III. In the struggle which ensued Henry defeated

Rudolph in battle and Gregory was sentenced as a sorcerer. He died in exile at Salerno.
As a magician he is not very conspicuous, for his fame rests chiefly on a prophecy he made publicly that Rudolph would be victorious, and that " before St. Peter's day," on the fulfilment of which saying he staked his papal crown. The unfortunate Rudolph, entirely trusting to Gregory's oracular utterance, renewed the battle six times and finally perished without having obtained the promised victory. Other stories credit Gregory with the power of making lightning with a motion of his hand, and causing thunder to dart from his sleeve. It is related by Benno that on one occasion he left his magical book behind him at his villa. Entrusting two of his servants with the task of returning for it, he warned them not to look into it on pain of the most awful punishment. However, curiosity over- came the fears of one of them, and, opening the book he pronounced some words. Immediately a band of imps appeared and asked what was their command. The terrified servants begged that the demons would cast down so much of the city wall as lay in their way, and thus they escaped the penalty of their disobedience.
Of a lofty and severe cast £>f mind, Gregory's motive was not so much fraud as profound enthusiasm and strength of purpose, which sustained him through the struggle with Henry to the end of his life.
Grihestha : {See India.)
Grimoire : A text-book of Black Magic. The three best known grimoires are the Grimorium Verum, the Grand Grimoire, and the Grimoire of Pope Honorius. Black magic (q.v.) is of course an ignorant and superstitious perversion of the true science, and the grimoires well illustrate this — their most noticeable feature being their utter futility. The grimoires, in fact, cannot be taken seriously, and the diabolic practices contained in their pages are more absurd than fearsome. Before entering upon them, the rites of the church are practised as a pre- liminary and fasting is observed. The great object of the grimoires is to invoke the infernal powers, and at the same time to trick them. The fiends are treated as imbeciles. In the grimoire, the magician is instructed how, when selling them his soul, he may deceive them by a play upon words. One of the chief desires of the sorcerer of the middle ages was to discover hidden treasure by means of Satanic agency, and having found it to devote himself to good deeds and the distribution of his wealth among the poor.
Abstinence from every species of impurity is strongly insisted upon for the space of an entire quarter of the moon, and the sorcerer most solemnly promises the grand Adonai (q.v.), the Master of all Spirits, that he shall not eat more than two meals per diem, and that these shall be prefaced by prayer. The operator must change his apparel as seldom as possible, and sleep only on occasion, meditating continually on his undertaking, and centring all his hopes in the infinite goodness of Adonai, who is
undoubtedly the supreme deity, and not as might be thought a master-fiend. But the grimoires teem with mystifications, and it is frequently difficult to discern their real meaning. In the three grimoires alluded to, the infernal hierarchy is described at length — (See Demon- Ology) ; but the principal contents of these works are evocations and spells for the gaining over of the diabolical powers to the purposes of the sorcerer. That they were employed by veritable professors of the art of black magic is rather unlikely, as the real black magician had very much higher aims than the mere unearthing of buried treasure, and it is most probable that they were for the most part in use among amateurs of the art, who dabbled in it merely in the hope of enriching themselves.
Grimoire of Honorius, The : A magical work published at Rome in 1629, and not, as is generally thought, connected in any way with Kabbalistic magic. The work is indeed permeated with Christian ideas. It is extremely unlikely that it is the work of the Roman Bishop known as Honorius. The work has been called " a malicious and somewhat clever imposture," since it pretends to convey the sanction of the Papal Chair to the operators of necromancy. It deals with the evocation of the rebellious angels.
Grimorium Verum, The : This magical text-book was first published in 15 17, and purported to be translated from the Hebrew. It is based to some extent upon the Key of Solomon (q.v.), and is quite honest in its statement that it proposes to invoke " devils," which it refers to the four elements, so that these would appear to be of the type of elementary spirits (q.v.). A part of the account it gives regarding the hierarchy of spirits is taken from the Lemege- ton (q. v.) . The work is divided into three portions : the first describing the characters and seals of the demons, with the forms of their evocation and dismissal ; the second gives a dsecription of the supernatural secrets which can be learned by the power of the demons ; and the third is the key of the work and its proper application. But these divisions only outline what it purports to place before the reader, as the whole work is a mass of confusion. The plates which supply the characters do not apply to the text. The book really consists of two parts — the Grimorium Verum itself, and a second portion, which consists of magical secrets. The first supplies directions for the preparation of the magician based on those of the Clavicle of Solomon. Instructions for the manufacture of magical instruments, and the composition of a parchment on which the characters and seals are to be inscribed, as well as the processes of evocation and dismissal. The second part contains the ''admirable secrets" of the pretended Albertus Magnus, the " Petit Albert" and so forth. The work is only partially diabolical in character, and some of its processes might claim to be classed as White Magic.
