CHAPTER XXXIX

THE ANSARS
The Ansars, more correctly known as the Nossairians, though for convenience the former name will be employed, are an Arab sect that inhabit the Ansariyeh Mountains north of the Lebanon district in Syria. Arab writers refer to them as the Ibn-Nusaireeyeh; Walpole,1 who lived among them and knew them well, anglicized their name as the Ansayrii; while they call themselves the Fellaheen or peasantry, and also the Khasebeeh, from the title of a certain Hossein who spread the cult in its beginning. Their founder is said to have been one Nusair, whose son Abu-Shuaib was the first apostle of the new creed.
Together with the Druses and the Assassins,2 the Ansars have sprung from the heretical Islamic sect of the Ismaeleeh or Ismaelis. The latter was founded in the year 863 in Syria by Abdullah son of Maimoon who had to fly from Persia after a vain attempt to establish his new doctrine by force of arms. The main exoteric tenet of his belief was to exalt Ismael the son of Djaafar as the seventh Imam, and to break the line of Imams with his decease ; whereas the orthodox Persians consider Ismael’s brother Moosa as the seventh Imam, and close the Imamate with Mohammed, the twelfth and last. 3
Abdullah’s object was to gain political power, and to effect by secret propaganda what had not been accomplished by force; and he therefore divided his system into seven
1 F. Walpole, The Ansayrii and Assassins, 1851.
2 Arab writers refer to the Druses as the Western and to the Assassins as the Eastern Ismaelis.
3 The Imamate was an office which possessed the spiritual jurisdiction over Islam; a kind of Moslem papacy.
330
THE ANSARS
331
degrees. According to Von Hammer, 1 the first was de¬ signed to inspire the neophyte with complete confidence in his teacher and to induce him to take an oath of implicit obedience and blind faith in the secret doctrine. The second degree inculcated belief in divinely appointed Imams who were the source of all knowledge. The third degree taught that the number of these Imams could not exceed seven. The fourth degree, that since the beginning of the world there had been seven divine law-givers or apostles of God, each of whom had altered the law given by his predecessors; and that each of these had been helped by seven coadjutors, who, as they were not manifested as Imams, were known as Mutes ( Sanit ).2 The seven speaking prophets were Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Mohammed, and Ismael, son of Djaafar, who, as the last, was known as the “Lord of the Time,” or “Chief of the Age.” Of the Mutes, only one of each seven was named, that is, Seth, Shem, Ishmael, Aaron, Simon Peter, Ali, and Mohammed son of Ismael; thus, as the last had been dead only a hundred years, the teacher was at liberty to name whom he pleased as one of the mute prophets of the current age.
The fifth degree explained that each of the seven mute prophets had twelve apostles. In the sixth, the candidate was taught that all positive legislation must be subordinate to the general and philosophical; needless to say, instruction in this grade lasted for a very long time. In the seventh, philosophy gave place to mysticism.
Two additional degrees were subsequently added by the Western Ismaelis in the time of the Fatimite Caliphs of Egypt.
“In the eighth, the positive precepts of religion were again brought forward . . . then was the pupil fully en¬ lightened as to the superfluity of all apostles and prophets, the non-existence of heaven and hell, the futility of all actions, for which there is neither reward nor punishment,
1 History of the Assassins.
2 From the veneration paid by the Ismaelis to the number seven they were known as “Seveners.”
332 FAMOUS SECRET SOCIETIES
either in this world or the next; and thus was he matured for the ninth and last degree, to become the blind instrument of all the passions of unbridled thirst of power. To believe nothing and to dare all formed the sum of this system ...” 1
The Ismaelis only proceeded to advance proselytes through these degrees with great caution; for the sect had political ends and ambitious views, and its interest was to enlist a large number of partizans in all classes of society. Provided the neophyte would accept the legitimate succession of seven Imams and no more, and his teachers as the mouth¬ piece of the Imamate, they were in no hurry to reveal further mysteries. 2
Where such doctrines would lead when carried to their logical consequences was shown by the conduct of the Keramitah or Karmathians, a branch of the early Ismaelis. They adopted open violence instead of secret propaganda, rebelled against all authority, took to plundering caravans of pilgrims bound for Mecca, and in the tenth century captured the holy city itself by storm, massacred the in¬ habitants, and carried off the sacred black stone, which was only restored some time later on the petition of one of the Fatimite Caliphs. Here it may be noted that this dynasty had become Ismaelis; the sixth Caliph was Hakim, the founder of the Druse religion.
