L. Caecilio Metello : see note on p. 13, 1. 14.

27. A. Atilio Calatino : Calatinus was twice consul (258 and 254 n.c.) and once dictator (249 b.c.) in the First Punic War.
illud : the following.
elogium : epitajyh. The word is derived from the Greek iXeyeTov, ' epitaph,' ' sepulchral inscription.' English eulogy is not re- lated.
28. Hunc unum : this man above all others. gentes : used in the technical sense.
29. populi : with viruni.
30. carmen: i.e. the entire epitaph, of which Cato cites only two lines.
incisum : explanatory of notum est ; the epitaph is familiar because engraved upon his tomb.
in sepulcro : Calatinus was buried on the Appian Way, near the tombs of the Scipios.
31. gravis, cuius esset, etc. ; a man of weight, since all were unanimous in his praise; fama omnium is literally the 'report of all,' i.e. the reputation which all men gave him, The clause cuius esset is one of Characteristic, with the accessory notion of cause ; the clause, however, does not give the reason for Calatinus's influ- ence, but simply a reason why we may infer that he was influential.
27. 1. Quem virum nuper, etc: what a man we saic recently in Publius Crassus f lit. lohat a man we saio Publius Crassusf video here takes two accusatives, direct object and predicate accu- sative, like verbs of calling, regarding, etc. On Crassus, see note on p. 12, 1. 20.
2. Lepidxmi: pontifex maximus 180 b.c. He twice led the Roman armies against the Ligurians, and was loug princeps senatus (' leader of the house ').
3. Paulo : see note on p. 13, 1. 4.
4. Maximo : see p. 5, 1. 8 ff.
quorum non in sententia solum : not merely in whose opinion ; sententia probably alludes to the formal expression of opinion
NOTES 101
when a vote was taken in the Senate. Each senator, as callcd upon, rose and explained his vote,
0. honorata: i.e. the old age of a man who had heUl oflBces (Jwnores).
7. pluris : of more account.
9. in omni oratione : in everything I say.
11. constituta sit : i.e. has heenfirmUj established. Ex quo efticitur : and so it comes abont.
id quod . . . dixi : a thing which I once remarked.
12. assensu omnium : i.e. on the part of all.
miseram esse, etc. : logically this clause is tlie subject of effici- tur, and would normally have been expressed by ut misera sit senectus quae se defendat^ — and so it comes about (as I once remarked) that that old age is wretched ichich has to defend itself by apologies. But the proximity of dixi has evidently caused the writer to forget the structure of the sentence as begun with effici- tur, and to make the clause which should have depended upon efficitur depend upon dixi instead. Tliis has also involved the change of defendat to defenderet., according to the " sequence of ten.ses."
13. Non cani nec rugae, etc. : non is emphatic, — not gray hair nor lonnkles can suddenly lay hold on influence ; with cani understand capilli; this omission is elsewhere confined to poetry.
15. fructus capit auctoritatis extremos : reaps influence as its final product ; auctoritatis is Appositional Genitive, — ihe prod- uct, influence (A. & G. 214, /; B. 202; II. 390, VI.); extremos is made empliatic by its position at the end of the sentence.
16. haec : explained by the following infinitives. honorabilia : i.e. tokens of lionor ; honorahilis occurs only here
in good Latinity.
17. salutari : the reference is probably to the morning visit or salutatio, which the friends of a prominent man were wont to pay.
appeti : to he sought out.
18. decedi, assurgi : these two infinitives, being intransitive, are used impersonally, — to have people make way for one, rise in one's presence, lit. (for) it to be withdraimi, to be risen.
deduci, reduci, consuli: a return to the personal construc- tion ; deduco is the technical term for a formal escort of a raan
102 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
from his house to the Foriim, reduco of the escort back to his house ; consuli means merely to have one's opinion asked on any matter of importance.
19. ut quaeque optime morata est : according as each is most highhj civilized, lit. best mannered.
22. honestissimum : most honoraUe.
23. nusquam enim, etc. : for nowhere is so viuch regard paid to age ; we should have expected this to be expressed as Lysander's tliought, and accordingly to be in the infinitive dependent upon dicere above, but Cato gives it as his own justification of Lysander's statement.
24. quin etiam : why actually.
memoriae proditum est : the story goes, lit. it has heen handed down to memory.
25. ludis : Ablative of Time. The reference is probably to the festival of the great Dionysia, which occurred annually in March, and was celebrated with dramatic performances.
