigent and Deceased Freemasons, established in 1798. The boys are educated at schools near the residences of their parents or friends, are furnished with books, taught to read, write, and arithmetic, furnished with proper cloth- ing, and on leaving the institution, a suitable apprentice fee is granted to them. — Percy.
SCIENCE. Freemasonry is a science not to be con- fined to a few Israelitic traditions learned by heart, as a school-boy learns his lessons ; it is a science which em- braces everything useful to man ; it corrects the heart, and prepares it to receive the mild impressions of the divine code ; its moral injunctions, if duly weighed and properly applied, never fail to form its disciples into good members of society. It opens a progressive fie d for inquiry, and ought never to be driven into narrow bounds by the enactment of a law, saying, thus far will we allow you to go, and no farther, under the penalty of exclusion from its universality. — Iluscnbeth.
SCI— SCU. 657
SCIENTIFIC MASONRY. The scientific consists in the knowledge of several of the arts and sciences, so far as to enable us to discern the reason for the operations of tho.se before-mentioned instruments), tools and ma- chines, and to the force and momentum of the different mechanii-ai powers; and also to clear up and arrange our ideas in sm-.'i a manner, as to be able to delineate them so clearly on our tracing-board, that, by the help .of a proper scale, the brethren of the second degree may take them oil' and complete our design, and if intended for that purpose, erect a structure, which when finished, shall contain the greatest degree of strength, elegance and convenience, that the quantity of materials and space allowed will admit of; and this is the part of, or applica- ble to, our brethren of the highest degree of the Craft of Master Masons. — Dunckerfy.
SCRIBES. The two scribes represent the two co- lumns which supported and adorned the entrance to the arch ; whence is signified their duty of registering, or entering in the records, every act, law and transaction, for the general good of the chapter.
SCROLL. The fine inner bark of such trees as the lime, ash, maple, or elm, was early used as a substance for writing on. As such was called in Latin liber, this name came permanently to be applied to all kinds of books, and has, in a similar connection, been adopted into most European languages. These books, like all others of flexible materials, were rolled up to render them portable, and to preserve the writing. They were usual- ly rolled round a stick or cylinder, and if they were long, round two cylinders, hence the name volume (voliimen), a thing rolled up, which continues to be applied to books very different from rolls. In using the roll, the reader unrolled it to the place he wanted, arid rolled it up again when he had read it. The book of the law written on parchment, is thus rolled and thus read in the Jewish synagogues at the present time. — Kitto.
SKULL AND CROSS-BONES. These are emblems of mortality, and teach the Master Mason to contemplate death as the end of his afflictions, and* the entrance tc another and a better life.
658 SCY— SEC.
SCYTHE. The scythe is an emblem of time, which cuts the brittle thread of life, and launches us into eter- nity. What havoc does the scythe of time make among the human race! If by chance we escape the numerous evils incident to childhood and youth, and arrive in perfect health and strength at the years of vigorous man- hood; yet decrepid old age will soon follow, and we must be cut down by the all-devouring scythe of time, and be gathered into the land where our fathers have gone before us. — Old Lectures.
SEAL. Every Lodge has its own seal, and a collec- tion of these seals is a very interesting thing, for they each contain either a symbolical or an allegorical allusion to the name of the lodge. Every certificate is sealed with the seal of the Grand Lodge by which it is granted, and as all Grand Lodge seals are well known, it thus prevents false certificates from injuring the Craft. — Gadicke.
The component parts of the cherubim are exhibited in the official seal of, I believe, all the Grand Lodges in the jvorld. In that of the Grand Lodge of England, the two arge cherubims of Solomon are its supporters, and the four figures are impaled with the Masons' arms on the field. The crest is the Ark of the Covenant, on which the cherubim are again repeated as hovering over the Mercy Seat, to form the superb throne of the Deity.
SEAL OF SOLOMON. The double or endless trian- gle, in one or other of its different forms, constituted the famous seal of Solomon, our ancient G. M., which was said to bind the evil genii so fast, that they were unable to release themselves. By virtue of this seal, as the Moslems believed, Solomon compelled the genii to assist him in building the Temple of Jerusalem, arid many r»ther magnificent works.
*o
SECOND DEGREE. As the darkness of heathenism, or natural religion, preceded the divine revelation vcach- safed to the people of God, so by our initiation into the second degree, we advance still farther into the dawn figured out by tl* Mosaic dispensation, which preceded the more perfect Christian day. Here the novice i«
SEC. 669
brought to light, to behold and handle tools of a more artificial and ingenious construction, and emblematic oi sublimer moral truths. By these he learns to reduce rude matter into due form, and rude manners into the more polished shape of moral and religious rectitude; becom- ing thereby a more harmonious corner-stone of symmetry in the structure of human society, until he is made a glorious corner-stone in the temple of God. — Watson.
SECRECY. Secrecy is one of the first duties of a Freemason, but those Masons err much who think they do their duty by only exercising it in things concerning the Order of the lodge. It is not for this reason only that secrecy is so often inculcated in the lodge as a masonic duty, it is that he ought to use secrecy and cau- tion in all his transactions out of the lodge, and especially where his talkativeness might be the means of causing injury or damage to his fellow-men. — Gadicke.
SECRETARY. An important office in a lodge, for it is necessary thai it should be filled by a man who can not only make out the common transactions of the lodge, but who is also capable of comprehending the spirit of a lecture, and introducing it into the transactions, briefly and at the same time correctly. To write a protocol correctly, so that in the event of any dispute it may serve as written evidence, is, as is well-known, a most difficult task, and requires great experience. The Secre- tary must be a Master Mason, and, when necessary, the brethren must assist him as copyists. — Gadicke.
SECRET. What can it be ? This is a question which has been asked for centuries, and will probably continue to be asked for centuries to come. Ceremonies, customs, moral explanations of allegorical and symbolical instru merits and figures which are to be found in a Freemasons' lodge, are, it is true, considered as secrets by some of the brotherhood. But those cannot be the real genuine secrets of Freemasonry ; it is impossible ; for a Mason may be acquainted with all the ceremonies, usages, and customs of the Craft — he may be able morally to explaii. every symbolical or allegorical instrument or figure which is to be found in a Masons' lodge — and yet neither
660 SEC— SEE.
be happy in this world, nor have a sure foundation on which to build his hopes of happiness in the world tc come. — Gudicke.
SECRET SOCIETIES. Freemasons ever endeavour to act up to the principles of the ancient secret societies and if they differ in some points from the practices of those ancient worthies, it is in having improved upon their leading principles, by spreading the truth most extensively over the globe, whilst the schools and acade- mies of learning of our predecessors, were more of loca1 than of universal existence. — Husenbelli.
SECT. It must not be imagined that Masonry is a system of religion at the present period. Nothing can be farther from the truth. Such a supposition would reduce it to the level of a religious sect, and utterly de- stroy its universality. It embraces a view of all the main facts connected with the great plan of human redemption; but leaves the brethren to arrange those facts as may suit their own individual opinion. This is the doctrine of the first ancient charge.
SEDITION. The following clause of exemption from the penalties of the Sedition Act, was highly honourable to the Order : — " And whereas, certain societies have been long accustomed to be holden in this kingdom, under the denomination of lodges of Freemasons, the meetings whereof have been in a great measure directed to charitable purposes, be it therefore enacted, that nothing in this act shall extend to the meetings of any Buch society or lodge which shall, before the passing of this act, have been usually holden under the said deno- mination, and in conformity to the rules prevailing among the said societies of Freemasons."
SEEING. Seeing is that sense by which we are enabled to istinguish objects of different Rinds, and, in an instant of time, without any change of place or situa- tion, to view armies in battle array, figures of tho most stately structures, and all the agreeable varieties displayed in the landscape of nature. — Old Lecture*.
SEE— SEM. 061
SEEK. He who is desirous of finding wisdom, must diligently seek for it ; and if he would know the real design of Masonry, he must study, and observe, and medi- tate, on what he hears in the lodge, otherwise the bond age of ignorance will never be removed.
SELF-INTEREST. Let me travel from east to west, or between north and south, when I meet a true brother, I shall find a friend, who will do all in his power to serve me, without having the least view of self-interest ; and if I am poor and in distress, he will relieve me, to the utmost of his power, interest, or capacity. This is the second grand principle; for relief will follow when there is brotherly love. — Dunckerley.
SELF-KNOWLEDGE. Every Freemason is ear- nestly exhorted to study himself. He who does not know himself, his moral weaknesses, his desires, his powers of toleration, and his real, not his imaginary, spiritual strength, cannot live as the Order requires that he ought to -live, in the bonds of the closest fraternal love with the whole brotherhood ; and if an office is in- trusted to him in the lodge, he cannot know whether he is capable of filling it with credit to himself and profit to the Craft. It is quite as necessary that a Freemason should be as well acquainted with his moral strength as he is with his moral weakness; for many Masons are inactive in the lodge and in the Craft, -nerely because they do not know the power which is wiihin themselves. He who has thoroughly studied himself, and is suscepti ble of all good impressions, will be subject to much less evil than others. — Gadickc.