Grossetete, Robert : Bishop of Lincoln from 1235, and generally known as Robert of Lincoln. Among his many accomplishments he is said to have numbered some pro- ficiency in the art of magic. Born of poor parents, he was early compelled to earn his own living, and even at times to beg for bread. He was at length '" discovered " by the Mayor of Lincoln, who was attracted by his appear- ance and the shrewdness of his remarks, and had him sent to school, where his remarkable capacity for study so helped his advancement that he was enabled to com- plete his education at Oxford, Cambridge, and Paris. The illustrious Roger Bacon characterised him and Iris friend. Friar Adam de Marisco, as the most learned men of their time. He was well skilled in the sciences of mathematics and astronomy, and a master of Greek and Hebrew. As a member of the clergy he distinguished himself chiefly by his vigorous denunciation of the abuses in the court of Rome, and particularly of the pope, Innocent IV., whose
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rule added but little lustre to the church. Grossetete did not hesitate to point out the misdeeds of the ecclesiastical dignitaries, many of whom had never even visited their various sees. And he openly pronounced Innocent to be the Antichrist.
His essays in necromancy include (Gower tells us) the making of a brazen head, which would answer questions and foretell the future. However, this would appear to be no unique accomplishment, as both Pope Silvester II., and Roger Bacon are credited with it. Gruagach : That is "long-haired one," from the Gaelic gruag, a wig : a fairy being with protective duties, to be met with in Scottish legends, and which apparently may be of either sex. The Gruagach appears to have been particu- larly associated with cattle, and milk was laid aside for him every evening — otherwise no milk would be got at next milking. Usually this being was of a beneficent nature, although occasionally it showed mis- chievous traits by loosing the cattle in the byres so that the herds had to get up, sometimes several times during a night, to tie them up : this apparently caused the Grua- gach much delight. There are many tales in different parts of Scotland about the Gruagach, from which one gathers that this fairy commonly had long hair and was well dressed, of whichever sex it might happen to be. (See Scotland). Gualdi : Dr. Campbel, in his well-known work Hermippus Redivivus or the Sage's Triumph over old age and the grave relates that this person was probably a Rosicrucian who lived for several hundreds of years. The particulars concerning him are as follows, but they cannot be verified, and are regarded by Godwin as apocryphal : — He sojourned at Venice for several months, and was known by the name of the " Sober Signior " among the common people, on account of the regulaiity of his life, the com- posed simplicity of his manners and the quietness of his costume : for he always wore dark clothes, and these of a plain, unpretending style. Three things were remarked of him during his stay at Venice. The first was, that he had a small collection of fine pictures, which he readily showed to everybody that desired it : the next, that he was per- fectly versed in all arts and sciences, and spoke always with such minute particularity as astonished — nay, silenced — all who heard him, because he seemed to have been present at the things which he related, making the most 'unexpected corrections in small facts sometimes. And it was, in the third place, observed that he never wrote or received any letter, never desired any credit, but atvrays paid for everything in ready money, and made no use of bankers, bills of exchange, or letters of credit. However, he always seemed to have enough, and he lived respectably, though with no attempt at splendour or show.
Signor Gualdi met, shortly after his arrival at Venice, one day, at the coffee-house which he was in the habit of frequenting, a Venetian nobleman of sociable manners, who was very fond of art, and this pair used to engage in sundry discussions, and they had many conversations concerning the various objects and pursuits which were interesting to both of them. Acquaintance ripened into fiiendly esteem, and the nobleman invited Signor Gualdi to his private house, whereat — for he was a widower — Signor Gualdi first met the nobleman's daughter, a very beautiful young maiden of eighteen, of much intelligence, and of great accomplishments. The nobleman's daughter was just introduced at her father's house from a convent, or pension, where she had been educated by the nuns. This young lady, in short, from constantly being in his society, and listening to his narratives, gradually fell in love with the mysterious stranger, much for the reasons of Desde- mona ; though Signor Gualdi was no swarthy Moor, but only
a well-educated gentleman — a thinker rather than a doer. At times, indeed, his countenance seemed to grow splendid in expression, and he boasted certainly wondrous dis- course, and a strange and weird fascination would grow up about him, as it were, when he became more than usually pleased and animated. Altogether, when you were set thinking about him, he seemed a puzzling person, and of rare gifts, though when mixing with the crowd you would scarcely distinguish him from the crowd ; nor would you observe him unless there was something akin to him in you excited by his talk.
