C. Laelius ; he was au iutimate friend of the elder Africauus.

31. munere quodam necessitatis : i.e. a fuuctiou imposed by necessity.
32. est animus caelestis, etc. : tho sonl isfrom heaven ; animus is furthcr modified by the participle depressus, 'lowered.'
33. 1. quasi demersus : quasi apologizes for the figure ; demergo ordiuarily applies to what is sunk iu water.
4. qui terras tuerentur : to care for, protect, the earth, lit. lands. Cf. Cic. de Kepublica, VI, 15, 15, homines hac lege sunt generati, qui tuerentnr iJhnn glohum quem in hoc templo medium vides, quae terra vocatur.
caeleBtixua : = caelestium rerum ; of celestial things; on the
112 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
rare substantive use of neuter adjectives outside of the nominative and accusative, cf. note on p. 2, 1. 8.
6. ratio, disputatio: 7'eflection, discussion.
7. nobilitas : reputation.
8. Pythagoram: see note on p. 10, 1. 21.
9. incolas paene nostros : tlie seat of tlie Pythagorean school ■was Crotona in southern Italy.
qui essent nominati : this clause seems to be introduced merely as an explanation of the speaker, and as such would naturally have stood in the indicative. The subjunctive indicates tliat it is here felt to be a part of the indirect discourse.
n. ex universa mente divina : i.e. from the world-soul.
delibatos : i.e. souls which are emanations of tlie world-soul ; deliho literally means to take a taste or a sip of sometliing ; then figuratively to draio, pluck, gather.
12. haberemus : in Englisli we should use the present ; but in Latin even subordinate clauses expressing general trutlis conform to the sequence of tenses.
quae . . . disseruisset : implied indirect discourse, — the views which Socrates loas said to have setforth. A. & G. 341 ; B. 323.
13. immortalitate animorum : note tlie plural in animorum.
14. esset iudicatus : Subjunctive by Attraction ; the clause is an integral part of the clause on which it depends. A. & G. 342 ; B. 324, 1; 11.529, II. 1).
15. Quid multa : sc. dicam. Cf. quid opus est plura, p. 2, 1. 19. sic persuasi mihi, sic sentio : sic is explained by what follows.
The arguments for the soul's immortality are four in number:
(1) Its capacity {cum tanta celeritas, etc).
(2) Its original activity (cumque agitetur, etc).
(3) Its indivisibility (ciun simplex animi esset natura, etc).
(4) Its preexistence {scire pleraque ante quam, etc).
16. celeritas: i.f?. the rapidity of thouglit.
17. memoria praeteritorum futurorumque prudentia: note the chiastic arrangement. On the substantive use of praeteritorum and futurorum, see note on caelestium in line 4. Observe that prudentia here has its primitive meaning of ' foresight.'
18. tot artes: such as rhetoric, music, geometry, astronomy, etc ; each of these was an ars, — ars rhetorica, ai^s musica, etc
NOTES 113
tantae scientiae : so many hranches of knoicledge ; the plural of scientia is extremely rare, but its occurrence is justified by the neighboring phirals, tot arte», tot inventa.
20. semper agitetur: is always artive ; agitHur has here a reflexive or uiiddle sense, — lit. moves itself; cf. erecta, p, 22, 1. 25.
21. quia se ipse moveat: this is said in justification of the previous statement nec principium motus haheat^ and does not refer at all to agitetur.
ne finem quidem, etc. : no end of motion either.
22. numquam sit relicturus: ahnost e^iuivalent to 'can never leave. '
23. cum simplez animi esset : the previous dependent clauses (beginning with 1. 10) ; cum sit, quae contineat, cumque agitetur, quia moveat, quia sit relicturiis, have all depended upon persuasi taken as a principal tense, but with hne 23 persuasi conies to be felt as historical ; hence the secondary sequence in esset, haheret, posse, foUowed, however, by a return to primary sequence in nati sint, discant, etc. In English we should render the imperfects of this passage by presents.
simplez: i.e. as opposed to composite.
24. dispar atque dissimile : for the combination of synonyms, see note on p. 15, 1. 5.
25. quod si non posset : and if U (the soul) cannot, i.e. can- not be divided ; with i)osset supply dividi f rom the preceding (/jt?/ posset.
non posse interire : sc. animum.
20. magnoque esse argumento : and (I am convinced, —per- suasi mihi) that it is (for) a great argument, viz. in favor of the immortality of the soul ; the subject of esse is homines scire, etc. ; i.e. knowledge anterior to birth is a great argument.