The foregoing account has been necessary, because the Ansars spring from the original Ismaelis, greatly as their present customs differ from those of their progenitors.
The Ansars are a hardy and brave race of mountaineers, who have often defended their freedom successfully against the Turk; but they are said to be quarrelsome, ungrateful, greedy and untrustworthy. 3
It is hard to form an estimate of their numbers, which may approach 100,000 more or less.
Their peculiar form of religion has been in existence since 1021 at least, when it was referred to by Hamza, the apostle of the Druses. They now acknowledge Moosa
1 Von Hammer, Op cit., Wood’s translation.
2 Silvestre de Sacy, Memoir e sur la dynastie des Assassins, 1 8 1 8.
3 Samuel Lyde, The Asian Mystery, 1 86 1 .
THE ANSARS
333
and the twelve Imams as opposed to Ismael and the seven Imams of their originators; and in other respects they have drifted even farther away. As a race they seem to have the faculty of assimilating the customs of those with whom they come in contact, and they have had ample oppor¬ tunity of studying a variety of sects. Since the eleventh century their home in Syria has come under the domination of the Seljuke Turks 1075, the Crusaders 1099, the Tartars 1258 and soon after the Egyptian Caliphs, Tamerlane in 1401, and in 15 1 8 the Osmanlee Turks; to say nothing at all of more recent influences since the Great War.
An early traveller, Maundrell,1 gives an amusing account of their characteristics in the year 1697.
“ In that part of the mountains . . . there dwelt a people called by the Turks Neceres, of a very strange and singular character, for it is their principle to adhere to no certain religion, but chameleon like, to put on the colour of religion, whatever it be, which is reflected upon them from the persons with whom they happen to converse. With Christians they profess themselves Christians; with Turks they are good Mussulmans, with Jews they pass for Jews, being such Proteuses in religion that nobody was ever to discover what shape or standard their consciences are surely of; all that is certain concerning them is, that they make very much and good wine, and are great drinkers.”
Richard Pococke reported of them in 1738: “Their religion seems to be some remnants of paganism; they are much despised by the Turks, and seem rather fond of the Christians.” The Jesuit missionaries rather earlier dis¬ covered: “They have made to themselves a religion, which is a monstrous compound of Mohammedanism and Chris¬ tianity, and which gives them an extravagant idea of our holy mysteries.” While Burckhardt, in 1812, spoke of them as “divided into different sects of which nothing is known but the names.”
Since so little could be learnt of their rites, the worst reason was of course attributed for such secrecy. They
1 Quoted by Lyde, Op. cit.
334 FAMOUS SECRET SOCIETIES
were accused of licentiousness, obscenity and incest. Volney was informed that “they hold nocturnal assemblies, in which after certain discourses they extinguish the lights, and indulge promiscuous lust, as has been reported of the ancient Gnostics.” An earlier opponent, Hamza, the apostle of the Druses, makes even graver charges. “The first thing this wicked Nusairee advances,” says he, “is that all things which have been forbidden to men, murder, theft, lying, calumny, fornication, sodomy, are permitted to him or to her who knows our Lord.”
Whatever may have happened in former times, the reports of more modern investigators have not only succeeded in lifting part of the veil from the mysteries of the Ansars, but have also cleared them of the worst of these charges of immorality.
The Ansars believe in one God, self-existent and eternal, and are so far Unitarians. They go on to say, however, that this God manifested himself seven times in human form as Abel, Seth, Joseph, Joshua, Asaph, Simon (Cephas), and Ali. At each of these manifestations the Deity made use of two other Persons; the first created out of the light of His essence, and by Himself, and the second created by the first. These with the Deity form an inseparable Trinity, called Maana, Ism, Bab. It will be enough here to say that the first Ism was Adam, succeeded by Noah, Jacob, Moses, Solomon, Jesus, Mohammed; the first Bab was Gabriel, succeeded by other angels.
