V. 8. ; Cordis ejus {nempe piscis , quern a

Tigri attraxerat) particulam , si super Carbones ponas, fumus ejus extricat omne genus Daemoniorum. Et ejus virtutem ex- perientia comprobavit : nam incenso jecore piscis, fugatus est Incubus, qui Saram deperiebat.
69. Respondent ad hcec communiter Theologi, quod talia agentia naturalia in- choative tantum fugant Da>monem, com- pletive autem vis supernaturalis Qei aut Angeli, ita ut virtus supernaturalis sit causa primaria, directa, et principalis, na- turalis autem secondaria, indirecta, et mi- nus principalis. Unde ad probationem, quae • supra adducta est de Ijcemone fugato a fumo Jecoris piscis incensi a Tobia, re- spondet Vallesius , De Sac. Philosoph. , c. 28., quod tali fumo indita fuit a Deo vis supernaturalis fugandi Incubum, sicut igni materiali Inferni data est virtus tor- quendi Dcemones et animas Damnatorumi Ad eamdem autem probationem respondet Lyranus, et Cornelius ad c. 6. Tob. v. 8.,
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superstitious. We have a striking instance thereof in Holy Scripture, where the Angel Raphael says to Tobit, ch. 6, v. 8, spea- king of the fish which he had drawn from the Tigris : « If thou puttest on coals a particle of its liver, the smoke thereof will drive away all kinds of De- mons. » Experience demonstrated the truth of those words ; for, no sooner was the liver of the fish set on fire, than the Incubus who was in love with Sarah was put to flight.
69. To this Theologians usually retort that such natural agents merely initiate the ejection of the Demon, and that the com- pletive effect is due to the supernatural force of God or of the Angel ; so that the supernatural force is the primary, direct and principal cause, the natural force being but secondary, indirect and subordinate. Thus, in order to explain how the liver ot the fish burnt by Tobit drove away the Demon, Vallesius asserts that the smoke thereof had been endowed by God with the supernatural power of expelling the Incu- bus, in the same manner as the material fire of Hell has the virtue of tormenting Demons and the souls of the Damned. Others, such as Lyranus and Cornelius,
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Abulentis in i. Reg. c. i6. q. 46., Pere- rius in Daniel., pag. 272., apud Cornel. loc. cit., fumum cordis piscis e.vpulisse Da^monem inchoate vi naturali, sed com- plete vi angelica et ccelesti : naturali autem impediendo actionem Dccmonis per disposi- tionem contrariam, quia hie agit per natu- rales causas et humores, quorum qualitates expugnantur a qualitatibus contrariis re- rum naturalium, qiuv dicuntur Dxmqnes fugare ; et in eadem senteniia sunt omnes loquentes de arte exorcista.
JO. Sed luxe responsio, que tamen validas habet instantias , ad plus quadrare potest contra malos Deemones obsidentes corpora, aut per malejicia inferentes ipsis cegritu- dines, aut alia incommoda, sed nullo modo facit ad propositum de Incubis : siquidem isti nec corpora obsident, nec ipsis ofjiciunt per a'gritudines habituales, sed ad plus icti- bus et percussionibus torquent. Qitod si equas coitum adversantes macras reddunt, hoc faciunt subducendo illis cibum, et hoc modo macrescere, et tandem interire eas faciunt. Ad hcec autem patranda non eget Incubus alicujus rei naturalis applicatione {qua tamen eget malus Deemon inferens agritudinem habitualem), ea enim potest ex sua vi organica naturali. Pariter Dxmon
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' profess that the smoke of the heart of the fish initiated the ejection of the Demon by native virtue, but completed it by angelical and heavenly virtue : by native virtue, in- somuch that it opposed a contrary action to that of the Demon ; for the Evil Spirit applies native causes and humours, the ■native qualities of which are combated by the contrary qualities of natural things known to be capable of driving away De- mons; that opinion is shared by all those who treat of the art of exorcisms,
70. But that explanation, however plau- sible the facts upon which it rests, can at most be received as regards the Evil Spirits which possess bodies or, through malefice, infect them with diseases or other infir- mities ; it does not at all meet the case of Incubi. For, these neither possess bodies nor infect them with diseases; they, at most, molest them by blows and ill-treatment. If they cause the mares to grow lean because of their not yielding to coition, it is merely by taking away their provender, in conse- quence of which they fall off and finally die. To that purpose the Incubus need not use a natural agent, as the Evil Spirit does when imparting a disease : it is enough that it should exert its own native organic
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malus plerumque obsidet corpora, et infert cegritudines ad signa cum ipso conventa et posita a Saga aut Malejico, quce signa multoties res naturales sunt prceditce vi nativa nocendi, quibus naturaliter resislunt alia pariter naturalia contrarice virtutis. Incubus vero non sic; quia ex se, et nulla concurrente aut Saga, aut Malejico, suas vexationes infert. Prceterea res naturales fugantes Incubos suam virtutem exercent, ac effectum sortiuntur absque interventii alicujus exorcismi aut sacra; benedictionis ; ut proinde did non possit , quod fuga In- cubi inchoative sit a virtute naturali, com- pletive autem a vi divina, quia ibi nulla particularis intervenit divini nominis invo- catio, sed est purus effectus rei naturalis, ad quern non concurrit Deus, nisi concursu universali , tanquam auctor natures, et causa universalis, et prima in ordine ejfi- cientium.