27. quod pueri iam discant: this gives the reason, not for men's foreknowledge, but for our feeling assured of such fore- knowledge. The force of the clause may best be seen in the follow- ing free paraphrase of the wliole passage, beginning with magnoque argumento : ' and I am convinced that a strong argument in favor of iramortality is furnished by the fact that men know many things before they are born, — and that they do is clear, because cliildreu, when they are learning difficult subjects, lay hold of innumerable
114 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
things so rapidly that they seem not to be learning them then for the first time, but to be remembering and recalling them.'
30. haec Platonis fere : these are suhstantially (the arguments) ofPlato ; tliey are taken chiefly from Plato's Phaedo and Phaedrus.
31. autem: again ; used to introduce other arguments in sup- port of the sours immortality.
32. Cynis maior : Cyrus the Elder ; see note on p. 13, 1. 11. haec dicit: the passage is in the Cyropaedia, VIII, 7, 17.
Though attributed to Cyrus, these views are really Xenophon's, and were gathered by him from the teachings of Socrates, like those of Plato above enumerated. 34. 2. nuUum: non-existent ; cf. nullus, p. 31, 1. 34.
4. Eundem esse : that it still exists.
5. creditote : f or the use of the f uture tense here, see note on attribuito, p. 2, 1. 17.
nuUum : here equivalent to non.
Nec clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent : i.e. the souls of great men after deatli consciously endeavor to keep alive their fame among posterity ; only so, it is urged, can we account for the perpetuation of their glory,
7. quo teneremus : we should have expected ut teneremus, itt being the regular particle to introduce a substantive clause after efficio ; quo, however, occurs occasionally for ut when tlie substan- tive clause contains a comparative, as here. Cf. Pliny, Epistles, VI, 19, quo sint plura venalia efficiunt. The usage is doubtless influenced by the employment of quo for ut in clauses of pure purpose which contain a comparative.
8. Mihi quidem numquam persuaderi potuit: / at least could never be convinced, lit. it could never be convinced to me.
9. dum essent, cum excessissent, cum evasisset, cum coepisset: in Latin all these clauses, following the principle for the ' sequence of tenses,' stand in the iiiiperfect and pluperfect, since vivere, taking its time from potuit, is liistorical; in English we should use the present and perfect, viz. while they are, when they have departed, when it has gone out, when it has begun. Similarly we should render vivere, emori, etc, by the present, — live, die, etc. Note the adversative asyndeton in vivere, emori, — live while they are in the body, but die when they have departed.
N0TE8 115
10. insipientem : without consciousness.
13. tum esse sapientem : is then retdly conscious ; esse de- pends upon mihi persnasmn est to be supplied in thouglit froni viihi numquam persuaderi potuit.
14. ceterarum rerum: dependent upon quaeque ; ceterarum means Hherest' as opposed to animus ; for this proleptic use of ceteri, cf. ceteris, p. 2, 1. 8.
18. Atqui : noio. 22. colitote : venerate.
24. hanc omnem pulcbritudinem : i.e. all this beautiful universe.
26. servabitis : the future indicative, as often, has here the force of an imperative.
27. nostra: i.e. views of our own countrymen as opposed to those of a foreigner like Cyrus.
31. multos : here as elsewhere for multos alins.
32. tanta esse conatos : loould have attempted so great enttr- prises ; we should have expected conaturos fuisse, since the in- finitive represents the apodosis of a condition contrary-to-fact in indirect discourse. A. & G. 337, 6, 2; B. 321, 2, a ; H. 527, III.
quae . . . pertinerent : the clause expresses purjxise, — to have to do icith the memory of posterity, i.e. deeds which they intended should have to do with posterity.
35. 1. nisi cemerent: had they not discerned; in conditions contrary-to-fact, the imperfect subjunctive is used in preference to the pluperfect, to denote a continued action belonging to past time. A. and G. 308, a; B. 304, 2; 11. 510, N. 2. Tlie same thought occurs also in Cicero's oration for Archias, § 28 f.
2. An censes: yoti donH think, do you. Wlien by the ellipsls of the first member of a double question an stands alone, its force must be determined from the context ; here an ■= num ; p. 7, 1, 28, it was equivalent to nonne. B. 102, 4, a.
ut aliquid glorier : to hoast a hit ; cf. idem gloriari, p. 14, 1. 1.
4. si essem terminaturus : Cato really means si credidissem me terminaturum esse.
6. otiosam : see note on otiosa, p. 21, 1. 18.
8. nescio quo modo : somehow.
116 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
9. ita : correlative witli the following quasi, as p. C, 1. 18.
cum excessisset: the subjunctive is purely the result of attraction.
