C. de Vautort,

G. de Mountague,
A little above, mention was made of the bishop's see of Sher- borne, translated from thence to Salisbury. The first bishop of Salisbury was Hirman, a Norman, who first began the new church and minster of Salisbury. After him succeeded Osmund, who finished the work, and replenished the house with great living, and much good singing. This Osmund first ])cgan the ordinary, which was called ' Secundum usum Sarum.' an. 1076, the occasion whereof was this, as I find in an old story-book, entitled ' Eulogium.''' A great contention chanced at Glastonbury between Thurstan the abbot, and his convent, in the days of William the Conqueror. This Thurstan the said William had brought out of Normandy from the abbey of Caen, and placed him abbot of Glastonbury. The cause of this contentious b.ittlc was, for that Thurstan, contemning their choir-service, then called ' The use of St. Gregory,'' compelled liLs monks to ' The use of William,'' amonkof Fescam, in Normandy. Whereui)on came strife and contentions amongst them, first in
(1) " Ordlnale ccclesiastUi oflicli secundum usum Sarum." Ex Euloglo Hisfor. lib. iii.
WILLIAM RUFUS BEGINS HIS KEIGX. 139
words, then from words to blows, after blows then to armour. '^^^°;'» The abbot, with his guard of harnessed men, fell upon the monks, " "'' and drave them to the steps of the high altar, where two were slain, A J).
and eight were wounded with shafts, swords, and pikes. The monks, !:_
then driven to such a strait and narrow shift, were compelled to defend themselves with forms and candlesticks, Avherewith they did wound certain of the soldiers. One monk there was, an aged man, who instead of his shield took an image of the cracifix in his arms for his defence, which image was wounded in the breast by one of the bowmen, whereby the monk was saved. My story addeth more, that the striker, incontinent upon the Same, fell mad, which savoureth of some monkish addition besides the text. This matter being brought before the king, the abbot was sent again to Caen, and the monks, by the commandment of the king, were scattered in far countries. Thus, by the occasion hereof, Osmund, bishop of Salis- bury, devised that ordinary, which is called, ' The use of Sarmn,'' and was afterward received in a manner through all England, Ireland, and Wales. And thus much for this matter, done in the time of this King William.
This William, after his death, by his Avife Matilda, or Maud, left three sons, Robert Courtsey, to whom he gave the duchy of Nor- mandy ; William Rufus, his second son, to whom he gave the kingdom of England ; and Henry, the third son, to whom he left and gave treasure, and warned William to be to his people loving and liberal, Robert to be to his people stern and sturdy.
In the history called ' Jornalensis,' it is reported of a certain Example great man, who about this time of King William was compassed Judgment about with mice and rats, and flying to the midst of a river, yet ^P°" ^ when that wovdd not serve, came to the land again, and was of them y'^o be- devoured. The Germans say that this was a bishop, Avho dwelling merciful between Cologne and Mentz, in time of famine and dearth, having poo^ was store of corn and grain, would not help the poverty crying to him ^^ten by for relief, but rather wished his corn to be eaten up of mice and mice, rats. Wherefore, being compassed Avith mice and rats, by the just judgment of God, to avoid the annoyance of them, he built a tower in the midst of the river Rhine, which yet to this day the Dutchmen call ' Rat's Tower ;' but all that would not help, for the rats and mice swam over to him in as great abundance as they did before, of whom at length he was devoured.
WILLIAM RUFUS.^
William Rufus, the second son of William the Conqueror, a.D. began his reign a.d. 1087, and reigned thirteen years, being crowned 1087. at Westminster by Lanfranc ; who, after his coronation, released out of prison, by the request of his father, divers English lords, who before had been in custody. It chanced that, at the death of William the Conqueror, Robert Courtsey, his eldest son, was absent in Almany, who, hearing of the death of his father, and how William, his younger brother, had taken upon him the kingdom, was therewith
(I) Edition 1583, p. 184. Ed. 1596, p. 166. Ed. 1084, vol. i. p, 207.— Ed-
140 nKATII OF LANFRANC.