SEMPER EADEM. What is this imperious institu- tion which has spread her wings over the whole conti- nent of Europe, and which, without the slightest depend- ence on any form of government, has preserved its purity amidst every species of political convulsion, the disasters of empires, and religious wars? What is this immense and influential association whose origin is lost amidst the darkness of antiquity, and whose ramifications branch out amidst the conflicting interests of commercial specula- tion, diplomatic alliances, and all the social establish-
662 SEN— SEP.
ments of mankind, in every country of the world, in spii? of differences in climate, colour, language and manners? What is the signification of its rites and ceremonies, its usages, and its symbols? What services is it able to render to the sacred cause of humanity ? Every reason- able man will answer these questions by a reference to the mysteries of Freemasonry. — Janvier.
SENIORITY OF LODGES. The precedency of lodges is derived from the number of their constitution, as recorded in the books of the Grand Lodge. No lodge can be acknowledged, nor its officers admitted into the United Grand Lodge, or a provincial Grand Lodge, nor any of its members entitled to partake of the general charity or other masonic privilege, unless it has been regularly constituted and registered. — Constitutions.
SENIOR WARDEN. The duty of the Senior War- den, like that of the Master, is indicated by his jewel of office, which is a symbol of equality, and instructs him that the duties of his situation ought to be executed with strict impartiality, and without respect of persons. Re- gularity of attendance is an essential part of this office, because if the Master should die, or be removed, or be rendered incapable of discharging the duties of his office, the Senior Warden must supply his place until the next election of officers ; and even should the Master necessa- rily be absent from any single lodge, the Senior Warden must rule the lodge, if no former Master be present.
SEPHIROTH. The term sephira is derived from *\*K sapphire, which, in holy writ, appears to have been con- sidered of the highest brilliancy; the word is therefore generally translated " splendour, " although some writers consider its derivation to be from ^ED, to number, and render it " enumerations." The former is the most cor- rect, from its supposed origin being, that previous to the creation all space was filled with infinite light, which was withdrawn to a certain point when the Divine Mind resolved to form the universe, thus leaving a spherical vacuum. From the concave so formed, a beam of light issued to the opaque sphere. This light not continuing long in a rectilinear course, diverged at ten different
SER— SEV. 663
points, forming as many separate concentric circles of light, divided from the supreme light by portions of opaque space, yet leaving in the centre an opaque sphe- rical body; they have therefore termed them sovereign lights. They are named — 1, The Crown; 2, Knowledge; 3, Wisdom; 4, Might; 5, Mercy; 6, Grandeur; 7, Vic- tory; S, Glory; 9, Stability; 10, Kingdom.
SERPENT AND CROSS. Before the Israelites were permitted to inhabit the country assigned to the n by covenant from Jehovah to their ancestor Abraham, a compound symbol, which was afterwards introduced into Freemasonry, was publicly exhibited as a type of salva- tion. I refer to the tau-cross and serpent. The Israelites were subjected to a plague of serpents, as the punish- ment of sin ; and on their repentance Moses was directed to elevate a serpent of brass, that whosoever looked on it might be saved. Hence the cross became an emblem of life and salvation ; and being, in a higher degree tripled amongst ourselves, signifies the Tetragrammaton, or Him who made the worlds, even the author of our redemption — Jesus Christ.
SERVITUDE. The stipulated period of an appren- tice's servitude is seven years, but less time will suffice, if found worthy of promotion by possessing the qualities of freedom, fervency, and zeal.
SEVEN. Seven is an important number to a Freema son. In ancient times each brother was compelled to be acquainted with the seven liberal arts and sciences ; it is for this reason that seven brethren form a symbolic lodge. If two triangles £± are joined together, they form •&, or six-pointed star, and if this figure is enclosed in a circle, then there are seven points ^; and it \vas wilh this figure that the ancients represented the sever .subordinate powers of nature. — Gad/eke.
SEVEN STARS. An emblem which demotes the number of brethren requisite to make a perfect lodge.
SEVENTY YEARS. This period of the captivity in Babylon must be computed from the defeat of the Kgyp-
664 SHE.
tians at Carchemish, in the same year that this prophecy was given, when Nebuchadnezzar reduced the neighbour- ing nations of Syria and Palestine, as well as Jerusalem under his subjection. At the end of seventy years, OE the accession of Cyrus, an end was put to the Babylo- nish monarchy ; Babylon itself became a subject and dependant province, and began to experience those divine visitations which terminated at length in what is so iustly called "perpetual desolation." — Blarney.
SHEBA. The Queen of Sheba appears to have been a person of learning, and that sort of turning which was then almost peculiar to Palestine, not to Ethiopia ; for we know that one of her reasons for coming was to examine whether Solomon was really the learned man he was said to be. She came to try him in allegories and parables, in which Nathan had instructed him. They say she was a pagan when she left Arabia ; but being full of admiration at Solomon's works, she was converted to Judaism in Jerusalem, and bore him a son, whom he called Menilek, and who was their first king. — Bruce.
SHEEP. The people of God are often typified in the Scriptures under the name of sheep, because of their mild, patient, and inoffensive nature. The lambskin, then, is an appropriate emblem of the innocence of Jesus, and the meekness of his followers. The lamb, too, is of a social nature, and is emblematical of brotherly love. It is easily led. But there are "lost sheep" spoken of in the Bible — those which have wandered far from their fold and shepherd. The apostles were sent to the lost fheep of the house of Israel. Christ called his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. The sheep should always listen to the shepherd's voice, and follow him and fear. Jesus three times bade Simon Peter to feed his sheep. The repetition of the command is regarded as very beautiful in the Greek dialect. Jesus was called the Lamb of God, not only on account of his spotless innocence, but in allusion to the lamb sacrificed for the passover, he being the true Paschal Lamb, slain from the foundation of the world. — Scott.
SHEKINAH. A beam of glory. This beam show
SHE— SHO. C65
upon Abel and his sacrifice, and is thought by some to have been the moving cause of Cain's envy. God testi- fied his approbation of Abraham's sacrifice by the same glory, which, like the flame of a lamp, passed between the sacrifices. The pillar of a cloud, and the clouds which filled the Tabernacle and the Temple, were of the same nature ; and, according to the Scriptures, were Jehovah, or Christ ; for St. Paul tells the Jews that these bright cffulgencies vouchsafed to their ancestors, were beams of glory from the eternal Son of God.
SHESH-BAZZAR. Was another name for Zerubba- bel, for it was common in the time of the captivity for the great men of Judah to have two names : one of their own country, which was domestic ; another of the Chal- deans, which was used at court. Nehemiah had two names, and this of Shesh-bazzar seems to have been a good omen of their flourishing condition ; being com- pounded of two words signifying fine linen and gold. On the contrary, Zerubbabel was a name importing the misery of the people of Israel at that time ; for it is as much as an exile or stranger in Babylon, where he was born. Thus pious men, in the midst of the honours they had at court (lor Josephus saith, Zerubbabel was one of the guard of the king's body), were admonished not to forget their brethren, but sympathize with them in theii miseries. — Bishop Pa/rick.
SHEWBREAD. On the golden table in the Taberna- cle of Moses, were placed the twelve loaves of unleav- ened bread, called the presence bread, because it was perpetually before the face of Jehovah, and some say they were marked with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel ; but there is no authority for this conjecture in the sacred writings.
SHIBBOLETH. Shibboleth signifies waters. Thus the Ephraimites prayed the men of Gilead to allow them to pass over, and were asked in return — To pass over what? They could not answer "Shibboleth" without betraying themselves to the enemy.
SHOE. The putting off the shoes some say, wa» 56
666 SHO— SIG
commanded Moses, that he should thereby sanctify chut place by mak.ng bare his feet. But the place wis holy already, because of God's presence ; the place was not holy because Moses put off his shoes, but because it was holy he is bid to put off his shoes. Ambrose thus applieth it — "that because the shoes are made of the skins of dead beasts, Moses should put off all fear of death, for fear whereof he fled at the first from Pharoah." (Com- ment, in Lucani Ivii.) Cyprian says, "that Moses, by putting off his shoes, does not challenge any right in the spouse of the church, but resigneth it to Christ, the head and husband thereof; for this was the custom, that the next kinsman, by putting off a shoe, surrendered his right to his deceased brother's wife."
SHOVEL. The use of the shovel is to clear away rubbish and loose earth ; and it morally depicts the mortal state in which the body is laid in the grave ; that when the remains of this body shall have been properly disposed of, we. with humble but holy confidence, hope jhat the spirit may arise to everlasting life.
SHRINE. The place where the Secrets of the Royal Arch are deposited.
SIC TRANSIT GLORIA MUNDI. "Every thing vanishes like an extinguished flame." A most important symbol for a Mason. No earthly glory should be able to captivate him ; for he must ever bear in mind the glory of a flame in comparison with which every other glory is vain. Life itself is like a flame, it can be extinguished before it has been scarcely perceived. This beautiful symbol has been adopted by the Knights of the Garter. When the helmet, sword, &c., of a departed brother are solemly lowered, the herald -at -arms exclaims: — "Sip transit gloria mundi!" — GadicJce.
SIGNATURE. Every brother to whom a Grand Lodge certificate is granted must sign his name in the margin thereof, or it will not be valid. — Constitutions.
SIGN OF DISTRESS. In a society whose members 3ught fraternally to love and assist each other, it is to
SIG— SIN. 667
be expected that they should have a sign whereby they could make themselves known immediately to their brethren, in however distressed circumstances they might be placed, and thereby al the same time claim theii assistance and protection. This is the sign of distress, in conjunction with a few words. He who falls into the greatest difficulty and danger, and supposes that there 13 a brother within sight or hearing, let him use this sign, and a true and faithful brother must spring to his assist- ance.— Gadicke.
