NOL
Bible in the Bowls

Chapter 1

Preface

Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures

The Bible in the Bowls: A Catalogue of
Biblical Quotations in Published Jewish
Babylonian Aramaic Magic Bowls

DaNieL JAMES WALLER

@ UNIVERSITY OF
7? CAMBRIDGE

Faculty of Asian and Middle
Eastern Studies

THE BIBLE IN THE BOWLS

THE BIBLE IN THE BOWLS
A Catalogue of Biblical Quotations in

Published Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
Magic Bowls

Daniel James Waller

With a contribution from
Dorota Molin

UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE OpenBook
Becoliy of Dates and Publishers

https://www.openbookpublishers.com

© 2022 Daniel James Waller, with a contribution from Dorota Molin.

Ea 98

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Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Magic Bowls. Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures 16.
Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2022, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0305

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CONTENTS

PE CTAGG ie pecs esd oes siren esse Rs vii
ATEPOCUCHOE otic cher coh teks ies aoe dk onde Cohen dteceatea is 1
1.0. Quotation and Allusion 8

2.0. The Form and Uses of the Biblical

Quotations in the BOWIS................cccccccessseeceeeees 12

2.1. The Form of the Quotations ..................cccceee0e 13
2.2. The Uses of the Quotations .................cccccceeeee 18
2.2.1. Prophylactics and Apotropaics................ 23
2izide” ACUPALIVEIISES stinithcioeesthiehsest arcane astiates 24
2.2.3. For Popularity and Success ................0066 27
2. 2A.» IAS CTOSSIVE USES: onus ssescausevaceondonxseunasoievee 28

3.0. The Orthography of the Quotations in the

Context of Late Antique Bible Transmission......30

4.0. Reconstructing the Language behind the
QUOTATIONS a sarsaeavencvacannstertetianaeses qatanrnavientax eek 34

5.0. Note on the Transcription of Bowl Texts........... 39

Catalogue of Biblical Quotations in Published

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Magic Bowla...................:00++ 41
1.0. Note on the Catalogue ................ccccceeesseeeeeeeeeeees 41

2.0. Abbreviations and Symbols ................ccccceeeeeeeees 42

vi The Bible in the Bowls

BiQs: - SiS lessee hy cogs seve dea ea zesee eh reheated vee 44
4.0. Reference Guide to Bowl Texts..............ccccceeeeees 44
5.0. Catalogue of Biblical Quotations ....................... 46

Table Showing the Distribution of Biblical
Quotations in Published JBA Incantation Bowls............ 153

Bibliography esc: ssauaesca uaa nae narnans 163

Ancient Sources Index............ccccccseccssccescccssccssccesscessceeece 181

PREFACE

The Jewish Babylonian Aramaic incantation bowls represent our
only significant corpus of direct epigraphic documents from late
antique Mesopotamia written by that region’s Jewish communi-
ties. They are of immense importance for our understanding of
these communities, and scholarship has increasingly come to rec-
ognise just how far these previously marginalised artefacts may
lead to new perceptions of ancient Jewish society. As of Novem-
ber 2022, over 460 Jewish Babylonian Aramaic bowls have been
published in widely scattered editions of varying quality, a cir-
cumstance that impedes the systematic study of various aspects
of the bowl texts, including their extensive quotation of the He-
brew Bible. The present work collates all of the biblical quota-
tions found in these disparate publications.

By making these quotations easily accessible to scholars,
this catalogue is designed to facilitate research not just by stu-
dents of Jewish magic, but by linguists, liturgists, biblical text
critics, and historians. It will hopefully aid and accelerate further
research on the use and dynamics of scriptural citation in the
magic bowls and ancient Jewish magic more broadly; on the so-
cial locations of biblical knowledge in the Jewish communities of
Sasanian Mesopotamia; on the formation of the liturgy and the
development of the Jewish prayer book; on the transmission of
biblical texts in late antiquity and the phonology and morphology
of the Babylonian reading tradition; and in the area of biblical
text criticism, as some bowl texts contain the earliest attestations

of biblical passages not found in the Dead Sea Scrolls.

© 2022 Waller and Molin, CC BY-NC 4.0 https: //doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0305.04

viii The Bible in the Bowls

The publication of bowl texts is an ongoing process, and
unpublished bowl texts currently outnumber published bowl
texts. The number of biblical quotations known from the bowls
will thus continue to grow. As such—and given the possibilities
afforded by publication in this series—it is my intention to peri-
odically update this catalogue as editions of new bowl texts ap-
pear. In its current form, the present work represents a complete
catalogue of biblical quotations from the corpus of Jewish Baby-
lonian Aramaic bowls published as of November 2022.

Finally, it is my great pleasure to thank Dorota Molin for
her contribution to 883.0 and 4.0 of the introduction to the cata-
logue and for her help with several other aspects of the catalogue.
I would also like to thank Hindy Najman for her generous en-
couragement and support; Siam Bhayro for his assistance; and
Geoffrey Khan and Aaron Hornkohl for their patience with the
technical aspects of the catalogue. I am also indebted to the anon-
ymous reviewers of the manuscript for their helpful comments,
and for a meticulous reading of the catalogue. Work on the cata-
logue was made possible by funding from the Niels Stensen Fel-
lowship and was completed while I was a Visiting Scholar of the
Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies of the University of Ox-
ford.

Daniel James Waller

I thank Geoffrey Khan for introducing me to the incantation
bowls and for his support in my study of the Babylonian Hebrew
pronunciation tradition.

Dorota Molin

INTRODUCTION

with Dorota Molin

Late antique Mesopotamia was a dangerous place. It was popu-
lated by a true rogues’ gallery of demons, who were participants
in—and often the principal cause of—domestic crises, disease,
and various other misfortunes. Curses, sorcery, and other forms
of human malice were also a common threat. In light of this men-
acing reality, large numbers of people availed themselves of the
objects that we now refer to as magic bowls or incantation
bowls. These reflect a largely apotropaic practice, whereby pro-
tective spells were written on the inside of unglazed earthenware
bowls. Once inscribed, the bowls were turned upside down and
placed under thresholds or buried beneath the floors of people’s
homes. There they worked to ‘press’, trap, or expel demons, or to
ward off the potential threat of demons, evil sorcery, and other
(demonised and/or personified) forms of human malice.

Magic bowls have been discovered since the middle of the
nineteenth century in excavations around Mesopotamia, while

the large majority of provenanced bowls derive from a number

' For more substantial overviews of this striking body of magico-reli-
gious objects from Sasanian Mesopotamia, see either Bohak (2008, 183-
193) or Harari (2017, 234-251).

© 2022 Waller and Molin, CC BY-NC 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0305.01

2 The Bible in the Bowls

of sites in central Iraq.* Several unpublished incantation bowls
are inscribed with Seleucid calendar dates in accordance with the
conventions of legal documents. These dates correspond to 545,
573/4, 580, and 611 CE (Shaked et al. 2013, 1). We thus possess
positive evidence for the production of magic bowls during the
sixth and seventh centuries. The practice of inscribing bowls pre-
sumably began earlier, possibly even in the fourth century, and
came to an end towards the end of the seventh century or shortly
thereafter.

The spells on the large majority of these objects were in-
scribed by Babylonian Jews using the Aramaic square script.’ For
the most part, they are composed in an archaic literary form of
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (JBA).* The language of these spells
lacks homogeneity from a linguistic point of view, however, and
cannot be simply or easily generalised. Nonetheless, the archaic
dialect(s) of JBA used in the bowls appears to have differed sig-
nificantly from the spoken language of contemporary Babylonian
Jews, though vernacular JBA remains the prime suspect in cases
of linguistic interference in both the Aramaic and Hebrew strata
of the bowl texts.

? For a partial snapshot of various locations where magic bowls have
been discovered, see the map in Miiller-Kessler (2017).

3 Other bowls written in Syriac and Mandaic were produced by mem-
bers of neighbouring communities in Sasanian Mesopotamia.

* This consensus view is reflected, e.g., in Rossell (1953, 11), Juusola
(1999, 247-250), and Ford 2012 (215). See the contribution by Mor-
genstern to Shaked et al. (2013, 39-49) for a snapshot of the linguistic
situation in the JBA bowl texts.

Introduction 3

The crux of most bowl texts is the moment of adjuration,
where demons are made to desist from harming the bowl owner
or are put to flight using various bans, anathemas, or divorce for-
mulae. The authority and legitimacy of these pronouncements
was naturally of great concern to the bowl writers. As such, they
marshalled a variety of peremptory techniques—open neither to
appeal nor to challenge—designed to augment the authority of
their injunctions. Most commonly, the bowl writers stated them-
selves to be acting in the name of God, to whom all things are, of
course, subject. They also deployed various and occasionally ar-
cane divine epithets and names of power. Appeals to angels on
behalf of the bowl owners were also common, as was the use of
binding legal formulae and invocations of powerful biblical and
rabbinic figures.

A number of magic bowls also quote scriptural verses in
support of their goals, and the present work comprises a complete
catalogue of quotations from the Hebrew Bible contained in the
published corpus of JBA bowls.° The parameters with respect to
the Hebrew Bible are based on the consonantal Masoretic Text
(MT) as represented by the Leningrad Codex (I Firkovitch B19A).
The catalogue also includes a number of targumim. Some 464

(largely) legible and comprehensible JBA magic bowls have been

° Several biblical verses from unpublished bowls in the Schgyen collec-
tion are quoted in the introduction to Shaked et al. (2013, 19-20).
These are not included in the present catalogue. Further to this, a num-
ber of biblical quotations in unpublished JBA bowls in the Vorderasiat-
isches Museum are noted, but not transcribed, in the descriptive cata-
logue of this collection in Bhayro et al. (2018).

4 The Bible in the Bowls

published since 1853 in diverse and widely scattered editions of
varying quality, a circumstance that impedes the systematic
study of various aspects of their texts. By collating the biblical
quotations found in these disparate publications and making
them easily accessible, I hope to facilitate further work in several
sometimes-related areas:

(1) The use and dynamics of scriptural citation in the magic
bowls and Jewish magical texts more broadly.°®

(2) The socio-religious typology of the bowls, the social lo-
cations of biblical knowledge in late antique Babylonia, and the

° Discussions of scriptural citation in the bowls are largely confined to
smaller observations within commentaries on published texts. There are
several exceptions, however. Polzer (1986) represents an extensive sur-
vey of biblical citation in the bowls, but her starting corpus consisted
of only 105 bowl texts and her valuable study has been rendered some-
what out-of-date by the relative explosion in the publication of bowl
texts since the 1980s. More recently, Miiller-Kessler (2013) has pro-
vided a detailed survey of biblical quotations from 59 published bowls;
Lanfer (2015) has assessed the value of the bowl texts for the study of
the Hebrew Bible; Korsvoll (2018) has surveyed the distribution of bib-
lical quotations across several major corpora of bowl texts; and Bhayro
(2021) has studied quotations from the Psalms in the bowl texts. For
general remarks on the Bible in the bowls, see Levene (2003, 10-14)
and Shaked et al. (2013, 18-20). On the use of the Bible in Jewish magic
more broadly, see Bohak (2008, 308-14) and Angel (2009). For surveys
of the biblical verses used in both ancient and medieval Jewish magic,
see Schiffman and Swartz (1992, 37-42) and Naveh and Shaked (1993,
22-31). An extensive survey and treatment of the biblical quotations
and allusions in the Hebrew and Aramaic magical texts from the Cairo
Genizah is to be found in Salzer (2010). The present catalogue is de-
signed as a complement to that work.

Introduction 5

different ways in which bowl writers encountered scripture,
whether in the context of the liturgy or through other encounters
with oral or written scripture, such as its reproduction in scribal
milieux.” A number of the bowl texts that contain biblical quota-
tions also contain overt allusions to biblical figures and stories,
as well as other explicit indicators of (deep) familiarity with the
Jewish literary traditions of late antiquity, including rabbinic and
Hekhalot literature. The JBA bowls are far from a homogeneous
corpus, and the increasing correlation of such types of uniquely
‘Jewish’ spell contents (scriptural and otherwise) with a typology
of the (scribal) hands behind the bowl texts will likely permit
more specific insights into the immediate professional milieux of
some bowl writers, their repertoires, and the social locations of
biblical and other forms of knowledge.’ This should prove of
great value not just for socio-religious typologies of the bowls,
but also for our understanding of the diversity of Jewish society
in Sasanian Mesopotamia.’

(3) The oral modes of transmission of the biblical text in

late antiquity, the reproduction of scripture from aural memory,

” For evidence that some bowl writers worked as professional scribes,
see Bhayro (2015) and Manekin-Bamberger (2015; 2020).

8 In this respect, see the important discussions in Manekin-Bamberger
(2020) and Gross and Manekin-Bamberger (2022).

° For initial sociological syntheses of the bowl texts and their implica-
tions for our understanding of Sasanian Mesopotamia and its (important
minority) communities, see Morony (2003) and Herman (2019; 2021,
131-36).

6 The Bible in the Bowls

the phonology and morphology of the Babylonian reading tradi-
tion, and the potential interference of contact languages on this
reading tradition."

(4) The formation of the liturgy and the development of the
Jewish prayer book. A large proportion of the biblical quotations
in the bowl texts were known then or later in liturgical contexts,
while specific combinations of scripture in the bowls are often
consistent with liturgical formulae.’! Their use may have been
stimulated in part by this liturgical usage and not just their ap-
pearance in scripture alone.’? Further to this, some bowls may
bear witness to early stages in the development of the liturgy.
The bowl M 108 (Levene 2003, 71), for instance, quotes a com-
bination of verses (Pss 89.53; 106.48; 72.18-19; 104.31; 106.47)
that parallels the communal response prescribed in the fourth
section of the ‘Arvit in Seder ‘Amram.'* This prayer is attributed
by ‘Amram Gaon to the “later rabbis” (i.e., the post-Talmudic or

Saboraic rabbis of the sixth to seventh centuries). This would not

10 For recent research in these areas, see Abudraham (2020), Frim
(2021), and Molin (2017; 2020). Cf. the pioneering study of Hebrew in
the bowls by Mishor (2007), as well as Elitzur (2013).

™ On Jewish liturgy and the bowl texts, see Naveh and Shaked (1993,
22-31) and Levene (2003, 11-14; 2005). On magic and liturgy more
broadly, see Schafer (1996) and van der Vliet (2011).

” An excellent example is provided by a pair of duplicate bowls (VA
3853 and VA 3854) in Levene (2003) that do not just quote the first
two groups of verses from the Shema‘ (Deut. 6.4-9 and 11.13-21), but
include the liturgical response 731 oy> ima TaD ow 712 ‘Blessed is
the name of His glorious kingdom forever’ at the appropriate point in
the quotation.

13 See Levene (2005, 173-74) for further discussion.

Introduction 7

just make M 108 the oldest witness to this prayer; it would also
reflect the use in a magic bowl of a prayer that had only recently
been introduced.

(5) Biblical text criticism. Textual critics often neglect
texts, like amulets and magic bowls, that contain non-continuous
portions of scripture, though some bowl texts contain the earliest
attestations of biblical passages not found in the Dead Sea Scrolls
or elsewhere in the Judaean desert; they thus possess text-critical
value in studies of the transmission history of the Hebrew Bible.”

The remainder of this introduction serves several purposes.
In the first place, it defines quotation for the purposes of the cat-
alogue. It then provides a number of initial observations about
the form and the use of the biblical quotations in the bowls. This
is followed by some discussion of the orthography of the quota-
tions in the context of late antique biblical transmission and the
value of these spellings for reconstructing the extant Hebrew pro-
nunciation traditions of late antique Babylonia. This discussion
also considers the extent to which the biblical quotations in the
bowls originated in liturgical practice—whether prayer or public
reading of the weekly Torah portion—or in a written tradition of
Biblical Hebrew.

4 See Pickering (1999) and Lanfer (2015). Similarly, as Herman (2021,
133) points out, quotations from rabbinic literature in the bowl spells
“can even contribute towards establishing the most accurate original
text within the Talmud.”

8 The Bible in the Bowls

1.0. Quotation and Allusion

The practice of incorporating earlier spoken or written materials
into the body of a later composition is frequent in literature of all
times, but there is considerable disagreement in comparative lit-
erary theory regarding the nature of quotation and allusion, as
well as little scholarly consensus on the terminology and meth-
odology to be used in treating them. By all accounts, the category
of quotation includes at least some ways of reporting or repeating
the actual speech or discourse of someone else, while many schol-
ars differentiate between quotation and allusion on this basis:
that quotation is the direct use of a prior text and allusion an
indirect use of a prior text. But the realities of quotation in the
ancient world are complex, and it can sometimes be difficult to
say what constitutes the repetition of discourse in a world of non-
standardised texts where the accurate reproduction of the actual
words of an earlier text—let alone the acknowledgment of this
reproduction using an explicit citation formula—does not appear
to have always been a priority.