10. victurus esset : i.e. truly live. Cf. p. 32, 28.
quod ni ita se haberet : unless it were so ; quod is further ex- plaincd by tlie appositional clause ut . . . essent; on ni see note on p. 20, 1. 10.
11. ut animi immortales essent : that souls are immortal ; for the imperfect, see note on p. 18, 1. 18, possemus.
12. haud niteretur and haud retraxerint (line 22, below) : in his orations, Cicero confines the use of haud to adjectives, adverbs, and the verb scio ; in the philosophical writings it occure with other verbs, as here.
optimi cuiusque animus : the souls of all the best men, lit. the soul of each hest man.
maxime niteretur : i.e. strive in proportion to their strength of character, hence the best men the most earnestly.
immortalitatem et gloriam : hendiadys.
13. Quid, quod : xohat of thefact that ?
15. iniquissimo : sc. animo ; loith thegreatest reluctance. qui plus cernat et longius : which sees deeper and farther ; for the force of plus, cf. note on p. 5, 1. 26.
17. illeautem: i.e. ille animus. non videre : to fail to see.
18. eiferor : / am carried away.
19. aveo : used of intense and eager longing ; cf. avidus.
20. cognovi : I have known,
21. quo quidem, etc. : and xohen I set out for them; quo here = ad quos, just as tmde often = a quibus, a quo.
22. retraxerit, recoxerit : Potential Subjunctive, but differing only slightly in force from a future indicative.
tamquam Peliam recoxerit: hoil me back to life again like Felias. Cicero seems to have confounded Pelias with Aeson ; it was the latter wliom Medea restored to life by boiling.
23. ex hac aetate: at (lit. from) my present time of life.
24. repuerascam : only here apparently in this sense ; the clause ut repnerascam is the object of largiatur.
25. quasi decurso spatio ad carceres a calce revocari:
NOTES 117
quasi modifies the entire expression, — o/lfer finishing the rottrae to be recalled from the goal to the starting-point, so to speak. The comparison is borrowed from the race-course ; carceres were the stalls at the end of tlie course, from which the chariots started ; the calx (lit. lime) was a chalk-line marking the limit of the race.
qnid laboris : sc. habet.
27. Sed habeat sane : biit grant that it rcalhj has (adran- tages); habeat is a Jussive Subjunctive with concessive force.
A. & G. 200, c ; B. 278 ; II. 484. III.
29. et ei docti : and, those too, philosophers.
36. 1. Commorandi, non habitandi: /or tarrying at, notfor dwelling in ; a peculiar use of the genitive of the gerund to denote purpose.
6. ad Catonem memn : i.e. his son, mentioned p. 8, 1. 1.
nemo vir : a stronger nemo ; sometimes we find nemo homo.
8. quod contra, etc. : lohereas on the conlrary mine onght to have been burned by him ; quod is governed by contra, lit. opposite to which ; on the anastrophe of the preposition see A. & G. 208, N. ;
B. 144, 3; II. 509, II. 1. See Critical Appendix.
9. memn : i.e. meum corpus cremari. animus : i.e. the soul of his son.
10. quo : = ad quae, as above, p. 35, 1. 21.
mihi ipsi esse veniendum : that I myselfmust come. 12. non quo aequo animo ferrem : not that I bore it icith resignation. A. & G. 321, K. ; B. 280, 1, b ; H. 510, 2.
14. digressum et discessum : parting and separation ; the synonyms as p. 15, 1. 5.
His rebus : emphatic by position, — these are the things wherehy old age is easy to me.
15. id : emphatic, — for Hwas that you said yo\i wondered at ; id anticipates levis est senectus.
17. in hoc : explained by the foUowing (/7«'-clause, — in this, viz. that Ibelieve the souls ofmen to be immortal.
18. mihi : Dative of Separation, 20. mortuus : when dead.
ut censent: modifying nihil sentiam.
quidam minuti philosophi : certain petty philosophers ; the
118 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
reference is to the Epicureans, who denied the immortality of the soul.
nihil sentiam : i.e. have no consciousness.
21. philosophi mortui irrideant : they will be unable to scoff if death brings annihilation, for they too will be annihilated.
25. peractio tamquam fabulae : the last act of a play, so to speak ; peractio is f ound only here.
28. Haec babui quae dicerem : this was what Ihad to say on old age ; haec is emphatic ; qnae dicerem is a clause of purpose.
29. re eacperti : by actual experience^ lit. experiencing it infact; re is opposed to quae audivistis.
CRITICAL APPENDIX
TnE best critical edition of the de Senectute is that by C. F. W. Miiller in the Teubner edition of Cicero'8 Works. Leipsic, 1879. Muller's edition was based upon the foUowing Mss. :
Leidensis (L), at Leyden.