SIGNS. The science of Freemasonry is still charac- terized by S. W. and T.; but it is a grievous error to suppose them to be the essence of the system ; they are merely senseless designations of something possessing greater value. The are to the Mason as the wig to the judge, lawrn sleeves to the reverend prelate, or the gold- headed cane to the ancient physician — essentials as to form, but unimportant in reality. The sterling value o£ our doctrines, as well as their universality, would remain uninjured, if these conventional marks of recognition were all abolished. Preston calls them the keys of our treasure ; and so, indeed, they are to a certain extent, but the cabinet might be opened if these keys were lost. The S. W. and T. are merely conventional, though it is not to be denied that great numbers of Masons are satisfied with their possession, and look for nothing beyond \ hem.
SILENCE. The first thing that Pythagoras taught I is scholars was to be silent; for a certain time he kept them without speaking, to the end they might the better learn to preserve the valuable secrets he had to commu- nicate, and never to speak but when required, expressing thereby that secrecy was the rarest virtue. Aristotle was asked what thing appeared to him most difficult; he answered to be secret and silent. To this purpose St. Ambrose, in his offices, placed among the principal foun d&tions of virtue the patient gift silence. — Dermott.
SINCERITY. A search after truth is the peculiai employment of Masons at their periodical meetings, and therefore they describe it as a divine attribute, and the
068 SIT— SKI.
foundation of every virtue. To be good men and true, iz the first lesson we sire taught in Masonry. On this theme we contemplate, and by its dictates endeavour to regulate our conduct; influenced by this principle, hypocrisy and deceit are unknown in the lodge; sincerity and plain dealing distinguish us ; while the heart and tongue join in promoting the general welfare, and rejoicing in each other's prosperity.
SITUATION. The lodge is situated due east and west, for various reasons; but the principal inducement of our ancient brethren to adopt this disposition was, that it might serve to commemorate the great deliverance of the Israelites from bondage, by imitating the arrange- ment of the Tabernacle which was erected by Moses in the wilderness, as a place of public worship until the Lord should reveal the situation which he had chosen for his Holy Name amongst the tribes in the promised land.
SIX LIGHTS. Royal Arch Masons acknowledge six lights ; the three lesser, together representing the light of the Law and the Prophets, and by this number allude to the Patriarchal, Mosaical, and Christian dispensations. The three greater represent the sacred Word itself, expressive of His creative, preserving, and destroying
Eower. These lights are placed in the form of an equi- iteral triangle, each of the lesser intersecting the line formed by the two greater. Thus geometrically dividing the greater triangle into three lesser triangles, at its extremities, and by their union, form a fourth triangle in the centre, all of them being equal and equilateral, emblematical of the four degrees in Masonry — the En tered Apprentice, the Fellowcraft, the Master Mason and the Holy Royal Arch.
SIX PERIODS. In six days God created the heavens and the earth, and rested upon the seventh, therefore our ancient brethren dedicated it as a day of rest from their labours, thereby enjoying frequent opportunities to contemplate the glorious works of the creation, and to adore their great Creator. — WMe.
SK1RRET. The skirret acting on a centrepin ;s used
SKY— SLI, 669
to mark out the ground of a new building. As the skirret has a chalked line attached to it, it points out the straight line of duty chalked out in the Sacred Law of God.
SKY-BLUE. In the cosmogonies divine wisdom cre- ates the world, and the Creator is always coloured blue. Vishnu, according to the sacred books of the Hindus, was born of a blue color. This indicates that wisdom, eman- ating from God, is symbolized by azure. In Egypt the supreme God, the Creator of the universe, Cneph, was painted sky-blue. In Greece azure is the colour of Jupiter. In China the firmament is the supreme God; and in Christian symbolism the azure vault of heaven is the mantle which veils the Divinity. Azure is likewise the symbol of God the Saviour, the Redeemer of man- kind.
SLINKING. It is not only possible, but it has oftex happened, that men have stole into the Lodge who were never worthy of being admitted members of the Order, but who have managed to get initiated by hypocrisy, and because the members have not had sufficient opportunities to prove them, and to watch their previous conduct. But it is quite impossible for any one who nas not been initiated to find his way into a lodge to indulge his curiosity. Every cultivated and moral man knows that initiation will not be denied him if he applies in a proper manner for it, and we are assured that they will never attempt, either by force or fraud, to gain admittance into a society where they have no right to be. Should any one, destitute of moral feeling, attempt to do so, thinking that from printed works he has made himself acquainted with our customs, and can pass himself off for a Mason, he never can get beyond the ante-chamber for he has no certificate, or if he has, it is not his, and this is soon proved ; his name is not upon any list, nor does he know anything of how he should answer the questions which will be put to him. An uneducated man has still less chance of stealing into a lodge, for his answer to the first question put to him would discover him at once. If we were as well secured from the first manner of improperly gaining admittance into a lodge as
G70 SME— SOJ.
we aie from the last, the Order would be in a more flourishing condition than it now is. — Gadicke.
SMELLING. With regard to the organ, it is an impression made on the nose by little particles continu- ally exhaling from odorous bodies; with regard to the object, it is the figure and disposition of odorous effluvia which sticking on the organ, excite the sense of smelling, and with regard to the soul, it is the perception of the impression of the object on the organ, or the affection in the soul resulting therefrom.
SOCIETY. Freemasonry forms a happy centre of reunion for worthy men, who are desirous of a select society of friends and brothers, who have bound them- selves in a voluntary obligation to love each othor ; to afford aid and assistance in time of need ; to animate one another to acts of virtue and benevolence ; and to keep inviolably the secrets which form the great characteristic of the Order. — Lalande.
SODALITIES. Cato the censor, when he was Ques- tor, instituted sodalities, or fraternities of congenial per- sons. In the early state of society, when the laws were too weak to afford protection, individuals had no other means of securing their lives and property but by enter- ing into such associations, where a number of persons engaged themselves to vindicate and assist each oilier. And they had periodical meetings, at which they enjoyed themselves merrily. Thus Quintilion said : " Tempestiva corivivia, et pervijiges jocos, advocata soda Hum turba solutas, etaffluens agebam." Confraternities of the same kind, says Bishop Percy, prevailed in this kingdom not only during the Anglo-Saxon times, but for some ages after the conquest.
SO JOURNERS. While preparations were in progress for building the second Temple, sojourners and pilgrims from Babylon, incited by the admonitions of the Prophets, occasionally added to the number of those who engaged with enthusiasm in these laborious duties ; and their example afforded great encouragement to the workmen
SOL. 671
SOLID. A solid hath length, breadth, and thickness, and is generated by the flowing of a superficies. A solid, then, is the whole system of divine laws, as existing in practice. For if every duty in practice and perfection is a superficies, it will follow that when they are all laid one upon each other, there will be formed a solid ; and this solid will be a rectangular triangular pyramid, whose altitude and the length and breadth of its base are all equal. For the length, breadth, and height of the who IP law in practice must be perfect. — Old Lecture.
SOLOMON. Solomon, son of David, by Bathsheba, was declared by his father to be heir to the throne of the Hebrews, thereby setting aside his elder brother. He enjoyed during a long and peaceful reign, from 1015 to 975 before Christ, the fruits of the deeds of his father. The wisdom of his judicial decisions, as also the improve- ment and perfection of the system of government he introduced, gained him the love and admiration of the people ; and his fame is immortalized by the building of the Temple, which, for size, magnificence, and beauty, far exceeded all the works of architecture ever before seen. This Temple is one of the most sublime symbols in the Order of Freemasonry, for which reason Solomon's name has been introduced here. — Gadicke.
SOLOMON'S TEMPLE. This is most important as a symbol to a Freemason, for in its time it was considered as the most regular and most magnificent building. Solo- mon built this temple at Jerusalem, and it was not only a place for the worship of God, but also a dwelling for the priesthood, and a depository for the ark. David provided a great quantity of building materials, and left an enormous sum of money to pay the expenses of the building, which was carried on in perfect quietness. All the stone arid wood were prepared without the city, and then brought to Jerusalem. The foundation was laid in the year of the world 2993 ; and at that time the Phoeni- sians possessed the best artists of every description, and in architecture they took the lead of all other nations. In order, therefore, to build his Temple according to the best rules of architecture then known, Solomon requested Hiram, King of Tyre, to furnish him with an architect, and he sent him one who was also called Hiram. Hiran*
672 SOL— SOU.
not only possessed scientific knowledge, but also sufficient practical skill in his art to enable him to make everything according to the wish of King Solomon, as well in the building of the Temple with regard to magnificence, as also in originality of formation, and in the appropriateness of the sacred vessels which were necessary in the sacri- fices and burnt offerings, and which were all formed in strict proportion, according to the rules of geometry. The walls that surrounded the Temple were 7700 feet in circumference. The large and noble hall stood towards the west, and the Holy of Holies in the east. — Gadicke.
SOLSTICES. The symbol of a point within a circle has sometimes been invested with an astronomical refe- rence. Thus it is said that the point in the centre represents the Supreme Being ; the circle indicates the annual circuits of the sun ; and the parallel lines mark out the solstices within which that circuit is limited. And they deduce from the hypothesis this corollary, that the Mason, by subjecting himself to due bounds, in imi- tation of that glorious luminary, will not wander from the path of duty.