26. magno consessu : Ablative Absolute with adversative force, — although the throng was great, implying that among so many some one might have been expected to offer the old man a seat.
28. qui consederant : an explanatory clause of the writer, and hence in the indicative.
certo in loco : special seats in the orchestra were reserved for ambassadors and other distinguished guests.
29. omnes illi : they all.
30. sessum : to a seat, lit. to sit doxon ; snpine of sedeo, used to express purpose after the idea of motion involved in recepisse.
31. dizisse : dependent upon proditum est above.
32. iacere nolle : not so much loere unxoilling to do it, as lacked the dis^position to do it.
28. 1. vestro coUegio : so,. augurum.
3. sententiae principatmn tenet : enjoys precedence in giving his opinion; i.e. in voting the augurs gave their opinions in the order of age.
honore antecedentibus : including all ofiBcial positions, political or sacerdotal.
4. cum imperio : see note on p. IG, 1. 12.
notp:s 103
7. quibus qui, etc. : those %cho hdve made a Jine usr n/ these, viz. of tlie praemiis awtoritatis.
8. fabulam aetatis: the drama o/ life, a coniiiion lif^ure iii all languages.
peregisse : to have acted throwjh t<> the end.
tamquam inexercitati histriones : like iintrained players.
9. corruisse : to have broken doion.
10. At sunt : at as p. 9, 1. 24, and frequently.
morosi: capricious ; by derivatioii morosns uwnufi fitll nf spe- cial habits (mores), lience crotchety, capricious.
11. morum : of the character.
13. non illius quidem : not, to be sure, a jrtst one ; when an object lias two attributes connected and contrasted hyquidem . . . sed, the demonstrative pronoun (or personal pronoun) is usually present with the former attribute.
14. sed quae videatur: but such as seems capable of being approved; this is a Clause of Characteristic, and constitutes the second of the two attributes limiting excusationis.
contemni, despici, illudi : these words form a climax, — igtiored, despised, made sport of.
10. omnis offensio : every slight ; offensio is liere used passively, i.e. a being offended.
17. dulciora : i.e. less annoying.
bonis : modifying both moribus and artibus.
19. qui in Adelphis simt : wlio appear in the Adelphi, an extant coinedy of Terence (about 185-159 n.c).
20. Sic se res habet : so it is (actuaUy) ; sic is best taken as referring back to the mellowing effects of good character and good breeding.
21. Severitatem : strictness merely, a common meaning of the word.
23. Avaritia vero: but what sense avarice can have in an old man, I do not understand ; avaritia is emphatic by position, but it is difficult to bring this out in Englisli translation, except by vocal stress.
25. quo viae minus, etc. : i.e. to seek more funds in propor- tion as the remainder of the journey diminislies ; quo and eo are Ablatives of Degree of Difference.
17
104 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
CHAPTERS XIX.-XXIII.
The fourth charge : Old age is not far from death. But death ^l/ is no evil. After death imist come either immortality or annihila- tion. Death too may come at any time of life; the young are not exempt, as we have often learned by sad experience. The old man is superior, in fact, to the young man; the one has realized what the other can only hope for. '^Act icell thy part; there all the honor lies.'''' Examples of Romans loho have set death at natight. Plato''^ argimients for the immortality of the soul. Cyrus''^ views. Paulus, Africanus, and others showed by their deeds their faith in immortality. Contemplation of the serene happiness of the future life.
28. Bollicitam habere : to keep in a state of unrest.
30. esse longe : we should have expected abesse here instead' of esse.
31. contemnendam : i.e. to be regarded with indifference ; cf. note on p. 6, 1. 12.
29. 1. etiam (optanda): even. aliquo : the adverb.
__2. sit futurus : is destined to be.
r
tertium nihil : no third cdie¥iiaUm.
3. non miser : non is to be combined closely with miser.
4. beatus etiam : happy even ; etiam receives additional em- phasis by being placed after the word which it limits.
Quamquam : corrective.
5. quamvis sit adulescens : hoicever young he be.
cui sit exploratum : the expression is inexact. Cicero does not mean : ]Vho is so foolish as to have discovered ? but Who is so foolish as to think he has discovered ?
G. Quin etiam : as p. 27, 1. 24.
7. aetas illa : i.e. persons of that tirae of life.
casus mortis: i.e. the active life of young men makes them more liable to accidents.
9. tristius curantur: they are treated by the application of severer remedies ; the frailer health of the aged calls for less heroic treatment.