The first, the Maana, meaning, is the designation of the Deity, as the meaning, sense or reality of all things. The second, the Ism, name, is also called the Hedjah or veil, because under it the Maana conceals its glory, while by it it reveals itself to men. The third, the Bab, door, is so called because through it is the entrance to the knowledge of the two former.
The secret of this Trinity is represented by a sign, token or mark to the true believers, by the three initial letters of the names Ali, Mohammed, Solomon.
The Deity conceals himself in light, but manifests himself in the “servant of light,” which is wine; this wine being
THE ANSARS 335
consecrated and drunk by the true believers, the initiated, in the Kuddas or sacrament.
After a certain number of transmigrations, the souls of true believers become stars in the great world of light.
The last Imam Mohammed is still dwelling concealed on the earth, and will return to ensure the triumph of the true religion in the destruction of its enemies. Such are their main doctrines.
The Ansar doctrine of metempsychosis apparently con¬ templated in the early days of the sect the transmigration of the soul into that of a lower animal; but the modern doctrine seems to be that while the soul of the just will have to pass through only a few more human bodies, that of the unjust may have to pass through as many as eighty before entering paradise, and that some of these will be “dreadful forms,” which may mean a loss of human shape.
When an Ansar attains the age of manhood he is initiated into the mysteries of his religion, becomes a participator in its rites, with its secret signs, prayers, and watchwords, whereby the initiated are bound up into a body of Ukhwan or brethren.
Whereas with the Druses, according to Lyde, some women are initiated into the highest secrets, while most are ex¬ cluded from them, with the Ansars woman are completely excluded, because they are considered unclean as well a unreliable. To be reborn as a women is one of the penalties for sin in a man; to be reborn as a man, one of the rewards of virtue in a woman.
The outward observances of the religion entail visits to holy shrines, reputed sepulchres of saints; feasts held on certain fixed days of the year, and borrowed from Christian, Persian or Moslem sources indiscriminately; the practice of circumcision; shaving the hair from the body; and the absention from certain kinds of food, such as the camel, hare and eel.
At the feasts anyone, women or unbelievers, may be present and partake of the food; but at a fixed moment the sheikhs withdrew with the initiated men, and in some private place or the open air perform their religious rites,
336 FAMOUS SECRET SOCIETIES
participation in the sacrament. This custom probably gave rise to the charges of gross immorality brought against the sect in former times.
“This great secret of the Mass,” says Lyde, “is only administered in the presence of the initiated. . . . Great precautions are taken against the possibility of this their religious service being seen; and it is probable that if a stranger were known to have been a witness to it, he would be made away with, if possible. But such are the precau¬ tions taken, by placing watchmen and choosing times and places, where there is little chance of interruption, that scarcely ever has anyone been an absolute witness of their rites.”
Lyde, however, managed to get possession of rituals which explain this celebration. The Mass was a ceremony borrowed from the Christians, in which wine mixed with water was consecrated and administered to all present as a sacrament. As has been said above, the Ansars hold that the Deity hides himself in light and manifests himself in wine, which is hence called Abd-in-Noor, servant of light. The service of consecration and administration is a very lengthy one, and secrecy is enjoined in it over and over again: “We have drunk the secret of our masters of the habitation, and thou has drunk our secret, and we have drunk thy secret; may God render the knowledge of the Lord easy to thy heart!” This repetition interspersed with chapters from the Koran and moral discourses make up the ceremony, which need not be described at greater length.
Initiation into the mysteries takes place at the age of eighteen to twenty, or in the case of sons of sheikhs at sixteen. The neophyte provides a kid as sacrifice, and on a fixed evening the sheikhs partake of this at a meal. The boy’s instructor, known as his ana or uncle, leads him into a circle formed by the initiated, where he is taught some words and cuffed till he remembers them. The neophyte and his ana then covenant the one to teach and the other to obey. A period of thirty days’ instruction follows, after which at the first convenient feast the initiation is completed.