SONGS OF MASONRY. What may be termed the domestic manners of a society, vary with the customs of the age in wrhich it flourishes ; and the fluctuations are accurately marked in the character of its songs. It is unnecessary to enter into a dissertation on the merits of masonic poetry. In this respect I am willing to confess that the Craft does not occupy the first rank in the literature of the day. But our songs are not destitute of poetical merit, if it consist in the display of images which are peculiarly appropriate to the subject undo illustration ;. sentiment which strikes the imagination and excites new feelings in the mind ; pathos which touches a sensitive chord in the listener's heart ; and a moral to inspire a love of virtue ; — all expressed in chaste language, and divested of extravagancies either in style or matter.
SOUL OF THE WORLD. Philoh says that the Sabbath was the soul instilled into the world by God ; which R. Abraham Aben Ezra and Nachmanirles properly
SOU— SQU. 673
observe was tlie benediction which God bestowed on the Sabbath Day, sanctifying it thereby ; for by the superior influence of that day, the body is renovated, the strength renewed, and new intelligence and knowledge conveyed to the soul. — Manasseh Ben Israel.
SOUTH. The due course of the sun is from east to south and west ; and after the Master are placed the Wardens, to extend his commands and instructions to the west and the north. From the east the sun's rays cannot penetrate into the north and the west at the same time. — Gadicke.
SPECULATIVE. The masonic system exhibits a stupendous and beautiful fabric, founded on universal piety. To rule and direct our passions, to have faith ana hope in God, and charity towards man, I consider as the objects of what is termed Speculative Masonry. — Stephen Jones.
SPIRIT OF THE CRAFT. O'er the tesselated pave- ment of this fleeting and chequered existence, we are fast hastening to the common end of all men ; arid along the downward track of Time, we are descending, some more smoothly than others, but all with no less sure and quick transition. Let us not, therefore, be unmindful of the merciful ends of our creation and redemption, to " shine as the stars in the heavens," when raised in glorified bodies from the darkness of the tomb, we shall be pre- sented, by our All-sufficient Conductor before the throne of the Almighty and ever-to-be-adored and worshipped Eternal Master of the heavenly lodge above ! — Poole.
SQUARE. In architecture not only are the corners of the building proved by the square, but all horizontal and perpendicular lines are drawn by it. Without accu- rate squaring, a building would be weak and tottering in its first stages of erection, and must continue unfinished. Without a well-defined and very clear code of the recipro- cal laws and duties of the officers and members of any social, charitable, or scientific society, it is impossible for it to avoid being completely overthrown in a very short tin>e. Perfect legality is the only sure foundation for
674 STA.
any society, and by it alone bodies of men are kept within their proper limits ; for as soon as arbitrary power and physical force usurp the place of the laws of any society, it speedily becomes defunct ; with great propri- ety, therefore, is the square put into the hands of the Worshipful Master, in order that he may keep the breth- ren within the square of the ancient charges of Freema- sonry. This symbol must at all times, and in all places, be regarded as a great light, and the genuine Freemason is not only reminded by this light to do his duty to his brethren, but to all mankind. — Gadicke.
STANDARD. The Israelites in the wilderness were marshalled according to their tribes, each tribe being sub-divided into families. Every head of a sub-division, or thousand, was furnished with an ensign, or standard, under which his followers arranged themselves, according to a pre-concerted plan, both when in camp and when on the march ; and thus all confusion was prevented, how hastily soever the order might be given to proceed or to halt and pitch their tents. The four leading divisi- ons were designated by the component parts of the cherubim — a man, an ox, a lion, and an eagle.
STANDARD BEARER. Grand Standard Bearers may be appointed by the Grand Master as occasion shall require ; they must be Master Masons, and are to carry the standard of the Grand Lodge, Grand Patron, and Grand Master, on all grand ceremonies. They are not, however, by their appointment, members of the Grand Lodge, nor are they to wear the clothing of a grand offi- cer. Any grand officer appointed to have a standard, may appoint a Standard Bearer whenever it shall be necessary, who must be a Master Mason. — Constitutions.
STAR. A star, in hieroglyphical language, always denoted a God. Thus, when Balaam predicted that a star should arise out of Jacob, and a sceptre out of Israel, he referred to the law-giver, or Shilo, of whom that patriarch had already spoken. A star out of Jacob and a God out of Jacob would, therefore, be parallel ex- pressions. And who could that God be who should bear the sceptre of Israel as King of kings and Lord of lords
STA-— STE. 675
but the theocratic King of Israel, Jehovah, the Messiah, or Christ?
STARS. The Master Mason, like the starry firma- ment, ought to be able to enlighten the younger breth- ren. Seven stars remind us that seven brethren make a perfect lodge. Stars are also employed principally as symbols of great intellectuality, and this symbol has been perpetuated from the most remote antiquity. The decoration of most spiritual and temporal orders consists of a star. — Gadicke.
STATUTES OR DUTIES. Every lodge has its statutes, with which every brother should be well ac- quainted, and which ought frequently to be read in open lodge. They treat upon the duties of a Freemason both in and out of the lodge, upon the duties of the officers, on the management of the lodge, the duties and pri- vileges of the brethren towrards each other, and of the locality in which the lodge is placed. — Gadicke.
STAVES. In the year 2513, while Moses was tend ing the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, at the foot of a mountain, he was commanded by the Almighty to go down into Egypt, and deliver his brethren from their galling captivity. The Deity then asked him — " What is that in thine hand?" And he said, "A rod." And the Lord said unto him — " Cast it upon the ground." And he cast it upon the ground, and it immediately became a serpent, and Moses Hed from it. And the Lord said unto Moses — " Put forth thy hand and take it by the tail." He did so, and it resumed its original form. This is the origin of our R. A. staves.
STEP. In the system of Masonry, the candidate is presented at each step with three precious jewels. As an E. A. P., he receives " a listening ear, a silent tongue, and a faithful heart." As a F. C., it is " faith, hope, and charity." And as a M. M., he receives " humanity, friend ship, and brotherly love."
STEPS. The reflecting man is cautious how he takes a step, and it is not indifferent to him whether they are
676 STE— STK.
directed to the east or west, north or soith. His desiro is to be continually progressing, and he does progress, even though he is compelled occasionally to wait, or even to take a by-path. But to him the three grand steps, which symbolically lead from this life unto the source of all knowledge, are of the utmost importance. He advances with a firm step, and he never twns back — Gadicke.
STEWARD. The stewards are those officers who have charge of the expenditure of the lodge in refresh- ment, &c. Every lodge has two. — Gadicke.
STONE OF FOUNDATION. The masonic founda tion stone is said to have been inscribed with the awful Name or Word, which is confided to the perfect Master when he has arrived at the highest dignity of the science. The characters were placed within an equilateral triangle and circle, as a symbol of the Divine Being under whose protection this consecrated stone was placed, arid hence it was frequently termed the stone of life. The Rabbins believed that, from the potency of this Word, the stone was invested with oracular powers, and many other singular virtues.
STONE PAVEMENT. The stone pavement is a figurative appendage to a Master Masons' lodge ; and, like that of the Most Holy Place in the Temple, is for the High Priest to walk on.
STONE SQUARERS. These were the Dionysiacs, a society of architects who built the Temple of Hercules at Tyre, and many magnificent edifices in Asia Minor, before the Temple of Solomon was projected. They were the Masters and Wardens of the lodges of Masom during the erection of this famous edifice.
STRENGTH. It is not necessary that the strength of a Warden should consist of the physical or bodily ; it ehoald be of the spiritual. A pillar has strength to bear. He who assiduously goes through the difficult path of life — courageously bears up against ab its disappoint- ments— manfully and unflinchingly speaks the truth.
STR— SUB. «77
even before the thrones of kings and princes, — he pos- sesses true strength. — Gadicke.
STRIKING OFF. Prohibiting a lodge to assemble, or striking a lodge off from the Grand Lodge list. It is an event of a very rare occurrence that a lodge is struck off the list, or prohibited from assembling. This may be done by command of the State ; and when this is the case, the brethren are bound to obey the law without murmuring, or complaining that their sphere of useful- ness is circumscribed. But when a lodge is struck o^* from the list of the Grand Lodge under which it hel^ rts warrant, it must be because it has fallen into irregularity, or has violated the rules of the Craft to such a degree as to bring down upon it the greatest punishment the Grand Lodge can inflict. — Gadicke.
STRING. Our traditions say that when Hiram Abiff went into the H. of H. to offer up his orisons to God at the hour of high twelve, the ark of the covenant had not been removed thither, for that took place at the dedication, after which no one wras permitted to enter but the H. P., and he only once a year, on the great day of expiation, at which time he had a string, or belt, round his waist, which extended into the court of the Taber- nacle, that he might be drawn from the S. S., in case sudden death should occur whilst he officiated there. — Dalcho.
SUBORDINATION. The rulers and governors, su- preme and subordinate of the ancient lodge, are to be obeyed in their respective stations by all the brethren, according to the old charges and regulations, with all humility, reverence, love, and alacrity. — Ancient Charges.