William greatly iiiovcJ ; in.sonuicli that he laid his dukedom to pledge unto
^"^'"" his hrotluT Henry, and with that good gathered ixnto him an army,
A-D- and so landed at Hampton, to the intent to have expelled his brother
^Q'^^- from the kini,'doni. But NV'illiam Kuliis, hearing thereof, sent to him
fair and gentle words, i)romi.sing him dedition and subjeetion, as to
the more worthy and elder brother ; this thing only reipiiring, that
sccinij he was now in place and possession, he might enjoy it during
his life, paving to him yearly three thousand marks, on condition
that which of them overlived the other should enjoy the kingdom.
The occasion of this variance between these brethren wrought a great
dissension between the Norman lords and bishops, both in England
and in Normandy, insomuch that all the Norman bishops Avithin the
realm almost rebelled against the king, taking part with Duke
Robert, except only Lanfranc, and Wolstan, bishop of Worcester,
above-mentioned, an Englishman ; who, for his virtue and constancy,
was so well liked and favoured of his citizens, that emboldened
with his presence and prayer, they stoutly maintained the city of
worces- Worccstcr against the siege of their enemies, and at last vanquished
I'yde-""'" them with utter ruin. But Duke Robert, at length, by the advice
fended, ^f }jjg (.Quncil (hearing the words sent unto him, and wagging his
head thereat, as one conceiving some matter of doubt or doubleness),
was yet content to assent to all that was desired, and so returned
shortly after into Normandy, leaving the bishops, and such others,
in the briars, who were in England, taking his part against the
'I'his Rufus was so ill liked of the Normans, that between him and his lords was oft dissension ; wherefore well near all the Normans took part against him, so that he was forced of necessity to draw to him the Englishmen. Again, so covetous he was, and so immea- surable in his tasks and takings, in selling benefices, abbies, and bishoprics, that he was hated of all Englishmen. Aj).i090. In the third year of this king died Lanfranc, archbishop of Cnn- Lanfranc, terbury, from whose commendation and worthiness, as I list not to shop''if detract any thing (being so greatly magnified of Polydore, his Canter- countryman) so neither do I see any gi-eat cause why to add any thing thereunto. This I think, unless that man had brought with him less superstition, and more sincere science into Christ's church, he might have kept him in his own country still, and have confuted Bercngarius at home. After the decease of Lanfranc, the see of Canterbury stood empty four years.
After the council of Lanfranc above mentioned, wherein was concluded for translating of bishops' sees from villages into head cities, Remigius, bishop of Dorchester, who, as ye heard, accom- panied Lanfranc to Rome, removed his bishop's see from Dorchester rainitcr to Lincoln, where he buildcd the minster, situated upon a hill buiidcd. ^^.j^iij,^ ^|,p gjjj^i ^Hy ^f Lincoln. The dedication of that church Robert, archbishop of York, did resist, saying, that it Avas builded within the ground of his precinct ; but afterwards it had his Romish gi^^ dedication by Robert Bleuct, next bishop that followed. By the abbey Same Remi
builded. cji c '^
otow, fee. A.D.I09I. Jn ^]^^. fourth year of this king gi-eat tempests fell in sundry
COMPARISON' BETWEEX HILDEBRANU AND JEROBOAM. 141
places in England, specially at ^Vinchconibe, where tlic steeple Avas ffint-n
burned with lightning-, the church wall burst through, the head and "^"''
right leg of the crucifix, with the image of our Lady on the right side ^- ^■ of the crucifix, thrown down, and such a stench left in the church, ^^^^' that none might abide it. In London the force of the weather and six lun- lerapest overturned six hundred houses. In the same tempest the houses roof of Bow church Avas hurled up in the wind, and by the vehe- ^i^vn" mency thereof was pitched down a great deepness into the ground. "^V"'