Parisinus (P), at Paris.
3 Monacenses (BIS), at Munich.
Erfurtensis (E), at Erfurt.
Bernensis (N), at Berne.
2 Rhenaugienses (RQ), at Rheinau.
Since the publication of Muller's edition the following new manuscript material has become available :
2 Leidenses (V, v).
Ashburnhamensis ( Ashb) .
Harleianus 2682 (H).
Bruxellensis (Br), along with some others of less importance. Dahl has also published a new recension of P and some of the inferior Paris Mss.
L and P are traditionally regarded as the best Mss., so much so that their agreement has been thought to indicate the true read- ing with great certainty. But they repeatedly agree in readings deraonstrably false, and the whole subject of the relative impor- tance of PL as compai*ed with other Mss., as well as of the rela- tion of the Mss. to each other, is one that still awaite satisfactory settlement.
1, 1. te:^ te is supported by scant Ms. authority, most Mss. reading ego. ^eid thinks Cicero wrote erjo and that te crept into
iThis appendix is devoted chiefly to a discussion of the passages (some fifty in nuraber) where I have deviated froni the textof Miillcr ; also to a coDsideration of passages whose interpretation is disputed. 119
120 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
the few Mss. having that reading from the te of line 2, immedi- ately below. But erjo, if read here, would necessarily be emphatic, and an emphatic ego is distinctly out of place in this passage. I have consequently preferred te^ at variance with nearly all recent editors. It is not impossible that quid te became quit te, and this again, by haplography, quit e, which was interpreted as quit (i.e. quid) ego ; or ego may have been the arbitrary alteration of some copyist who failed to see the construction of te.
17. me ipsum : me etiam ipsum is the reading of L and is adopted by Sommerbrodt, Miiller, and most subsequent editors ; but the locution et . . . et etiam is an extremely unusual one. Merguet, in his Lexikon zu den Phil. Schrifteu des Cicero, I, p. 860 b, cites three instances, but none of them is at all parallel to the present passage. The two instances of et . . . et etiam occurring in the Speeches, pro Plancio, 91, and pro Murena, 45, are also quite different.
2. 6. laudari satis digne : the reading of most Mss. ; LE have digne satis laudari, a reading adopted by Sommerbrodt and Miiller. But in Cicero's Speeches and Philosophical Works, according to Merguefs Lexika, no instance occurs where satis is postponed after adjectives or adverbs. Verr. I, 82 we find satis digne persequi ; post red. in Sen. 19 satis digne loquetur.
11. Ceus : this was the Ciceronian orthography. Cius belongs to the time of the Empire. See Georges Lexikon der lat. Wort- formen, s.v. Similarly Cicero wrote Antiochea, Alexandrea.
31. potest malum videri : this is the reading of most Mss. ; L has malum potest videri, followed by Muller. But this violates Cicero's diction : with potest videri a predicate adjective always stands immediately before videri.
3. 1. adeptam: the Mss. vary between adepti ahd adeptam. I have adopted adeptam as the difficilior lectio.
9. nulla consolatione : most Mss. read consolatio ; but con- solatione has the support of EI, and is demanded by the sense.
15. discriptae: the Mss. waver between discriptae an d de. tae. Keid prefers descriptam in the sense of ' written out,' ' worked out' ; but actumfahulae descrihere, so far as I am able to discover, could mean only ' to transcribe (from a copy).'
20. Quid est enim, etc. : the favorite interpretation of this pas-
CRITICAL APPENDIX 121
sage is : ' For what is waging war with thc Gods after the manner of the Giants, if rebellion against Nature is not.' It is perfectly true that tlie Latin might mean that ; but there is nothing to restrict us to that view. To me the interpretation given in the commentary seems the more natural. After defending it with classes for some years, I have recently discovered that it was advocated by Nauck nearly half a century ago.
4. 28. esses: this is the reading of all Mss. but LE. Reid objects to esses on the groundthat tlie quick succession oifuissem, esses, ftdsses is un-Ciceronian. Tiiis is doubtless true ; but I am inclined to think that perspicuity demands esses, and this consider- ation would liave been paramount with Cicero.
5. 25. Noenum : noennm (Lachmann's conjecture for non enim of the Mss.) is commonly explained as the original of n5n; but such an etymology is phonetically difficult ; noenum would have become nunum (just as early Latin oitilis became Htilis), but not nonum, non. Scholars now explain non as consisting of no (a by- form of ne) + the asseverative -ne, seen for example in Plautus in Tune, 'yes, you.'