SUBMISSION. Your obedience must be proved by a close conformity to our laws and regulations ; by prompt attention to all signs and summonses ; by modest and correct demeanour whilst in the lodge; by abstain- ing from every topic of religious or political discussion ; by a ready acquiescence in all votes and resolutions duly passed by the brethren ; and by perfect submission to the Master and his Wardens, whilst acting in the dis- charge of their respective offices. — Hemming. 57
678 SUC— SUP.
SUCCOTH. "When a sufficient quantity of stone and timber had been provided for the building of the •Temple, the brethren were assembled in the extensive plains between Succoth and Zarthaii, where the whole materials were arranged, squared, and carved ; having been first carefully measured under the architect's own eye, and the shape delineated by darker lines; each lodge having its peculiar mark and number, that speci- mens of imperfect workmanship might be known and submitted to general reprobation.
SUMMONS. The brethren must be invited by sum- mons from the Secretary on every lodge night ; which summons must contain the place where, and the time when, the lodge is to be held, as well as what degrees will be wrought. — Gadicke.
SUN. The sun rises in the east, and in tne east is the place for the Worshipful Master. As the sun is the source of all life and warmth, so should the Worshipful Master enliven and warm the brethren to their work. Among the ancient Egyptians, the sun was the symbol of divine providence. Schiller says, "the sun darts his beams equally into every part of infinity." — Gadicke.
SUPERFICIES. The flowing of a line generates a surface. A surface, therefore, is perfect duty. Duty is either theoretical or practical. The sum of theoretical duties is the whole system of divine commands. Prac- tical duties are those commands as existing in practice. — Old Lect tins. •
SUPERINTENDENT OF WORKS. The grand superintendent of the works ought to be a brother well skilled in the science of geometry arid architecture, lie is to advise with the Board of General Purposes, on all plans of buildings or edifices undertaken by the Grand Lodge, and furnish plans and estimates for the same; he is to superintend their construction, and see that they are conformable to the plans approved by the Grand Master, the Grand Lodge, arid the Board of General Purposes ; he is to suggest improvements when necessary. in all the edifices of the Grand Lodge ; and on th«'
SUP— SWO. 679
meeting of the Board of General Prrposes in every year report on the state of repair or dilapidation of such edifices, and make such farther reports from time to time, as he may deem expedient. — Constitutions.
SUPPORT. The lodge is supported by three pillars, which are called Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty ; because no piece of architecture can be termed perfect, unless it have Wisdom to contrive, Strength to support, and Beauty to adorn.
SURFACE OF THE EARTH. Reminds the Free- mason that his activity should be universal, that hills or mountains in his way should not be able to turn him from the straight path of duty, but that in the midst of the greatest dangers and difficulties, he should proceed steadily, though cautiously, on his way to light and truth. — Gadicke.
SUSPENSION. If any brother be summoned to at tend the Grand Master or his deputy, or his Provincial Grand Master or his deputy, or any board or committee authorized by the Grand Lodge, and do not comply, 01 give sufficient reason for his non-attendance, the sum- mons is to be repeated, and, if he still persist in his contumacy, he shall be suspended from all masonic rights, and the proceeding notified to the Grand Lodge — Con st ilvtions.
SWORDS. In ancient times, every brother was obliged to be armed in the lodge to protect himself, in case the lodge was assaulted, and as a symbol of manly strength. At present, swords are not necessary in many lodges, and in others, they are only used as symbols of obedience, in case that one should be necessary, and to be" regarded as the sword of justice. For the protection of his fatherland, every faithful brother ought to draw the sword of defence cheerfully, but he ought never to stain it with a brother's blood, even though that brother is a foe. — Gadicke.
SWORD BEARER. The Grand Sword Bearer i§ appointed annually by the Grand Master, on the day of
CSC SYM.
his installation. His duty is to attend the quarterly communications, and other meetings of the Grand Lodge.
SYMBOL. Every Apprentice knows what to under- stand by this word, and he also knows that a pillar upon a good foundation may stand firm, although nearly broken. The inscription further says to him, "Let no one despair under his trials, when his anxious strivings after the only true good are impeded at every step ; the man determined to advance in the paths of virtue must be firm as a well-founded pillar, even when it is broken above half-through." — Gadicke.
SYMBOLICAL. Freemasonry being confessedly an allegorical system, all its points, parts, and secrets must partake in common of its emblematical construction. Every doctrine and ceremony has its mystical references — every landmark its legitimate explanation. But there are often more important antitypes than those which are commonly assigned, and though they do not appear on the surface, are nevertheless worthy of our serious con- sideration. Hence arises the necessity, in these times of scientific and philosophical research, of maintaining Freemasonry in its proper rank, by investigating the ten- dency of its numerous details, that we may correctly ascertain whether their import be uniform, and their typical reference valuable.
SYMBOLICAL LECTURE. The forms, symbols, and ornaments of Royal Arch Masonry, as well as the rites and ceremonies at present in use among us, were adapted by our predecessors at the building of the second temple. Thus to preserve in our minds the providential means by which that great discovery was effected, as in our hearts the lesson of that high morality, we, as mem- bers of this exalted degree, ought to practice, we have recourse to the explanations of the symbolical lecture. — R. A. Lecture.
SYMBOLICAL MACHINERY. The learned Faber, speaking of the construction of the Apocalypse, has the following very important remark : " In the repre^enta-
SYM— TAG. 681
tioiibf a pure church, an ancient patriarchial scheme oi symbolical machinery, derived most plainly from the events of the deluge, and borrowed, with the usual per- verse misapplication, by the contrivers of paganism, has been reclaimed (by Christianity) to its proper use." What is this patriarchial scheme of symbolical machinery, from which the heathen contrived and borrowed their spurious Masonrv? What can it be, but a system of truth, appended to the original plan of divine worship, which was revealed by God to the first man? It was indeed primitive Freemasonry, veiled in allegory, and illustrated by symbols.
SYMBOLICAL MASONRY. Symbolical Masonry, under whatever form it may be propounded, is a catholic institution, democratic in its form and government, and universal in its operation. This is demonstrable from any of the definitions of the Order, from the free election of its chief magistrate, and the inferior governors of every private lodge, annually and by universal suffrage, and from the reputed form and extent of its lodges. If it were deprived of any of the above attributes, it would be no longer Freemasonry ; and all its beneficial effects upon the mind and manners of men, would be scattered to the winds of heaven.
TABERNACLE. The Tabernacle appears to have been constructed on the plan of the Egyptian temples. It is true that, strictly speaking, it ought not to be looked upon as a piece of architecture, being only a vast tent. But by reflecting on it more closely, we shall perceive that the Tabernacle had a great relation with architec- ture. In the government of the Hebrews, the Supreme Being was equally their God and King. The Tabernacle was erected with a view to answer to the double title. It served at once for the temple and the palace.
TACITURNITY. Taciturnity is a proof of wisdom, and an art of inestimable value, which is proved to be an attribute of the Deity, by the glorious example which he gives in concealing from mankind the secret mysteries of his providence. The wisest of men cannot penetrate into the arcana of heaven, nor can they divine to-daj what to-morrow may bring forth.
682 TAS— TEN.
TASSELS. Pendant to the corners of the lodge are four tassels, meant to remind us of the four cardinal vir- tues; namely, temperance, fortitude, prudence and jus- tice ; the whole of which, tradition informs us, wee rcon- Btantly practised by a great majority of our ancient brethren. The distinguishing characters of a good Free- nason, are virtue, honour and mercy ; and should those be banished from all other societies, may they ever be found in a Mason's breast. — Hemming.
TAU CROSS. The emblem (ft) forms the principal
distinction of a Royal Arch Mason's apron and jewel. Being placed in the centre of a triangle and circle, both emblems of the Deity, it wrould appear that it was origi- nally intended to typify the sacred name, as the author probably of eternal life; being tripled in the Christian system, because the life to come, according to the light of revelation, is superior to the elysium of the heathen ; or perhaps in allusion to the three heavens mentioned by St. Paul. It has been referred to the three great lights of Masonry, expressive of the creative, preserving, and destroying power of God.
TEMPERANCE. By temperance, wre are instructed to govern the passions, and check unruly desires. The health of the body, and the dignity of the species, are equally concerned in a faithful observance of it.
TEMPLE. The Temple of Solomon was only a small building, and very inferior in point of size to some of our churches, its dimensions being only one hundred and five feet broad, and one hundred and fifty feet long. Its splendour and superiority lay in the richness of its mate- rials, and ornaments, and the cloisters and other buildings with which it was surrounded. It was built of white marble, so excellently put together, that the joints could not be distinguished, and the whole building looked as though it had been cut out of one entire stone. The timber was cedar and olive wood covered with plates of told, and studded with precious stones of many hues.
TEN. The number of perfection. The great triangle is generally denominated Pythagorean, because it served
TES 683
PS a principal illustration of that philosopher's system. This emblem powerfully elucidates the mystical relation between numerical and geometrical symbols. It is com- posed of ten points, so arranged as to form one greater equilateral triangle, and at the same time to divide it into nine similar triangles of smaller dimensions. — Hem- ming.
TESSEL ATED. The tesselated border was anciently called the Idented Trasel. A learned Scottish Mason, in a letter to the author, thinks that the proper term is tasselated border. The simple and original meaning, he says, is to be found in books of heraldry, and is nothing more than an indented bordure of a shield, or coat of arms. In Masonry, the border is the margin of the masonic floor-cloth, or tableau of the lodge, the tassels being appended as ornaments.