71. Duas circa hoc historias do, quarum primam habui a Confessario Molinalium, viro gravi , ac fide dignissimo. Alterius vero sum testis oculatus.
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force. Likewise, when the Evil Spirit pos- sesses bodies andinfects them withdiseases, it is most frequently through signs agreed upon with himself, and arranged by a witch or a wizard, which signs are usually natural objects, indued with their own noxious virtue, and of course opposed by other equally natural objects endowed with a contrary virtue. But not so the Incubus : it is of his own accord, and without the cooperation of either witch or wizard, that he inflicts his molestations. Besides, the natural things which put the Incubi to flight exert their virtue and bring about a result without the interventibn of any exor- cism or blessing; it cannot therefore be said that the ejection of the Incubus is ini- tiated by natural, and completed by divine virtue, since there is in this case no parti- cular invocation of the divine name, but the mere effect of a natural object, in which God cooperates only as the universal agent, the author of nature, the first of efficient causes.
71. To illustrate this subject, I give two stories, the first of which I have from a Confessor of Nuns, a man of weight, and most worthy of credit ; the second I was eye-witness to.
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In quodam Sanctimonalium monasterio degebat ad educationem Virgo qua'dam nobilis tentata ab Incubo, qui din noctuque ipsi apparebat, ipsam ad coitnm sollici- tando eniximis precibus, tamquam amasius prcE amove dementatus ; ipsa tamen semper restitit tentanti gratia Dei, ac sacramen- torum frequcntia roborata. Incassnm abiere plures devotiones, jejunia et rota facta a puella vexata, exorcismi, benedictiones, et prcecepta ab exorcistis facta Incubo, ut desisteret a molestia ilia ; nec quidquam proficiebatur multitudo reliquiarum, alia- rumque rerum benedictarum disposita in camera virginis tentata;, nec benedicta; candela; noctii ibidem ardentes impedie- bant, quominus juxta consuetum appareret ad tentandum in forma speciosissimi juye- nis. Consultus inter alios viros doctos fuit qiiidam Tlieologus magna; eruditionis : iste advertens virginem tentatam esse tem- peramenti phlegmatici a toto , conjectavit Incubum esse dannonem aqueum {dantur enim ut scribit Guaccius, Comp. Malefic, /. I. c. ig./o/. 129., Da’mones ignei, aerei, phlegmatici, terrei, subterranei, et litci- fugi), et consului, quod in camera virginis tentata^ continue feret suffimentum vapo- rosum sequens. Requirunt ollam novam figulinam vitreatam; in hac ponitur calami
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In a certain monastery of holy Nuns there lived, as a boarder, a young maiden of noble birth, who was tempted by an Incubus that appeared to her by day and by night, and with the most earnest en- treaties, the manners of a most passionate lover, incessantly incited her to sin ; but she, supported by the grace of God and the frequent use of the sacraments, stoutly resisted the temptation. But, all her devo- tions, fasts and vows notwithstanding, despite the exorcisms, the blessings, the injunctions showered by exorcists on the Incubus that he should desist from molest- ing her ; in spite of the crowd of relics and other holy objects collected in the maid- en’s room, of the lighted candles kept burning there all night, the Incubus none the less persisted in appearing to her as usual, in the shape of a very handsome young man. At last, among other learned men, whose advice had been taken on the subject, was a very erudite Theologian who, observing that the maiden was of a tho- roughly phlegmatic temperament, surmised that that Incubus was an aqueous Demon (there are in fact, as is testified by Guac- cius, igneous, aerial, phlegmatic, earthly, subterranean demons who avoid the light of day), and prescribed an uninterrupted