NOTES 106
10. ni : in classical prose ni is found almost exclusively in legal fonnulas and cotlo(iuial phrases.
melius et prudentius viveretur: life icould be better and icisei', lit. it icould 1)e lircd, otc.
11. Mens, ratio, consilium : ratio ('reason') and consilium ('deliberation') are special functions of mens (' intellect').
12. qui si nulli fuissent: and if there had never been any, sc. senes.
18. ad mortem impendentem : to death as (something) im- minent.
14. Quod est istud, etc. : hoic is that a charge against old age ? i.e. how does it constitute a valid charge ? Qriod as inter- rogative adjective means ' what kind of ? ' Hence here quod cri- men, ' what kind of a charge,' in the sense how does it constitute a charge ? istud refers to tlie general idea of death impending, and is the subject of est ?
id : i. e. the f act that death is imminent. ei : viz. senectuti.
15. cum adulescentia : cf. commune tecum, p. 1, 1. 16. Sensi, etc. : sensi is emphatic, — ice have had experience, I in
the case of my most excellent so7i, you in the case of your brothers; sensi is singular because agreeing with the nearer subject, ego. in optimo filio: Cato's son died in 152 ii.c. while praetor-elect.
16. exspectatis . . . fratribus: a peculiar expression for: brothers who were expected to arrive at the highest honor. Cato refers to the two sons of Lucius Aeinilius Paulus, one of whom, aged 12, died five days before his father's triumph, the other, aged 14, three days after the triumph.
18. quod idem, etc. : lohich the old cannot likewise hope, lit. ichich same thing, etc.
19. Insipienter sperat: i.e. he is foolish to cherish such a hope ; insipienter is emphatic.
20. incerta pro certis habere : to regard as certain what is uncertain.
21. At senez, etc. : but, it is alleged, the old man has not even anything to hope for ; the clause quod speret is one of purpose.
22. At est : at here introduces Cato'8 own reply to the argu- ment of his imaginary opponent.
106 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
23. ille, hic : ille refers to the youth, hic to the old man, as the one really nearer in thought, though not last mentioned in the preceding context.
26. Tartessiorum : the Tartessians dwelt in southern Spain.
27. ut scriptum video : viz. in Herodotus, I, 163. Gadibus : the niodern Cadiz.
28. centum viginti : there are other indications in Latin litera- ture that one hundred and tvventy years was regarded by the Romans as the ultimate limit to which the life of man might extend.
29. sed mihi, etc. : there is a slight anacoluthon here ; we should have expected this clause to be introduced by tamenj since da and exspectemus have the force of ' though you grant,' ' though we look forward to.'
30. in quo est: we might have expected the Subjunctive of Characteristic here ; but the indicative is regularly used in any characterizing clause that has the force of a condition ; thus here in qiio est, etc. = if there is something Jinal in it.
31. quod praeteriit, eflfluxit: what has passed has vanished; cf. p. 3, 1. 8.
tantum remanet : there remains only so much.
32. consecutus sis: the indefinite 2d singular; hence the subjunctive.
30. 1. horae et dies et menses et anni: note the rlietorical force of the polysyndeton. B. 341, 4, h; H. 636, III. 1. The asyndetic form of expression is, liowever, much more usual.
2. quid sequatur: i.e. what the future will he ; the clause is the logical subject of sciri potest.
4. Neque enim: for neither ; neque is correlative with neque in 1. 6.
5. bistrioni . . . peragenda fabula est : i.e. the actor, in order to please his audience, does not need to act through the piece, — does not need to appear in every act.
modo probetur : provided only he meet approval. in quocumque fuerit: the subjunctive is purely the result of attraction.
6. neque sapienti usque ad Plaudite veniendum est: nor does a wise man need to come to the very '■Plaudite ' (o/ life).
NOTES 107
Plaudite was tbe regular appeal made by one of the troupc at the close of the play ; hence, in a transferred sense, it means 'the end,' 'conchision.'
9. processerit : as subjeet supply in sense quis, ' one.'
10. vemi temporis suavitate: the pleasant sjmnfj-time.
11. tamquam: tamquam qnnUties the entire phrase adulescen- tiam signijicat, — tijpifies youth, as it icere.
12. ostenditque fructus futuros : i.e. gives proniise of the fruits that are to conie.
13. tempora: seasons.
demetendis et percipiendis : reaping and gathering ; another illustration of Cicero's fondness for grouping synonyms in pairs. Cf. p. 15, 1. 5, officia et munera; percipio is here used in the sanie sense as p. 10, 1. 30.