TESSERA HOSPITALIS. This was a token or tally amongst the ancient Greeks and Romans, divided length- wise into two equal parts, upon each of which one of the parties wrote his name, and interchanged it with the other as a sign of hospitality. The production of this, when they travelled, gave a mutual claim to the con- tracting parties and their descendants, for reception and kind treatment at each other's houses, as occasion might require. It is supposed that an allusion to these is intended in the Book of Revelations, where it is said, " to him that overcometh will I give a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man know- eth, save he that receiveth it."
TESTS. One cogent reason why our brethren of the Inst century adopted a series of tests to distinguish the cowan from the true and faithful brother, is found in the fact that the entire system of speculative Masonry .is contained in the Holy Scriptures. The Old Testament presents us with its history and legend, its types and symbols ; and the New Testament with its morality, and the explanation of those allegorical references, which were a sealed book until the appearance of the Messiah upon earth, and the revelation of his gospel. Now, as the particular tests where all this information might bfe
(584 TET— THI.
found, were freely circulated amongst the brethren iu manuscript, if not print, a few stray copies might get into the hands of the uninitiated, and a superficial know- ledge of our references might be thus attained; and without some written tests as a means of detecting im- posture, a bold man, even with such slight pretensions, might have succeeded in introducing himself into a lodge where the officers were careless about the admission of visitors, aud the Senior Entered Apprentice was remiss in the discharge of his duties ; and once there, he would Bee enough to qualify him to repeat the experiment, and thus would become enabled to reveal the truths, which were not bound upon his conscience by any obligations to secrecy.
TETRAGRAMMATON. The Jews are quite aware that the true pronunciation of the Word is lost, and regard it as one of the mysteries to be revealed in the days of the Messiah. They hold, however, that the knowledge of the Name of God does exist on earth, and he by whom the secret is acquired, has, by virtue of it, the powers of the world at his command ; and they ac- count for the miracles of Jesus, by telling us that he had got possession of the Ineffable Name. Rightly understood, they seem to mean that he who calls upon God rightly, by this His true name, cannot fail to be heard by him. In short, this word forms the famous tetragrammaton, or Quadrilateral name, of which every one has heard. — Kitto.
THEORY. The theory of masonry contains some- thing of the whole of science ; the operative part of Masonry is the practice of all the virtues, of all the sciences. Therefore, to be initiated only into the theory of Masonry, is at least to be in the way of learning well ; and if we follow on to exercise the practice of Masonry, it will as assuredly lead us into the way of doing well ; jud both to learn and to do well, is the whole of our religion, whether as men, as Christians, or as Masons. — Jnwood.
THIRD DEGREE. In the ceremonial of the Third Degree, the last grand mystery is attempted to be illus-
THR. 68*
tated in a forcible and peculiar mannei, showing by striking analogy, that the Master Mason cannot be deemed perfect in the glorious science, till by the cultivation of his intellectual powers, he has gained such moral govern, ment of his passions, such serenity of mind, that in synonymous apposition with Mastership in operative art, his thoughts, like his actions, have become as useful as human intelligence will permit; and that having passed through the trials of life with fortitude and faith, he is fitted for that grand, solemn, and mysterious consumma- tion, by which alone he can become acquainted with the great secret of eternity. — Cruccfix.
THREAD OF LIFE. By which the masonic key is suspended.
THREE. A sacred number in Freemasonry, with which all labour is commenced and finished. This num- ber reminds us of the three great lights, the three king- doms of nature, the Holy Trinity, or of the words of Christ : " Where two or three are assembled in my name, there will I be in the midst of you." We may also con- sider ourselves as the third party in unity and love, whose duty it is to exercise those two cardinal virtues. The Christian can also take the number three as the grand distinguishing doctrine of his faith. There are three . principal parts in a man, body, soul, and spirit. Faith, love, and hope, support and adorn life. — Gadicke.
THREE GRAND OFFERINGS. These were all performed on the sacred mountain of Moriah. First, the offering of Isaac, when it pleased the Lord to substitute a more agreeable victim in his stead. The second con- sisted of the many pious prayers and ejaculations of King David, which appeased the wrath of God, arid put a stop to the pestilence which raged among his people, owing to his inadvertently having had them numbered. And the third, of the many thanksgivings, oblations, burnt sacrifices, and costly offerings, which King Solo« mon made at tie dedication and consecration of the Temple
THREE SENSES. The three senses, hearing, seeing
086 THR— TOK.
and feeling, are deemed peculiarly essential amongwt Masons, and held in great estimation. Their nature and uses, form a part of the instruction in the FellowcrafVs degree.
THREE STEPS. The three steps delineated upon a Master's carpet, are emblematical of the three principal stages of human life, youth, manhood, and old age.
TIME. The central point is a symbol of time, and the circle of eternity. The latter, like the universe, being unlimited in its extent ; for time is but as a point compared with eternity, and equi-distant from all parts of its infinitely extended circumference ; because the latter occupied the same indefinite space before the crea- tion of our system, as it will do when time is extin- guished, and this earth, with all that it contains, shall be destroyed.
TOASTS. The brother whose duty it is, as a visitor, to return thanks, must be extremely careful not to say too much, or he is easily led away into an extempora- neous lecture, to which it is not so easy to find a be- coming end ; the opposite fault of repeating a few set phrases, like a parrot, ought to be equally as carefully guarded against. If both old and young members are at the same table, the young never attempt to press before the old. And before the close, the toast, which is so dear to every good Mason, should never be omitted ; viz. "oar sick and afflicted brethren," neither ought the serv- ing brethren ever to be forgot. — Gadicke.
TOKENS. Signs, tokens, and words do not consti- tute Freemasonry, but are local marks whereby they know each other, and may be altered, or entirely done away, without the least injury to scientific Freemasonry. It is with many Freemasons too absurd a belief, and a still more absurd practice, to build our science upon so shallow a foundation as signs, tokens, and words, which I fear constitute with some the only attainment they look for in Freemasonry. That certain signals may be neces- sary, I do readily allow ; but deny that such a mechanism shall constitute a principal part of our institution. — llusenbclh.
TON— TRA. 687
TONGUE. A Mason should use his tongue to protect, but never to betray.
TRACING-BOARD. The tracing-board is for the Master to draw his plans and designs on, that the build- ing, whether moral or literal, may be conducted with order and regularity.
TRADITION. It is well-known that in former times, while learning remained in few hands, the ancients had several institutions for the cultivation of knowledge, concealed under doctrinal and ritual mysteries, that were sacredly withheld from all who were not initiated into a participation of the privileges they led to, that they might not be prostituted to the vulgar. Among these institutions may be ranked that of Masonry; and its value may be inferred from its surviving those revolutions of government, religion and manners, that have swallowed up the rest. And the traditions of so venerable an institution claim an attention, far superior to the loose oral relations or epic songs of any uncultivated people
whatever. — Anderson.
\
TRAITOR. Ancient Freemasonry inflicted very se- vere punishment for the least treason to the Order; nevertheless, we have accounts of men who have proved traitors, even as wre find accounts of such traitors to the mysteries of the ancients. With the increase of enlighten- ment and rational reflection, it is admitted that a brother may both speak arid write much upon the Order without becoming a traitor to its secrets. How an initiation is conducted, how a word or grip is given, gives no key to the true secret of the Order; but we nevertheless dis- approve of such disclosures, for this reason, that the uninitiated could only form a useless chimera from them. — Gadicke.
TRANSFERRING. If a lodge be dissolved, the con- stitution shall be delivered up to the Grand Master, and shall not, on any account, be transferred without his consent. If the brethren holding a warrant for a lodge render themselves unworthy of longer possessing it, the Grand Master may, after the Grand Lodge shall bav*
688 TEA— TR1.
decided on that fact, transfer such warrant to othei brethren, whom he may think deserving, with a new number, at the bottom of the lodges then on record. — Constitutions.
TRAVEL. Oui ancient brethren are masonkally said to have travelled from west to east, in search oi instruction ; and it is an undeniable fact that all know- ledge, all religion, all arts and sciences, have travelled, according to the course of the sun, from east to west. From that quarter the Divine glory first came, and thence the rays of divine light continue to diffuse themselves over the face of the earth. From thence came the Bible, and through that the new covenant. From thence came the prophets, the apostles, and the first missionaries that brought the knowledge of God to Europe, to the isles oi the sea, and to the west. — Adam Clarke.
TREASURER. The old founders of the lodges must have intended to collect large sums of money, or very Bmall sums must in those days have been considered large treasures, for they have given the title of treasurer to the brother who has charge of the lodge funds. Every lodge has a treasurer, and it is his duty not only to take care of, but to -collect all the lodge dues. Part of the expenditure of the lodge is fixed, arid part is voted by the Master Masons for charitable purposes. Those lodges which are in the habit of practising the charitable vir- tues, inculcated so forcibly in Freemasonry, seldom are in possession of large funds ; and lodges which pride themselves upon being rich, seldom enjoy a great repu- tation in Freemasonry. — Gudicke.