For the purposes of this catalogue, I use the term quotation
to refer not to exact reproductions of the orthography of the MT
or the targumim in the bowls, but—allowing for orthographic var-
iance—to a marked formal correspondence or sustained lexical
linkage with the actual words of an antecedent scriptural text.'®

The term ‘pseudo-quotation’ is thus reserved for phenomena like

'S The scriptural quotations in the bowls agree with the Masoretic or-
thography to varying degrees. Divergences generally reflect phonetic
spellings and the reproduction of biblical texts from memory. See §§3.0
and 4.0 below.

Introduction 9

conflation or paraphrase. Such marked formal correspondences
can be easily observed between a variety of biblical texts and
portions of the bowl texts in 130 published bowls.'® Though only
some of these quotations are explicitly marked with an introduc-
tion or citation formula as the words of someone else, they are
all obviously (intended to be) quotations. And even though ‘sus-
tained lexical linkage’ is a fairly loose stipulation, it nevertheless
accomplishes a sharp distinction between quotation and other
forms of biblical citation in the bowls. Only rarely does a mar-
ginal instance creep into the catalogue. A good example is a
pseudo-quotation that appears in the bowl AMB 9:5-6 (Naveh
and Shaked 1987, 174-76). Even though this passage represents
at best a conflation and paraphrase of several biblical verses, it is
included because it is preceded by an explicit citation formula
(just like nine other recognisable biblical quotations in the same
bowl text).

In any case, it is simply impossible to remove a certain el-

ement of subjectivity from such an endeavour, especially when

'© Tn one rare instance, a quotation of Ps. 115.1 begins in Hebrew, but
continues in a targum which is not identical to any targum known to us;
see Shaked (2015, 109-10). In this case, we have an instance of quota-
tion that problematises the notion of quotation as a formal correspond-
ence between the words of a manifest text and the words of an anteced-
ent text; the difficulty here is our inability to identify the specific prior
text, though this difficulty is smoothed over by the initial Hebrew. See
below for discussion of other marginal instances.

10 The Bible in the Bowls

approaching the blurry border line between quotation and allu-
sion.'? A good example is the use of Isa. 45.2b in the bowl M
155:6-7 (Levene 2003, 110-15). The bowl text calls upon Ga-
briel, Michael, and Raphael—who are said in the bowl text to
shatter copper doors and cut iron bars, just like God promised to
do for Cyrus in the book of Isaiah—to shatter and cut off an evil
spirit.
mondt pan ot Seat Oxaar Oxmax vt Sy = -M 155:6-7

Www man prr oma cna pyTaa xwink
xnwa xnind

yor Socom rawx awinimindt — Isa. 45.2b

The bowl text retains parts of the Hebrew original (xwini mind
and Srna "m2 and the verb y73), though the conjugation of the
verbs is adapted and 71 is replaced with 11n. An argument could

” The concept of allusion is especially difficult to define and—more so
than quotation—is complicated by questions of authorial intent and the
fact that no two readers are likely to perceive brief parallels between
any texts in the same way. Numerous scholars using different (theoret-
ical) frameworks have sought to establish formal principles for the de-
scription and classification of allusions, as well as to establish how al-
lusion comes into being and where it exists (in the text, in the author’s
mind, or in the mind of the reader). By most accounts, allusion is a way
of signifying where some kind of overt or covert marker is used to both
denote an earlier text and recover one or more properties of this earlier
text in order to modify a later text. The perception of generic affinity is
thus the driving force of allusion; it is what directs the reader to a par-
ticular interpretation of the later text. These affinities may be simple or
complex, and triggered by more or less overt markers. The JBA bowl
texts are replete with overt allusions to the Hebrew Bible and other
Jewish literary traditions.

Introduction 11

be made that this citation of Isa. 45.2 should be designated an
overt allusion, though I ultimately include it in the catalogue. As
with a handful of other marginal instances, it is marked in the
catalogue as a paraphrastic pseudo-quotation. In two other cases,
where the lexical linkages between the bowl and scripture are
very brief, the broader context of the incantation played a role in
deciding whether or not to include the case in the catalogue. Thus
the isolated appearance of the epithet 11273 7 in the bowl JBA
28:10 (Shaked et al. 2013, 162), which the editors suggest is
“possibly an abbreviated quotation” of Ps. 24.8b (which reads
many Wia3 m17°), is not included in the catalogue, while the dox-
ological phrase 731 ody qo min? Tox mn? Ton min? (which fuses
phrases from Pss 10.16 and 93.1 with Exod. 15.18) is included in
the catalogue because it is consistently clustered together with
several other biblical quotations in the bowls in which it is
quoted.

Certain divine epithets, such as o(°)ndiy 71 ‘Eternal Rock’
(cf. Isa. 26.4b), though no doubt of a biblical origin, are so well-
attested as independent epithets across both the bowls and rab-
binic literature that I do not include them as quotations in the
catalogue. Similarly, the phrase 1nw nixay nin ‘The LorD of Hosts
is his name’ appears in a number of bowls; it also appears at thir-
teen different points in the Hebrew Bible. Because it is not possi-
ble to determine from the bowl texts which (if any) of these bib-
lical verses is being quoted, I do not include this phrase in the
catalogue. Further to these remarks, I do not include uses of the
divine name from Exod. 3.14 in the catalogue; although the cat-

alogue elsewhere includes the deployment of (partial) quotations

12 The Bible in the Bowls

as (parts of) divine epithets in the bowls, the inclusion of this
partial quotation from Exod. 3.14 and variations on it would have

blown the catalogue up to a truly unwieldy size.

2.0. The Form and Uses of the Biblical

Quotations in the Bowls

The JBA bowl texts quote from multiple books of the Bible.'* As
Korsvoll (2018, 90) has pointed out, however, biblical quotations
in the bowl texts are neither ubiquitous nor are they evenly dis-
tributed across the corpus.'? In fact, the majority of quotations
cluster in a minority of bowls. Of the 464 bowl texts published

thus far, 130 include quotations. Of these, 67 bowl texts feature

18 Biblical books not represented in the bowl texts published thus far
are Joshua, Judges, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah,
Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Malachi, Job, Ruth, Lamenta-
tions, Ecclesiastes, Esther, and Ezra. The books of Exodus, Numbers,
Deuteronomy, Isaiah, and Psalms are particularly well represented in
the published bowls, while Zech. 3.2 is, for reasons obvious in the con-
text of the bowls, by far the most quoted single verse; quotations from
Ps. 91 appear less often than might be expected given the apotropaic
goals of many bowl texts.

For example, of the thirty JBA/Hebrew bowls in the Hilprecht
Sammlung recently re-edited by Ford and Morgenstern (2020), only 5
of 30 contain one or more quotations. Of the first tranche of bowls from
the Schgyen Collection published by Shaked et al. (2013), only 19 of 64
contain quotations. Only 8 of 75 bowls in the collection of the British
Museum published by Segal (2000) contain a quotation. Note that the
readings in Segal (2000) are not always reliable, while Segal identifies
a number of further scriptural citations in the British Museum bowls
that are far from certain.

Introduction 13

just one quotation, 26 feature two quotations, and 37 feature
three or more quotations.”° The table appended to the catalogue
shows the distribution of biblical quotations across the published
corpus of bowl texts.

Nonetheless, those bowls that contain quotations demon-
strate the extensive scriptural knowledge of some bowl writers,
while the interaction with scripture in these bowls affords us a
vivid picture of the ways authoritative traditions were conceptu-
alised and appropriated for apotropaic, exorcistic, curative, and
(occasionally) aggressive purposes in the bowls. This section of-
fers a brief overview of the form and use of biblical quotations in
the bowl texts.

2.1. The Form of the Quotations

The form of the biblical quotations in the published bowls ranges
from brief phrases to the entirety of individual biblical verses to
the quotation of several continuous verses and even extended
biblical passages. Miiller-Kessler (2013, 227-228) has briefly dis-
tinguished three broad ways in which quotations are incorpo-
rated into the texts of bowls.

(1) Some bowl texts consist solely of biblical verses, though

such texts are rare.”! To these instances may be added bowls that

?° Well over 2,000 magic bowls are known, and the number of quota-
tions deriving from the published corpus thus reflects only a portion of
the scriptural material in the bowl texts, as many unpublished texts in-
clude quotations.

?! Examples of these are HS 3027 (Ford and Morgenstern 2020, 86-87),
HS 3030 (Ford and Morgenstern 2020, 92-93), IM 141803 (Faraj 2010,
206-7), and A 33965 (Kaufman 1973).

14 The Bible in the Bowls

largely abstain from an Aramaic incantation. An example is M
108 (Levene 2003, 71), the text of which consists of seven bibli-
cal verses and only a brief statement of purpose in Aramaic:
T2 PINT ID PIA wd voPor1 oT Pw IONS AAP PIA
nnawna

This amulet is for the binding of demons, dévs, and frights

and satans from this house of Adib son of Bat-Sabbeta.
(2) Other bowl texts quote both partial and complete biblical
verses as a fixed part of larger spell formulae. Examples of this
phenomenon are the use of quotations as dialogue or character
speech in various narrative spells. In a spell that recounts a meet-
ing between the famous tanna Hanina ben Dosa and an evil spirit,
for instance, the sage speaks to the demon and quotes Ps. 104.20
against her. A well-preserved example of this spell is to be found
in JBA 9:7-9 (Shaked et al 2013, 79-81), which reads:

SPIN INA 3 Paps NNW NNT nix oy Rayawni D>y APAIN

xen a yaaT gnwea gn KNOTT 72 8PIN IT dD WNI KNOTT 72
aye’ in 52 ovat ia aeons win mwn an27 ANP Rnyw

I adjure you and I beswear you, you, evil spirit, who met

Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa, and Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa said

to her, to the evil spirit who met him at that time, the verse

that is written: “You make darkness and it is night, in

which all beasts of the forest creep’”” (Ps. 104.20).
Another example is the quotation of Isa. 40.12 in the popular
Semamit historiola, where an evil agent known variously as Si-
deros and Sergi(u)s swears an oath not to harm the children of
the bowl owner. He does so using the biblical verse as a divine

epithet. Typically, only Isa. 40.12a is quoted by the evil agent,

Introduction 15

though the full verse is quoted in the version of the spell deployed
in AMB 12b (Naveh and Shaked 1987, 189-193). The relevant
part of the story reads:

Daw oa diyiwa Tow val > Rayanwn RINT IpIAW AARKI
Dmxina mya {yr} 05a. Spwi pagan way w>wa do pon mira
85) (D)NIIPR IPMN MAYO ONT POT MAW DTT INS 527
PNT OU NA PnnpRrnr apart pia ops xd purer {px}

pdyn tsar ya pad pnd pind

And he said, “Let go of me and I swear to you by the One
‘who measured the waters in his palm and gauged the
heavens with a span, and weighed <the mountains > with
a scale and the hills with a balance’ (Isa. 40.12) that wher-
ever one mentions the name of Sini and Sasini and Sinigru
and Artiqu, I shall have pity and shall not strangle or kill
the children of Zabinu son of Zuni and his wife, daughter
of Gusi, those whom they have and those whom they will
have from this day to eternity.”

Similarly, a bowl published by Shaked (2015, 109-110) recounts
the pursuit of the Israelites by the Egyptians into the Sea of
Reeds. In the bowl’s telling of this story, Ps. 115.1 is placed into
the mouths of the Egyptian charioteers as they realise they are
about to perish at the hand of God:

RINT... TIO gADRT AWA RNwWIA ANT ng oY RIVAWMAI RPAIN

mray min pos a on ya NIT AND ND WTR NN" AT

Ana gay Ay ana wT No awa paw ons yo {yi} ww

xia Sy Same AI xm gn” Koy anata Nn Sy dams AI
wo xd mip wd xd om TP ARI TNTD 7 IN"OA RI

I adjure you and beswear you, you, the evil spirit, by the
name of the great God ... who rebuked the sea and its
banks shook, as it is written: ‘I cleft the sea and its waves

16 The Bible in the Bowls

roared, the LORD of Hosts is his name’ (Isa. 51.15 = Jer.
31.34). Now He lifted the hearts of the Egyptians towards
the sea and they pursued the people up to the sea, and He
made an appearance with great wrath over the sea, and
they pursued the people up to the sea, and He made an
appearance with great wrath over the sea, and they dis-
solved from His presence, and said in His presence: “‘Not
to us, O LORD, not to us ...’” (Ps. 115.1).

Strikingly, the quotation from Ps. 115 in this bowl, which begins
in Hebrew, is continued in a hitherto unattested targum that em-
braces Ps. 115.1-2.

(3) Most bowl texts quote biblical verses not as a fixed part
of spell formulae but as ‘independent’ units. These quotations
sometimes open the bowl text or appear midway through the
text. More commonly, they are to be found at (or towards) the
end of the bowl text, where they sometimes cluster together.
Polzer (1986, 107) has argued that this use of scripture—at the
end of the incantation text and towards the rim of the bowl—
may have been perceived to function as a kind of authoritative
seal upon the text.”* In other words, the scriptural verses were
used to effect a kind of hedge around the edge of the bowl.”

?? Bhayro (2021, 76) expands upon this observation and compares the
possible use of biblical quotations in this respect to the common deploy-
ment of the scribal guarantee of effectiveness n°p1 7Ww ‘sound and es-
tablished’ to conclude some bowl texts.

3 There was also undoubtedly a pragmatic aspect to the quotation of
small units of scripture towards the end of the incantation text and the
rim of the bowl: as the bowl writers neared the end of the writing space
available to them on the inside of the bowl, it makes sense that they
would have stuck to smaller units of text rather than launching into

Introduction 17

Finally, biblical quotations sometimes appear in the bowl
texts in emended form. The word order of quotations is occasion-
ally inverted, or the verse is first written out forwards and then
repeated backwards. Other bowl writers wove two separate bib-
lical verses together by quoting alternating words from each
verse, as with Deut. 6.4 and Ps. 91.1 in the bowl AMB 11:6-7
(Naveh and Shaked 1987, 184). The effect is as follows:

wore tnx tw mi ova wads pd mia anos benw” awry paw

Other forms of emendation include the insertion of the bowl
owner’s name directly into the biblical verse. In a bowl designed
to cure a woman suffering from miscarriages, for example, the

name of the beneficiary is inserted into Ps. 55.9 as follows:

qyon ayo nnn Mawr na awn van {oban} avn

I would hasten escape for Miskoy daughter of Anusfri from

the stormy wind and tempest.”

Occasionally, parts of a verse may be purposefully elided or omit-
ted. A good example is the quotation of Num. 10.35 in a bowl
designed to protect Madar-Afri daughter of ManuSay against var-
ious forms of injurious magic. The verse is quoted in an unusual
spelling with a telling alteration to the biblical text: the final five
letters of 7’x1wn ‘those who hate you’ are deliberately omitted by
the bowl writer:

[vacat]M 1031 JRIR WID 1 TIA RAID NWI 1 ANA pros pam
yan

longer spell units that had the potential to spill over the rim of the bowl
and onto its exterior (something they apparently sought to avoid).
4 JBA 55:14 (Shaked et al. 2013, 246-247).

18 The Bible in the Bowls

And it happened, whenever the Ark set out, that Moses
would say, ‘Rise O Lorp and let Your enemies scatter and
let <those who hate You> flee before You!””°

This alteration was undoubtedly intended as an act of sympa-
thetic magic designed to excise and negate the threat of Madar-
Afri’s perceived enemies.

Some bowls also paraphrase or conflate biblical passages
(whether intentionally or by accident) and I designate these par-
ticular instances pseudo-quotations. A good example is to be
found in the bowl AMB 9:5-6 (Naveh and Shaked 1987, 174-
176), where the ‘quotation’ is indicated using an explicit citation
formula but in fact appears to be an allusion to or paraphrase of
two different biblical verses:

xnband xaipn ann (dx) i(p)? 851 1a) ansT ANIp Moy OPN

onnad aAmox xan xn

May the following verse apply to him: “They shall fall and
not arise (Jer. 8.4 or Amos 8.14) and there will be no
power for them to stand (Lev. 26.37) after (their) downfall,
and there will be no healing to their wound.”

Finally, as briefly mentioned above, an occasional targum appears
in the magic bowls. In these instances, the targum typically ap-
pears alongside the Hebrew verse. Very rarely, we encounter an

Aramaic version without reference to the original Hebrew.

2.2. The Uses of the Quotations

Broadly speaking, the rationale behind the quotation of most bib-
lical verses in the bowl texts is relatively easy to identify.