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aromatici, cubebarum seminis, arisiolochice utriusque radicum, cardamomi majoris et minoris, gingiberis, piperis longi, caryo- phyllorum , cinnamomi, canellce caryo- phyllatcc , 7tiacis^ micum myristicarum , styracis calamitcc, benqoini, ligni ac radi- cis rodice, ligni aloes, triasantalorum una iincia, semiaquce vitce libra' tres ; ponitur olla supra cineres calidas ut vapor su/fi- menli ascendat, et cella clausa tenetur. Facto sufjimento advenit dentio Incubus, sed ingredi cellam nunquam ausus est: sed si tentata extra earn ibat, et per viridarium ac claustra spatiabatur, aliis invisibilis si- bi visus apparebat Incubus, et puellce collo inject is brachiis violenter, ac quasi furtive oscula rapiebat : quod molest issimum hone- sta’virginierat. Consultus denuo Theologus ille ordinavit puellce, ut deferret pixidulas unguentarias exquisitorum odorum, ut mos- chi, ambrce, qibetti, balsatni Peruviani, ac ^ aliorum compositoriim ; quod cum fecisset, deambulanti per viridarium puellce apparuit Incubus fad minaci, ac furenti; non tamen ad illam approximavit, sed digitum sibi mo- mordit tanquam meditans vindictam; tan- dem disparuit, nec amplius ab ea visus fuit.
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fumigation in the room.A newvessel, made ofglass-like earth, was accordingly brought in, and filled with sweet cane, cubeb seed, roots of both aristolochies, great and small cardamon, ginger, long-pepper, caryophyl- lete, cinnamon, cloves, mace, nutmegs, calamite storax, benzoin, aloes-wood and roots, one ounce of triasandalis, and three pounds of half brandy and water ; the vessel was then set on hot ashes in order to force up the fumigating vapour, and the cellwas kept closed. As soon as the fumigation was done, the Incubus came, but never dared enter the cell ; only, if the maiden left it for a walk in the garden or the cloister, he appeared to her, though invisible to others and throwing his arms round her neck, stole or rather snatched kisses from her, to her intense disgust. At last, after a new consultation, the Theologian prescribed that she should carry about her person pills made of the most exquisite perfumes, such as musk, amber, chive, Peruvian balsam, and others. Thus provided, she went for a walk in the garden, where the Incubus suddenly appeared to her with a threatening face, and in a rage. He did not approach her, however, but, after biting his finger as if meditating revenge, dis- appeared and was never more seen by her.
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72. Alia historia est, quod in Conventu Magnce Cartusice Ticinensis, fuit quidam Diaconus, nomine dictus Augustinus , maximas, ac inauditas, et pene incredibi- les sustinens a quodam Dcemone vexatio- nes; quce tolli nullo remedio spirituali (quamvis plura juxta plures exorcistas, qui liberationem, sed incassum tentarunt, fuissent adhibita) potuerunt. Me consuluit illius Conventus vicarius, qui curam di- vexati, utpote Clerici, ex officio habebat. Ego videns frustranea fuisse consueta exorcismorum remedia, exemplo historian suprarecensitce consului sufidmenlum si- mile superiori, utque divexatus pixidulas odoramentorum supradictas deferret; et quia tabacchi usum habebat, et aqua vitce delectabatur, suasi ut et tabaccho et aqua vita- moschata uteretur. Da;mon illi appa- rebat diu noctuque ultra alias species, puta scheleti , suis, asini , Angeli , avis, modo in forma unius, modo alterius ex suis ReUgiosis, et semel in forma sui Prcelati, nempe Prioris, qui hortatus est
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72. Here is the other story. In the great Carthusian Friary of Pavia there lived a Deacon, Austin by name, who was subject- ed by a certain Demon to excessive, un- heard of and scarcely credible vexations ; although many exorcists had made repeat- ed endeavours to secure his riddance, all spiritual remedies had proved unavailing.