26. plusque : Bernays' conjecture for postque of the Mss. Many editors retain postque and interpret ' both afterwards and more especially now' ; but this does violence to the language. Such an idea, moreover, would have been extremely unnatural.
29. fuerat in arce : most Mss. read fugerat in arce, except that L and Br have fuerat and V has fuerat. Of recent editors, Anz, Kornitzer, Schiche, Sommerbrodt, all write fuerat in arce. Miiller and others read fugerat in arcem, but in arcem fttgere seems a strange expression for withdrawing from the walls of a town to the citadel.
6. 21. Quorsus : the reading of all Mss. but L.
26. quiete et pure atque eleganter : Reid's note on the use of connectives in this passage has been widely copied by subse- quent editors. Reid maintains that in enumerations of the form A + (Bi 4- B2) the -f outside the bracket is expressed by et, the -|- inside by atque (ac). But the instances oi et . . . atque cited by Merguet, Lexikon zu den philosophi.schen Schriften, fail in a num- ber of cases to support this view.
30. quarto et nonagesimo : Reid writes quarto nonageaimo^
122 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
stating that et is omitted by Cicero iii expressions of tliis kind when the smaller nuuiber precedes, except wheu it is unus. Yet Reid himself reads tertiiis et tricesimus iu de Seu. 19, and quartum et octogesimum, de Sen. 32, and Merguefs Lexika show tliat et is never omitted by Cicero iu the Orations in expressions of this type, aud only once iu the Pliilosophical Works, viz. de Officiis, II, 29, sexto tricesimo, and here it is so likely that et should have fallen out between -o and t-, that, iu view of Cicero's prevailing usage, I should unhesitatingly write sexto et tricesimo for that passage.
7. 12. undevicesimo : Miiller writes xmdevicensimo on the authority of L alone.
16. suasi : the Mss. read suasissein, except P and H 2682. Of these H 2082 has sitasisset and P seems origiually to have had the same reading, the final m being plainly a correction of some other letter. Now the reading suasisset points clearly to an earlier suasi. set, i.e. suasi. Sed. (Final (Z ofteu appears as « iu Mss.) The indicative is the natural constructiou liere. Hale, CM7n-Con- structious, p. 189, felt tlie difficulties of suasissem, though he defends it.
23. omnibus fere : Miiller, with most Mss., reads/ere omnibus; PE have omnihus fere. The latter is probably the true reading, as shown by the fact that in the twenty or raore instances in Cicero's Orations and Philosophical Works, in wliich omnis limiting a sub- stantive is modified by fere, fere iuvariably follows. See the Merguet Lexika.
8. 17. Bimilesque sunt ut si qui : to the similar uses cited by other editors, I would add Plautus, Cistellaria, 472, Simile est ius lurandum amantum qnasi ius confusicium.
21. Non facit ea, etc. : most Mss. read in impVh nonfaciat ea, quae iuvenes, at . . . fac.iat. But V has non facit, while vS have meliora facit. Assuming that Cicero wrote facit . . . facit, it is easy to see liow the formcr facit could have been changed to the subjunctive by some copyist wlio imagined the clause to be a continuation of the previous subjunctive clauses. The second facit, stauding immediately under the first, might then easily have become corrupted to faciat. Mtiller reads /aciaf . . . faciat, and expresses amazement at the attitude of reccnt editors, most of whom read facit \n one or both places. Muller evidently takes
CRITICAL APPENDIX 123
iuvenes as referring to the crew, but nothing has been said to indi- cate that the gubernatur was a sencx, whereas the point of the whole passage is to assert (wliat lias just been denied in the words : in re gerenda versari senectutem negant) tliat old age (the antith- esis of iuvenes) does do something.
2i. quibus non modo non orbari, sed etiam augeri senectus solet : with augeri some editors take quibns as Ablative of Means ; augere, in the sense of ' endow,' ' make great,' may take an Ablative of Means, but here the notion is ' to be increased, made greater,' so that the Ablative seems rather one of Specification.
29. et quo modo ; Karthagini, etc. : Miiller marks a lacuna after quo moclo ; I share his suspicion that tlie text is corrupt ; but feeling the need of a reading which shall make sense for the ordi- nary student, I have printed the common restoration of the pas- sage.
9. 1. excisam : Ilahn, followed by Reid, would read exscisam (from exscindo), on the ground that exscindo is the proper word for 'razing' a city ; but unanimous testimony in a number of instances shows that excido as well as exscindo is used in this sense.