25 AMB 3:5 (Naveh and Shaked 1987, 146).

Introduction 19

(1) In many cases, the plain or literal sense of the quoted
verse has an immediate bearing upon the stated aim of the incan-
tation. For example, a rare instance of the genre of aggressive
magic in the bowls quotes various verses from Deuteronomy and

applies them to the intended victim of the bowl text:

npota nnoapai nanwa om nay ou aa ANA oy md>y OPM
pnwa] n> TI a8 Fy] TAT [pw] a paywai ainsi NANA
syn Toan jana vadand Sor {p} xd awe opiwr dy ovanan dy y[n

[aad nanan]a myya pyywa ~” ADD] TNpTIP

And may the following apply to Judah son of Nanay:
“The LORD shall strike you with a wasting disease and with
a fever and with an inflammation and with a fiery heat and
with the sword and with blight and with [mildew] and
they shall pursue you [until you perJish” (Deut. 28.22).
“The LORD shall strike you on the knees and on the legs
with gr[ievous boils] of which you cannot be healed, from
the sole of your foot to the crown of your head” (Deut.
28.35). “The LORD shall strike you with madness and with
blindness and with [bewilderment of heart]” (Deut.
28.28).”°

Here, the aims of the bowl are wholly congruent with the plain
sense of the curses laid out in Deuteronomy.

(2) Likewise, many verses are quoted because they speak to
the tremendous power of the divinity. Without directly adjuring

or commanding God, such verses could be used to recall past acts

26 AMB 9:7-9 (Naveh and Shaked 1987, 174-176).

20 The Bible in the Bowls

of divine provision and protection in order to establish a prece-
dent or paradigm for such actions in the present.” The bowl MS
2053/159 (Levene 2003, 100-102), for instance, quotes the Song
of the Sea as part of an incantation written to anathematise, ban,
and annul an evil lilith from appearing to the bowl owner in var-
ious frightening guises (including the form of the bowl owner’s
dead mother). It quotes three separate verses three times each,
including Exod. 15.16:
Ty MP Toy Tap? Ty jax aT Ty a TN] ANAK ony Han
map it py ray

Terror and dread fell upon them, through the might of
Your arm they stayed still as stone, till Your people passed,
O LORD, till Your people passed whom You have ran-
somed.

In its original context, sung following the destruction of the Egyp-
tian army at the Sea of Reeds, this verse speaks to the terror and

?7 Polzer (1986, 105-6) has argued that such quotations may have func-
tioned as a form of divine inducement or indirect coercion. In this re-
spect, biblical quotations would certainly have had the advantage of
being more distinctive than mere requests, insofar as they serve to ren-
der God an addressee or narratee to his own actions. Compare the mode
of address adopted in the Greek and Roman texts detailed in Hickson
(1993, 33-43) and Furley and Bremer (2001, 2-5, 50-63) as well as the
preference for declaratives in Latin curse-tablets—such as commendo,
mando, demando, defigo, deligo, obligo, devoveo, trado—which stake out
a fine ground of divine address that is neither entreaty nor command.
Gordon (2019, 113) notes that, by “playing upon the force of such de-
claratives, the [writers of these magical texts] created a situation in
which the ball was as it were suddenly in the court of the divine ad-
dressee(s): they had to deal with the move as best they could.”

Introduction 21

dread that fell upon the chiefs of Edom, the leaders of Moab, and
all the inhabitants of Canaan as God shepherded his people
amidst various threats. In the context of the bowl, terror and
dread are presumably to fall upon the lilith infesting the bowl
owner’s home: the demon is threatened with the might of the
divine arm while the protective paradigm instantiated by the
verse is extended to the bowl owner. Such quotations—drawing
upon historical or typological precedent—reflect a belief in the
enduring nature of God and his actions.

(3) Similarly, partial quotations could be used (as epithets)
to invoke divine attributes. For instance, in a bowl text that opens
“By your name I act,” an evil spirit identified as the daughter of
Bal‘in is adjured using several divine epithets drawn from biblical
verses, all of which emphasise the might and the warlike charac-
ter of the divinity:

TIN NYY MP nw MA ANANDA wR MA Ak MA AT nwa

Arai ty Ddiy> qo min qoxn ain qo aia Ando 3 7
.. pd. na Rg pNNT RNw'A NNT InaK Ddy

By the name of Yah, YHWH, A, Yah “YHWH is a man of
war, YHWH is his name” (Exod. 15.3). “YHWH strong and
mighty, YHWH mighty in battle” (Ps. 24.8). “YHWH is
king, YHWH reigns, YHWH shall reign for ever and ever”
(Ps. 10.16, Ps. 93.1, Exod. 15.18). I adjure you, you, evil
spirit who is called daughter of Bal‘in ...”°

In this particular example, the quotations selected by the bowl
writers do not just appeal to the divinity’s immutable and warlike

character, they also incorporate the divine name seven times;

28 JBA 9:11-12 (Shaked et al. 2013, 79-81).

22 The Bible in the Bowls

they were presumably selected and combined in part to achieve
this significant numerological value.

In some bowl texts, whole biblical verses are quoted as
names of power, using either 7 7’nw2 or owa.

(4) Furthermore, a relevant factor in the selection of some
verses may have been not just their perceived relevance to the
apotropaic, curative, or comminative themes of the bowl text.
Quotations may also have been selected for their ability to estab-
lish—in perlocutionary terms—the piety of the bowl owners and
their fidelity to God’s commandments. Verses such as Num. 9.23,
Exod. 14.31, and Deut. 6.4, for instance, speak to trust in the One
God and faithfulness to his commands.” Insofar as these units of
scripture emphasise piety, they may have been designed to stand
as testimony to the bowl owner’s trust in God and to establish a
protective paradigm built upon this trust. Exemplary in this re-
gard are those bowls which interweave individual words from
Deut. 6.4 with Ps. 91.1. This formulation combines a central
statement of faith with the opening words of a psalm renowned
for its anti-demonic powers; the result is an incantatory statement

of faith/divine protection.

?° Bhayro (2020) has also argued that the frequent quotation of Num.
9.23 in the bowls worked—again in perlocutionary fashion—to cast the
bowl writer as working in collaboration with God, just as the efforts
described in Num. 9.23 were achieved m7? °5 Sy ‘upon the mouth of
God’ and nw ta ‘by the hand of Moses’ (or the hand of the bowl
writer). This might also go some way to explaining the frequent combi-
nation in the bowl texts of Num. 9.23 and Zech. 3.2, whose divine re-
buke of Satan commences 717? 7798".

Introduction 23

Further to these general remarks on the use of the Bible in
the bowls, the following sections survey in more detail some com-
mon thematic deployments of scripture in the bowls. They also
touch upon several further issues with respect to the phenome-

non of quotation in the bowl texts.

2.2.1. Prophylactics and Apotropaics

As mentioned previously, most bowls were written in order to
protect their owners from the threat of demons and various forms
of injurious magic. In service of these goals, we frequently find
biblical quotations used to ward off demons and/or to establish
the fact of divine protection. The Priestly Blessing in Num. 6.24-
26 appears in several bowls, for instance. The protective para-
digm attributed to these verses is made explicit in Targum
Pseudo-Jonathan, which glosses 77Aw" 7177 7372? ‘The LorD bless
you and keep you’ as follows (amplifications upon the Hebrew in
italics):

TaN a TAD ayer > ja JINN Tpory Soa” JPII

vip

The LORD bless you in all your endeavors and keep you from

liliths and from fear demons and midday demons and morning

demons and destroyers and shadow demons.*°
By far the most commonly quoted verse in the published bowl
texts is Zech. 3.2, the quotation of which clearly pivots upon the

divine rebuke that centres the verse:

°° Cf. Sifre Num. 40, which also speaks specifically to the protection af-
forded by this verse from the class of demons known as j’pri ‘destroy-
ers’. This class of demons is a common target of the bowl texts.

24 The Bible in the Bowls

Fa MA wan ws Ja MA? wy ow’A Dy TIT TDR
And the LORD said to the satan (accuser), ‘The LORD rebuke
you, O satan, may the LORD rebuke you ...
To threaten is also a way of warding off potential threats, and a
striking example of this use of scripture is the deployment of

Exod. 15.7 in a bowl targeted at a specific lilith:
wpa b> Jann nown Jap p(ya)n JN an

In the greatness of Your majesty You overthrew those who

rose against You. You sent forth Your fury. It consumed

them like stubble.*'
The verse is inscribed in a circle around the drawing of the lilith
in question, and the material arrangement of the text appears to
have been designed to symbolically threaten the lilith with the
fury of God and with the fate of the chaff.

2.2.2. Curative Uses

An excellent example of the curative use of scripture in the bowls
is the deployment of Gen. 30.22 midway through an incantation
for fertility and success in child birth. The quotation marks the
end of one spell formula and the beginning of another. As previ-
ously observed, biblical quotations in the bowl texts are generally
located either at the beginning or (more often) at the end of the
incantation, and the somewhat unusual deployment of Gen.
30.22 in the middle of this text speaks to the specificity of its use.
The bowl requests healing, fertility, and “living and abiding chil-
dren” for Mihranahid daughter of Ahat, while the quoted verse

31 AMB 13:2 (Naveh and Shaked 1987, 198)

Introduction 25

recounts how God remembered Rachel, listened to her, and

opened her womb:
327m FAM ag nan o7dx dx pnw Smo nx ody To

And God remembered Rachel, and God listened to her, and

He opened her womb. And He remembered.”

Rachel had been unable to conceive and Gen. 30.22 signals the
divine resolution to remedy her barrenness. The quotation thus
invokes God to fulfil a specific blessing from the Torah for the
benefit of the bowl owner, while the repetition in this bowl of
“And He remembered” after the end of the verse serves both as a
reaffirmation and to make explicit the constitutive role of the
quotation in the bowl’s magic.

The use of this quotation in the bowl also raises questions
about the meronymic use of scripture in the bowls, i.e., the use
of individual verses to invoke larger conceptual referents. Were
quotations of Ps. 91.1, for example, understood to function pars
pro toto for the entirety of Ps. 91? The wider psalm is steeped in
metaphors for God’s protective care, and because Ps. 91.1 is the
beginning of a textual unit that goes on to detail various forms of
divine protection from demons in particular, what seems implicit
in its use is an intentional connection between the ‘words quoted

in the bowl’ and the contiguous psalm as a whole.® Likewise,

3? MFL 10895 (Bhayro 2017, 4-5).

3 Scholars working on different apotropaic objects have noted the fre-
quent pars pro toto deployment of specific verses from Ps. 91 on these
objects, e.g. Judge (1987, 341); Kraus (2007, 487); Sanzo (2014, 106-
20); Zenger (2000, 626). For the pars pro toto deployment of (psalmic)

26 The Bible in the Bowls

Deut. 6.4 may have been quoted in the bowls not as an independ-
ent scriptural unit, but as an incipit that referred pars pro toto to
the Shem‘a (Deut. 6.4—9, Deut. 11.13-21, and Num. 15.37-41) or
to the Bedtime Shem‘a (where only Deut. 6.4—9 is recited).

With respect to Gen. 30.22, the question is whether the
bowl writer had only this verse in mind, or whether the quotation
was designed to invoke an even broader matrilineal paradigm
wherein pregnancy is consistently framed as an act of God
through the lives of Sarah, Rebecca, and Rachel. An example of
this paradigm in action is to be found in a recipe for fertility from
the Cairo Genizah that explicitly links Gen. 30.22 with Gen. 21.1
(Sarah) and Gen. 25.21 (Rebecca).** The recipe allies Rachel with
the other matriarchs, Sarah and Rebecca, and works to emphasise
in triplicate that infertility is actionable by God. The use of Gen.
30.22 in our bowl to tap into this broader (and even more pow-
erful) paradigm would have served to significantly reinforce the

action of the bowl.

incipits in magical texts more generally, see Rebiger (2003, 265-281)
and Sanzo (2014).

34 T-S K 1.157, fol. 1:21-31 (Schafer and Shaked 1994, 8:111 f.) On the
specific application of Gen. 30.22 in the Genizah materials, see Salzer
(2010, 33, 68) and the texts T-S K 1.157, fol. 1:8 and 1:27-28 as well
as the damaged Genizah recipe book T-S K 1.143 (Naveh and Shaked
1993, Genizah 18: 12:4-5 [189-197]). Cf. the citations of Gen. 21.1
(“And the LORD visited Sarah as He had said, and the LORD did for
Sarah as He had spoken”) in the Genizah amulets T-S K 1.157, fol. 1:12
and 1:29 and recipe book T-S K 1.157, fol. 1:9. On the broader matri-
lineal paradigm, see Salzer (2010, 266-271).

Introduction 27

The study of the Bible in the bowls is only taking its first
steps. It remains an open question whether certain bowl writers
quoted specific biblical verses in order to invoke a larger concep-
tual referent than the ‘mere’ words quoted in the bowl. The use
of incipits within the bowl corpus, as well as other meronymic

uses of scripture, merit further investigation.

2.2.3. For Popularity and Success

Though the bowls were largely used to protect against demons
and to address illnesses and ailments caused by or personified as
demons, other genres of magic also make an appearance across
the material medium of the bowls. Only a few examples of bowls
for popularity and success have been published thus far, though
a number of unpublished examples are known. Amongst the pub-
lished bowls, we find Prov. 3.4 quoted in a text designed to bring
about favour and success (in court) for Mahdukh daughter of

Ispendarmed:
DIN OOX yA aw Dawi jn KYM

And may he find grace and good understanding in the eyes

of God and man.*
Another bowl written for success in business—and designed spe-
cifically to bring a multitude of customers to the gate of Wartan
son of Miryay—quotes several verses from Isa. 60. Two of these
verses emphasise abundance and the accumulation of great
wealth, while the third verse construes Wartan’s many customers

metaphorically in terms of a vast cloud of birds:

°° MS 1927/2:5 (Shaked 2005, 25-26).

28 The Bible in the Bowls

om7abar on dn Pox x9and m0 xd) 51 par Pan Jpw inna
amie gave di ADyi pt maa Poon oon nyaw on
58 pupa man ayo nds cn nwa ma md>am ix vanadi

DMN

Open your gates continually; and they shall not be shut day
or night, to bring to you the wealth of nations; and their
kings are led (Isa. 60.11). The abundance of camels shall
cover you, dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all of them
from Sheba shall come; gold and incense they shall bring,
and the praises of the LORD they shall announce (Isa. 60.6).
Who are these that as a cloud fly, and as doves to their
windows? (Isa. 60.8)°°

2.2.4. Aggressive Uses

As noted above, the material medium of the bowls was also used
for the writing of aggressive spells targeted at named individuals.
This form of interpersonal engagement is to be found most com-
monly in counter-charms designed to return curses, demons, and
other forms of (demonised) malice to their senders (often with
interest). It is also to be found in more forthright texts that do
not couch their aggression in terms of reciprocity. A good exam-
ple of the former category is a bowl text designed to return a
yaror or jackal-spirit to its original sender, Sisin daughter of As-
mandukh. In service of this goal, the bowl writer uses Deut. 6.19
to construe Sisin as an enemy to be driven out:

Mi 737 Wr JID" Pas 5D (m)x Ard

3° SD 34:13-14 (Levene and Bhayro, 2005/2006).

Introduction 29

That all your enemies may be driven out before you, as the

LORD has spoken.°*”
An example of outright aggression in the bowls is to be found in
a text cited above, AMB 9, which seeks the (painful) death of
Judah son of Nanay. In service of this goal, the bowl writer
quotes Ps. 69.24, Ps. 69.26, Exod. 22.23, and Lev. 26.29 in addi-
tion to the curses in Deut. 28.22, Deut. 28.35, and Deut. 28.28,
culminating in Deut. 29.19. One function of these biblical
curses—in addition to supplementing the various Aramaic curses
applied to Judah son of Nanay—may have been to sanction the
act of cursing the victim as a legitimate practice. By drawing
upon Deuteronomy, the bowl writer is able to mark out Judah as
someone who has committed a severe offence against the LORD
and drawn down the righteous anger of God. Using these quota-
tions, the bowl writer is able to emphasise the legitimacy of their
aggressive magical action.*®

All of the foregoing examples illustrate how different units
of scripture were appropriated by the bowl writers on the basis
of their themes and (narrative) contents and the perceived con-
sonance of these themes and contents with the bowl owners’ spe-
cific needs. In some instances, the quotations demonstrate how

biblical verses could be separated out from their original contexts

37 VA 2484:19 (Levene 2013, 22-24).

38 See Salzer (2013, 628-631) for the similar application of Lev. 6.5,
Lev. 6.6, and Lev. 9.24 in order to draw a connection between the sac-
rificial cult of the Jerusalem Temple and the sending of a fever. In this
light, the fever is sanctioned and connotes “an activity demanded by
divine authority” (629).