TRIANGLE. A geometrical figure, which every Freemason knows; and he must in particular study that triangle which has three equal sides, or which is called an equal sided triangle. The ancient Egyptian priests expressed the origin of all things by the triangle; and when they afterwards wished to -describe the Godhead in its various attributes, they also adopted the triangle. The kind, good, gracious, and merciful God, they deline- ated by the water triangle V 5 and the just and angry God, by the fire triangle A, . The triangle considered aj
TRI— TRO. G89
a geometrical figure, is composed of three things, which united, form one whole, viz., of three particular points and angles, by the. union of which the triangle itself is Conned, as one whole, or complete figure. It is for this reason that it has been adopted as the symbol of the Triune God. If we unite a \7 with A, we have a six pointed star Q as a symbol of- the perfect Godhead, in all his attributes and works. If we surround this figure with a circle @ there will be seven points in it, if we include the centre point of the circle, which represent the sacred number seven. — Gadicke.
TRIPLE TRIANGLE. One would be apt tc suspect that they (the Druids) had a regard for the sacred symbol and mystical character of medicine, which in ancient times was thought to be of no inconsiderable value ; this is a pentagonal figure, formed from a triple triangle, called by the name of Hygeia, because it may be resolved into the Greek letters that compose the word. The Pythagoreans used it among their disciples as a mystical symbol denoting health, and the cabalistic Jews and Arabians had the same fancy. It is the pentalpha, or pentagrarnmon, among the Egyptians, the mark of pros- perity. Antiochus Suter, going to fight against the Galatians, was advised in a dream to bear this sign up- on his banner, whence he obtained a signal victory. — Ktukeltj.
TRIPLE TAU. This figure forms two right angles on each of the exterior lines, and another at the centre by their union, for the three angles of each triangle are equal to two right angles. This being triplified, illus- trates the jewel worn by the companions of the Royal Arch, which by its intersection forms a given number of ngles ; these may be taken in five several combinations, and reduced, their amount in right angles will be found equal to the two Platonic bodies, which represent the four elements and sphere of the universe. — R. A. Lecture.
TROWEL. The trowel is appropriated to the Master's degree, because, as the lectures say, it is as Master Masong only we constitute the recognized of the masonic family. Again, this implement is considered as the appropriate
690 TRU— TUS.
working tool of the Master Mason, because, in operative masonry, while the E. A. P. prepares the materials, and the Feliowcraft places them in their proper situation, the Master Mason spreads the cement with a trowel, which binds them together. In speculative Masonry the Master of the lodge is the cement which unites the brethren, and binds them together in peace, harmony, and brotherly love.
TRUE. The Mason should not only be true to the brotherhood and the Order, but to all mankind. Every Mason ought to act in such a manner as to render it unnecessary to doubt his truth. Flattering words, which are only calculated to entrap the weak and the unwary, do not strengthen that truth which is expected amongst brethren. We must be able to depend with as much confidence upon the word of a Mason as if he had given us a written undertaking. — Gadicke.
TRUTH. Truth is a divine attribute, and the found- ation of every virtue. To be good and true, is the first lesson we are taught in Masonry. On this theme we contemplate, and by its dictates endeavour to regulate our conduct ; influenced by this principle, hypocrisy and deceit are unknown in the lodge; sincerity and plain dealing distinguish us, while the heart and tongue join in promoting the general welfare, arid rejoicing in each other's prosperity. — Preston.
TUBAL CAIN. Before the general deluge there was a man called Lameck, who had two wives, the one called Adah, the other Zillah; by Adah he had two sons, Jabell and Juball; by Zillah he had a son called Tubal, and a
ighter called Mahrnah. These four children found the beginning of all the crafts in the world. Jabell found out geometry, and had divided flocks of sheep and lambs ; he built the first house of stone and timber. Jnball found out music. Tubal found out the Smith's trading or craft, also the working of gold, silver, copper, iron, and steel. — Ancient Masonic Manuscript.
TUSCAN. The Tuscan being the first, is the most simple and solid of the five orders. It was invented in
TWE— UNL 691
Tuscany, whence it derives its name. The simplicity of the construction of this column, renders it eligible where solidity is the chief object, and where ornament would be superfluous.
TWENTY-FOUR INCH EULE. An instrument made use of by operative masons to measure and lay out their work ; but we, as Free and Accepted Masons, are taught to make use of it for the more noble and glorious purpose of dividing our time. It being divided into twenty-four equal parts, is emblematical of the twenty- four hours of the day, which we are taught to divide into three parts, whereby we find a portion for the service of God, and the relief of a worthy distressed brother; a portion for our usual avocations; and a portion for refreshment and sleep. — Lectures.
UNANIMOUS. A ballot is unanimous when there are no black balls. This unanimity must be founded upon the proper exercise of the rules and regulations laid down for our guidance in this important part of our duty, and a perfect unanimity in the opinions of the brethren on the moral character of the candidate. — Gadicke.
UNIFORMITY. AU lodges are particularly bound to observe the same usages an 1 customs ; every deviation, therefore, from the established mode of working is highly improper, and cannot be justified or countenanced. In order to preserve this uniformity, and to cultivate a good understanding among Freemasons, some members of every lodge should be deputed to visit other lodges as often as may be convenient. If any lodge shall give its sanction for a lodge of instruction being holden under its warrant, such lodge shall be responsible that the proceed- ings in the lodge of instruction are correct and regular, and that the mode of working there adopted has received the sanction of the Grand Lodge. — Constitutions.
UNIVERSE. The universe is the Temple of the Deity whom we serve. Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty are about his throne, as the pillars of his works; for his Wisdom is infinite, his Strength is in omnipotence, and Beauty stands forth through ail his creation in symmetry and order. He hath stretched forth the heavens as a canopy, and the earth He hath planted as his footstool ; He crowns his temple with the stars as with a diadem;
692 UNI— UPP.
and in bis hand He extendeth the power and the glory j the sun and moon are messengers of his will, and all his law is concord. The pillars supporting the lodge are representative of these divine powers. A lodge, where perfect Masons are assembled, represents these works of the Deity. — Hutchinson.
UNIVERSALITY. The universality of Masonry is thus described by a masonic writer of the last century : "Leaving holy ground, we trace Masonry amongst the Eastern Magi, and in the renowned learning of Egypt. From whence, like other sciences, taking a westerly direction, it was brought by that ^European apostle of Masonry, Pythagoras, from whose propagation it reached the British isle. Its principles were respected and dis- seminated by Brahmins, philosophers, artists, and saints, and diffused the light of science to the remotest corners of the earth. It taught natural religion, philosophy, subordination, and arts on the banks of the Ganges, in the hieroglyphics of Egypt, the sanctuaries of Eleusis, the schools of the sages, the caves of the Druids."
UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE. An universal language has been much desired by the learned of many ages. It is a thing rather to be wished than hoped for. But it seems the Masons pretended to have such a thing among them. If it be true, I guess it must be something like the language of the pantomimes among the ancient Romans who are said to be able, by signs only, to express and deliver any oration intelligibly to men of all nations and languages. — Locke.
UPPER CHAMBER. Our lodges are formed in upper chambers, and carefully guarded by tyled doors and drawn swords. The highest of hills and the lowest of valleys are situations least exposed to unauthorized intru- sion. Thus Masons are said to meet in these situations, to commemorate a remarkable custom of the ancient Jev/s in the building of their temples, schools, and synagogues ; and as by the Jewish law, whenever ten of them assembled together for that purpose, they proceeded to work, so it was with our ancient brethren, who formed themselves into a lodge, whenever ten operative masons were assem- bled, consisting of the Master, two Wardens, and seven Fellow-Crafts.
TJPBr-YIB. 693
' CJPKIGHT POSTUKE. To walk and act uprightly before' heaven and before men is to add still great luster to the Mason's character; to do justice and to have charity, are excellent steps in human life, but to act uprightly, gives a superlative degree of excellence, for in that situation we should become examples in religious, in civil, and in moral conduct, which are among the great principles of our noble institution.
USAGES. The usages and customs of Masons have ever corresponded with those of the ancient Egyptians, to which they bear a near affinity. Their philosophers, unwilling to expose their mysteries to vulgar eyes, con- cealed their particular tenets, and principles of polity and philosophy, under hierogly pineal figures, and expressed their notions of government by signs and symbols, which they communicated to their priests, or magi alone, who were bound by oath not to reveal them.
VAULT. Vaults are found in every country of the world as well as in Judea, and were used for secret purposes. Thus Stephens, speaking of some ruins in Yucatan, says — " The only way of descending was to tie a rope around the body, and be lowered by the Indians. In this way I was let down, and almost before nay head had passed through the hole, my feet touch the top of a heap of rubbish, high directly under the hole, and falling off at the sides. Clambering down it I found myself in a round chamber, so filled with rubbish that I could not stand upright. With a candle in my hand, I crawled all round on my hands and knees. The chamber was in the shape of a dome, and had been coated with plaster, most of which had fallen, and now encumbered the ground, the depth could not be ascertained without clearing out the interior."
VIRTUES. In all ages it has been the object of Free- masonry, not only to inform the minds of its members, by instructing them in the sciences and useful arts, but to better their hearts, by enforcing the precepts of religion and morality. In the course of the ceremonies of initiation, brotherly love, loyalty, and other virtues are inculcated in hieroglyphic symbols, and the candidate is often reminded that there is an eye above, which observeth the workings of his heart, and is ever fixed upon the thoughts and actions of meu. — Laurie.
