BOOK I CH. viII § 16. 83

injussu, coactu, concessu. On its relation to accersitu see Wilkins in Journal of Philology, no. XI. p. 278.
offendi : ‘ found ’, lit. ‘stumbled across’.
exedra : ‘saloon’, lit. ‘a sitting out’, used not so much, I think, of “out-of-door seats’ (D. of Ant.) as of bays or projections from a central hall or court (zepiordAvov), Which were sometimes very small (Guhl and K. § 80) but more frequently of considerable size with semicircular apses and stone seats along the walls. Vitruvius in his description of the palaestra or gymnasium, such as were attached to Roman villas of the higher class (Att. 1 4, Fam. vit 23, De Orat. 1 98, Divin. 1 8) recommends that in three of the cloisters surrounding the court there should be exedrae spatiosae in guibus philosophi, rhetores, reliquique qui studiis delectantur sedentes dis- putare possint V 11. (Readers of Plato will remember that he places the scene of several of his Dialogues in the Palaestra.) For the use of the word in ecclesiastical writers cf. Bingham Bk. vit . v. § 4, and c. vi. § 9, c. vii. § 1. C. uses the word De Orat. 111 17, Fin. v 4, and the diminutive exedrium Fam. vit 23. For the spelling (evedra or exhedra) see Sch.’s n. with the reff. .
ad quem: C. often uses ad after defero, otherwise the Dat. would have seemed more appropriate to express honour done to a person, cf. Draeg. § 186, 3.
primas: sc. partes, rpwraywvoreiv, a metaphor from the stage frequently used with agere, ferre, dare, concedere, tenere, &c. Secundas is similarly used by Seneca.
progressus habebat: so progressus facere Tuse. tv 44.
Ch. vir. § 16. Piso: M. Pupius Piso Calpurnianus consul in B.c. 61. We learn from Asconius that C. in his youth was taken to him by his father to receive instruction in oratory. His style of eloquence is described in the Brutus § 236, where he is said to have been maxime omnium qui ante fuerurt Graecis litteris eruditus. He was instructed in the Peripatetic philosophy by Staseas (De Orat. 1 104) and is introduced as the spokesman of that school, as modified by Antiochus, in the 5th bk. of the De Finibus. As consul he deeply offended C. by favouring Clodius. In the letters written to Atticus about that time he is spoken of as one a quo nihil speres boni rei publicae quia non vult; nihil metuas mali quia non audet, Att.113; uno vitio minus vitiosus quod iners, quod somni plenus, 114. He died be- fore the writing of the WV. D. as is shown by Aét. x11 19. Krische p. 19 thinks that C.’s reason for omitting the Peripatetic school was the obscurity of Aristotle’s teaching on the points which are here discussed. A more probable reason is that on these points he accepted Antiochus’ identification of the Stoic with the Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy (§ 33) and thought it unnecessary to treat separately of the latter.
nullius philosophiae—locus: on the supremacy of the four great schools see R. and P. § 2 n., Lucian Hermot. 16, Ciris 1. 14 si me jam summa Sapientia pangeret arce | guattuor antiquis quae heredibus est data consors,
6—2
S4 BOOK I CH. vit § 16.
De Oratore 111 16. Professorships of these four schools were established at Athens by M. Antoninus. LDesides these there was the Pythagorean school which was ably represented at Rome by P. Nigidius Figulus (7%. 1 1) but had few adherents among the public. Cynics and the Sextii (R. and P. §§ 469, 473). Sch. thinks that the Academy, which has been just spoken of as orba and relicta, cannot be included in the schools guae in honore sunt ; to which Heidtmann replies (p. 28 foll.) that different times are referred to: at the supposed date of the conversation, while Cotta and perhaps Philo were living, the Academy was still flourishing : the case had altered when C. wrote twenty or thirty years later. Perhaps this is pressing C.’s language too far, especially in a hasty composition like the present. Speaking generally, every one living at that time would have counted the Academy among the great schools, though it might be declining in comparison with its former glory. About one hundred years later Seneca (Vat. Quaest. VI 32), deploring that tot fami- liae philosophorum sine successore deficiunt, mentions that the Academy in particular had been overtaken by the usual fate of merely negative schools, Academici et veteres et minores nullum antistitem reliquerunt.
missus est: ‘addressed to’, cf. Senect. 3, Div. 1 3, Reid on Lael. 4.
nihil est quod desideres: ‘you have no reason for regretting the absence of’, See n. on § 3 quid est quod.
re—verbis : ‘really—nominally’, § 124 re tollit, oratione relinquit deos. Cf. § 85 verbis reliquisse deos, re sustulisse. So Fin. tv 2 Cato is made to say non verbis Stoicos a Peripateticis, sed universa re et tota sententia dis- sentire. The relation of the Stoics to the Peripatetics and the old Academy is discussed in the 3rd and 4th books of the De Finibus and Leg. 1 54 foll. On the eclecticism of Antiochus see Introduction. For the musical meta- phor contained in coneinere and discrepare cf. Of. 1 145, 111 83 (of honestas and wtilitas) verbo inter se discrepare, re unum sonare, and Fin. Iv 60. [So auvadev Plat. Phaed. 92 ©, ra dnadovra Sext. Emp. P. Hf. 1200, J. 8S. R.]
egone: cf. 118. Sch. quotes Leg. 114, #vn. 111 11.
magnitudine et quasi gradibus. The distinction between degree and kind not being yet familiar to the Romans C. employs this periphrasis for the former, [similar periphrases occur /%n. 111 45—50. J. S. R.]
§ 17. verum hoc alias: sc. ¢ractemus, Roby § 1441, Draeger § 116, Nigelsb. § 183, Madv. Fin. 19, 1v 26. Exx. of similar elliptical construc- tions are found in §§ 19, 47, Lael. 1 with Reid’s n.
mihi vero: ‘to be sure it docs’, so repetam vero just below, ‘to be sure I will’, cf. 111. 65, Div. 11 100, Fat. 3, Lael. 16, Ac. 1 4 &e.
ut hic—ne ignoret: depends, not upon the principal verb agebamus, but upon the unexpressed ‘I will explain’, Zumpt § 772, Roby § 1660. When a negative is added to wt final (iva), ne is used; when to ut consecutive (dare) non. Later writers use ne by itself for the earlier wt ne. C. uses either form, the fuller where he wishes to separate the connective and negative force of the conjunction : this is seen most clearly when several
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