30 The Bible in the Bowls

using more creative forms of logic. This primarily ‘bite-size’ ap-
proach to the Bible in the bowls suggests that the bowl writers
conceived of scripture largely as a repository or repertory of sep-
arable units.*° These individual units could be used to invoke the
powers associated with the precedent or thematic paradigm of
the events and/or actions and/or divine characteristics narrated

or described in a given quotation.

3.0. The Orthography of the Quotations in the

Context of Late Antique Bible Transmission

The scriptural quotations in the bowls reflect varying degrees of
correspondence to—or independence from—the orthography
known to us from the later, medieval Masoretic manuscripts. In
most cases, the quotations are characterised by a degree of ‘free’
spelling—primarily phonetic or plene spelling—that may be at-

tributed to the reproduction of scripture from aural memory.”

°° This selective approach to scriptural material in the manufacturing of
the bowls would naturally have been dictated by pragmatic factors as
well, including the limitations of the artefact: the writing surface of a
small bowl can only include so much text, and it was thus necessary to
separate smaller units of scripture from their larger wholes for this rea-
son too. It is also necessary to keep in mind the ways in which the di-
verse body of bowl writers may have encountered scripture, whether
through common engagement in the context of the liturgy—which
would have focused attention on portions of scripture as sources of ap-
otropaic or exorcistic power—or through encounters with written scrip-
ture.

*° Indeed, quotations that are virtually identical to their (Babylonian
and Tiberian) Masoretic counterpart are uncommon. The designation
‘free’ is a shorthand designed to express the partial independence of the

Introduction 31

This makes them a unique source of insight into the Biblical He-
brew pronunciation traditions at the time of their production (see
the following section). That said, it is rare to find completely
‘free’ spellings in the bowls, such as quotations where vowel let-
ters are used extensively and in all types of syllables,*' or where
the orthography is wholly devoid of any Hebrew spelling conven-
tions.

With respect to the Masoretic traditions, the fact that there
is an overwhelming correspondence between the consonantal
text of the Babylonian Masoretic manuscripts and the Tiberian
Leningrad Codex (Ofer 2013) makes it very likely that both of
these consonantal texts go back to a largely uniform consonantal
source at the end of the Second Temple period. This, in turn, im-
plies that a consonantal text very similar to the Masoretic text
would have been in existence also in ‘Talmudic’ Babylonia. Fur-
thermore, there is evidence of the rabbis’ attempts to standardise
the biblical scrolls. The Babylonian Talmud, for example, prohib-
its the keeping of ‘uncorrected scrolls.” Almost certainly, this
rabbinic censorship would have applied first and foremost to

scrolls intended for public reading; scrolls in private ownership

quotations from the conservative Biblical Hebrew writing conventions
that we know from the medieval Masoretic codices (cf. Golinets 2013
and the references therein) and which presumably also existed in the
period of bowl production.

“ For vowel letters in Hebrew and their history, see Andersen and
Forbes (2013).

” For details, see Rosenthal (1982, 403).

32 The Bible in the Bowls

or in very remote communities were likely sometimes character-
ised by a more independent orthography (Rosenthal 1982, 403,
citing Liberman).

The existence of a ‘free’ biblical orthography within the
quotations is thus highly significant. At the very least, it indicates
that, for the bowl producers, the successful deployment of scrip-
tural quotations in the bowl texts did not hinge on their full ad-
herence to ‘normative’ (or ‘proto-Masoretic’) biblical orthogra-
phy. This in turn likely means that—despite the rabbinic notion
of written Torah and the likely pressure towards standardisa-
tion—scriptural authority for the Jews of late antique Babylonia
did not automatically imply a textual-orthographic uniformity, at
least in some social-religious domains. On a more pragmatic
level, the variation in the orthography is almost certainly indica-
tive of limited access to written texts of the Hebrew Bible, and
perhaps especially ‘proto-Masoretic’ written texts of the Bible.

That said, the tendency to ‘free’ orthography in the quota-
tions should not be taken as a sign of weakness or fragility in the
Hebrew Bible transmission of late antique Babylonia. On the con-
trary, the quotations bear witness to the robustness and resource-
fulness of both written and oral scripture transmission. Regarding
the written component, as alluded to above, the bowls tend to
preserve some general conventions of Hebrew orthography. A
graphically salient tendency is the retention of 7 (h) as the word-
final vowel letter for the a and (in some cases) e vowels. This
makes the Hebrew scriptural quotations visually distinct from
their surrounding Aramaic text, in which x (’) predominates in

such word-final contexts. This, in turn, indicates that even though

Introduction 33

the bowl writers were probably often not quoting from a (stand-
ardised) written text, they had nevertheless been educated to
read (and write) Biblical Hebrew.** This points to the centrality
of the Bible in late antique Babylonian Jewish education.

On the other hand, the ‘free’ orthography of most quota-
tions is likely indicative of quotation from aural memory. In other
words, the bowl writer retained the biblical passage in question
in memory, having heard it in public performance (cantillation)
or having recited it in private prayer. Evidence for this in the
quotations comes from the dozens of words whose orthography
betrays a pausal form. Pausal forms are morphological alterna-
tives available for some words when these words occur at the end
of larger syntactic units such as clauses.** Together with features
such as melodic contour and speed variation, pausal forms would
have been part of stylised Hebrew performance, preserved by
Jewish communities to-date. These features of the quotations, in
turn, hint at the vitality of oral Bible performance and recitation,
and at the (likely) prevalence of this practice within the Jewish
community.*

An example of a pausal form is the verb 17>1n (twkylw) ‘you
(MP) will eat’ (from Lev. 26.29 in bowl AMB 9:9; MT 152xNn). Ina
regular, contextual form, the consonant > (k) in the medieval

*8 See further Reif (2017).

“4 See further Fassberg (2013) and Jacobson (2013).

“© Further to this, it is possible that—when quoting scripture—some
bowl writers recalled many other forms as pausal from aural memory,
but did not explicitly indicate them as pausal in the orthography due to
conventional restrictions or a lack of obvious letters to use for that pur-
pose.

34 The Bible in the Bowls

Babylonian tradition would have been followed by a (vocalic)
shewa (i.e. [a]). Thus, the vowel letter’ (y) is unexpected here for
a contextual form.*° A pausal form, on the other hand, would be
vocalised in the Babylonian manuscripts with é, the equivalent of
the Tiberian sere. Since °» (y) is commonly used to represent é in
the quotations, it is likely that here as well it represents the vowel
é and thus a pausal reading, also attested in this verse in the MT
(I Firkovitch B19A; Molin 2017, pp. 86-87).

4.0. Reconstructing the Language behind the

Quotations

Used carefully, the tendency to ‘free’ spelling in the biblical quo-
tations in the bowls can shed some light on the Hebrew pronun-
ciation traditions behind the quotations. Like biblical text critics,
however, scholars of the quotations in the bowls have to consider
a variety of explanations for the orthographic features displayed
in the bowls. Potential explanations for specific features range
from scribal errors to textual variants in the (written or oral) vor-
lage of the bowl writers. Linguistic proposals must also be taken
into consideration. Moreover, some features of the quotations re-
flect deliberate manipulations, such as the deliberate omission of
the five final letters of the word 7’x1wn ‘those who hate you (Ms)’
from the quotation of Num. 10.35 in AMB 3:5 (Naveh and Shaked

“© To our knowledge, there are no cases of vowel letters (e.g., ’ [y]) for
the sound corresponding to the Masoretic vocalic shewa (realised as a
short a in both the Tiberian and Babylonian tradition; cf. Khan 2013,
par. 24; Molin 2017, 40). On the other hand, such use of * is attested in
the Aramaic of the spells (Juusola 1999, 44-45).

Introduction 35

1987, 146). This omission was most probably designed to negate
the threat of the bowl owner’s enemies, who are construed
through the quotation as the enemies of God. In addition, it is
possible that a handful of unusual spellings in the scriptural ma-
terial reflects a phenomenon known as orthoepy: a careful, highly
performative pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew.’ Since orthoepic
features would likely have occurred in a limited, ‘elite’ form of
Bible cantillation, possible instances of orthoepic features in the
quotations should not be taken as evidence for their general prev-
alence in late antique Mesopotamia.

A final methodological point due here reflects the fact that
the transcription of some of the quotations within the published
bowl material likely reflects a scholarly bias in favour of Tiberian
Hebrew and against the virtually unknown Babylonian tradition,
especially in cases where the letters on the artefacts are not clear
or ambiguous to begin with. This is illustrated by the form tran-
scribed in this catalogue as 111r (ytInwn) ‘dwells (Ms)’ (from Ps.
91.1 in bowl VA 2423:23). This emends the original transcription
pibm (ytinyn) by Levene (2013). The grapheme * (y) chosen by
Levene would have been a suitable vowel letter for é (Tiberian
sere). In the Tiberian tradition, this vowel is expected in the con-
textual (i.e., non-pausal) form of this verb, assuming that this
verb belongs to the hitpolel conjugation (i.e. y35n°). In the corre-

sponding Babylonian contextual form, however, we find the

*” For the concept of orthoepy and its apparent manifestations in the
Tiberian tradition, see Khan (2020). For possible examples in the bowl
texts, see Molin (2017, 18-19 and 49-50), where the quotation of Num.
10.35 is discussed.

36 The Bible in the Bowls

vowel a (corresponding to the Tiberian patah; Yeivin 1985,
1:577),*® which would certainly not have been represented using
the letter » by the bowl writer. The expected vowel letter would
be 1 (w). This reading of 125m’ instead of p1>n” is possible because
the written forms of ’ and 1 are indistinguishable in most bowl
texts, including VA 2423. In this bowl, 1 could have been chosen
to represent the back a vowel, i.e. d (the sound corresponding to
Tiberian games, IPA [9:]). ad is expected in the pausal forms of the
verb in question in both the Babylonian and Tiberian traditions
(Molin 2017, 85-86). The use of 1 for the equivalent of the vowel
games is attested in at least a dozen cases in the biblical quota-
tions in the bowls (Molin 2017, 23-27).

In general, the Hebrew behind the quotations is decisively
Babylonian.*’ Indeed, some features explicitly conform to the me-
dieval Babylonian pronunciation over the Tiberian one. This can
be illustrated by the vocalisation of the conjunction 1 (w) ‘and’.
Consider the form piynan (wybmswgq) in the repeated, inverse
quotation from Deut. 28.57 in the bowl JBA 46:11-12 (Shaked et
al. 2013, 208-209). In Babylonian Bible manuscripts, when this
conjunction (realised with different vowels depending on its pho-
netic environment) is followed by a consonant with another con-

sonant immediately after it,°° an epenthetic i is inserted after the

*8 In other words, only hitpolal—and not hitpolel—is used in the Babylo-
nian tradition.

*° For the phonology of Babylonian Hebrew, see Khan (2013).

°° That is, when the first consonant after the conjunction is followed by
a shewa, a phonological zero.

Introduction 37

conjunction (Yeivin 1985, II:1152).°! This is in line with the or-
thography 1% (wyb) ‘and in’ in the example in question. Here, °
(y) is inserted between ‘and’ and ‘in.’ The sequence would thus
have been pronounced wib, which is expected, since the preposi-
tion 1 (b) is followed here by another consonant. This contrasts
with the Tiberian tradition, where the same cluster would most
likely be resolved as wub, the conjunction being pointed 3 in such
cases (Khan 2020, 176-181). Spellings such as (piym)1" thus bear
witness to the Babylonian type of cluster resolution, which dis-
tinguishes it from the Tiberian system (Molin 2017, 80-81; Frim
2021, 42-43). Other distinctly Babylonian features include the
presence of distinct vowels (‘vocalisation’) in the vicinity of the
gutturals (the pharyngeal and glottal consonants) in some envi-
ronments. One also encounters the preservation of short u, 0, e,
and i in cases where the shortening causes a change in their qual-
ity in the Tiberian tradition.**

Finally, some orthographic features betray the interference
of the bowl writers’ vernacular: Jewish Babylonian Aramaic.*?
Perhaps the most salient of these contact influences is the spread
of pharyngealisation (‘emphasis spread’ or ‘suprasegmental phar-
yngealisation/emphasis’). In the corpus of the quotations, this

spread is apparently induced by the pharyngealised (‘emphatic’)

>! See also Boyarin (1978, 146) for a discussion of this feature in JBA.
» For a longer list of Babylonian features evidenced by the quotations,
see Molin (2020) and Frim (2021).

°° The influence of other contact languages (such as Mandaic) is also
possible in principle, though the evidence for it in the quotations is
much more speculative (cf. Molin 2017, 45 and 64 for possible cases).

38 The Bible in the Bowls

phonemes x (s) and v (¢), the uvular ? (q), as well as 7 (r) and the
pharyngeals n (h) and » (‘). From these phonemes, pharyngeal-
isation is extended to other phonemes in their vicinity.** Cases of
secondary pharyngealisation induced by the emphatics and q are
attested in the Hebrew of the Babylonian Talmud (Breuer 2002,
113-116) and in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic sources (Bar-Asher
Siegal 2013, 71-72). The tell-tale signs of such secondary phar-
yngealisation in the biblical quotations in the bowls are ortho-
graphic changes from the non-emphatic alveolars 4 (d) and n (t)
to vo (t), their emphatic counterpart, as well as from w/o (both s)
to the emphatic x (s).°° Examples include wvpn (mts) instead of
wtpn (mqds) ‘temple’ in the quotation of Exod. 15.15 in the bowl
IM 141803 (Faraj 2010, 206-207), where the change of 7 to v is
induced by the uvular p, and vynn (hm‘t) instead of tyan (hm‘d)
‘make stand (Ms IMP)’ in the quotation of Ps. 69.24 in AMB 9
(Naveh and Shaked 1987, 174-176).

As the foregoing discussion shows, the JBA bowl texts are
valuable early sources of information for the Babylonian Hebrew
vocalisation tradition. It is hoped that the present catalogue will

facilitate further research in both this and other respects.

4 q and r are attested as inducing pharyngealisation (in their environ-
ment or in the phoneme itself for r) in some languages, including North-
Eastern Neo-Aramaic. For an overview of pharyngealisation, see Molin
(2021, 65-66) and the references therein.

°° For parallels in the Aramaic of the bowls, see Ford (2012).

Introduction 39

5.0. Note on the Transcription of Bowl Texts

I have sought in every case to check the quotations reproduced
in the catalogue against photographs of the bowl texts. As such,
the readings of some quotations in the catalogue differ from those
provided by the original editors of certain bowls. In some in-
stances, however, verification of the published text of the bowl
has not proven possible. The bowl IM 9736, for example, was
published by Gordon (1941, 349-350) without any photographs,
while the present whereabouts of this bowl are unknown (Saar
2013), making it impossible to secure photographs of the text. In
other cases, the photographs accompanying editions of published
bowls are of insufficient quality to confirm the accurate reading
of the text and it has not always proven practicable to secure new
photographs of these bowls.

In any and every case, however, users of the catalogue
should compare the readings in the catalogue with the published
edition of the text and—where possible—with high-resolution
photographs of the bowl, as different scholars will reach different
determinations with respect to uncertain or partially preserved

letters.

CATALOGUE OF BIBLICAL QUOTATIONS
IN PUBLISHED JEWISH BABYLONIAN
ARAMAIC MAGIC BOWLS

1.0. Note on the Catalogue

The quotation of individual verses is the most common form of
quotation in the bowls, and the individual verse thus forms the
basic unit of the catalogue. The following abbreviations and sym-
bols are designed to indicate ‘divergences’ from this ‘standard’
(such as partial quotations, quotations of continuous verses, par-
aphrases, or conflations) and to help the user locate other fea-
tures of interest (such as the addition of targumim). Where a tar-
gum accompanies the Hebrew, this is included in the relevant en-
try. Likewise, the catalogue reproduces all repetitions, self-cor-
rections, and magical inversions and omissions of (parts of) quo-
tations. In the case of certain partial quotations, their brevity
means that it is not possible to determine which of two biblical
passages is being quoted. In these cases, the equals symbol (=)
is used to indicate the other verses that may represent the source
of the quotation. In such cases, as well as cases of conflation and
the interweaving of separate verses, the bowl appears twice in
the catalogue. For example, where alternating words from Deut.
6.4 and Ps. 91.1 are written one after the other, the text of the
bowl appears under both Deut. 6.4 and Ps. 91.1 in the catalogue.

Finally, targumim in the MT/TARGUM column have been vo-
calised according to the Babylonian reading tradition presented

© 2022 James Waller, CC BY-NC 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0305.02

42 The Bible in the Bowls

in Sperber (2004), though these entries have been ‘Tiberianised’
for readers unfamiliar with the supra-linear system of markings.