The Venetian nobleman was now on a footing of sufficient intimacy with Signor Gualdi to say to him one evening, at his own house, that he understood that he had a fine collection of pictures, and that, if agreeable, he would pay him a visit one day for the purpose of viewing them. The nobleman's daughter, who was present, and who was pensively looking down upon the table thinking deeply of something that the Signor had just said, raised her eyes eagerly at this expression of wish by her father, and, as accorded with her feelings, she appeared, though she spoke not, to be desirous to make one of the party to see the pictures. It was natural that she should secretly rejoice at this opportunity of becoming more intimately acquainted with the domestic life of one whom she had grown to regard with feelings of powerful interest. She felt that the mere fact of being his guest, and under the roof which was his, would seem to bring her nearer to him, and, as common with lovers, it seemed that their being thus together would, in feeling at least, appear to identify both. Signor Gualdi was very polite, and readily invited the nobleman to his house, and also extended the invitation to the young lady, should she feel disposed to accompany her father, since he divined from the expression of her face that she was wishful to that effect. The day for the visit was then named, and the Signor took his departure with the expression of friendship on all sides which usually ended their meetings.
It followed from this arrangement, that on the day appointed, the father and daughter went to Signor Gualdi' s house. They were received by the Signor with warm kindness, and were shown over his rooms with every mark of friendliness ar.d distinction. The nobleman viewed Signor Gualdi 's pictures with great attention, and when he had completed his tour, he expressed his satisfaction by telling the Signor that he had never seen a finer collection, considering the number of pictures. They were now in Signor Gualdi' s own chamber — the last of his set of rooms, — and they were just on the point of turning to go out, and Gualdi was removing the tapestry from before the door to widen the egress, when the nobleman, who had paused to allow him thus to clear the way, by chance cast his eyes upwards over the door, where there hung a picture evidently of the stranger himself. The Venetian looked upon it with doubt, and after a while bis face fell ; but it was soon cleared, as if with relief. The gaze of the daughter was also riveted upon the picture, which was very like Gualdi but she regarded it with a blush. The Venetian looked from the picture to Gualdi, and back again from Gualdi to the picture. It was some time before he spoke.
" That picture was intended for you, sir," said he at last, hesitating, to Signor Gualdi. A slight cold change passed over the eyes of the stranger ; but he only made reply by a low bow. " You look a moderately young man, ■ — to be candid with you, sir, I should say about forty-five, or thereabouts — and yet I know, by certain means of which I will not now further speak, that this picture is by the hand of Titian who has been dead nearly a couple of hundred years. How is this possible ? " he added, with a polite, grave smile. "It is not easy," said Signor Gualdi
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quietly, " to know all things that are possible, for very frequent mistakes are made concerning such ; but there is certainly nothing strange in my being like a picture painted by Titian." The nobleman easily perceived by his manner, and by a momentary cloud upon his brow, that the stranger felt offence. The daughter clung to her father's arm, secretly afraid that this little unexpected demur might pass into coolness, and end with a consummation of estrange- ment, which she feared excessively ; she dreaded the rupture of their intimacy with the stranger ; and, con- tradictory as it may seem, she wanted to withdraw, even without the point she dreaded being cleared up into renewed pleasant confidence. However, this little temporary mis- understanding was soon put to an end by Signor Gualdi himself, who, in a moment or two, resumed his ordinary manner, and he saw the father and daughter down-stairs, and forth to the entrance of his house, with his usual com- posed politeness — though the nobleman could not help some feeling of restraint, and his daughter experienced a considerable amount of mortification ; and she could not look at Signor Gualdi, — or, rather, when she did, she looked too much.
This little occurence remained in the mind of the noble- man. His daughter felt lonely and dissatisfied afterwards, eager for the restoration of the same friendly feeling with Signor Gualdi, and revolving in her mind numberless schemes to achieve it. The Venetian betook himself in the evening to the usual coffee-house, and he could not forbear speaking of the incident among the group of people collected there. Their curiosity was roused, and one or two resolved to satisfy themselves by looking at the picture attentively the next morning. But to obtain an oppor- tunity to see the picture on this next morning, it was necessary to see the Signor Gualdi somewhere, and to have his invitation to his lodgings for the purpose. The only likely place to meet with him was at the coffee-house ; and thither the gentlemen went at the usual time, hoping, as it was the Signor's habit to present himself, that he would do so. But he did not come — nor had he been heard of from the time of the visit of the nobleman the day before to the Signor's house — -which absence, for a first time almost that he had been in Venice, surprised everybody. But as they did not meet with him at the coffee-house — as they thought was sure — one of the persons who had the oftenest con- versed with the Signor, and therefore was the freer in his acquaintance, undertook to go to his lodgings and inquire after him, which he did ; but he was answered by the owner of the house, who came to the street-door to respond to the questioner, that the Signor had gone, having quitted Venice that morning early, and that he had locked up his pictures with certan orders, and had taken the key of his rooms with him.