15. ante partorum bonorum : of hlessings previov^ly acquired.
17. sunt habenda : are to be reckoned.
18. quod idem : ichich likewise.
19. adversante et repugnante natura : the Ablative Absolute here has adversative force, — though nature resists and rebels.
21. utcmn: aswhen. flammae vis : a vigorous flame.
22. nuUa adhibita vi : xoithout the application of any force.
23. consumptus ignis exstinguitur : a fire is extinguished as a result of burning out ; consumptus takes the chief stress in this sentence, and is used in a middle sense, — having burnt itself out.
quasi: here equivalent to sicut; this use is archaic.
24. si matura: \ve should liave expected sin instead of si to introduce this second protasis. B. 306, 3.
25. sic . . . vis auiert : the empluxsis rests upon vis, — .so His force that takes life from the young ; adulescentibus is dative. A. & G. 229 ; B. 188, 2, d ; H. 385, II. 2.
26. quae quidem, etc. : grammatically quae can refer only to maturitas, but such is not CiceroVs meaning ; the logical ante- cedent is the substance of the whole preceding .sentence ; hence, this thought is so pleasant to me.
27. quo propius accedam : Subjunctive by Attraction ; we should have expected tliis clause to be followed by one containing a comparative with eo, corresponding to quo propius.
108 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
31. recte vivitur : i.e. one is justified in remaining alive.
quoad possis : as long as one can ; the indefinite 2d singular leads to the use of the subjunctive. See note on cum vixeris, p. 5, 1.2.
munus offici exsequi et tueri : to discharge and attend to the jierformance of one''^ dutij.
31. 2. hoc illud est, etc. : this is the significance ofthefamous reply of Solon.
Pisistrato : tyrant of Athens in the sixth century b.c. Plutarch, in his life of Solon, chap. 31, says this reply was made to inquir- ing friends ; yet lie elsewhere confirms the account here given.
3. illi: i.e. Fisistratus.
qua tandem : tandem emphasizes the interrogative, — what pray !
4. audaciter : archaic for audacter.
obsisteret: Solon's opposition was directed against Pisistra- tus's usurpation in 560 n.c.
5. ' Senectute ' : sc. fretus ; Solon was seventy-five years old at this time.
integra mente certisque sensibus : with the mind sound and the faculties unimpaired.
7. coB.smentavit : put together. dissolvit : takes apart.
10. lam: now., continuing the argument; so below, 1. 22. omnis conglutinatio recens : lit. evei^y construction when
fresh, i.e. everything newly made. inveterata : if of long standing. '.
11. illud breve vitae reliquum : reliquum is here a substan- tive, — an infrequent use of tlie word.
12. nec sine causa deserendum sit: i.e. suicide must not be resorted to except in a special exigency.
13. vetatque: -que is here 'epexegetic,' i.e. explanatory of what has just preceded, — and so, a7id accordingly.
14. praesidio et statione : post and station.
15. elogium : here in the sense of 'couplet.' The Greek lines are:
Mr]8i fioi &K\avaTos ddvaros fid^Koi., dXXA KaWelTTOifjLi davwv &\yea /coi oroi^axdj.
NOTES 109
se negat velle : says he does not wish.
16. suam mortem : suam is einphatic ; these lines of Solon were dlrected against Minnierinus, a conteniporary eUf^iac poet, who had given expression to a contrary sentiment.
17. Vult, credo, se esse carum: the constrnction of intinilive with subject accusative aftor ndo, iioht, mnUt, is less usnal, if the subjects of the niain and dependent verbs are the saine ; but it is pennissible in case of esse and passive infinitives. H. .'Wl, iv. a. Cf. p. 14, 1. 12, me senem esse maUem.
haud scio an melius Ennius : I am inclined to think Ennius titters a hetter sentiment; with melins understand sonie such verb as dicat; cf. p. 11, 1. 9, melius; 1. 10, vitiosius. On haxul scio an, cf. note on p. 24, 1. 29, haud scio an nuUa beatior possit.
19. Nemo me dacrmnis decoret, ctc. : dacruma is an archaic form of lacruma. Notice the alliteralion in dacrumis decoret, and in fnnera fletn faxit; Jletu is Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. B. 221. faxit is an archaic forni of fecerit (perfect subjunctive) ; as subject supply in sense quisquam from nemo. The second line is given in fuU by Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, I, 34 :
Faxit. Cur? Volito vivos per ora virum.