The neophyte is told that he is about to learn an important
THE ANSARS
337
secret and that if he reveals it to those who are debarred from sharing it, he will become the brother of devils and have merited “being changed into horrid forms, and being made to walk in vile envelopes” — an allusion to the belief in metempsychosis. He is told that his duty will be to take care of his brethren, and devote a fifth of his property to them, to observe prayers, and give alms; to abstain from injuring his brethren, and from all forbidden acts. The neophyte then takes an oath, the most important clause in which is: “I will not sell the secret of God [that is, of the Ansars], nor divulge it, nor contend about it with the uninitiated, nor with respect to it make myself known to anyone except to a brother who makes himself known to me and I to him [by signs, etc.] — and may God be party and witness to what I say.” After this the sacrament of the Mass is administered, and the initiation is complete.
Walpole gives a different account of the first or preliminary part of the initiation ceremony. He says that the lower classes of the Ansars are instructed in the principles of their religion, but not its more mystical or higher tenets. They are taught, above all, to die a thousand deaths sooner than reveal the secrets of their faith.
“When a candidate is pronounced ready for initiation, his tarboosh is removed, and a white cloth wrapped round his head. He is then conducted in to the presence of the Sheikhs of religion. The chief proceeds to deliver a lecture, cautioning him against ever divulging their great and solemn secret. ‘If you are under the sword, the rope, or the torture, die and smile, you are blessed.’ He then kisses the earth three times before the chief, who continues reciting to him the articles of their faith. On rising, he teaches him a sign, and delivers three words to him. This completes the first lesson.” 1
“The Ansayrii have signs and questions. By the one they salute each other, by the other they commence an examina¬ tion as to whether a man is one of them or not, whom they do not know personally. But these signs are little used, and are known only to a few; as the dress, etc, clearly indicates them to each other.”2
1 Walpole, The Ansayrii and Assassins, 1851.
“Walpole., Op. cit.
338 FAMOUS SECRET SOCIETIES
Unfortunately all the excellent precepts taught to the Ansars at their initiation do not apply to their dealings with outsiders, and have been known on many occasions to become a dead letter among the brethren themselves. Lyde found that brother would draw sword against brother or curse father and mother without fear or shame; and that envy, hatred, malice, and all uncharitableness were just as rampant among the Ansars as in other communities not bound like them by a solemn obligation to love one’s neighbour as oneself.
All of which would go to show that the making of a secret society all-powerful in a State is not an infallible way of achieving the millennium.
INDEX
A
Abraxas, 45
Adel phi, The, 138, 143, 145, 147 Ai-Kuo Hsiieh-Shih Society, 319 Ahriman, 28 Ahura, vide Ormuzd.
Akils, 326 Amshaspands, 28
Ancient Order of Hibernians, 248, 249) 250, 276
Andreae, Johann Valentin, 102 Ansars, The, 323; doctrines, 334 Ansayrii, The, vide Ansars. Aphrodite, 15, 20, 21 Apophasimenes, The, 158, 160 Apuleius, 8
Assassins, The, 56 et sqq.; grades, 59; 323> 330
Associated Patriots, The, 167 et sqq. Attis (Atys), 29 Aubrey, John, 50 Aurelian, 33
B
Bacchus, vide Dionyus.
Ballesteros, General, 153, 187 Barbes, Armand, 175, 176, 177, 178 Barruel, Abbe, 97 Basil ides, 45 Baubo, 18
Beach, Thomas, vide Henri Le Caron. Beati Paoli, 203 Beauchaine, Chevalier de, gt Begemann, Dr., 102 Bernard, Martin, 175, 176, 177 Bhowanee, 299 et sqq.
Big Knife Society, 316, 317 Biggar, Francis Joseph, 236 Black Hand (Chinese) Society, 314 Black Hand (Spanish) Society, vide Mano Negra.
Black Lodges, 253, 259, 270
; Black Pin, Society of the, 138 Blacker, Lieut.-Col. William, 242, 251 Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 1 75, 1 76, 177, 178
Blasco-Ibanez, 203 Book of the Dead, 3 Boxers, The, 315 et sqq.