King William, as ye have heard, an exceeding pillager, or ravener Ti.e roof rather, of church goods, after he had given the bishopric of Lincoln "hureh to his chancellor, Robert Bleuet, above mentioned, began to cavil ; "^j";,^ avouching the see of Lincoln to belong to the see of York, till the bishop of Lincoln had pleased him with a great sum of money, of Bie^t five thousand marks, &c. ['houslmd
As nothing could come in those days without money from "^^^H^ the king, so Herbert Losinga, paying to the king a piece of money, bishopric, was made bishop of Thetford, as he had paid a little before to be abbot of Ramsey ; who, likewise, at the same time, removing his see from Thetford to the city of Norwich, there erected the cathedral Norwich church, with the cloister, in the said city of Norwich, where he ™uj|de" furnished the monks with sufficient living and rents of his own ^y Her- charges, besides the bishop's lands. Afterward, repenting of his si"ga-°" open and manifest simony, he Avent to Rome, Avhere he resigned into the pope's hands his bishopric, but so that immediately he received it again. This Herbert was the son of an abbot called Robert, for whom he purchased of the king to be bishop of Winchester, whereof run these verses :
" Filius est prsesiil, pater abba, Simon uterque : Quid non speremus si nummos possideamus ? Omnia nummus habet, quod vult facit, addit, et aufert. Res nimis injusta, nummis fit prsesid et abba."
Ye heard a little before of the death of Pope Hildebrand, after the time of which Hildebrand the German emperors began to lose their autliority and right in the pope's election, and in giving of benefices. For next after this Hildebrand came Pope Victor III., by the setting up of Matilda and the duke of Normandy, with the faction and retinue of Hildebrand, Avho likcAvise shoAved himself stout „ against the emperor. But God gave the shrcAvd coav short horns, '^'ictor for Victor being poisoned, as some say, in his chalice, sat but one Fn ws"^^ year and a half. Notwithstanding the same imitation and example ^ com- of Hildebrand continued still in them that folloAved after. And, like par'son as the kings of Israel folloAved for the most part the steps of Jeroboam, mwe-^" till the time of their desolation ; so, for the greatest part, all popes Jopfof folloAved the steps and proceedings of this Hildebrand, their spiritual ^Tf- Jeroboam, m mamtammg talse Avorship, and cmefly m upholding the isoam, dignity of the sec, against all rightful authority, and the lawful king- ^Iriei dom of Sion. In the time of this Victor began the order of the monks The onier of Charterhouse,^ through the means of one Hugh, bishop of Grenoble, moilkT" and of Bruno of Cologne, canon of Rheims." ^^san.
Next to Victor sat Urban XL, by Avhom the acts of Hildebrand Avere confirmed, and also ncAv decrees enacted against Henry the emperor.
(1) Chartreuse.— Ed. (2) See Cave's Hist. I.itt. v. Bruno Carthusianus.— Ed.
142
irilliam Rm/ui.
A.l). 109.').
Two pnpet In Rome.
Ttie order of Cister- cian or white mnnki begin.
Council of Koine.
A.D.1095. Council of Cler- mont.
The voy- age unto the Holy Land.
COMMKNCEMEXT OK THE CRUSAUES.
In this time were two popes at Rome, Urban and Clement III., whom the emperor set up. Under Pope Urban came in the white monks of the Cistercian order, by one Steplicn Harding, a monk of Sherborne, an Knfjlishman, by whom tliis order had its beginning in the wilderness of Cileaux, within the province of Burgoin, as witnesseth Cestrensis, Others write that this Harding was the second abbot of that place, and that it was first founded by the means of one Robert, abbot of Molesmc, in Citeaux, a forest in Burgundy, a.d. 1098, per- suaded perchance by Harding; and afterwards, a.d. 1135, it was brought into England by a certain man called Espek, who builded an abbcv of the same order called Rievale.' In this order the monks did live by the labour of their hands ; they paid no tithes nor offerings ; they wore no fur nor lining ; they wore red shoes, their cowls white, and coats black ; they were all shorn save a little circle ; they ate no flesh but only on their journey. Of this order was Bernard.