' Whij f I still Uve andflit abont in the uiouths of meu.'
22. lam: as above in 1. 10. f^At'" (^vfcc*^ w-tv-^ (A. c» ^,
23. isque : -que is here adversative, f ad exigumn tempus : i.e. only for a short time.
24. aut nullus est : nuUus here has the force of an emphatic non; est is almost equivalent to adest ; hence is not present.
25. hoc meditatum ab adulescentia debet esse : this (lesson) ought to be rehearsed l»j ns from yonth up ; meditor is to go over a thing again and again by way of preparation, as a le.sson or a speech ; hoc is explained by the following ut mortem negleyamus, i.e. the lesson is : 'disregard of death.' Notice the passive use of the participle of meditor, like adeptam, p. 3, 1. 1 ; dimensa, p. 20, 1. 7. The tense of meditatnm esse is also peculiar ; we should have expected the present, but with debeo and oportet the perfect infini- tive occasionally appears used for tlie present. A. & G. 288, (/ ; B. 270, 2, a.
26. sine qua meditatione: a practice xcithout ichich.
110 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
27. Moriendum emm certe est: moriendum takes the em- pbasis, — for clie we surely must.
et incertimi an: and possibly, lit. and it (is) uncertain (ichether at some or other time) or.
28. Mortem . . . impendentem: as the position shows, this phrase takes the chief emphasis of thpsentence, — with death im- minent at all hours, hoiv can one 'mio fears it be of a tranquil heart? qui is the interrogative adverb ; as subject of poterit an indefinite quis must be suppiied iu thought ; consistere literally means ' to stand firm,' and so, ' to be tranquil.'
30. non ita longa : i.e. not very long.
cum recorder : lohen I recall ; the clause, however, is strongly causal ; hence tlie subjunctive. " "^
31. L. Brutum : tliis and the following accusatives Decios, Atilium, are to be taken as the subjects of some A«i*M;o be supplied from profectas (esse) in 1. 10 of the following page.
in liberanda patria : the Tarquins, after their expulsion, en- deavored to regain the throne ; Brutus, while resisting their attempts, was killed in single combat with Arruns Tarquinius.
32. 1. duos Decios : see note on p. 19, 1. 6.
2. M. Atilium : Marcus Atilius Regulus, tlie famous general of the First Punic War. The story of his return to Carthage to keep his plighted faith is probably apocryphal.
4. duos Scipiones : see p. 13, 1. 3. -f''v
5. Poenis: dative of reference, — lit. to obstruct the loay to the Carthaginians.
vel : intensive.
6. avum tuum : this is addressed to Scipio. His grandfather by blood, L. Aemilius Taulus (father of Macedonicus, conqueror of Perseus), had commanded at the disaster of Cannae, 216 b.c.
coUegae : C. Terentius Varro.
7. M. Marcellum : M. Claudius Marcellus, an eminent general of the Second Punic War. He was lured into ambush and slain by the troops of Hannibal in 208 n.c.
8. interitum: ?:.e. his dead body.
crudelissimus hostis: HannibaPs conduct never justified this epithet. He was characterized rather by generosity and eveu chivalry.
1
NOTES 111
10. in OriginibuB : sec notc on p. 10, 1. 21.
13. indocti : refening particularly to lack of training iii plii- losophy.
rustici : i.e. not merely devoid of the higher culture, but lacking all traiuuig whatsoever. The Komau army was recruited chiefly from the couutry districts.
14. Omnino : all in all.
10. studia certa : dejinite interests, pursuits.
18. constans iam aetas: like iam constantis aetatis, p. 14, 1.28; iu the preseut passage uote that /am, at variauce with the usual practice, follows the word it modifies.
19. ne ea quidem : i.e. old age does not pine even for the occupatious of middle life, much less, then, ^or those of youtli and boyhood. r /.. / ' i
21. ergo: purely transitional. ..j'' . .
23. matiirum : best taken as a predicate modifier of tempus, lit. Priiigs the time of death ripe, i.e. makes the time ripe for death.
24. cur non audeam : why I shonld not venture ; the indirect question here represents a Deliberative Subjunctive of direct discourse.
25. quod: relative, referring to 7?/KZ/;)se se«i/a7n.
20. eo melius quo ab ea propius absum : the hetter^ the nearer I am to it ; nearuess from a thing is a favorite mental attitude with Latin writers.
cernere : discern ; used of clear vision.
27. tuumque, Laeli : Laelius's father also bore the name