BOOK I CH. § 3. 69

sunt in varietate: § 31 sunt isdem in erratis, § 37 magno in errore sententia est, § 29 in maximo errore versatur, so § 43.
ut molestum sit: ‘that it would be troublesome’. The Subj. belongs to the clause independently of its consecutive subordination, unless we include (as we probably should do) molestum est in the class of cases, such as longum est, in which the Latin idiom has the Ind. where we use the Subj. See n. on § 19.
dinumerare: ‘to reckon up in groups’, see Sch. Opuse. 111 359.
figuris : e.g. round or in human shape, § 46 ; locis ‘regions’, e.g. the intermundia ; sedes implies a closer connexion, as of Neptune with the sea, of Juno with Argos, see § 103.
actio vitae : verbal from agere vitam; see §§ 17, 45, 103, Div. 11 89, actio rerum Ac. It 62, with Reid’s n. [and cf. actio vitae Of. 117; actio rerum Of. 1 83, 127, 153; agitatio rerum De Or. 111 88; actus rerum Suet. Claud. 15, 23, Nero 17, Aug. 32. J.S. R.]
quod—continet: relative clause explained by following substantival clause utrum—moveantur ‘as to that which’. The proper antecedent is de eo omitted after dissensio est.
rem causamque : ‘the matter in dispute’.
continet : ‘constitutes’. Cf. Naegelsbach Sé7. § 112.
moliantur : ‘attempt’, used of a laborious undertaking.
curatione : less common in this sense than procuratio, but found in Ir 158.
facta : not creation out of nothing—no philosophy had broached this idea, see Mosheim in Cudworth 1 140 fol/.—but the bringing of order out of Chaos.
errore: ‘uncertainty’, see Fin. v 6 15, Liv. 1 21 in re tam clara nomi- num error manet, utrius populi Horatii, utrius.Curiatii fuerint, with Seeley’s note, Ov. Fast. 1v 669; and the exx. in Sch.’s note here. [As error is coupled here with tgnoratio, so with inscientia in Sull. 40. J.S. R.]
Ch. u. §3. fuerunt qui censerent: the proper Perf. is strictly fol- lowed by the Pres. or Perf. Subj. but the fact that the same form stands for Perf. and Aor. in Latin often leads to a confusion in the construction ; ef. § 8 tantum profecisse videmur ut vinceremur, 54 imposuistis quem timere- mus, IL 153 sates docuisse videor quanto anteiret, and exx. in P. S. Gr. § 229, where this is stated to be the prevailing idiom in C. (we have the Perf. however in § 7 praescripserit). See also Roby p. 194 n. and $1510. [Cf. Hugo Lieven Die Consecutio Temporum des Cicero Riga 1872 esp. exx. in p. 45 (2). J.S. B.]
pietas : duteous affection towards those to whom we are in any way bound, our relations, benefactors, our country, the Gods; sanctitas purity, uprightness, dignity of character, the disposition which seeks to fulfil all righteousness; religio (in its subjective meaning) a sense of obligation, not necessarily accompanied by personal attachment. The definitions given by C. himself elsewhere do not seem very applicable, e.g.
70 BOOK I CH. Il § 3.
§ 116 quae pietas et debetur a quo nihil acceperis ?......est enim pietas justitia adversum deos...... sanctitas autem est sctientia colendorum deorum where see nn.; and Top. 23 90 sanctitas=aequitas erga manes.
pure atque caste: a phrase properly used of the white garments and ceremonial washings of the sacrificer, but also of the mind, as in Div. 1 121 castus animus purusque, Leg. W 24 caste gubet lex adire ad deos, animo videlicet in quo sunt omnia.
tribuenda: not a very appropriate word in reference to what precedes (sanctitas, &c.) but the antithesis requires that the same word should be used of man and of God; see the following tributum and cf. 111 24,
ita—si : with a limiting force, ‘it is our duty to render these only on the supposition &c.’ See Holden on Of. 11 13 cetera ita legere si ea virtuti non repugnarent, Mayor’s Second Philippie p. 128, and Alanus (Allen) on Div. 110 ita exponam si vacas animo. Also cf. n. on eta ut § 54,
permanare: strictly ‘to percolate’, to find its way from some Epi- curean intermundia to the earth.
quid est quod: ‘what ground is there for’, lit. ‘what is there in respect of which’. Cf. § 22 guid erat quod concupisceret ? and 74, 117; so nihil est quod § 16, quid est cur § 115, 1117. The answer of the Epicureans is given § 45: we naturally adore the divine perfections without thought of any advantage to ourselves, see Ovid ex Pont. 11 9 23, foll.
in specie fictae simulationis : ‘in a mere empty profession’, lit. ‘the outside show of a made-up pretence’. The epithet ficta adds emphasis without introducing any new conception, as in Of. 111 39 ficta et commen- ticia fabula. The reference is to the Epicureans (see $$ 56, 115 seq. m1 3, Plut. non posse suav. p. 1102 B), but the remark applies also to C.’s friends, the Academics, see § 61, 111 5, and the polemic of Cotta throughout.
sicut—item non potest: ‘there is no room for piety any more than for the other virtues’. For wt—item see Madv. Fin. 1 48, Acad. 11 110, For the negative understood in the first clause from the second, see WV. D. 111 68 huie ut scelus, sic ne ratio quidem defuit.
quibus sublatis—confusio: this would come more naturally at the end of the sentence after tollatur, as Wyttenbach remarks ; but Lactantius quotes it (De /ra ec. 8) in relation to religion, Lpicurus religionem funditus delet, qua sublata confusio ac perturbatio vitae sequitur. We must consider therefore the following clause to be added by an afterthought, atqgue hav- ing its strong force, ‘and indeed’, On the general phrase, cf. Ac. 11 99 with Reid’s n.
§ 4. haud scio an: with its usual positive force ‘it may be that’, Roby G7. § 2256.
fides—tolatur: much the same is said of parental affection, Att. vir 2 laetor probari tibi pvoukny esse thy mpos ta téxva. Etenim haec si non est, nulla potest esse homint ad hominem naturae adjunctio, qua sublata vitae societas tollitur. On the relation of religion to morality, see 11 153, Leg. 1 43, Fin. ut 73, Off. ir 28, quae (i.e. Justice and the social virtues) gui