2.0. Abbreviations and Symbols

Abbreviations and Symbols (Left-Hand Column)

S indicates biblical passages that are not extant amongst
the finds from the Judaean Desert'

S indicates a bowl text that consists solely of scriptural
quotations

T indicates that the Hebrew quotation is accompanied by
a Targum

indicates the appearance of a Targum alone

$ indicates the quotation of two or more continuous
verses

P indicates the partial quotation of an individual verse

E indicates the deployment of a (partial) quotation as

(part of) a divine epithet

C indicates the conflation of two or more verses, cf.
I(nterweaving)
I indicates the interweaving of alternating words from

different verses

' Where only small portions of a biblical verse are preserved in the He-
brew finds from the Judean Desert, or where the verse is preserved only
in translation, I also mark the pertinent verse in the catalogue with the
symbol. For instance, only a handful of letters from the Hebrew of
Zech. 3.2 is preserved in 4QXIle (4Q80); and while 8HevXIIgr preserves
the verse in Greek, the quotations of this verse in the bowl texts are the
oldest surviving complete witnesses to Zech. 3.2 in Hebrew.

Catalogue 43

2 indicates the other verse(s) included in a conflation or

interweaving

IR

indicates a paraphrase
= indicates the potential location of partial quotations
(rarely: conflations) whose biblical referent cannot be

determined with certainty

Further to the above, I employ several abbreviations and symbols
in the COMMENTS column of the catalogue. I use these to indicate
the use of explicit citation formulae and the appearance of ‘clus-
ters’ of biblical quotations at common points in the bowl texts
(e.g. at the end of the text, and less frequently at the beginning).
In the case of such clusters, I note all of the clustered verses in
the order in which they appear. I also use this column to indicate
any other biblical verses that appear in the same bowl. Finally,
where the stated or apparent purpose of the bowl is not to ward
off, trap, or otherwise neutralise demons and the like, I use this
column to note the purpose of the bowl in question, for example,

to achieve fertility or success in love or business, to curse, etc.

Abbreviations and Symbols (Comments Column)

~ indicates a cluster of biblical verses
CF indicates the use of a citation formula
EC indicates an epithet cluster, where a divine epithet

is built by stringing (partial) verses together

44

The Bible in the Bowls

3.0. Sigla

Sigla Used in the Transcription of Quotations

[ ]
1.3

<>

TIAN

( )
[oval

restored letters

superfluous letters

scribal omission, used only of whole words
partially preserved letters whose reading can
nevertheless be determined

uncertain letters

Text missing due to the loss of fragments from
damaged bowls or the extensive effacement of
the bowl surface

4.0. Reference Guide to Bowl Texts

Abbreviations and Reference Guide to Major

Publications of Bow] Texts

AIT
AMB
CAMIB

Corpus
Curses
Isbell
JBA

Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts (1913)
Naveh and Shaked, Amulets and Magic Bowls (1985)

Segal, Catalogue of the Aramaic Bowls in the British
Museum (2000)

Levene, Corpus of Magic Bowls (2003)
Levene, Jewish Aramaic Curse Texts (2013)
Isbell, Corpus of the Aramaic Incantation Bowls (1975)

Shaked, Ford and Bhayro, Aramaic Bowl Spells,
vol. 1 (2013) = JBA 1-64

Catalogue 45

Shaked, Ford and Bhayro, Aramaic Bowl Spells,
vol. 2 (2022) = JBA 65-119
MSF Naveh and Shaked, Magic Spells and Formulae (1993)
SHM Fain, Ford, and Lyavdansky, “Aramaic Incantation
Bowls at the State Hermitage Museum” (2016)
ZHS Miiller-Kessler, Zauberschalentexte in der Hilprecht-
Sammlung (2005)

Where JBA bowl texts have been published in one of the forego-
ing publications, I refer to them using the abbreviations above
and their sequence or page number, e.g., JBA 64, Isbell 21, or
Curses: 22-24.

Where JBA bowl texts have been published in individual
editions, I refer to them using author name and year of publica-
tion, e.g., Bhayro 2017.

Where several JBA bowl texts appear in one publication, I
refer to them using author name, year of publication, and page
number, e.g., Gordon 1984: 238.

The Bible in the Bowls

46

AINUL 3D

TE YZ ‘B-L IZ “Sd

€ . . ¢ . . tue
‘TEOr “PSI “GLE ‘POXY THAQLEN LNLAN LOQkU CHL LNL ML OF GuCLL LU =
‘suonyejonb 1310 Leth Gk ce AGN Lacon [age] Luda Lacy :
80° LE “U2D <> TT09 “BST + Z9 Val 9S/ES07 SI (‘buo 81) 87°47 ‘UPH = LT'09 “PS1 2 87'ZZ “UEH 9
ALNUL AD
T€Or “BSI “GLE ‘POX
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pee eT eee (uc tuc[L]
86 26 MeO 7 EL09 “PSL THLOLTN LNLAN LOK GCL LN LAU Lordu {acu} &oe _
Aretotyoueq oy} Jo (tl Gk le CAEN Late ChOLN LUC aay (acu 5
(qCuke.) POOYTTeaT] (eY}) 104, sovar TI/TI6TSN (bUO BI) 87'ZZ UPD =TT'09 VSIA 87LZ WED 9
SLNAIWNOD NOLLVDIISNd IMOd WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

SUOT}EIONY [PII[GIg JO aNnSoTe}eD °0°S

47

Catalogue

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TEOv BS] “GT'E "POxy +
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twee

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(‘buo “3L) 8z7°Zz ‘Uay

LNLAL olf. Jiu Gtk ude
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IT'09 “BST 2 87° LZ “UeH

SINHIWIWOD NOLLVOTIand

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The Bible in the Bowls

paarasaid are jmoq +CZAINVD OZ8ZTT WE Eletuyudbtletu dg dl = [cl] clu dak cl Guu aq a[il
oy} Jo sjusUIsey [eIoaas ATU +1ZAINVO 698ZTI Wd 26h “UID 26h “UD
Efu AGLU Gd. tL TMU RALU Ag. ALL
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Gomer k div, uit Go MLL Helte LLL
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‘€ "ydaz :suonejonb say) ate
a a iuacs RQ Nal kG su LUGE NGL NGLLO LGUL NU LU
yigpyryo ldEL Nota Su Lg hati = LICL NGL NU LUG Laud
UI ssadons pue AYWTNIeJ 1oJ LOZ okeYA@ = G680T TA oC OE “UID oC OE “UID
SINAININOD NOLLVOTIand IMOd WNDUVL/LIN NOILVLONO

48

49

Catalogue

ysnq suring ay} ye sesoj[

LL
Lau dia aque. NOL dia
atk dag U¢L sl. sULN

Pfo} ay (eureU) sures oy, 06-68 INCL gw ULE Ugex ai AL. ath wag Lrgh
“TUL LNUL GU CUAL CNOIN SAD ssndioj 91Z/ES0Z SIN (‘buo ‘8) gE ‘poxy Ge ‘poxy
LiL
Lau dia agi. NOL dia
USN, SUITE 4) 1B'Se80 Ath dig LEAL SL SUL
pjo} ay (aureu) oures ay, 06-68 INCL gw ULE Lider ai AL. ath wdg Ural
“TUL LNUL GU) QUAL CNAQIN SAD :sndio5 8eLW (‘buo “81) s’¢ ‘pox GE “POxXd
LiL
Lau dia agi. NOL dia
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Plo} oy (euwreU) ouTes SUL, 06-68 ‘8-8 INCL gw UL Uger ai AL. ath ude Urol
“TUL LNUL GU CUAL CNOIN SAD ssndioy STL (‘buo ‘8) ¢'¢ ‘poxy Gg ‘poxy
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ea}

TE YZ ‘B-L IZ “Sd

4bu bu

82.Co iv ach Gago tiv ict.
Nati. alid ingd, ade age
Nat. NotLEa Not. StL

The Bible in the Bowls

8c°LZe “UID <> TT09 “PST
ssuonejonb 13410

TE‘Or “BSI “GLE ‘POX +

ic Aa UNTIL. NG Eh alg wiv [otu]
‘suonejonb 19410 TNCIL, GILL NQLG NG UAL GLE [AL] ath Gaga ML ICL. GLUL
LEOv “BSI “GT°E ‘POXH «+ Z9 Var 9S9/€ES07 SN STE ‘pox STE ‘Poxd
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Nal. Nota Not. NtL

UNTIL. NG Eh alg iu LiL
Aretotyaueq ay} Jo TCL, GILL NQLhO NG UAL ELE ALE At. Gago LIL ACL, GEIL
(q.Cult.) PooylTaal] (e4}) 104, $9 Var T/TI6L SIN STE ‘pox STE ‘pox
SINAININOD =NOLLVOTTaNd IMOd WNDUVL/LIN NOILVLONO

50

51

Catalogue

8c°LZE “USD <> TT'O9 “eS] +}

4bu bu

82.Co iv ach Gago tiv ict.
Nati. did ingd, ade age
Nat. Noto Not. StL

UNTIL. NG Eh alg ui Gt
‘suonejonb 13y10 LCL, GAL NQLhO NG UML ELE [AJL Mace Gago WL aL, GLE
TEOr “BST “GT°€ ‘POXH 86 Var OVT/ES0~ SIN STE ‘pox STE ‘pox
4bt ku

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UNTIL. NG Eh alg iu Lite
LeNCL, MLL NGL NG UAL ELE IU ath [G]diga Wu bck. Gute
STE ‘POxXd STE “POxd

SINHWIWOD NOLLVOTIANd

TIMOd

WNDUVL/LN NOILLVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

52

pooeyjo ATI

4bu bu

82.Co iv ach Gaga tiv ict.
Nath, lid ingd. ade age
Nal. Noto Not. NtL

UNTIL. NG Eh alg iu ght Lu
~ABOY ST [MO 9} JO }xe} OUL, LZ :S00Z LCL, MLL Nqrha NG UAL EL [7] tu Mth Gago WL Icke
97-¥Z'9 “WINN ‘GT'€ POX” +} peyxeys 6/ZZ6L SIN STE “POxd STE “POxd
4bu ku
PePes 84.Co iu ach Gago tiv ick.
Ajatwanxe st SUNIIM oY], Nal. add ing ade agit.
si Ree Mean ates Na. Nota Not. Hcl
Bee Were Oe ele UNTIL. NG Eh alg iu Lu
‘suoryejonb 1310 LCL, MLL NQrkO NG UAL EL [AL] Ach Gago WL ACL, GEL
L€‘Ob “BSI “SLE (POX + LOL Val STZ/ES0Z SIN STE ‘Poxg STE ‘Poxg
SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITand IMOd WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

53

Catalogue

popes
AJaUI9I}X9 ST SUNIIM OL

Git ku
NG.CO IL ACh, Gaga UL ICL.

Nal. Ud ingle adc act.
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Catalogue

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56

57

Catalogue

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58

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59

Catalogue

EdiGlu ttha sia (LIN)
fMGu CLUE cam .O Ada!
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CCL CGA, NAGLE ULC.
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60

61

Catalogue

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peyesdal st pI'GL ‘poxy jo
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The Bible in the Bowls

(X€) SI'ST ‘poxd “(xe)
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SINHWIWOD NOLLVOTIand

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SINHIWIAOD NOLLVOTIaNd TMOd WNDUVL/LIN NOILVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

64

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65

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The Bible in the Bowls

66

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67

Catalogue

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AG [G. ULL ToL UAL]
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The Bible in the Bowls

68

L'16 ‘Sd ‘8°SG ‘Sd +
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NOILVLONO

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69

Catalogue

Aig Gully GL UAL
dt Nu CadiLu wily MaLe
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ag G, ULE CL UA
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The Bible in the Bowls

70

CAN Wet
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71

Catalogue

ZE “YD9Z “ELT “WINN
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The Bible in the Bowls

72

watt No u.LNa WULLE NAUILEL NG LULL
tio au a@a dadtio Lulu GuUTL) UO aL aga agua
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TE ‘Op es] :suonejonb 1ay1O 6-£6 NE Cuil Ng ULL isi RQ NL TULL NG LUCILLE NU NG,

61 “WON ‘77 TE “WINN :sndio5 cyt W 6 VT WNnN 6 VT WINN
ty LGN fx Qu NG CN LGN CN

Led UAL Na ull GN HQ [len] CHA xg LL GUL

ELS WON ‘Z'E “Y2Z + 801 Val 8IZ/ES0T SIN etc WNN etc. WINN
69°89 :0¢0¢ ty LGN EN Cu CN LGN CN OL!

ZE UO ‘ETT “UNN ura}sua8 LRA UAL Ng ULL GNUL HQ LAE ALE NG WLLL GLC NG

‘€Z'6 “WON “ZLT “WN -1OJN/P104 cCOE SH elcr WNnN elcr WNnN

SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITand IMOd WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

73

Catalogue

aL nue]
07-91 AUG WALNG ilu Nathrk ULL: Mt LNG LLL NQUEL LLL
‘OZ6L I1°4S1 Tus. 9d v9 “ned v9 ned
p-7'T ‘SOH :suonejonb 13410 b6L :666T Si men
TE ‘YOZ peyeys AUG ALN LL Nqthrk LLL ACE ALG cae NGULL ce
‘E76 “UN “p°9 “INI + = 97 LIV Z66€ SEO v9 “ned v9 “ned
D,apoX UN POYA.
Suos Yepessey oy} “Jo ‘tcNLd
! A ai
NUL LIN Taca Aq pamo[jog St ote
LE'VL ‘poxy PSI-ESL AUG WALNG WIL NQGark LLL AC WLS, GUILE QUEL LILLY
‘L'16 ‘Sd ‘p'9 "M9d = :9T07% P10 vel ANC v9 “ned v9 “ned
6fo GNuiu got. wiv GTO GNULLL got. ULL
(He ALNG (UU Ld CNL LO @LNG Lu JUL UNL Lar
Act ivatta fda Gute LAUT a Td [CALILLY
TE Or eS] :suoyejonb 1319 p6-€6 ICE @U UNid Gf. wiv i8OL brcKa@u UNLd oot. ULL INLIL
61 WON ‘T7'ZE “WON :sndio5 cyt W oo CE “WINN oo CE “WINN
SINAININOD =NOLLVOITaNd IMOd WNDUVL/LIN NOILLV.LONO

NUL ude
SUL AGoll NQLACL TAG LHL! AL

The Bible in the Bowls

L'16 ‘Sd AUG WALNG will Natick lly Md LAT WMLNG TOUL ULL!
2 p'9 “INE ‘“'E “YDIZ ILTaNV 1/cve aINHe y°9 “ned T'16 ‘Sd 2 p'9 “ned
Sa LLL! NLIL]
peoeyjo ELOZ J2] AUK WALNG wilu Notice uly Med AL [G LLY NQLEEL
SI }X9} 04} JO UoIod a81e] Y -SSey-JOTININ — p'9 ‘neq p'9 ‘neq
Z’€ ‘YIIZ ‘suonejonb 10
(y8nous a8.1e]
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dSIBA BJOUM 9y} sojonb
I JayIeYM JO p'9 “InNeq
JO Sp10M 0M} JsiTj ay] ATUO
sajonb [Mog 9y} Jey}e4M St HLL NUL]
Jeg[IuN st I] ‘peoeyjo ore AUG ALN wily Natick uly med ALG [ALLE NQLeEL
1X9} OY] Jo sour] Sutusdo oy, SIOZ AeSSTIN L86L7 L p°9 ‘neq p°9 ‘neq
SLNAINWOD NOLLVOIIENd IMOd WNDUVL/LN NOILVLONO

74

75

Catalogue

NOL
SEZ ‘8/61 Ata aL¥e will Nolice Wily Mud Wao ALG TaUL
Z'€ “YooZ ‘suoyejonb sao wopi0y Sb TAZ r’9 “neq L'16 ‘Sd 2 p9 “neq
NUL .UuGtl
SUL AGU NQUICL TAG LLL: (A) Le
L'L6 ‘Sd 2 b'9 ‘Neq 60T-80T Ata aL¥e will Noire Wil Mud LAT WALNG TOU UL
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Imog ou} Jo HOnIP? [Hed = Z6S ‘L681 NUL AGLalL] QUEL TAG, css MLe
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:suoneionb IayIO == O qeMypS dIANO'T 79 ‘Inaq L'l6 ‘Sd 2 79 “INaq
SLNAINWOD NOLLVOIISNd TMOG WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

76

p9 “neq
Joye asuodsal [es1siniy] YM
8-Z°9 “Naq s}wo (ATTeyUep
-To0®) ESSE VA Yysnoyy

‘ESSE VA Jo ayeorfdng

wadik

(Cutie ag Cau Ek
tdaLiia gxiu ag lk iti
ITACEL ted

E@tue Eth wegcuk Chik
im@tiia Qtik Lela to
GAbE Cao ag Gctk

(dit CLL ONeu NAL NTC.