19. Sic enim percontantur in Naevi poetae Lupo : Miiller reads Sic enim percontantur t ut est in Naevi poetae Ludo. 1 have arbitrarily omitted ut est of the Mss. for the sake of making a readable text. No phausible emendation has yet been offered. In reading Lupo for the Ms. Ludo, I have foUowed Ribbeck's con- jecture. Liido admits of no satisfactory interpretation. It can hardly mean ' school ' ; nor does it seem natural to take it as ' The Lydian' (Ai/56s), since none of the numerous titles of Naevius's plays shows that he employcd national names to designate his pieces. Least of all can ludus be taken in the general sense of ' play ' (fabula). The elevated style of the two lines quoted suggests that they are from one of Naevius's praetextae. Ribbeck accordingly proposed to read Lupo here. In the Festschrift zum siebzigsten Geburtstage Otto Schade dargebracht (Konigsberg, 1896), p. 399 ff., Hermann Reich, in assigning the two lines to the Alimonia Remi et Romuli, is in complete agreement with Ribbeck, if we only assume with Schanz (Romische Literaturgeschichte, I, p. 32) that the Lupus and Alimonia Reml et Romuli were one and the same praetexta.
124 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
Tbe title Lupus (for lupa) may have been chosen by Naevius in consequence of the ambiguity of the feminine form (^lupa 'har- lot').
21. stulti, adulescentuli : this punctuation is Meissner's. See Commentary.
10. 4. Quid iuris consulti, etc. : Miiller punctuates Quid ? iuris consulti, etc. I have foUowed Reid.
19. num Hesiodum : Miiller omits num, though the word is found in all Mss. I follow most recent editors (Sommerbrodt, Schiche, Anz, Kornitzer) in retaining it.
11. 18. alteri: aUevi is commonly taken as meaning ' one's neighbor,' a well-recognized usage, but hardly appropriate in this connection. As shown by the foUowing context (lucundum potius quam odiosum. Ut enim adulescentihus sapientes senes delectantur . . . sic adulescentes senum praeceptis gaudent), Cato is rebutting the charge that old men are disagreeable to young men. I have, therefore, taken alieri as for alteri aetati. This is made grammati- cally easy, owing to the presence of ea aetate at the beginning of the same line.
12. 2. sic avide : many editors take sic as correlative with the following quasi ; but this is awkward ; sic for tam occurs repeatedly in Cicero, and it is unnatural to dissociate sic avide ; the two words would inevitably be felt as belonging together.
8. Nec nunc quidem : it is not necessary here to take Nec . . . quidem as used for et ne . . . quidem, as Lahmeyer and Sommer- brodt do. In fact, it is questionable whether nec . . . quidem could properly be so taken ; the expression is extremely rare, and in the few instances cited seemsto differ little from an emphatic nec.
11. agas: so Mtiller and the Mss. Reid reads agis. He argues that (1) the subjunctive does not occur in Cicero after quisquis, quicunque, and the like, unless in oratio obliqua or by attraction of the indicative into the mood of a neighboring sub- junctive. (2) After quod est, agas would be doubly peculiar. But I can see no difference between the present passage and Tusc. Disp. I, 14, quasi non necesse sit quicquid reticeas id aut esse aut non esse. Ilere quicquid reticeas is not in oratio obliqua, nor does it depend upon another subjunctive. Cf. also de Off. III, 13, 57, Neque enim id est celare, quicquid reticeas. In all these cases I
CRITICAL APPENDIX 125
should attribute the employment of the subjunctive to the indefi- nite 2d singular. Hence Quod est, but quicquid agas.
28. persaepe ipsa : this is tlie reading of all Mss. but L, which has per se ipsa, adopted by Miiller. I have written persaepe, not only because it seems to me to make much better sense, but because it is palaeographically easier to explain per se ipsa of L f rom the correct reading persaepe ipsa (in Mss. of ten persepe ipsa) than vice versa.
13. 1. relinquimus: this is the readingof most Mss. L alone has relinquemus. I see no reason for adopting this with Miiller, especially as relinquimus gives a more vivid sense.
8. ista ipsa : most Mss. have this ; LP have ipsa ista, adopted by Miiller. But even the consensus of two such Mss. as L and P does not warrant us in running counter to Ciceronian usage. In some thirty-three cases in the Orations and Philosophical W.orks where ipse and iste are combined the order is invariably iste ipse, never ipse iste ; so regularly ea ipsa, haec ipsa, etc.
16. 8. Ne sint: only II has this, P lias ne desint, E nec desint. Other Mss. read Non sunt, adopted by Miiller and most recent editors. Ilowever, the use of Non sunt here in the sense demanded by the context, viz. ' Granted that there is not strength in old age,' seems to me unparalleled. Ilence I write Ne sint.
21. 8i sunt: the Mss. are divided ; LPER read sint; BISVv have sunt. Miiller reads sint. But su7it seems to make slightly better sense.
