L. Qxiinctio Cincinnato : Cincinnatus was twice dictator, 458

and 439 n.c.
22. esse factum : we should have expected dictum esse, dicta- torem dicere being the technical phrase for 'to appoint a dictator.'
23. cuius dictatoris iussu: bij ichose command ichen dictator ; another digression ; see note on p. 5, 1. 13.
24. Sp. Maelium : viz. in 439 n.c. In a time of great scarcity Maelius had sold gi'ain at a merely nominal price, and thus in- curred the charge of aiming at regal power. When suminoned before Cincinnatus, he refused to appear. Thereupon Ahala attacked and killed him ; but for this high-handed act, he was himself arraigned, and escaped punishment only by witlidrawing into voluntary exile.
occupatum interemit : forestalled and put to death ; occupatum means that Ahala prevented Maelius from executing his alleged design.
25. A villa, etc. : Hwas from their countrij estates that Ciirius and the 7'est loere summoned.
20. ceteri senes: i.e. the others wliom everybody recalls.
ex quo : in consequence of xohirh.
viatores: lit. travellers ; the very name of the oflficials who gave the notification is held by Cato to show that the men notified lived at a distance from the city.
27. horum qui: not, of those loho (which would be eorum qui), but, ofthese men (I have mentioned)., in as much as they, etc.
28. agri cultione : for the usual agri cultura.
mea quidem sententia: in my opitiion, at least, whatever others may think.
29. haud scio an nulla, etc. : / am inclined' to think that none, etc. This is the regular force of haud scio an in Cicero. B. 300, 5.
30. officio : as regards the occupation, lit. fnnction, duty.
31. salutaris : wholesome.
25. 1. ad cultum deorum: i.e. the farm supplies the first fruits and the victims offered to thc gods.
96 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
2. ut in gratiam iam cimi voluptate redeamus : so that we are already ijcttiiKj on ijood tcrms ayain with j^leasure ; alludiiig to Cato's earnest invective against pleasure in chapter xii.
4. olearia: sc. cella. Butter was practically unknown to the Ronians ; olive oil took its place, as it does still in Italy.
penaria : sc. cella^ pantry.^ larder.
5. locuples: i'.e. richly supplied.
porco, haedo, agno, gallina: pork, kid's flesh, lamh, p>oultry ; all these words are here used with collective force.
6. lam : moreover; here used as a particle of transition.
7. succidiam alteram : the second meat siipply, lit. the second flitch ; succidia properly designates a ' side ' or ' flitch ' of bacon. Cato means that the products of the garden are so many and so valuable that they constitute a safe reliance, should flesh be lacking.
Conditiora, etc. : foioling and hunting give these things (i.e. the attractions already enumerated) a greater zest hy occupying one's leisure. Special emphasis rests upon conditiora, but it is very difficult to bring this out in translation.
11. brevi praecidam : I will cut off (allfnrther remarks) with (this) hrief statement. As object of praecidam understand sermo- nem or some similar word ; hrevi is explained by what follows.
Agro bene culto, etc. : the emphasis rests on agro^ — as com- pared with a well-tiUed farm nothing can he, etc.
13. invitat atque allectat : synonyms, as p. 15, 1. 5.
14. illa aetas : i.e. men of that time of life.
15. calescere vel apricatione melius vel igni : hask more comfortahly in the snn or hy the fire.
10. aquis : this probably refers to baths. refrigerari : cool themselves ; reflexive.
Sibi habeant : let them keep to themselves ; as subject of haheant understand iuvenes.
17. clavam : the clava was a kind of foil used by soldiers in practice.
18. pilam : various games of ball were played by the Romans, but none in which the bat was used.
19. ex lusionibus multis : ont of many sports.
talos et tesseras : tali, lit. ' knuckle bones,' were dice with
NOTES 97
four flat sides and two round ones ; the tesscrae Iiad six sidcs like our (lice.
20. id ipsum ut lubebit : even that (thnj may do or not) as they please; i.e. they niay eithergrant the dice or withhold thein ; id ipsum is the object of some verb to be supplied, —faciant, ft)r exaniple.
24. copiose : eJoqnenthjyWt. ahiindantly, JnlUj.