This affair made a great noise at the time in Venice, and an account of it found its way into most of the newspapers of the year in which it occurred. In these newspapers, and elsewhere, an outline of the foregoing particulars may be seen. The account of the Signor Gualdi will also be met with in Les Memoires historiques for the year 1687.
Guecubu : Among the Araucanians, a people of Chili, the Guecubu are evil spirits, who do all in their power to thawrt and annoy the Great spirit, Togin, and his ministers.
Guillaume de Carpentras : An astrologer who made for King Rene of Sicily, and for the Duke of Milan, astrological spheres, from which horoscopes were drawn. He made for Charles VIII. of France one which cost twelve hundred crowns. This sphere contained many utilities, and was so contrived that all the movements of the planets, at any hour of the day and night, were to be found there.
Guillaume de Paris : He is said by the demonologists to have made speaking statues, like those made by Roger Bacon — -
a thing which could only be done by diabolical agency.
Guinefort : A strange story has been left on record by Father Etienne Bourbon, a Dominican, who died in 1262. He relates that while he was preaching in the diocese of Lyons, many women came to him confessing that they had taken their children to St. Guinefort. Curious to know what sort of saint it might be whose cult called for confession, Father Bourbon enquired into the matter, and found that Guine- fort was a dog ! It was, in fact, that dog which had given rise to the well-known fable of the dog and the serpent, wherein a dog is killed under the unjust suspicion that it has slain a child, which in reality it has saved from the attack of a serpent. This dog-martyr it was to whose " shrine " the women brought their children.
A similar story is told of a dog named Ganelon, whose tomb was in Auvergne, in the neighbourhood of a fountain. The adventure took place during the reign of Louis le Debonnaire. Two or three centuries later it was found that the waters of the fountain possessed medicinal virtues, but cures were attributed to the unknown occupant of the tomb — that is, until a certain bishop found among the archives of the Chateau the anecdote of Ganelon.
Guldenstubbe, Baron de : A famous mystic, who was one of the first in France to recognise the importance of spiritual- istic phenomena. With the Comte d'Ourches, he held many experiments in table-turning, automatic writing, and so forth, and published a work entitled Practical Experimental Pneumatology or The Reality of Spirits and the Marvellous Phenomenon of their Direct Writing. (See article France and Circles.)
Guppy, Mrs. : Nee Miss Nichol, a celebrated English medium wno began to exercies her powers about 1866. At that time she lived with Mrs. Sim, a sister of Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, who was a frequent witness of her phenomena. Thereafter her mediumistic powers developed apace and the circle of her sitters grew as the manifestations became more ambitious. Raps were heard and apports of fruit and flowers conveyed to the seance-room. A. R. Wallace states that on one occasion " the room and the table shook violently," and Miss Nichol herself was several times levitated — (Sea Levitation). Soon after the formal com- mencement of her mediumship she married Mr. Samuel Guppy. In January, 1872 she gave a materialisation seance, the first serious attempt of the kind in this country, _ She and her husband were also instrumental in intro- ducing spirit-photography (q.v.) into England. On the death of Mr. Guppy she was married a second time to Mr. W. Volckman.
Guppy, Samuel : (See Spiritualism.)
Gurney, Edmund : A distinguished psychologist and student of psychic science. He was born at Horsham in 1847, and educated at Blackheath and Trinity College, ' Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. He devoted himself thereafter to the study of medicine and passed the second M.B. Cambridge examination in 1880. Thus equipped, he turned to the investigation of psychical research, seeking, in common with most psychical researchers, to find evidence for the survival of consciousness and personality after death. He chose for exploration the region of unconscious or subconscious activity — what Mr. Myers, himself a worker- in the same field, has designated the " subliminal con- sciousness." From 1874 to 1878 Gurney and Myers worked with professional mediums, getting but poor results, but on the founding of the Society for Psychical Research experiments of a more scientific nature were made. These resulted in two volumes of Phantasms of the Living, by Messrs. Myers, Podmore, and Gurney, which went some way towards establishing telepathy on 5. sound basis. To the same end were directed Mr. Gurney 's careful hypnotic
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experiments between 1885 and 1888, and his contributions to the Proceedings of the S.P.R. He was, indeed, an ideal student of psychic research, acute, patient, exact, logical, and entirely disinterested. Besides his psychological works he wrote The Power of Sound (1880), an essay on music, and a collection of essays entitled Tertium Quid (1887). He died in June, 1888, from an overdose of narcotic medi- .cine. Gustenhover : A goldsmith who resided at Strasburg in 1603. In a period of much danger he gave shelter to one