I was consulted by the Vicar of the convent, who had the cure of the poor clerk. Seeing the inefficacy of all customary exorcisms, and remembering the above-related in- stance, I advised a fumigation like unto the one that has been detailed, and prescribed that the Deacon should carry about his person fragrant pills of the same kind ; moreover, as he was in the habit of using tobacco, and was very fond of brandy, I advised tobacco and brandy perfumed with musk. The Demon appeared to him by day and by night, under various shapes, as a skeleton, a pig, an ass, an Angel, a bird ; with the figure of one or other of the Friars, once even with that of his own Abbot or Prior, exhorting him to keep his conscience clean, to trust in God, to con- fess frequently; he persuaded him to let him hear his sacramental confession, reci- ted with him the psalms Exsurgat Deus and Qui habitat, and the Gospel according
i3
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vexatum ad puritatem conscientice, ad con- fidentiam in Deum, et ad frequentiam confessionis ; siiasit nt sibi sacramentalem confessionem faceret, quod etiam fecit; et expost Psalmos Exsurgat Deus et Qui ha- bitat, et mox Evangelium S. Joannis si- mul cum vexato recitavit, et ad ea verba Verbum caro factum est genujlexit, et accepta stola, quce in cella erat, et asper- gilto aqu(X benedictce benedixit cellce, ac lecto vexati, et ac si revera fuisset ipsius Prior prceceptum fecit Dcetnoni,ne auderet ilium suum subditum amplius divexare, et post hcec disparuit, sicque prodidit quis- nam esset : aliter vexatus ilium suum Prcelatum esse reputaverat. Postquam igi- tur suffimentum, ac odores, iit supra dic- tum est, consulueram, non destitit Dcemon juxta solitum apparere ; imo assumpta fi- gura vexati fuit ad cameram Vicarii, et ab eo petiit aquam vitce, ac tabaccum moschatum, dicens sibi talia valde placere. Vicarius utrilmque illi dedit : quibus accep- tis disparuit in momenta, quo facto cogno- vit Vicarius se fuisse illusum a Da;mone tali pacto : quod magis confirmavit asser- tum vexati, qui cum juramento affirmavit, se ilia die nullo modo fuisse in cella Vica- rii. Iste mihi totum retulit, et ex tali facto conjeci Dcemonem ilium non fuisse aqueum,
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to St John : and when they came to the words Verhum caro factum est, he bent his knee, and taking hold of a stole which was in the . cell, and of the Holy-water sprinkle, he blessed the cell and the bed, and, as if he had really been the Prior, en- joined on the Demon not to venture in future to molest his subordinate ; he then disappeared, thus betraying what he was, for otherwise the young deacon had taken him for his Prior, Now, notwithstanding the fumigations and perfumes I had pre- scribed, the Demon did not desist from his wonted apparitions ; more than that, as- suming the features of his victim, he went to the Vicar’s room, and asked for some to- bacco and brandy perfumed with musk, of which, said he, he was extremely fond. Having received both, he disappeared in the twinkling of an eye, thus showing the Vicar that he had been played with by the Demon; and this was amply confirmed by the Deacon, who affirmed upon his oath that he had not gone that day to the Vicar’s cell. All that having been related to me, I inferred that, far from being aqueous like the Incubus who was in love with the maid- en above spoken of, this Demon was igneous, or, at the very least, aerial, since he delighted in hot substances such as
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ut erat Incubus, qtii virginem ad coitiim sollicitabat , ut dictum supra est , sed igneum, vel ad minus aereum, ex quo gau- debat vaporibus, ac odoribus, tabacco, et aqua vitce, quce calida sunt. Et conjecturce vim addidit temperamentum divexati.quod erat colericum quo ad pra’dominium cum subdominio, tamen sanguineo. Dxmones enim tales non accedunt nisi ad eos, qui secum in temperamento symboliqant ; ex quo validatur opinio mea de illorum cor- poreitate. Unde suasi Vicario, ut acciperet herbas natura frigidas., ut nympha’am, hepaticam, portulacam , mandragoram, sempervivam, plantaginem , hyoscyamum, et alias similes, et ex Us compositiim fas- ciculum /enestrce, alium ostio cellce sus- penderet ; similibusque herbis, turn camc- ram, turn lectum divexati sterneret. Mi- rum dictu! comparuit denuo Dcemon, ma- nens tamen extra cameram, nec ingredi voluit, et cum divexatus ilium interrogas- set, quare dc more intrare non auderet, multis verbis injuriosis jactatis contra me, qui talia consulueram, disparuit’, nec am- plius reversus est.