Brode, Reinhold, 62, 64, 67 Buloz, A., vide De Witt.
Buonarotti, Philip Michael, 154, 158 Burkitt, F. C., 44, 46 Byron, Lord, 185
C
Cabeiri, 17, 26 Caesar, Julius, 47, 48 Calderari del Contrapeso, 134 1 Camorra, The, 202, 204 et sqq.; grades, 205; ceremonies, 207 Canosa, Prince of, 133 et sqq.
Capo d’lstria, Count, 180, 181, 185 Carbonari, The French, 153, 154, 1 6 1 , 169, 170 et sqq.
Carbonari, The Italian, 88, 91, 92, 94, 124, 126 et sqq.', ceremonies, 1 31; spread of, 137; triumph, 141; failure, 144; 157, 160, 161 Carbonari, The Spanish, 191 Carew, Bamfylde Moore, 198 Carignano, Prince of, 144 Carleton, William, 237 et sqq.', 243 Castle, E. J-, 54 Cervantes, Miguel de, 201, 204 Charbonniers, The, 90, 91 et sqq.', 93. 97. 124. 126, 148 Chinese Beggars, 315*/ sqq.
Chinese Societies, 305 et sqq. Christianity versus Mithraism, 42 Chung- Kuo Ko-Ming Tung-Meng Hui, The, 319, 320 Cicero, 49
Clan-na-Gael, 282, 284
339
INDEX
340
Claudius, 49 Clavel, 91, 92 Clement of Alexandria, 14 Clement V., Pope, 53 Commodus, Emperor, 33 Commons Committee of Inquiry, 1835, 266, 168
Compagnonnage, The, 74 et sqq.; founders and divisions, 76; cere¬ monies, 88 et sqq.
Comuneros, The, 153, 154, 186 et sqq.; ceremonies, 188 et sqq. Corifessio C. R., etc., 101 Constantine the Great, 34 Constitutional Society of European Patriots, 154 Corybantes, 17 Cottytian Rites, 27 Crowe, F. J. W., 91 Cumberland, Duke of, 257, 263, 267, 268, 270
Cumont, Franz, 40 Cybele, 13, 31, 32, 33
D
Dadophori, 36 Darazi, 323 Decisi, The, 135
Defenders, The, 221 et sqq. ; oath, 224 ;
236, 237, 250, 251 Demeter, 1 1, 15, 18 Demiurgus, 44 Densmore, G. B., 314 Deo, vide Demeter Deus Invictus, 34, 43 Devoir, 76, 83 Diagoras, 13, 20 Diamond, Battle of the, 252 Dietrich, Albrecht, 41 Diogenes Laertius, 48 Dionysus, 16, 19, 25 Dissidents, The, 178 Dourille, 177-178
Droits de l’Homme Society, vide Families.
Druids, The, 47 et sqq.
Druses, The, 322 et sqq.; 330, 335 Duffy, Edward, 279
E
Egyptian Mysteries, 3 Eleusis, Mysteries of, 1 , 1 1 et sqq. Emmett, Thomas Addis, 234 Emmett Monument Association, 273
Eumolpidae, 14
European Regeneration, Society of, 150
F
Fairman, Lieut. -Col. W. B., 268 et sqq.
Fama Fraternitatis, 99, 101 Families, The, 174 et sqq.
Federati, The, 143, 145, 150 Fellaheen, The, vide Ansars. Fendeurs, Les, 91 et sqq.; grades, 93; ceremonies, 94
Fenians, The, 247, 258, 272 et sqq.; organization, 274; in England, 276; rising, 280; invade Canada, 281, 284
Ferdinand I of Two Sicilies, 127, 133, 140
Ferdinand VII of Spain, 140, 186 et sqq.