24. morbum : this is the reading of all Mss. but L ; L reads morborum vim, followed by Miiller.
17. 4. viventi: it is common to insist that viventi does not limit intelUfjitur directly as a Dative of Agency ; but while that construction certainly is not frequent with the uncompounded tenses of the passive, yet indubitable instances do occur, and I see no difficulty in recognizing this as one of them. Certainly to take viventi as governed by obrepat rather than intellegitur is to mis- conceive the force of the passage, as well as the significance of the Latin word-order.
19. 30. Magnae Matris : in the Mss. tliese words follow sacns Idaeis. With Sommerbrodt, Anz, and Kornitzer, I adopt Brieger's transposition.
126 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
21. 18. Exerceri videbamus: exerceri is my own suggestion for mori oi the Mss., wliicli I agree witli Miiller in regarding as corriipt, altliougli Kornitzer and others defend it.
19. Gallum : the reading of all Mss. except P, which has Galum, followed by Miiller.
22. 0. comparandae : the commentators quite generally as- sume that this is to be taken in the sense of 'can be compared' ; but there is no difficulty in taking it in the regular sense of ' de- serve to be compared.'
IQ. recusat imperium : it is perhaps doubtf ul whether imperium can have the technical mercantile sense suggested in the notes, but the preceding and following plirases are clearly technical mercan- tile expressions, and it seems to me probable that this also is. After taking this view of the passage for some years I discovered that Dr. Peabody in his Euglish translation puts the same inter- pretation iipon it. Lunak, Philologus, 52, p. 347, proposes im- pendium recusat, a conjecture origiiially made by Paulus Manutius and which has never found favor. Lunak cites ad Att. V, 1. 4, recusat impendium etfaenus.
26. e quibus : tliis is the reading of all Mss. except L, which has ex, adoptcd by Miiller.
31. requietem : the reading of all Mss. except L, which has requiem, adopted by Miiller. But except in pro Archia 13, Cicero seems to have regularly written reqxiietem.
23. 12. tamquam ad articulos : Egbert urges that tamquam is unnecessary here, articulus being the regular word for the knots or joints in a cutting. But articulus does not occur prior to Cicero, nor in any writer after him until the elder Pliny.
15. dein: practically all Mss. (LPVv with others) read this. Miiller reads deinde, apparently under tlie impression that L had that.
24. 6. ea: this is the reading of all Mss. except L; L has haec, adopted by Miiller.
9. Ergo : Several editors, I observe, explain e7'go as meaning 'for this purpose,' ' with this object in view,' viz. tlie enjoyment of the delights of farming ; but I know no such meaning for ergo; here it seems to bc used, as so frequently, merely to resume an interrupted train of thought.
CRITICAL APPENDIX 127
13. a mea : the Mss. read me, foUowed by Miiller ; mea is Mahly's conjecture, which Miiller pronounces probable, though not necessary. I have written mea because I caunot find any warrant for the use of tlie personal pronoun in the sense here demanded. The examples usually cited from Terence in support of me seem to me of a different nature ; mea admirari, moreover, would easily have become me admirari. Of recent editors, Meiss- ner, Anz, Kornitzer, Schiche read mea.
31. quam: the Mss, have qua;' most editors take this as for qua, i.e. quam (cf. p. 23, 1. 22, qiiam dixi), but Miiller writes de qua. One of the inferior Paris Mss. collated by Dahl has quam.
25. 20. ut lubebit : the Mss. as a rule read utrum, adopted by Miiller and almost all recent editors. I quite agree with Reid, however, that utrum here cannot be construed without violating recognized usage ; ut has no Ms. authority, but, according to Otto, is read in several of the early printed editions.
26. 3. directos : this is the Ms. reading, and in the sense of ' arrange ' is preferable to derectos. Miiller writes derectos on the authority of Nonius.
13. virtuti tuae : with tlie exception of Nauck, the editors seem to me to misinterpret Cicero's meaning. Tlie position of the words clearly shows that the stress is upon virtuti tuae ; had tlie empha- sis been upon fortuna, that word would have stood either immedi- ately after quoniam or (better) at the very end of the sentence. Sommerbrodt is apparently keenly conscious of the force of these considerations, as well as of tlie fact that the Greek original which Cicero here translates is dyadbs yap wv eySat/u.omy, ' f or 'tis as a possessor of personal worth that you are so happily situated.' Sommerbrodt is prevented from giving these considerations their proper weight (me iudice) by the unnecessary and (under the cir- cumstances) extremely improbable viewthat /or«?ma in the phrase Ilac igitztr fortuna refers to fortuna in the passage under discus- sion. Hac igitur fortuna, ' this lot now,' refers rather in ageneral way to the kind of life described in the two preceding chapters (xv, xvi), vfheresis fortnna in the passage under discussion refers to the special material advantages of Cyrus (purpura, aurum, gemmae, etc); igitur then is simply resumptive of the thought interrupted at the close of chapter xvi.