73. Ex his duabus historiis apparet ta- les odores, et herbas respective sua natu- rali virtute, nullaque interveniente vi su-
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vapours, perfumes, tobacco and brandy. Force was added to my surmises by the temperament of the young deacon, which was choleric and sanguine, choler predo- minating however ; for, those Demons never approach but those whose tempera- ment tallies with their own : another con- firmation of my sentiment regarding their corporeity. I therefore advised the Vicar to let his penitent take herbs that are cold by nature, such as water-lily, liver-wort, spurge, mandrake, house-leek, plantain, henbane, and others similar, make two little bundles of them and hang them up, one at his window, the other at the door of his cell, taking care to strow some also on the floor and on the bed. Marvellous to say! The Demon appeared again, but remained outside the room, which he would not enter; and, on the Deacon in- quiring of him his motives for such unwont- ed reserve, he burst out into invectives against me for giving such advice, disap- peared, and never came again.
73. The two stories I have related make it clear that, by their native virtue alone, perfumes and herbs drove away Demons
i3.
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1 5o
pernatiirali Dcemones propulisse; unde convincitur quod Incubi patiuntur a quali- tatibus materialibus, ut proinde concludi debeat, quod communicant in materia cum iis rebus naturalibus, a quibus fugantur, et ex consequenti corpore sint prcediti, quod est intentum.
74. Et magis conclusio Jirmatur, si impugnetur sententia Doctorum supraci- tatorum, dicentium, Incubum abaction a Sara fuisse vi Angeli Raphaelis, non vero jecoris piscis callionymi, qualis fuit piscis a Tobiaappreliensus ad ripam Tigris, utcum Vallesio, Sacr. Philos., c. 42., scribit Cor- nelius a Lap. in Tob. c. 6. v. 2., § Quarto ergo : salva enim tantorum Doctorum reverentia, talis expositio manifeste ad- versatur sensui patenti Textus, a quo nullo modo recedendion est dummodo non se- quantur absurda. En verba Angeli ad Tobiam : « Cordis ejus particulam , si » super Carbones ponas, fumus ejus extri- » cat omne genus Dasmoniorum , sive a » viro, sive a mulierc, ita ut ultra non ac- » cedant ad eos, et fel valet ad unguendos » oculos, in quibus fuerit albugo, 6t sana- » buntur. » (Tob., c. 6. v. 8. et 9.) No- tetur, quceso, assertio Angeli absoluta, et
Demoniality 1 5 1
without the intervention of any supernat- ural force; Incubi are therefore subject to material conditions, and it must be inferred that they participate of the matter of the natural objects which have the power of putting them to flight, and consequently they have a body ; that is what was to be shown.
74. But, the better to establish our con- clusion, it behoves to impugn the mistake into which have fallen the Doctors above- quoted, such as Vallesius and Cornelius a Lapide, when they say that Sarah was rid from the Incubus by the virtue of the Angel Raphael, and not by that of the calliony- mous fish caught by Tobit on the banks of the Tigris. Indeed, saving the reverence due to such great doctors, such a construc- tion manifestly clashes with the clear mea- ning of the Text, from which it is never justifiable to deviate, so long as it does not lead to absurd consequences. Here are the words spoken by the Angel to Tobias ; « If thou puttest on coals a particle of its heartj the smoke thereof will expel all kinds of Demons, whether from man or woman , so that they shall never return , and its gall is good for anointing eyes that have whiteness . and healing them. »
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universalis de virtute cordis, seu jecoris, et fellis illius piscis : non enim dicit : Si pones particulas cordis ejus super carbones, fu- gabis omne genus Dfemoniorum, et si felle unges oculos, in quibus fuerit albugo, sanabuntur : si enim ita dixisset, congrua esset expositio, quod nempe Raphael su- pernaturali sua virtute illos effectus pa- trasset, ad quos perjiciendos inepta esset applicatio fumi , et fellis : sed non ita loquitur, sed ait talem esse virtutem fumi, et fellis absolute.