Ferouers, 28
Filadelfi, Italian, 125, 135, 149 FitzGerald, Lord Edward, 234 FitzGibbon, Gerald, 27 Fletcher, Judge, 261 Fludd, Robert, 102, 104 Foucart, G., 20 Francs Regeneres, The, 150 Fravashis, vide Ferouers. Freemasonry, 68, 85, 91, 97, 107, 1 16, 125, 128, 135, 142, 148, 154, 180, 186, 187, 235, 236, 247, 253, 260, 264, 323
Frost, Thomas, 128, 139, 167, 181
G
“German Union,” The, 121 Gilds, French, 74 Gilds, German, 68 et sqq.; 72 Gnostics, The, 44 et sqq.; 54, 334 Goblet d’Alviella, 40, 42 Golden Calf, Worship of, 327 Gosford, Earl of, 252 Gould, F. J., 70 Grand Firmament, The, 147 Grand Orange Lodge of England, 260, 266 et sqq.
Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, 253, 260, 262, 266 Griffiths, Arthur, 285 Guelphs, The, 137, 138, 143 Gueux, Les, 196 Guilbrette, The, 80, 85, 89
INDEX
34 1
H
Hadrian, 33
Hail, Wm. James, 31 1, 312, 313 Hakim Biamr Allah, Caliph, 323, 324, 327, 332
Hammer, Count von, 54, 59, 60,
33C 332
Hamsa (Hamza), 323, 324, 327, 328,
332, 334
Harman, Thomas, 197, ig8, 199, 200 Hassan-ben-Sabah, 56 et sqq.
Hearts of Steel, The, 220 Heckethorn, C. W., 64, 65, 132, 181 Henry, Professor R. M., 286 Herodotus, 26
Hertel, Canon “Marius,” 119 Hetairia, The, 180 et sqq. ; grades, 181 Hetairia Philomuse, The, 180, 181 Highbinders, The, 313 Hippolytus, Saint, 5, 22 Hiram, 84
Hodde, Lucien de la, 159, 174, 176,
i77> 178
Hsin Chung Hui Society, 318, 319 Hua Hsin Hui Society, 319 Hung (Hong) Society, 305, 308, 314
I
Iacchos (Iacchus), 18, 25, 26
I Ho T’uan (later I Ho Ch’iian) Society, 316
Illuminati, The, 106 et sqq.; grades, 109; pseudonyms, 1 1 3 ; famous and royal members, 1 14; suppressed, 117
Inquisition, The, 187, 188
Invincibles, The, 285
Ipsilanti, Prince Alexander, 181, 182, 183
Ipsilanti, Prince Demetrius, 184
Irish People, The, 278
Irish Republican Army, vide Fenians.
Irish Republican Brotherhood, vide Fenians.
Isis, 5 et sqq.; 31
Ismaelis, The, 56, 60, 322, 323, 329; doctrines 331
Izeds, 28, 29
J
Jacobites, 217, 223, 226
Jakils, 326, 327
Julian the Apostate, 13, 34
K
Kali, vide Bhowanee.
Karmathians, The, 56, 323, 332 Kendrick, T. D., 47, 50 Kerykes, 14
Kesson, John, 305, 307, 308, 310 Khasebeeh, The, vide Ansars.
Kia Busurgomid, 57
King, C. W., 45
Kitab-el-Hikmet, 324, 328
Knigge, Baron von, 1 13, 1 14, 115, 1 16
Knight, R. Payne, 46
Knights of the Inner Circle, 282
Ko Lao Hui Society, 312, 318
Konarski, Simon, 163 et sqq.
Kore, vide Persephone.
Ku Klux Klan, The, 287 et sqq.; dissolved, 288; ritual, 288 et sqq.; restored, 290; in Canada, 295 Kuan Fu Hui Society, 319 Kuo-Min Tang, The, 320, 321
L
Lafayette, Marquis de, J54, 168, 171, 172
La Giovine Italia, 160 Lajard, 34, 38
La Rochelle, The Four Sergeants of, 172
Latocnaye, 221 Le Caron, Henri, 282, 283 Leibnitz, G. W., 61 Lenormant, Charles, 20 Lewis, George Cornewall, 217 Lindner, Theodor, 61, 64 Lodge Theodor zum guten Rat, 107, 1 16 Luby, T. C., 274
Lyde, Samuel, 57, 60, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338 Lyons, 173
M
Macerata, revolt at, 138 Mackenzie, K. R. H., 104 Madden, R. R., 216, 221, 230, 233 Mafia, The, 212 et sqq.