Geel wee tba whee dwilk

iNCtu Nu wil Nott cc,

{tT} (roadie

CUT {O}UO aq Cu Cou
{t} tuk Garage tol dah
{tda@u} tdavu Geil ag ob

(racclh tdi

Tatu.) crunk icqcul cool
la trud gcil Lol ta
UAL Uta ag {aq} gcc
(Ul ULTLG UNG NAL NIC.
UNLil {ra}

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GA(L)G0 La

SUL NUL TLL Mla CULL UQClut
Iz 90I-SOT AU MaLNe will NoCice Ll Md LNG LLU QUEL LIL
“EL TL Wed ‘6-79 “INI ++ ‘E007 BUdAZT vS8E VA 6-7°9 “ned 6-7°9 “ned
SLNAINNOD NOLLVOIIaNd MOG WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

77

Catalogue

p9 ‘neq

Joye ssuodsal [es1siniy] YIM
8-29 “naq s}tuo (ATTe}
-uaplooe) ESgE VA Yysnoyy

aAgik readuel

rCUtHa dg Cail EO (CUTUO ag Cur ColL {Lx}
Gadgu fd atk IU Galagiu Cal ate
tdaLtia Qxiu ag lk iti {ida} idacuo ont ag eb

ITACEL wcll:

EAC Eth wegcuk chok

i@étiia Qtik Lela to

GAGE Cala ag Gctk

(Mgt Chto O86U NAL NTE. tog tomb icc, UNL
GUtE hcg fGMk cg CNL WU {Gg} NQUL eg goo

para 3

NCTE Nu wiv Nok EcQ {lNU(x)UX} bA(S)UTUL Nu

‘yS8E WA Jo areoydng 7 AES OL
SUL NUL TLL Mla CULL CgCLUL
n4 80I-ZOT AU LNG lL NQGate LL MUM LNG LL NGLLUTL LLL!
“EL TL Med “6-79 “INI + :€007Z PUPATT ES8E VA 6-b'9 ‘neq 6-79 ‘nod
SINZIANWOD NOLLVOIISNd TMOG WNDUVL/LN NOILVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

78

S[EnpEs EX@L LEL wiv CNAL LEU LLU
-IpUI poureu [eraaas 0} yds vz GULL fu eg Ck GGT GULL NC) CG wth CuGth
-[eyoef Io iL e 8uIlUMJeI Joy -ZZ ‘sasing p8rz VA 619 ‘neq 619 ‘neq
LLL! NLE(L) UL!
[9] AUA KALNG LULL NQLUTL
raAdik Tuk radi
Gitik Cotta dg Cul Ek ca(l) dich cucu ag Cut
Gut dg Lk ite Gadagu td qutur dg wh tua Gaacu
ILACEE wedtGk acca Lra(u)cck icdiah dau
EAC Eth wegcuk chk = cacul coul wcqcuu cLeL
imei Ctik Lela to Larcud goth wLolud ta
NAL NTC. GALE Cua dg GOtk Nal wre. WALL Lula ag gril
(9 “1) 3x01 [Mog au Jo pua cnik gt cite wagL CMLL tll ULE UNGU
aw ve paweodars14°9-1Md_ze-98 oz07 ee ae
i : ROL INCTE Su tu Qik | UU (LI) CU ur UL glia
er Ul9}suas8 AUG ALN ilu Natick ULE MC LNG LLL QUEL LLL
“ELIT Mad 6-9 MEd — -AOW/PIOI LZ0€ SH 6-b'9 “Ned 6-b'9 “INeq
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79

Catalogue

1X9] [MOq 94] Jo pua
oy] Je poyeadal st 9 “INE g-98 :9z0z

acc

riddia inacd Ltt inuak

(foe, CAL NLACO Caen wl ru, CAL LACK Cadwa
fcaca tcaca

tQqcLt ECG GCLCa weg, (GacLo Cc qctca ica,
GO GRUTU Nu WU OCC GNLIT(L) NUE LL wo[L.ca]
CAL. NAL NEC. GALLE NUCO NEC. ALU NUCO Lito

eee ene ey d

erL ulo}sua3 ILL NO AUT AU NG [or] UMA NG CALL, NAL é

“EL TL Med “6-79 “Ned + -IOJN/P104 ZCEO& SH VI-EL TLE wed VI-ELT IT ed ¢
Tata“ Lac sramod
JO oWIeU Se poYyOAU]
SUISSOTY ISILY ‘D,Ways

HELG UEEL, IOELLN

Sep TRUE paaen (Nata ILE GS Lee, :

3a1y}/0m) uodn sasino 3ur 601 E, itu NACLEO Liew Nol. UNG ULTLIG UTIL LUTLLN _

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SLINAWINOD NOILLVOIISNd IMO” WNDUVL/LN NOILVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

SUISSIUI SI qIZ'TT
‘neq AYM ATUTe]IE9 sou
-ye st ooeds 8UT}IIM Jo yoeT

ES8E VA jo ayeortdng

wil cal ca

Gulu dag UNid Catu Na
GN Gal Su cegu iktioa
CACO ign kL GL ibs LoU
(uLu 8b wiv Eco idaL Nu
ivaadida gto

(alia tatlia Nqu.a Nua
HAUL: Gco @l cuu gctca
incqu i@tau

(te, dc FALE Goo:
(acl

Ligdia ina Leth iauak
(fe, WAL SLACO Eau tly
fcaca

tQQcL, ECG gtCo Lec,

do Gatu su wil Nql.ca
CAL. NAL NEC. CALE SUC

NAL WL NGULCO ful oco
CLLU {C1} Cada UNid Lacy
GN Until Nu Clg IncL{aj}ua
UATLO IGN sLKLt HAL INLOL
LULU NL ULL TCO IAAL NU
LALO GUO

NGI NUL {t}

{WU} Qrtca Lalu dtLua
LUAULL {Gc} ¢co Gl GUL
GTULCULL INCgu LaAcauL
ULE, Ac TALL {Qc}

{ur} ULL LALLA

LN LUGCLA LNaGL, Lrmb
UC{T}ULE, CAL NLACO CALL
tGaca

IGMLTLL TC4 GCECO Loclg
{lib} ULL: NQLL.CO

[N]UCcO UO GNU NU
CALLE, NAL NEC. CALL!

80

Iz 90I-SOT (LAL NO AU Aa NG Il NO ATA LMC wg {C1}
“EL TL od ‘6-79 “INI ++ ‘E007 BUdAZT vVS8E VA Ic-ET TL Wed Ic-ET TL Wed
SLNAINNOD NOLLVOTIaNd IMOd WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

81

Catalogue

Cacia ag UNLd
aucd.ca duu 40a é.ch

USLUU NAL aed wl
Goal Les cca ich chica ag

wadik
LCUcHa ag Cutu Ek

CELL eacek wdc

Eo tatuk eth wegcuk
i@GLua yuo ku tf.ca gLeL
garagu El m&é.ca

wig Gui dg Lea itt
Gttca ida teaca tdaLia
(Aca Nu LOL. RAU ag,

UHAUO AG UNLd>

<QNTULCO GULL QUO Ck
NAL TA<TA> ULL WL
{UNLUL NAL} UL QU QU
TE.CO ag UNLOUL NAL

CO boy, TLCO Cl, WC,

{x} uUNLau qudl wot ca
qual gLTl C.CO Ch, TL.CO ag

ITAL {LL gu}
L{C}cucua ag clu Cou
TLL tracicL wedi
TAL <CouL> irqcunh
TLCO Gut {t} ca {co}
{LQULu} iq¢Lua nud {t} xu
Til 4.6c.a

{bltel AG LOO} tLet GAAGLL
LdALUG NUO GNIU dg .Lca
qrtca {i} tg faaca
LAUUO NU LOL. NQU Ag

SINHWIWOD NOLLVOTIa&nd

WNDUVL/LN

NOILVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

82

SUISSIUL ST [ZT
‘nag AyM ATUTe]IE9 sou
-ye st ooeds 8UT}IIM Jo yoeT

PS8E VA jo ayeortdng

wilt ral ca
GLU dag UNld Catu Sau

GN Ua! Su cigu iktioa

CACO ign kL Ga ibs LoL
(ULu 8b ui Eco idl Su

Watt ta

(alia iatlia Nou. Noa
HAUL: Go @l cuu gctca

iNcdu ia@tau

(roe, AAT CALE Gots
Laut

tigdia Nace Leth ibnLak
IO, CAL SLACO Ede wl

tcaca

tQacL, ECG GCLCa weg,

Ga Getty su wit qt.ca
CAL. NAL NEC. CALE NUCO

{UL.LU Hag} UNtd {Lac}
sTIGU INT LUO ULLLL Mi
CAL LUNLOUL GN Lund Su
LAALL NU UAC LGN Ll
tuLu {wb} xb wi {tc} cca
qua

{MUL} NUL LALO
LQLUO LAT LUO N.gu.a
LLAULL GCO Gl .GuN Gccca

LAT AUL

Guu.du<L> incgu{u}u
(TUL, dat CALL

Lyer[sb] Ulal waUUL {tr}
lL LUGdia NAGLE. {L}
(CULE, COL NLACO TM {o}

tGaca
IGMLTLL Cg GCE<TCO> ICC,
GNUTL NU LLL NQL.CO {Ll}
UALU {Nu} NUCO Uo
CLALLLIN, {AA} NAL (CLC.

Iz 80I-Z0L (AL NO AE HAUL Ne, (U(.L) NO AU LMU NG
“EL TL Wed ‘6-79 “INI + ‘E007 BUdAZT EG8E VA ICEL TL Wed I@-EL TL Wed
SLNAIWNOD NOLLVOIIaNd MOG WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

83

Catalogue

Gata ag UNLd
G8cu.ca gu gta c.ck

USLUU NAL Caed ww

adil
(CUO ag Cutmu Ek

CELL eamcek wdc

Eo tatuk eth wgcuk
igG:Lua yuo ku ef.ca gLey
garagu Ed @£.€a

waa Guiu ag Lea ite
Gttca id, teaca tdaLi
(@uia Nu LOL. Sau ag

UHAUO 46 UNLd>

GNEULCO GULL GUO CAC

AG UNLUL NAL ATA ULL
<qual oLEh (CO iC, CF.CQ

(Tmac[L]

AG CULE TCL
{icucua dq u} cuc{ujua
odie.

togcul cLuL iracch
GLt.L TO Cac Col
IQ.CLUO NUG NU T.coO
Gataciu {tc} cd dr.ca
NU GNILE 4g .LCO bls
grtca tdg reaca idavua
LAULUO NU LOL, NGL 4G

Thun gca
HALTL NAL ULL NGL.Ca

SINHWIWOD NOLLVOTIand

TMOd

WNDaUVL/LN

NOILVLONO

aaoge 39S 6 aINV

uel 2tc

re eer

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LUO Ag AG LLL CL th iD

NTL

LCMLGU ELL bUbGek aL

xt ]ul
LTMLGU (oLf dtl tuLGLL aL

tehédu wou, ole (CLG du ICULULL LCL
jen CCU WIL EMUGU dou | CCU we TUG IodLuu
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SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITand IMOd WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

84

N

85

Catalogue

tradi
IlUaLd NAL aid GE wk
tcl EUAL €¢ EQUL EuaALL,
TNILUN LENGL ULL wdc ICH NAL GL E UNCaO
mgd uu aglh qouNx Lou AGU Ulal HEL Leg
(UIT NO GN UCTOU GCMUUN :AD Ov VAL 6V7/ESOT SIN LG°8¢ “Wed

wth {Tara} Coad

TUALL MCUALC NAL ad GL
{rut} cuLaL cg Taue {cca}
IELL NAL UG C, ULCQ.o
ITA GUL LANL Cao UF gu

ZS°8C “ned

Urgk ia. didi

unde GULGN GEL

CELE iag Gado NAL oN
ECU wut Emil La ag

dAOGe 99S 6 dIANV — SE°8e “Ned

aL Cindi

{ob} hCG GL&La, cack Lrg
LIEU. bag UAL. NAL GN
wCCU cue [TALL L] A 1G,

Ge's8e “Ned

SINHWIWOD NOLLVOTIaNnd TIMOd WNSUVL/LIN

NOILVLONO

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wil Su ac Udou catia
GEULCY EaGL Civ vad
Ouiw (cau t, é¢g UNGU
Al SL wi idtsuy EX

GN NEL LHL OGL Gt Eo Nu

UAT.
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TN LULL L[LOAL TL CG

NL AL NL coe (L)CENUL
(L)GN [NEL] cous (Q)GLLE GL C.

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SLINHWNOD NOLLVOTIaNd 'IMO”d WNDUV.L/LN NOILVLONO

86

87

Catalogue

CC'6¢ ‘Ned
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-PIAIpUr poureu v ZuIsIMd Jog ‘sasm) = 916 L£76c Med = S'1Z Jer = L767 “Ned «NS
TIGL
NLACO CQ MLGL! LGU
CG TU AGU IGQUACKL LGuuLa
L067 “Nod LACHLN ALLO CULGCU dat
:suonejonb IIyIO UGL NAL LATINO NLUN
(TUCILIL LCLICILEL Lee GLELL!
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SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITand IMOd WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

88

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jen eb GIINVD Le Mo wi: dig SLUG ESL eat a TL LLNGL CL :
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SLNAWWOD NOLLVOITENd TMOG WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

89

Catalogue

1s

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e uodn sasind 8UIUINJa1 104 :sasiny OLbpT WA ST'6L S8NZ ST'6L S8NZ
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90

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The Bible in the Bowls

92

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The Bible in the Bowls

94

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The Bible in the Bowls

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103

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The Bible in the Bowls

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112

113

Catalogue

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The Bible in the Bowls

114

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The Bible in the Bowls

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117

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119

Catalogue

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The Bible in the Bowls

120

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121

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123

Catalogue

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The Bible in the Bowls

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ACN, Ltat & 8aU wi

GILT, LUCIE,
CALE, WA CLAL Cy NUL BULL

The Bible in the Bowls

UI pesopous UOJeUIUTeIZeNAL —-gez :pR6T GAL AG NIU GAIT LE MAU Mit, NLU GT LLL
L198 ‘Sd ‘T'7 “WS T te uopi05 ¢ Yeo L198 “Sd LL°98 ‘Sd SNS
G98
'Sd ‘8'9b ‘Sd + Jo uoneoy
-TUapI! otf smoTe €9Z16 WA
(IM JeTTesed ay} 3nq ‘Bursstu
SI [Moq 9Y} jo uoTIod a81e] V fan cée disk
JenprlAIpur paureu ZE-LE E. SGU NEE ait iaguitc = ce NULL U(LLY) Lal]
B ysule8e UONDa}0I1d 104 :sasimy 60SZ VA G'98 ‘Sd G98 ‘Sd g
SINAIWNOD NOLLVOIIENd MOG WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

134

135

Catalogue

JIPIO VSIdAaI UI poyeaday

TQUL Lac
sLIGUEL LEGUEL AL, TAG MaGull

Ierl PST-EST (AT FOUL AGU ERG be GUL hail TOQUE MiGull TAG AL
‘poxy ‘T'16 ‘Sd “p’9 “Ne +} ‘OL0G P1004 vol ANC T'16 “Sd T'16 “Sd
Littl
S[eNpIAIPUI peureu [eraaas 6E-ZE AT EOUL AGU ERG be gil at TOUL dqdl TAG Le
jo sosind oy} 8ulfNuUe 104 :sasin’y) ETT VA L'16 ‘Sd L'16 ‘Sd
SdSIIA [RdTTGIq Jo AjaTos
JSOW]E SISISUOD 1X9} [MO OUI,
Tato :tamod
jo oureu se payoau]
JIAIY, “WDA, Japas “JD
TE°vOT ‘Sd
‘61-8L'ZL ‘Sd ‘8h°90T “Sd
*€G°68 ‘Sd ‘TE ‘YDOZ ‘GE'OT ELeh wily Adiga Hcl incl TULL WiLL diga NUL NCil
‘uolyD T 2 Ly'90L ‘Sd IZ :sndiop 80T N €S°68 ‘Sd €S°68 “Sd
SLNHWWOD NOLLVOIIsnd IMOd WNDUVL/LN NOILLVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