yS. Qiicero modo, an Angelas veritatem puram dixerit de virtute rerum, an men- tiri potuerit ; pariter an albugo ab oculis Tobice senioris ablata sit vi naturali fellis piscis, aut virtute supernaturali Angeli Raphaelis? Angelum mentiri potuisse bla- sphemia hcereticalis est; sequitur igitur puram veritatem fuisse ab eo assertam; talis autem non esset, si omne genus Dce- moniorum non extricaretur a fumo jecoris piscis nisi addita vi supernaturali Angeli, maxime, si hcec esset causa principalis ta-
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(Tobit, c. 6, V. 8 and 9). Pray notice that the Angel’s assertion respecting the virtue of the heart or liver and gall of that fish is absolute, universal ; for, he does not say : « If thou puttest on coals particles of its heart, thou wilt put to flight all kinds of Demons, and if thou anointest with its gall eyes that have a whiteness, they shall be heal- , ed. » If he had thus spoken , I could agree with the construction that Raphael had brought about, by his own supernatural virtue, the effects which the mere applica- tion of the smoke and the gall might not have sufficed to produce : but he does not speak thus, and, on the contrary, says absolutely, that such is the virtue of the smoke and the gall.
75. It may be asked whether the Angel spoke the precise truth regarding the virtue of those things, or whether he might have lied ; and likewise, whether the whiteness W'as withdrawn from the eyes of the elder Tobit by the native force of the gall of the fish, or by the supernatural virtue of the Angel Raphael? To say that the Angel could have lied would be an heretical bla- sphemy; he therefore spoke the precise truth ; but it would no longer be so if all kinds of Demons were not expelled by the
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Us effectus, quemadmodum scribunt de hoc casu Doctores. Mentiretur -absque dubio medicus qui diceret : talis herba curat ta~ liter pleuritidem, sive epilepsiam, ut am- plius non revertatur : si herba ilia non curaret illas cegritudines nisi inchoate, et perfecta illarum sanatio esset ab alia herba conjuncta priori ; sic pari modo mentitus fuisset Raphael, asserens fumum jecoris extricare omne genus Dcemoniorum ita ut ultra non accedant, si talis effectus esset a fumo solum inchoate, principaliter vero, et perfecte a virtute Angeli. Pra;terea talis fuga Dcemonis, vel secutura erat universa- liter, et semper posito jecore piscis super Carbones a quoquam, vel debebat sequi in illo solummodo casu particulari, jecore incusso a junior e Tobia. Si primum, ergo oportet, quod cuicumque talem fumum per accensionem jecoris par anti, assistat An- geltis qui supernaturali virtute Dcemo- nem miraculose abigat regulariter; et hoc est absurdum; ad positionem enim rei na- turalis deberet regulariter sequi miracu- lum, quod est incongruum, et si absque Angeli operatione fuga Dcemonis non se- queretur, mentitus fuisset Raphael asse- rens earn esse virtutem jecoris. Si autem effectus ille sequi non debeat, nisi in illo casu particulari, mentitus fuisset Angelus
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smoke of the liver of the fish, unless aided by the supernatural force of the Angel, and especially, if such aid was the principal cause of the effect produced, as the Doc- tors assert in th& present case. It would doubtless be a lie if a physician should say : such an herb radically cures pleurisy or epilepsy, and if it should only begin the cure, the completion of which required the addition of another herb to the one first used; in the same manner, Raphael would have lied when averring that the smoke of the liver expelled all kinds of demons, so that they should not return, if that result had been only begun by the smoke, and its completion had been principally due to the virtue of the Angel. Besides, that flight of the demon was either to take place univer- sally and by any one whomsoever putting the liver of the fish on the coals, or else it was only to occur in that particular case, the younger Tobit putting the liver on. In the first hypothesis , any person making that smoke by burning the liver should be assisted by an Angel, who, through his supernatural virtue should expel the De- mons miraculously and regularly at the same time ; which is absurd ; for, either words have no meaning, or a natural fact cannot be regularly followed by a miracle;
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enuncians universaliter virtutem piscis, in fugando omni Dcemoniorum genere, quod non est dicendunt.
76, Ulterius albugo oculorum detracta est ab oculis Tobice senioris, et ipsitis ccecitas sanata est a virtute naturali fellis piscis illius, lit Doctores affirmant {Liran. Dyoni- sius ; et Seraci. apud Cornel. inTobi., c. 6.