Maghella, 126 et sqq.; 133 Maitre Jacques, legend of, 77 et sqq. Malet, General, 123 et sqq. “Manchester Martyrs,” The, 281 Mandteans, The, 46 Mano Negra, The, 202 et sqq. Marc-Monnier, 204, 21 1
INDEX
342
Masonic Lodges in Spain, 186 Maternus, Julius Firmicus, 10, 38, 39 Matignon, J. J., 316, 317 Maundrell, 333
Mavrocordato, Prince Alexander, 180, 184
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 157 et sqq.; 163, 164, 212 Menotti, 155
Mercelots (Mercerots), The, 196 et sqq.; grades, 197 Merciers, The, vide Mercelots. Mirabeau, Gabriel Riquetti de, 113, 1 14
Mithra, Mysteries of, 1, 28 et sqq. Mithraic Eon, 37 Mithraic Grades, 38 Modena, Duke of, 155 Molay, Jacques du, 53, 82 Moler, Jacques, 82 et sqq.
Moreau, General, 125 Mother of the Gods, vide Cybele. Murat, King of Naples, 126 et sqq.; 133
Musgrave, Sir Richard, 217, 225
N
Napoleon I, 148, 152
Neilson, Samuel, 228, 229, 230, 245
Nephthys, 6, 8
Nodier, Charles, 123
Northern Star, The, 245
Nossairians, The, vide Ansars.
Nowai'ri, 323
O
Oak Boys, The, 220 O’Connell, Daniel, 241, 253, 260 O’Leary, John, 247, 259, 274, 275 Olympiens, The, vide Philadelphes. O’Mahony, John, 272, 276, 279, 281 One Pinch of Perfume Society, 3 1 1 Ophites, The, 45, 46 Orange Society, The, 221, 238, 241, 247, 249, 251 et sqq.; ritual, 253; dormant, 258; processions, 261; in army, 263; in Canada, 265; dormant, 271; revival, 271 Ormuzd, 28, 29, 41 Orphic Mysteries, 25 Osiris, 4, 5, 6, 7 Oudet, Colonel, 123 et sqq.
P
Pacheco, Maria de, 188 Padilla, Juan de, 188 Pausanias, 27
Peep-of-Day Boys, The, vide Orange Society.
Pe-lin-kiao (Pai Lien Chiao) Society, 306, 307
Pepe, General, 140, 143, 153, 154, 170 Perdiguier, Agricol, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84> 8.5 . .
Perfectibilists, Order of, vide Illu¬ minati.
Persephone, 11, 16, 18 Philadelphes, The, 97, 123 et sqq.;
name changed, 125; 147, 148 Philip IV, King of France, 52, 53 Philleides, 14
Pigott, Richard, 248, 273, 277, 285
Pistis Sophia, 46
Pliny the Elder, 49
Plutarch, 3, 8
Pluto, 1 1
Pococke, Richard, 333 Polish Templars, The, 195 Pollard, H. B. C., 283, 284, 285 Polo, Marco, 58 Pomponius Mela, 49 Porphyry, 4
Proserpine, vide Persephone.
Pryce, F. N., 99 Pythagoreans, The, 143
Q.
Quin, M. J., 186, 187, 191
R
Ragon, J. M., 93 Rapparees, 215 Red and Black Society, 3 1 1 Red Beards Society, 306 Reformed European Patriots, 135 Republican Brother Protectors, 138 Reunited Italy, Society of, 161 et sqq. Ribbonmen, The, 227, 236, 237 et sqq.; ceremonies, 239; 242; Article Bearer, 243; 277, 279 Riego y Nunez, Rafael, 190, 192 Right Boys, The, 217 Robison, John, 72, 108 Rodes, Jean, 314 Roe, A. S., 315
INDEX
Rcwenkreuz, Christian, vide Rosicru- cians.