136

CE WZ «EET BLE AT TOU AGU CAg be ugitl aud Wat WALANG TaUL
‘suonejonb JatO wopis05 Sb TUZ I'16 ‘Sd '9 ‘Ned 2 T'I6 ‘Sd
NUL UG!
AGU NGUACL TAG ULL (A) Le
L'16 ‘Sd 2 9 ‘Naq 60T-80T (AT EOUL Adu ERG be Git) mcd AT WALNG TOUL
‘E76 “UMN “Z'E “YD9Z + = :986T JETIPD q uoley T'16 ‘Sd y°9 “Ned & T'T6 ‘Sd
oa NUL wuattl
ea AG Lal] NUCL TAG cone Le
[Moq 94} JO UOTIpe [BNW = 7G : TEQT TI9E GOV sAT EGUL AGU ERG ke ligt! Mud LAT ALNG TLAUL we]
Z'E ‘Yosz :suonejonb 1339 qemyps dIANOT L'16 ‘Sd p'9 ‘INIq 2 T'I6 ‘Sd
NUL ude
Gull NGLUEL TAG LLL! MLe
L'16 ‘Sd (AT FOUL AGU ERG be Gil Mtg LAT WALNG TOUL QUILL!
2 p99 “IMI “'E “YDIZ ILaNV 1/crve aIWHe T'16 ‘Sd p'9 ‘ned 2 T'16 ‘Sd
SINAININOD =NOLLVOIIaNd IMOd WNDUVL/LIN NOILLV.LONO

137

Catalogue

G9ES

HeTeZNIN

dic tate

tw ors

[A ]uc [txugLl]

(CUt AD ) wopI0y Mopooyty GN UNL 8a.E Lau lita ge 9 GN UNIT NQL Lau Urrd oN
OL'16 “Sd ‘Z'T6 “Sd = = ZS TST [nquels] OL'16 ‘Sd OT'T6 ‘Sd
CE “UZ “E76 WINN + Rak On da Cath NGL Gn ca
:suoryejonb 13410 (GG GALE 8Qb eLttu aca Gig MALL] xe[b Jucce
L'16 “Sd ‘8°SG “Sd + €0L Val 96T/ES0T SIN Z’T6 ‘Sd Z’T6 ‘Sd
S9ES
HOTZ Reb dy da CCL NGL GN aa
(CUE 2D ) wopI0y MopooyTy 6G GbE YGL LOtu ca Gig GALL Ngk] tec
OL'16 ‘Sd ‘Z'16 “Sd & = = ZS TI9qST [nquels] Z’T6 ‘Sd Z’T6 ‘Sd
SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITand IMOd WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

[SAPLNA ZT] SLST ‘pox

HAO@V OTOL “Sd daS =—_ @ OT'OL “Sd @ T'€6 Sd

The Bible in the Bowls

EL'b Tqag “wh
sajonb osye 1x9} [Mog oy,
ICES ‘POXA
LEZ aed suoHvon} 2910 Ee LLC tog LucL
IL'16 ‘Sd . HGNC i Ck Gadi Ce [CJgnca way gb iqacul
‘QOL ‘Sd “IT‘0G “PSI L007 PUPAST vOT WN IT’ 16 ‘Sd IT’ 16 ‘Sd
ele ECG LLC tc, Luck
Il 16 ‘Sd ‘Z2°ZE “Oza - LZ “S661 E. HGNC At CL Gace Ce CIGNCAL AL(N) GL Gace
‘SE YZ “E76 “UNN + peyeys 9W IT’ 16 ‘Sd IT’ 16 ‘Sd
Se ECG LC Ecce
"s pUBJaTYeW ‘NOA OL, LOU . HGNC iu Ck Gadi Ce CGNCL ALN GL QML
‘[g]b NCLEN CLiqatN TL AD T WHS tyy-s IL'T6 ‘Sd TL'16 ‘Sd
SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITand IMO’ WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

138

d
4
2)

139

Catalogue

CE YZ
:suOT}eIONH JIIIO

Eq Chu cae
dau UAL tu

avis

Qgu EL olga

LLCO CG LU aL
UML UAL bl, GCu TL

dA0GR 99S GVvae ¥9/ZZ6T SIN Oc’ VOT ‘Sd Oc’ VOT “Sd
Eq Chu cae LLC CG LaUL NL
Cau UAL to Gdu EL olga Ua UML ele Gigli TL
dA0gR 99S yVvae Lv/LZ6T SIN Oc’ VOT “Sd Oc’ VOT ‘Sd
Eg Chu ath ULL CQ Lut WL
Hau UAL to Gdu EL olga Ula] UAL] ule qgu ch
oA0gR 99S eval Sb/LZ6T SIN Oc’ VOT ‘Sd Oc’ VOT ‘Sd
Eq Chu cae LLOLA CG LaUL NL
Cau UAL to Ggu EL Lam Uae ULM le Gigli TL
aA0ge 99S c Val 62/ZZ6T SIN Oc’ VOT “Sd Oc’ VOT ‘Sd
8ST ‘Pox
> T€6 ‘Sd OT'OT “Sd
eres eae Eq Chu cae LLC CQ LALA ol
[:DH] :suorejoNd 1310 Hau Wak io du chalga udu UAL olf. QJgu tb
CUNL LeCULE 2D T var 8/LZ61 SW Oc’ VOT “Sd Oc’ VOT “Sd
SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITaNd IMOd WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

140

Eq Chu cal

avis c “3

LLOQ CG ULL NAL

OLT-SIL Hau UAL to Gdu EL Lym Uae UML Lele Gigli TL

dA0gR 99S :sndio5 9ST WN Oc’ VOT ‘Sd Oc’ VOT ‘Sd

Eq Chun au LLC C]¢ Uf tt]

Hau Wak io du tr olym [jai] ual [ite qgu th
sA0gk 99S OL Var S8T1/ES0~ SIN Oc’ VOT “Sd Oc’ VOT “Sd

Eq Chu cat LLC CG LaLL NL

Cau UAL to Ggu EL Lym Uae UML le Gigli TL
dA0gk 99S 6Val €8/€S0Z SIN Oc’ VOT “Sd Oc’ VOT “Sd

Eq Chu cat LLCO CG LuLL NL

Hau Wak to du EL oly Udo ULL bale QQu Ch
dA0gk 99S ZLVal ZI/ES0T SIN Oc’ VOL “Sd Oc’ VOT ‘Sd

Eq Chu cae LLOLA CG LaLa

Cau Um to. Gdu EL olga Udi [UML ble Gagu Te
dA0GR 99S 9Vae OT/ES0Z SIN Oc’ VOT “Sd Oc’ VOT “Sd
SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITand IMOd WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

141

Catalogue

SdSIBA [edTTGIq Jo ATaTos
JSOU]e S}SISUOD 1X9} [MO 3L
Tato :tamod

jo owreu se payoau]

JUV, ‘WDIWUY, 1apas “JD
Te'vOTL ‘Sd

‘61L-81'ZL ‘Sd ‘8h90T “Sd
“€S'68 ‘Sd ‘Z'E “YZ “GEOT

LL EAA
WO, CELL Lit Gaga «acu

ULL TURAL
wll, COLL ULL! GALgO «ACU

‘uoTyD T @ Zy90L “Sd + IZ :sndiop 801 N TE'vOL Sd TE'vOL Sd
Eq Gut tl ULL CQ] Usui aL
pepey Cau UML to Gdu EL olga [ural UAL bale QQ Th
ATOUIaXO ST SUTNLIM OU, 8 Var SS/ES0T SIN Oc VOL “Sd Oc VOT ‘Sd
Eq Chu cae [UnJucia cq Lelie al
Hau Wak to du chalga [om UAL] ble gue Ch
aaoge 80g 107 O1heyg TE8 OT Oc’ VOT “Sd Oc’ VOT “Sd
SLNXINWOD NOLLVOITand IMOd WNDUVL/ LIN NOLLVLONO

SdSIIA [RdTTGIq Jo AjaTos
JSOU]e S}SISUOD 1X9} [MO 3UL
Tato :tamod

jo owieu se payoau]

TAdy, :wD.Uy, Japs “JD

TE'VOL “Sd ae ee
; pererer ae uaa Nd! Uaghke Lido NUL LiggkLs
6T81'cL ‘Sd 8h'90T Sd Gado ian dado itd ég § UUdIgo LiL Lidgto INL ca,
“€G°68 ‘Sd ‘Z'E “YDEZ ‘GE'OT ELth wiv Sali, alae ul TULL LLL NGL LNG,
‘UOIYD 12 L901 ‘Sd = TZ sndio0p 801L W 8r'90L ‘Sd 8r'90I ‘Sd NS

The Bible in the Bowls

dLra(L) quaueu TUL Qu
(Lace Cl UFO GULLILE Ga

GUAGE EOUeO
LMMeEh LLL NGUECL LOCAL

Crtia quiu gaa dia

LLMATE LLY NQLart Ae Ar Cel SeoT 5
aaoge aag ~— TZ, :sndi05 801 W Ly90L ‘Sd = WON LTS LP'90L “Sd
SLNAINNOD NOLLVOIIaNd MOG WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

142

143

Catalogue

LAUN NGULLL (JOM “3.L)
Ciaal Guy WL duc Nl
NAdLN Cate acl tuaig
ICUUEN NLLO GadL uc

GN CLALGUIN we GN CAL, LUN NUON
Natta (LIN) MUL] Sl UL NQUEN UNL
eee ees GU NCL CeO NL fx ULATULIN LOUIS CLL
be'te tof = STIS esl OI GEC dg Habk ag kode = cab ocu uc done
‘suolejoNb IO = -E TT :¢ T0TZ GN Gre LU GN Crk Ge GMC «GN QTL LILLE Ge tt {TLC}
umsie] UmMouyUy, peyxeys — C-L'GIL ‘Sd C-L'GIL ‘Sd
€°9 “S| ‘LE"PT ‘Poxy peril ae
:suoejonb 1ay1O SUN NQUCG INGL LLL LL ca Uke WG [eJL beeen « [7]
umnsi1e}] UMouyUy OIL Var OS/ZZ6L SN (9M “8L) EVIL ‘Sd Evil Sd
SLNAWWOD NOLLVOIIdnd 1MOd WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

"

Ely TqQe9¢

‘uw sajonb osye 3x9} [Mog ou
IZ°EC “POX

‘ITZ ‘ueq ‘suoneionb 1310

JOPIO VSI9AaI UI poyeaday

The Bible in the Bowls

LL Aad AUL
LL'I6 ‘Sd MUL GUNG WIL helt iQ, | MUL GUO fu tu] Gu.
‘OOLT ‘Sd ‘TL'0S “PSI + 2007 SUaANT v9T W 9'9OTT “Sd 9'9OTT “Sd
LL
ACL GUNO WH hewn ig = lL Gua [Jute]
9S Var 8/8726L SN 9'OLT “Sd 9'OLT “Sd
9'OLT “Sd
G98 “Sd “8°9P ‘Sd + CZL ROY. We Lied
[eNpriAipul poweu -[ZT :sasinp MUL GUN LAL LEU 1G, UCL GUO LILLE LOLs Ge
B Jsulese UoNde}01d Joy = Lp AIINVO €9ZT6 Wa 99OTT “Sd 9'9OTT “Sd
SLNAWWOD NOLLVOITENd 1MOd WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

144

145

‘sjayoeiq orenbs
UI paAtasaid st 8urpeas s,ArO
-WO8] UOJ] “[MOq 3} Jo (TIIx
‘[d) Adod puey pue uondros

vo
Bo -uey sty peonpoad (€16 1)
g AaWMIOBJUOJ] VdUIS ATqeI
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‘ZIZL ‘Sd sajonb yorym 4x9} CHILE MLE WEG Cd ULL AMCULLCL [CLG Li
[Moq 9} JO oul] [PUTS OU], CL LIV 6006 Sd) LICL Sd LICL “Sd
LNG WALNG
LIZL Sd {97-'Z'9 “WN CEL Que Tk LGN GAL LIL LITLE GN CLC LGN Al ALL
‘suoyejonb IQ =: 1707 fereg ZSL9Z WI bIZI “Sd b'IZI “Sd

SINHWIWOD NOLLVOTIand TIMOd WNSDUVL/LIN NOILVLONO

(1)

8c LE “USD TT'09 “PST +
‘TEOv “BSI “GLE ‘POxy +
ssuonejonb 13410

wl! =

Cau aL aida
FOAL WL “ACL ANUE ECL
cul! MCLE Weg Ld sae Su

aig]
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LACLL NU TG L ULL ALL,
LLL {C} ALL cca Lat

The Bible in the Bowls

TE YIIZ “8-L1ZT “Sd + Z9 Var 9G/ES07 SN 8-L ICL ‘Sd 8-L ICL ‘Sd
bIZL Sd ‘9-779 “WINN
ssuonejonb 13410
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-lJauaq 94} Jo Is] e apnyour Su (Gal CCGoLt LUICHLGLe LLELLALt **°
0} papusuta (UL NU CGaL) wiv acl deg Od cage WHILE KACILL CEG LA LL or
9SI9A 9Y} JO Sp1OM [PUL] 1z0z fered CSL9Z WI LIGL ‘Sd LIZL ‘Sd
SINAWWOD NOILLVOIT&Nd IMOd WNDUVL/LN NOILVLONO

146

147

Catalogue

uorejonb
34} OUT ATDIIIp poytesut AV

-doid pue ouwreu s,Arelaaueg

Z STL “Sd ‘TL‘OG “PST «+

ellL var vI/Z76l SN

Ac Gat dau ian aga
iaga tig atic Gu Lutu
CSCI ‘Sd

aca

LUbel Phe) KUL CULE LL
IGCG Cu! LGATLLGLY IGE NGG
Qh.C GULL IGU LL
wLbAG U[L ACC] Gu WLLL

C'GCL Sd

Otc Gat Gautu ian aida

ago
INLAL QTE GAUL AUN LoL

5) uopi0y iaga Hu atc Ge tutu = «Lago UG att oN {udu}
= 6T [T9451 Z6vS WI CSCI ‘Sd CSCI ‘Sd
uorejonb
dU} OJUT ATJDVIIp poylasut
usaq oavy 0} sIeadde (Aopiq) as .
igpaususa suas Suieas CAWIL Lak aga Labbe [°°] ChQuin bah aga
Pyotod ont J UL LET-9ET iGAk viv ade awa ek []
Pepe} :6Z61/8Z6L wWiu ACLE EG Ca yl Su UL LL] Cac, Ld wate
Ajoura.jXe St SUNLIM OU, ooue Ly 9IT-O1D 8-L'IZL ‘Sd 8-L'LZL ‘Sd
SINAWWOD NOLLVOIT&Nd 1MOd WNDUVL/LN NOILVLONO

Tau

vLe iO ALt. Tig lcael th
-€/€ :900Z Gil agar Que tute Qdou fa dl ugar qt wut gduu xa F
peyxeys vy W LT'0€ “AO1d LT'0€ ‘AOId = S
‘oIn3If ITUOUIEp
e Jo SUIMBIp & punole posuPI
3 -1e SUOT]DES INOJ OJUT papla
S
ea “IP SI [Moq au JO 1X9} OY i.
< TAL TAL
s LV'O€ ‘A0Ig LG GLE. TUG LNG Ch LIU MLL FLIG LCQLUN Th
= ‘T'S ‘YD9Z “(ZX HLS L0Z-90Z Gil agar Que ite Qdou fa dl ugar gut tutu qduu xa g
e POX) ZT-pL'ST POXd + -OL0z fereg COstvl WI LL0€ “AOI LLT0€E “AOI SS
E
ae Naqt.a ixLa NGU.C INL
(40d 97-SZ :S00Z Luan Cae, aye Eat, LUN UL LACG ALT Tait
UI) ssadons puke MOAR] 104 peyeus Z/ZZ61L SIN pe ‘AOIg VE AOI
SLNAIWNOD NOLLVOIIENd MOU WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

148

149

Catalogue

EQuu
Ra dLe, ag oc Ce

aay

G40 Rui die agai, quid

TOG
w[o@] ULTL Ag Ch CAKGUL
[NUL] ULC UGQUL, UGUUL

6b feo Gtr Gu die @bNg dail. aug cl[ga] He
ZL'Or ‘BSI :9L0% plod 6209 LiL Cau, adaquu aaa AMO COLL atc] qu
‘suonejonb IayIO == PZT AINV + 49H INC 8-Z'E 8u0g 8-Z'E 8u0g
LALNG
FEL OO Gu HEEL. LNG FACIL GET {4} Qu Maret
S@ pr BSI =: 97 AIINVD HEU GAUL adaquu aaa LITLE CALL AGMAGLUL Mma
‘9¢-b7'9 “WINN ‘Z’€ 8U0S = 99T[PqST S916 WA ZL’€ 8u0g ZL’€ 8u0g
SLNAWWOD NOLLVOIIsNd 1MOd WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