694 VIS— WAR.
VISITING BRETHREN. If a Freemason is a her of any lodge, be has a right to be admitted into till other lodges as a visiting brother, but he must be either introduced by a member of the lodge, or he must be able to legitimize himself by producing his Grand Lodge certificate, and proving himself by his work.
VOTES. All matters are to be decided by a majority of votes, each member having one vote, and the Grand Master two votes ; unless the lodge, for the sake of expe- dition, think proper to leave any particular subject to the determination of the Grand Master. The votes of the members always to be signified by each holding up one of his hands, which uplifted hands the Wardens are to count, unless the number should be so uneven as to render counting unnecessary. — Constitutions.
WAGES. The tradition respecting the payment of the workmen's wages at the building of Solomon's Temple, may or may not be accurate, as I am ignorant of the authority on which the calculations are founded. Indeed the probabilty is, that the tradition has been fabricated in a subsequent age, without the existence of any docu- ments to attest its authenticity. The men were paid in their lodges by shekels, a silver coin of about half-a-crown of our money ; and the number of shekels per day was regulated by the square of the number of the degree which each order of men had attained. Thus with respect to the Entered Apprentices only, there were ten thousand in work, and twenty thousand at rest. These men, at the rate of one shekel per head, would receive daily £1,250, or, during the seven years and seven months of building the Temple, £3,458,750. In the higher grades, the men were not only remunerated for their labor, but also for their superior ingenuity and artistical skill.
WARDENS. Every lodge has two, and they stand next in rank to the M. W. Their .places are so situated, that they are enabled to superintend the execution of the commands of the W. M. Experienced brethren, who have a sufficient knowledge of strength and beauty, and who are at all times ready to use the level and the plumb- rule, ought always to be chosen as Wardens, that they may be enabled to conduct the business of the lodge ID the unavoidable absence of the W. M. or his deputy.
WAR— WHL 695
WARE ANT. In former times a lodge forn.bJ itself without any ceremony, wherever a sufficient nu.nber of brethren dwelt to form a lodge, and one of tho neighbor- ing lodges formed it for them. But in 1722 the Grand Lodge in London determined that every new lodge in England 'should have a patent, and since that time all those brethren who wish to form a new lodge, strive to obtain a warrant from the Grand Lodge. The new lodge then joins the Grand Lodge as a daughter Iodg3, binds itself to work according to its system, and to keep within the ancient landmarks. Then is such a lodge called just perfect, and regular. — Gadicke.
WATCH-WORD. The Word is not to be understood us a watch-word only, after the manner of those annexed to the several degrees of the Craft, but also, theologically, as a term to convey to the mind some idea of tLat Great Being who is the sole author of our existence, and to carry along with it the most solemn veneration for his sacred Name and Word, as well as the most clear and perfect elucidation of his power and attributes that the human mind is capable of receiving.
WEST. Where the sun closes its daily race, there the thanks of the inhabitants of the world follow it, and with the ensuing morning it again commences its benevolent course. Every brother draws near to the evening of his days ; and well will it be with him if at the close of his labors he can look forward with hope for a good reward lor his work. — Gadicke,
WHITE. This color has ever been regarded as em- blematic of purity and innocence. In the York rite the apron is always of this color, though the trimming varies in the symbolic and chapitral degrees. " Let thy garments be always WHITE," etc. — Solomon.
WHITE STONE. The white stone is an inestimable gift, promised to every one who lives a moral and virtuous life. White is an emblem of purity, and the new name conveys a title to be admitted within the veil, and honored with a seat near the living God in that palace which is described by St. John as a perfect cube, whose walls and foundations are garnished with all manner of precious stones, all hewed, squared, and polished by the masterly hand of the T. G. A. O. T. U.
696 WID— WOIV
WIDOW'S SON. Hiram, the architect, is described in two places of Scripture ; in the first he is called a widow's son, of the tribe of Naphtali, and in the other is called the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan ; but in both that his father was a man of Tyre ; that is, she was of the daughters of the city of Dan, in the tribe of Naphtali, and is calted a widow of Naphtali, as her husband was a Naphtalite ; for he is not called a Tyrian by descent, but a man of Tyre by habitation. — Anderson.
WINDING STAIRCASE. When the Fellow-Crafts went to receive their wages, they ascended a winding staircase, the steps of which, like all the Masonic symbols, are illustrative of discipline and doctrine, as well as of natural, mathematical, and metaphysical science, and open to us an extensive range of moral and speculative inquiry. In their delineation, the steps, which count odd numbers, shoiild be more particularly marked as one, three, five, seven, eleven; and in ascending them the Fellow-Craft should pause on each alternate step, and consider the several stages of his progress, as well as the important lessons which are there inculcated.
WISDOM. Those alone are wise who exercise the powers of the mind in secrecy, and who, without any selfish object, endeavor to promote the universal happi- ness of mankind, whom neither fortune nor misfortune are able to drive from a cairn and steady progress through life. To possess Masonic wisdom it is not necessary to be very learned, or to have a most penetrating genius; the man of good plain common sense may be more masoni- cally wise than the most learned man in existence. It is not the act of a wise man to make a great profession of wisdom ; rnd the secrets of our Lodges ought to teach us how to exercise our Masonic wisdom. — Gadicke.
WORKING TOOLS OF FREEMASONS. They are of three kinds, viz: ornaments, furniture, and jewels. What we understand by these are things without which we are unable to perform any manual labor as ought to be expected from working tools; but if we take them as .symbols, then they have a most important signification.
WORLDLY WEALTH. Masonry regards no man on account of his worldly wealth and honor. The poor as well as the rich may knock at the door of c«ir temple, and
RCH OF THE TEMPLE AND WINDING 8TAIKS.
WO1R— TEA. 699
gain admission. All are welcome if found worthy to receive light. This is strictly spiritual: "Seek, and ye shall find ; ask, and ye shall receive ; knock, and the door » shall be opened unto you." — Scott.
WORSHIPFUL. A title of respect given to justices of the peace, etc., and in the same sense to symbolic Lodges, and also to the present and Past Masters of the same.
WORSHIPFUL MASTER He who has attained the third degree in Freemasonry is a Master ; and where they do not work in the so-called high degrees, has attained the summit of his profession. None but F. Cs. who have been found worthy can obtain this degree. As a M. M. he has a voice in all the consultations of the officers of the Lodge, and he may, if possessed of sufficient Masonic skill, be appointed to any office in the Lodge, even that of W. M. This is the highest preferment a Mason can obtain in St. John's Masonry, through the three degrees of which every candidate for the P. M. degree must have passed. If there are members in the Lodge who have the. higher degrees, they are generally elected W. M. ; but although it is by no means necessary to possess those degrees to enable a brother to be elected to the chair, it is absolutely necessary that he should be a man of good moral character, and extensive Masonic information ; he is then elected by his brother M. Ms. for one year. The greatest care and caution ought to be used by the brethren at this election to pi-event the Lodge being injured by the election of an improper person. He must also be well acquainted with the Order, its doctrines, its secrets, its history, and constitution, and must possess the power of communicating his own reflections upon all these sub- jects, in a clear comprehensive form, to the brethren.
YEAR OF MASONRY. The birth of Christ is com- monly giveu to the autumn of the year 5 before Christ, which is an apparent anomaly, which may require a few words of explanation. The era of the birth of Christ was not in use until about 532 A. D., in the time of Jus- tinian, when it was introduced by Dionysius Exiguus, a Sej'thian by birth, and a Roman abbot ; and which only began to prevail in the West about the time of Charles Martel and Pope Gregory II., A. D. 730. It has long been agreed by all chronologers that Dionysius made
700 YOR -ZEE.
a mistake in placing the birth of Christ some years too late; but the amount of the difference has been variously estimated at two, three, four, five, and even eight years. The general conclusion is that which is adopted in our Bibles, and which places the birth of Christ four years before the common era, or more probably a few months more. In Masonry we add 4000 up to the birth of Christ, and that sum constitutes the reputed year of Masonry.
YORK MASONS. The brother of King Athelstan, Prince Edwin, being taught Masonry, and taking upon him the charges of a Master Mason, for the love he had to the said Craft, and the honorable principles whereon it is grounded, purchased a free charter of King Athelstan for the Masons ; having a correction among themselves, as it was anciently expressed, or a freedom and power to regulate themselves, to amend what might happen amiss, and to hold a yearly communication and general assem- bly. That accordingly Prince Edwin summoned all the Masons in the realm to meet him in congregation at York, who came and composed a general Lodge, of which he was Grand Master ; and having brought with them all the writings and records extant, some in Greek, some in Latin, some in French, and other languages, from the contents thereof that assembly did frame the Constitution and Charges of an English Lodge, and made a law to preserve and observe the same in all time coming.
ZEREDATHA. The pillars and other brass work were cast in the clayey ground between Succoth and Zeredatha. In the Hebrew the words for " clayey ground " are " in the thickness of the ground." That is, the earth was stiff and glutinous, and upon that account more fit to make moulds of all kinds.
ZERUBBABEL. The son of Salathiel, cf the royal race of David. Cyrus committed to his care the sacred vessels of the temple, with which he returned to Jerusalem. He is always named first, as being the chief of the Jews that returned to their own country, where he laid the founda- tions of the second temple. When the Samaritans offered to assist in rebuilding the temple, Zerubbabel and the principal men of Judah refused them this honor, since Cyrus had granted his commission to the Jews only.
POPTILAK
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