Rosicrucians, The, 99 et sqq English Society, 104
Rutherford, John, 248, 249, 273 Rylands, W. H., ^7, 84
S
Sacraments, Parodies of, 87 Sacy, Silvestre de, 57, 323, 327, 328, 332
Saint Patrick, Brotherhood of, 248
Saisons, Les, 176 et sqq.-, split, 178
Samothrace, Mysteries of, 24, 26
Sand, George, 95
San-ho-hoih Society, 308
Santa Fe, Society della, 134, 135, 150
Saturninus of Antioch, 45
Schriftmaurer, 71
Schubart, Professor, 25
Seabrook, W. B., 322, 325, 327, 328
September Laws, 175
“Seveners,” 331
Short Swords Society, 306
Sinn Fein Party, 285, 286
Simmons, Col. Wm. J,, 290, 294
Sleeman, W. H., 296, 302
Songhurst, W. J., 95
Sorbonne, 85 et sqq.
Sotion of Alexandria, 48 Soubise of Nogent, 82 et sqq.
Soubise, Maitre or Pere, 77 et sqq. Spanish Criminal Society, 201 Spelaeum, 35
Steinmetzen, The, 68 et sqq.
Stephens, James, 272, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282 Stonehenge, 51 Strabo, 49
Strassburg, Lodge of, 69 Sublimi Maestri Perfetti, 147, 151, •52
Sun-Yat-Sen, 313, 314, 317, 318 et sqq.
T
Tacitus, 50
Taipings, The, 31 1, 312 T’ang Leang-Li, 305, 31 1, 316, 318 Ta Tao Hui Society, 316, 317 Taylor, Col. Meadows, 297, 298 Templars, The, 52 etsqq.; 57, 58, 60 Tertullian, 38, 39, 40 Thesmophoria, Festival of, 19, 22
343
Th’ien Hauw Hoi’h Society, 307 Th’ien Ti Hoi’h Society (Tien Ti Hui), 3°7> 3 • •
Thoth, 4
Thugs, The, 296 et sqq.; grades, 300 et sqq.
Tone, Theobold Wolfe, 228, 230, 233 Tong Society, 307 Tories, 215
Torrijos, General, 191, 192 Tour de France, 74, 75 Trajan, 33
Triad Society, 307, 308; ritual, 309;
31 •> 312, 3I3 Trinitarii, vide Calderari. Tsing-lien-kiao Society, 307 Typhon, 6
U
United Irishmen, The, 226, 227, 228 et sqq.; reorganized, 234; connexion with Freemasonry, 235 United Brotherhood, The, 283 United Slavonians, The, 193 et sqq. United Sons Society, 31 1 Union Lodge, 247 “Up,” 236, 238 Upright Man, 1 99 Urquhart, Pollock, 63
V
Vagabonds, English, 200 Valentinian, Emperor, 13 Valentinians, The, 45 Valera, Eamon de, 286 Vaughan, Thomas, 104 Vehmgericht, The, 61 et sqq.; courts, 62, 64
Venture, 327 Venus, vide Aphrodite.
Verner, Thomas, 253 Verner, Col. W., 226, 246 Verona, Congress of, 191 Vibert, Lionel, 74, 75, 85, 86, 88 Vidocq, 125, 168 Villon, Francois, 196 Vitu, Auguste, 196 Volney, Comte de, 334
W
Waite, A. A., 104, 105 Walpole, F., 330, 337
INDEX
344
Waterlily Society, 306 Weishaupt, Adam, 106 et sqq.; de¬ fence, 1 1 7
Wen Hua Tang Society, 321 Wesley, John, 218 White Jackets Society, 306 White Lily Society, 306, 31 1, 316 Whiteboys, The, 215 et sqq.; oath, 218; 220, 226, 245 Wilford, Captain, 23 Wilhelm, Richard, 31 1, 315, 316, 317 Wilhelmsbad, Congress of, 1 1 5 Witt, Jean de, 124, 132, 146 et sqq. Wood Kerne, 215 Wortmaurer, 71
X
Xanthos of Patmos, 180
Y
Young, Arthur, 216 Young Germany, 164 et sqq. Young Ireland, 271, 272 Young Italy, 157 et sqq.; 161 Young Poland, 163 et sqq. Young Switzerland, 165
Z
Zend-Avesta, 28 Zoroaster, 28
Zwackh, Judge “Cato,” 113, 114, 115, 118
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