‘LI69T SAD Se [Mog oY} Sjoqeisitt (E161) ATAUIOSUOIN «,

oy
jo oweyj oy} 0} pure ,. ory 3ur
-UINq 94} OFUT sed aq TeUS,,

ULGN Orie Sul cele Lis

tl be Gv Gg Lae EL Adin

MGAGLICLE NoALIN
WUELCHLL LEC GEL CLUS «CLL

The Bible in the Bowls

(sed10J JUSTOAZTeUT) NO< puy, VI LIV ¢<4TO09T SAD g’e “ued g’e “ued
(oly jo owmey
dU} 0} pue ,,o1lj 8urzeyq jo
A IGMGUIT WL NLU
Soe i OO ae eed oLiU G&L NULTN LELN Lu
au Suissorddo yds [149 9y3) CULE Gri Sued cele COLE LLU LQM@QUEWL NALIN
}1 yseo (syuaurduresus s,poy LC ie GN GG LQEL EL AMUN Labs UL Gr NULL CLLL
JO Jaty oy) oy Aeur puy, S WHS Lvv-s 9’E “ued g’e “ued
SINAININOD =NOLLVOITaNd IMOd WNDUVL/LIN NOILLV.LONO

150

al aa

al a

151

Catalogue

TAL **" LAC

<Iamod JO swWeU Se pdxOAU]

SUISSOTY ISILJ ‘D,Ways

(Hua.
Oa CFELL IORLLN Ad Get
s[eNnpraIpul poureu (GUL NQtirt Lg LLG LING UITLIG UTIL LUELLN
a
3eIY}/OMy uodn sasind 3Ul 601-801 PATOL 4
-UINJal pUe BUTUINIIZAO 104 ‘sasmy ZOL e7E'6 ‘YIN ‘Nog = eTE'6 ‘YIN N
ET’ Nqeg
‘ul sajonb osye 1x9} [Mog ou
1Z'ES “POX ‘TT16 “Sd
‘Q'OLL ‘Sd ‘LL'OS “BSI sue att
Chee, ltl kere UIT LAGE ALCL LUG Lath LHL,
ssuonejonb 13410 Bae eaves Pasar aman eae ak
, NGL NGG CALE LLEL LOT) Laing Legh NqGd acaul =
Tata siamod TOL ke TL CEL ited ca Ai Cut. Cato LLL LLY NGL
jo swe se paYOAUT Z00Z 2UPAIT rol W ITZ ‘ued ITZ ueq =
SLNAINWOD NOLLVOTIaNd IMOd WNDUVL/LN NOLLVLONO

The Bible in the Bowls

152

Gaga taL aga
UL NGL LNG NE

Gallic GCL Li CLek NEU

d

d

4 uopi05 LELE bien, Su utLe Gch EQ | TLL NUN LILLE NGL LNG
= TS [14S] 9vZ6 WI OT'6¢ “UOIYD T OT'6¢ “UOIYD T
Cada taL aida
WIL Hath WALA Nut
Gallia NCL LiL ELeh SL
q uop105 LOL bin Su ute diet Eq | TLL NUN LLL NGL WALNG
= 0S [4S] Sv Z6 WI OT'6¢ “UoOIYD T OL'6¢ “UOIYD T SN

SdSIIA [BITTGIq Jo ATaTos

JSOU]e S}SISUOD 1X9} [MOg 9],

JUV, ‘WDIWUY, apes “JD

TE'vOTL ‘Sd

‘61L-81'ZL ‘Sd ‘8h'90T “Sd

“€S'68 ‘Sd ‘Z'E “YZ “GEOT
‘UOIYD 12 Ly'90T ‘Sd = TZ ssndiop

dLra(L) quaueu TU( La Qu
(La ceh Cl UFO GULLILE Ga
LILA OEL LILLY NQuUEL tdcacth

LZv'90T ‘Sd
2 GeoT UDOT 5

df diak deagea cavdtk
(dete Wace GL CeO Que
INLE HACE RL MATE

801 WN GE9OT “UOIYD T

SINHWIWOD NOLLVOTIaNd

IMOd WNDUVL/LN NOILLVLONO

TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF
BIBLICAL QUOTATIONS IN PUBLISHED
JBA INCANTATION BOWLS

The table below shows the distribution of biblical quotations
across the corpus of published JBA bowl texts. For the sake of
convenience, it is organised initially by major publications of
large corpora (which overlap in a number of cases with large
public and private collections of bowls).! Thereafter it is organ-
ised by the collections in which published bowls are held. Publi-
cation (author/year) and/or the sequence number or catalogue
number of the bowl are given in the first column, followed by the
quotation(s) included in each bowl text, and then the total num-

ber of quotations in the bowl text.

Table of Distribution of Biblical Quotations

Isbell 1975 (incl. Montgomery 1913 = AIT) [15/72]

Isbell 8 = AIT3 Zech. 3.2 1
Isbell 9 = AIT 14 Dan. 3.6 1
Isbell 10 = AIT5 Zech. 3.2 1
Isbell 12 = AIT 8 Exod. 3.15 1
Isbell 19 = Gordon G Ps, 125.2 1

Due to the vicissitudes of their publication history, note that two bowls
appear twice in the table (HS 3005 = Isbell 55 = ZHS 5 = Ford and
Morgenstern 2020: 19-20; and BM 91765 = Isbell 66 = CAMIB 26).

© 2022 James Waller, CC BY-NC 4.0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0305.03

154

The Bible in the Bowls

Isbell 1975 (incl. Montgomery 1913 = AIT) [15/72]

Isbell 23 = AIT 12
Isbell 24 = AIT 16
Isbell 33

Isbell 35 = AIT 26

Isbell 42

Isbell 50 = Gordon E
Isbell 51 = Gordon F
Isbell 52 = Gordon C
Isbell 55 = HS 3005
Isbell 66 = CAMIB 26

Ps. 121.7
Zech. 3.2
Isa. 6.3

Num. 9.23, Deut. 6.4,
Hos. 2.2-4, Zech. 3.2

Zech. 3.2

1 Chron. 29.10

1 Chron. 29.10
Ps. 91.7, Ps. 91.10
Num. 9.23

Num. 6.24-26, Isa. 44.25,
Song 3.7

Naveh and Shaked 1985 and 1993 [7/22]

AMB 3
AMB 9

AMB 11
AMB 12a
AMB 12b
AMB 13
MSF 22

Num. 10.35

Exod. 22.23, Lev. 26.29,
Deut. 28.22, Deut. 28.28,
Deut. 28.35, Deut. 29.12,
Mic. 7.16-17, Ps. 69.24,
Ps. 69.26 [Lev. 26.37,
Jer. 8.4 = Amos 8.14]

Deut. 6.4, Ps. 91.1, Zech. 3.2
Isa. 40.12, Song 3.7-8

Isa. 40.12

Exod. 15.7

Num. 9.23, Exek. 32.27

Rh FP Fe

Oo FP NYO FF Fe

gl]

Oo FP FP NY WwW

Table of Distribution

Segal 2000 (British Museum Collection) [8/75]

CAMIB 23 Zech. 3.2

CAMIB 26 = Isbell 66 Num. 6.24-26, Isa. 44.25,
Song 3.7

CAMIB 35 Num. 10.35, Isa. 44.25

CAMIB 40 Deut. 29.22, Deut. 29.27

CAMIB 41 Ps. 46.8, Ps. 86.5, Ps. 116.6

CAMIB 43 Deut. 29.27 = Jer. 21.5

CAMIB 65 Exod. 15.18

CAMIB 71+72+73 Gen. 49.22, Isa. 40.12

Levene 2003 (Moussaieff Collection) [8/20]

M 59 Zech. 3.2
M 102 Deut. 10.17 = Neh. 9.32a
M 108 Zech. 3.2, Ps. 72.18-19,

Ps. 89.53, Ps. 104.31,
Ps. 106.48, Ps. 106.47 2
1 Chron. 16.35

M 117 Isa. 6.3 2 1 Sam. 17.45,
Isa. 37.16

M 123 Exod. 3.5 (Tg. Onq.)

M 138 Exod. 3.5 (Tg. Onq.)

M 142 Num. 14.9, Num. 32.33,
Isa. 40.31

M 155 Isa. 45.2

M 156 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8,

Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.16 2
Ps. 93.1 2 Exod. 15.18

155

Oo FP FP WwW NY WN

30)

156 The Bible in the Bowls

Levene 2013 (Vorderasiatisches Museum) [4/14]

VA 2416 = Curses: 46-47 2 Kgs 19.15 1
VA 2423 = Curses: 37-39 Ps. 91.1 1
VA 2484 = Curses: 22-24 Deut. 6.19 1
VA 2509 = Curses 31-32 Ps. 46.8, Ps. 86.5 2

Shaked, Ford, and Bhayro 2013 (Schgyen Collection, vol. 1)
[19/64]
JBA 1 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, aU
Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.16 2
Ps. 93.1 2 Exod. 15.18

JBA 2 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 104.20 2

JBA 3 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, Se
Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.16 2
Ps. 93.1 2 Exod. 15.18

JBA 4 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, au)
Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.16 2
Ps. 93.1 2 Exod. 15.18

JBA 5 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, on
Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.162
Ps. 93.1 2 Exod. 15.18

JBA 6 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, a
Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.16 2
Ps. 93.1 @ Exod. 15.18

JBA 7 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, i
Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.16 2
Ps. 93.1 @ Exod. 15.18

JBA 8 Ps. 104.20 1

Table of Distribution 157

Shaked, Ford, and Bhayro 2013 (Schgyen Collection, vol. 1)
[19/64]
JBA 9 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, BH)
Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.16 2
Ps. 93.1 2 Exod. 15.18
JBA 10 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, ah
Ps. 104.20, Ps. 10.16 2
Ps. 93.1 2 Exod. 15.18

JBA 11 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8, at
Ps. 10.16 2 Ps. 93.1 2
Exod. 15.18
JBA 12 Exod. 15.3, Ps. 24.8 Qu
Ps. 10.16 2 Ps. 93.1 2
Exod. 15.18
JBA 15 Exod. 3.15 1
JBA 31 Num. 9.23 1
JBA 42 Num. 9.23, Num. 10.36 2
JBA 46 Deut. 28.57 1
JBA 55 Ps. 32.7, Ps. 55.9 2
JBA 56 Ps. 116.6 1
JBA 60 Exod. 3.15 1

Shaked, Ford, and Bhayro 2022 (Schgyen Collection, vol. 2)
[16/55]

JBA 65 Exod. 3.15, Isa. 40.31, Isa. 4
60.11, Gen. 27.28 (Tg. Onq.)
JBA 67 Exod. 3.15, Isa. 40.31, Isa. 6

60.11, Gen. 27.28 (Tg. Onq.),
Ps. 121.7-8, Zech. 3.2

158 The Bible in the Bowls

Shaked, Ford, and Bhayro 2022 (Schgyen Collection, vol. 2)
[16/55]

JBA 73 Num. 9.23

JBA 75 Num. 9.23

JBA 87 Gen. 49.18

JBA 90 Isa. 12.3

JBA 95 Exod. 3.15, Isa. 40.31, Isa.
60.11, Gen. 27.28 (Tg. Onq.)

JBA 98 Exod. 3.15, Isa. 40.31, Isa.
60.11, Gen. 27.28 (Tg. Ongq.)

JBA 101 Exod. 3.15, Isa. 40.31, Isa.
60.11, Gen. 27.28 (Tg. Ongq.)

JBA 103 Num. 9.23, Zech. 3.2,
Ps. 55.8, Ps. 91.7

JBA 104 Zech. 3.2

JBA 108 Zech. 3.2, Num. 12.13

JBA 109 Zech. 3.2, Ps. 55.9

JBA 113 Isa. 50.11, Ps. 125.2

JBA 114 Isa. 50.11

JBA 116 Exod. 14.31, Ps. 114.3,
Isa. 6.3

Ford and Morgenstern 2020 = Miiller-Kessler 2005
(Hilprecht Sammlung) [5/30]

HS 3003 Isa. 40.12
HS 3005 Num. 9.23
HS 3022 Num. 9.23, Num. 11.2,

Num. 12.13

oO RF NY NY NY

Table of Distribution 159

Ford and Morgenstern 2020 = Miiller-Kessler 2005
(Hilprecht Sammlung) [5/30]

HS 3027 Deut. 6.4-9, Deut. 11.13-14 2
HS 3030 Exod. 19.9-12 1

Smaller Publications (Various Collections)

Aaron B = Geller 1986: 108 Num. 9.23, Deut. 6.4, 4
Zech. 3.2, Ps. 91.1

Aaron E = Geller 1986:114 Isa. 40.13 1

Aaron F = Geller 1986: 115 Num. 9.23 1

IM 9736 = Saar 2013 Exod. 14.20 1

IM 56544 = ZHS 2a Exod. 15.12 1

IM 76752 = Faraj 2021 Num. 6.24-26, Ps. 121.7, 3
Ps. 121.4

IM 114987 = ZHS 4a Isa. 40.12 1

IM 141803 = Faraj 2010 Exod. 15.14-17, Zech. 3.2, 3
Prov. 30.17

IM 212092 = Al-Jubouri 2013 Isa. 37.16 1

IM 212093 = Al-Jubouri 2015 Isa. 37.16 1

IM 212103 = Al-Jubouri 2011 _Isa. 37.16 1

M 1 = Shaked 1995: 207 Deut. 32.3, Isa. 6.3, 4
Ezek. 1.5, Ezek. 1.27

M 4 = Shaked 2006: 373-374 — Prov. 30.17 1

M 5 = Shaked 1999: 194 Gen. 49.22 1

160 The Bible in the Bowls

Smaller Publications (Various Collections)

M 6 = Shaked 1995: 211-213

M 164 = Levene 2007

MS 1927/2 =
Shaked 2005: 25-26
MS 1927/9 =
Shaked 2005: 27
MS 2053/7 =
Bohak 2012: 47
MS 2053/13 =
Shaked 2011: 209
MS 2053/159 =
Corpus: 100-102
MS 2053/216 =
Corpus: 89-90

MS 2053/236 =
Bohak 2012: 48-59
MS 2053/257 =
Shaked 2011: 210

S-442 = SHM 1
S-446 = SHM 4
S-447 = SHM 5

S-448 = SHM 6

Num. 9.23, Ezek. 32.27,
Zech. 3.2, Ps. 91.11

Exod. 23.21, Isa. 50.11, Ps.
91.11, Ps. 116.6, Dan. 7.11

Prov. 3.4

Exod. 3.15, Num. 6.24-26

Num. 10.35-36, Zech. 3.2

Num. 6.24-26, Zech. 3.2

Exod. 15.16, Exod. 15.18,

Isa. 6.3

Exod. 3.5 (Tg. Onq.)

Ps. 68.5

Isa. 40.31

Ps. 91.11
Isa. 6.3

Dan. 3.6
Zech. 3.2

Ee | |

Table of Distribution

Smaller Publications (Various Collections)

T 15608 = Misgav 2018
T 27987 = Misgav 2018
T 28001 = Misgav 2018

VA 3854 = Levene 2003
VA 3853 = Levene 2003

A33965 = Kaufman 1973

C10-116 = Franco 1978/1979:

236-237
De Menil = Isbell 1976

JNF 124 =
Ford 2016: 153-154

MFL 10895 = Bhayro 2017

Moriah 2 =
Gordon 1984: 238

SD 34 = Levene/Bhayro
2005/6

XI-t 5178 =
Miiller-Kessler 1994: B1

Miiller-Kessler 1994: B2
ZRL 48 = Gordon 1978

Zech. 3.2
Deut. 6.4, Zech. 3.2
Zech. 3.2

Deut. 6.4-9, Deut. 11.13-21

[Deut. 6.4-6, Deut. 6.9],
Deut. 11.13-21

Jer. 2.1, Jer. 2.2, Jer. 2.3,
Ezek. 21.21-22

Ps. 121.7-8

Deut. 6.4

Exod. 14.31, Deut. 6.4, Ps.
91.1

Gen. 30.22, Zech. 3.2
1 Sam. 2.2, Ps. 86.17

Isa. 60.6, Isa. 60.8, Isa. 60.11

Isa. 40.12

Isa. 40.12
Deut. 6.4, Zech. 3.2, Ps. 91.1

161

162

The Bible in the Bowls

Smaller Publications (Various Collections)

Abousamra 2020
Ford/Ten-Ami 2012
Herman 2021
Miiller-Kessler 2013
Schwab 1891: 592
Shaked 2015: 109-110

Zech. 3.2, Isa. 26.4

Jer. 5.22

Isa. 40.6-8

Deut. 6.4

Deut. 6.4, Zech. 3.2, Ps. 91.1

Isa. 51.15 = Jer. 31.34,
Ps. 115.1-2

Oo WoO F|& FF F&F WD

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abousamra, Gaby. 2010. ‘Une nouvelle coupe magique
araméenne’. In Magie et divination dans les cultures de
lV’Orient, edited by J.-M. Durand and A. Jacqet, 109-121.
Paris: Editions Jean Maisonneuve.

. 2019. ‘An Incantation Bowl from the Matenadaran’. Se-

mitica 61: 139-146.

. 2020. ‘Semomit in a New Incantation Bowl’. In Between

the Worlds: Magic, Miracles, and Mysticism, vol. 2, edited by