25. qui est, qui inscribitur : we should naturally expect a connective with qni inscrihitur, — 'and which is entitled ; ' its absence is usually explained as due to the parenthetical nature of the clause qui est de tuenda re.
de tuenda re familiari : on the care ofp>roperty. Oeconomicus : this work, as its name suggests, treats of the management of an estate (ol/cos, vofiiu}). 2G. ut intellegatis : see note on p. 22, 1. 30, ut noscatis. regale: princely, i.e. worthy of a prince.
27. in eo libro : viz, in chapter iv., sections 20-25. loquitur cum Critobulo : in conversation loith Critohulus says;
Critobulus was a disciple of Socrates.
28. C^rnun minorem, Persarum regem : Cyrus, the Younger, who fell at Cunaxa (401 n.c.) in the attempt to wrest the throne from his brother Artaxerxes. See Xenophon, Anabasis, I, 7-9. Cyrus was never king, but simply the son of King Darius, and satrap of the provinces of Lydia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia ; hence re(jem in this passage means no more than ' prince,' ' ruler.'
29. Lysander Lacedaemonius : the distinguished Spartan leader ; he commanded at Aegospotami, 405 n.c.
30. vir summae virtutis : a man of the greatest ahility ; virtutis here cannot refer to high moral worth ; Lysander's character was not above reproach.
ad eum Sardis : to him at Sardis. Sardis (^SdpScu) is accu- sative plural. A. & G. 259, h ; B. 182, 2, h. Sardis was the capital of Cyrus's satrapy.
31. a sociis: i.e. the Lacedaemonians and the other Pelopon- nesian states that were leagued against Athens in the Peloponnesiaii War. Cyrus assisted Lysander and the Spartans with large sums of money in this struggle. Ilis objcct was to secure Spartan assistance in carrying out his designs upon the throne of Persia.
98 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE
et (ceteris) : et is correlative witli et following/msse. 32. hiunanum : kindly.
26. 1. consaeptum agrum : park ; this phrase is used to ren- der the Greek irapdbciaos ; hence the absence of et before consitum. consitum : planted with trees, in rows or groups.
2. proceritates : the plural, because there were raany trees (arbores), eacli of which was procera.
3. in quincuncem : quincunx was the name of the five-spot on a die !•*• Hence in qui)icuncem is used to designate an arrange- ment of trees by which the lines run diagonally as in the following diagram :
4. subactam : i.e. carefuUy cultivated. Cf. p. 22, 1. 20. puram : i.e. free from weeds, stones, etc.
5. afflarentur : ivere icafted.
eum dixisse : dependcnt on loquitur above.
7. dimensa atque discripta: laid oxit and arranged; note the passive uso of the deponent dimensa; cf. adejUam, p. 3, 1. 1.
8. ego ista sum dimensus : ego is emphatic ; / am the one loho laid out thcse things that you see.
mei sunt ordines, etc. : mine are the roios, mine the arrange- ment.
11. purpuram : i.e. his purple robe. nitorem corporis : the elegance of his person.
12. multo auro multisque gemmis : Ablative of Quality. Rite, etc. : with reason do they call yo7i happy.
13. f erunt : the subject is general, — people.
quoniam virtuti tuae fortxma coniuncta est: as shown by the word order, the emphasis rests upon virtuti, — loith reason do people call you happy, since it is to inherent worth (virtus) that your prosperity is joined. Cyrus's virtus is recognized by Lysander in his personal attention to the improvement of his estate ; fortuna
NOTES 09
refcrs to his advantages as a prince, — purpitra, nitor, gemmnc, aurum. See Critical Appendix.
14. Hac igitur fortuna: this now is the happy lot ; irjitnr, as so frequently, siniply resumes the substance of the foregoiiig dis- cussion, — here of chapters xv. and xvi, on the delights of fann life.
15. aetas : old age.
impedit : the object {nos) is omitted, being readily supplied In thought froni the following quominus clause,
et (ceterarum rerum) et (agri colendi) : the EngHsh idiom here is either . . . or.
16. usque ad ultimimi : iip to the very last.
17. M. Valerimn Corvinum : in the Gallic War of 349 n.c.