128 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
30. totum carmen : LP V liave this reading. Other Mss. omit totum ; so Mliller. To me it is more likely tliat totum (espeeially after notum) slioulcl have dropped out of those Mss. in which it is lacking, than that it should have been inserted in those Mss. in which it is found.
27. 29. omnes illi: Reid takes illi as dative. But no such strong demonstrative referring to the old man would be in place here, wliereas illi (referring to the Lacedaemonians) is necessary with omnes ; othcrwise the Latin means the whole audience. It is evidently to avoid this misconception that illi is used by Cicero.
29. 22. quoniam : the Mss. read cum, which is impossible here. Lambinus conjectured quod, adopted by Miiller. I have adopted Reid's conjecture, quoniam^ believing that Cicero would hardly have wrltten quod id quod. Assuming that Cicero wrote quoniam, we have only to suppose that this became corrupted to quom (an easy change, especially as quoniam was often abbreviated as glh). Cicero probably regularly wrote quom for the conjunction. The copyists have changed this regularly to cum. Hence the Ms. cum in the presept passage could easily go back (through quom) to an original quoniam, as conjectured by Reid. Hale, Cww-Coustruc- tions, p. 243 (German ed. p. 302), defends the Ms. reading cum.
30. 24. vi evellimtur : I am at a loss to understand the par- tiality of all recent editors for vix evelluntur, the reading of P L Br. It is urged that Cicero would not have nsed vis four times in five lines ; but if he could use it thrice in this compass, he certainly might four times, especially if the sense demanded. It is also urged that vi is redundant with evelluntur, since every act of plucking necessitates the exercise of force. On the other hand, it is scarcely less than ridiculous and in direct contradiction of the experience of every lad of enterprise to say that apples are ♦plucked with difftculty,' or that they 'can hardly be pulled off.'
32. possis : the reading of all Mss, except PL, which have possit (L posset) adopted by Miiller ; but the subjunctive is anom- alous here, except in the indefinite 2d singular. The 3d singular would demand the indicative.
mortemque contemnere : these words are bracketed as an interpolation by Mullcr and others. The evidence is hardly suffi- cient, to my mind, to warrant this attitude.
CRITICAL APPENDIX 129
31. 15. elogium est: the reading of most Mss. ; est is omitted by LP. Haliii and Baiter, followed by Miiller, transpose elogium est of the Mss., and read est elogium. I see no justification of this.
19. dacrumis : this is Bergk's conjecture, which I have adopted on account of the alliteration. Sommerbrodt, Meissner, Anz, Kor- nitzer, among recent editors, read dacrumis ; Miiller, lacrumis.
31. cum recorder: this is the reading of most Mss. ; SE, fol- lowed by Sommerbrodt and Reid, have recordor; but the cum- clause here is in meaning essentially causal, and the subjunctive is to be preferred.
32. 24. Equidem non: the reading of most Mss. LP have No7i e7iim, followed by Miiller. It is easier to account for non enim in LP on the basis of an original equidem non, than to account for equidem non of the other Mss. on tlie basis of an origi- nal non enim. Assuming that equidem once became corrupted to enim non, the transposition non enim would be the next step.
27. tuum, Scipio, tuumque, Laeli : most Mss. have P. Scipio, tuqne C. Laeli, and this is read by Miiller ; LP have tu, Scipio, tuque Laeli. I have foUowed Anz and Kornitzer in adopting Schiche's conjecture, thus omitting the praenomina, which seem quite out of place here.
35. 6. multo melius ; this is the reading of E alone. The other Mss. have melins multo, adopted by Miiller. But out of some two hundred occurrences of multo witli comparatives in Cicero's Pliilosopliical Works, multo follows tlie comparatives in only three instances, Ac. II, 82 ; Fin. III, 41 ; IV, 9. Hence I fol- low E, and should suspect the three exceptional cases.
36. 8. quod contra : Reid and others take contra here as an adverb, and seem to regard quod as an Accusative of Specification, a construction which Delbrilck with reason refuses to recognize for the prose of the Ciceronian era. See his Vergleicliende Syntax, I, p. 392.
26. defatigationem : the Mss. vary between defatigationem and defectionem. Miiller and several other recent editors read defectionem ; but dofatigationem seems a much more natural antithesis of saturitas thau would defectionem.
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