This Urban held divers councils ; one at Rome, v/here he excom- municated all such lay persons as gave investure of any ecclesiastic^ benefice, also all such of the clergy as subjected themselves to be underlings or servants to lay persons for ecclesiastical benefices, &c.
Another council he held at Clermont^ in France, a.d. 1095, where among other things, the bishop made an oration to the lords there present, concerning the voyage and recovery of the Holy Land from the Turks and Saracens. The cause of this voyage first ai'ose through one Peter, a monk or liermit, who, being in Jerusalem, and seeing the great misery of the Christians under the pagans, made tliereof •declaration to Pope Urban, and was therein a great solicitor to all christian princes. By reason of this, after the aforesaid oration of Pope Urban, thirty thousand men, taking on them the sign of the cross for their cognizance, made preparation for that voyage, whose captains were Godfrey duke of Lorrain, with liis two brethren, Eustace and Baldwin, the bishop of le Puy, Bohemund duke of Apulia, and his nephew Tancred, Raymund earl of St. Gilles, Robert earl of Flan- ders, and Hugh le Grand, brother of Philip the French king;^
(1) See Appendix.— Ed.
(2) The lirst crusade aruse out of the deliberations of a council held at Placentia, in March, A.D. 10!ij, and from the one here mentioned held in November following, at Clermont, at which Pope Urban presided. The origin of these destructive and chimerical andertakings appears to be this: The infidels in a few years had obtained possessi in of above one half of the empire of the East I churches and monasteries had been plundered, and priests, monks, and christian laity, cruelly massacred ; while unoffending pilgrims, who from feelings of real piety, or superstition, were accustomed to visit the holv city, suflTercd the most cruel oppression, slavery, and death —[See William, Archb. of Tyre's Hist, of the Holy Wars, book i. c. 'J. a. d. 1095.] Three hundred thou- sand men from France, Italy, and Germany, commenced their march to the East; but as the object of their undertaking was toe.\tirpate the enemies of the christian faith, Jews as well as infidels fell a sacrifice to their fury. At Verdun, Spires, Worms, Cologne, and Mentz, the most horrible atrocities were committed against those unhappy outcasts, whose only chance of safety consisted in professing the.Tiselves Christians, and renouncing their religion. — [Bertold. in Chron. ad ann. 1096.] Such unholy conduct, however, on the part of the cnisaders, induced the inhabitants of the countries through which they passed, who were continually the victijTis of their plunder, to resent the inju- ries which they sutTered. So effectual was the opposition which they ofiv-red, that by the 1st of August in the same year, on the arriv.al of the last aivision of the army under Peter the Hermit at Constantinople, he was scarcely able to add twenty thousand men to the two divisions which had alrcidy arrived in an equally enfeebled condition. This army, after committing the most unjustifiable excesses upon their friends the Greeks, crossed the Hellespont, and in two divisions were defeated and cut to pieces by the Turks. In A. D. 1099, another better disciplined army .assembled at Constantinople, which, after crossing the Hellespont, amounted to about five hundred thou.wnd foot, and one hundred thousand horse. After a most severe, although victorious campaign, with a very reduced force, Jerusalem was taken by scalade, on Friday, the 15th July, 1099. Twenty thousand Turks were massacred, and after eight days devoted to processions and religious ceremonies, Godfrey of liouillon, who was the second to scale the wall, was unanimously elected king of Jerusalem. Pope Urban II., however, did not live to hear of these successes ; he died on the 29th day of July in the same year, and the news of the victory had conssquently not reached R^me ; this was communicated to P.-Lsch;U II. who succeeded l.ini In the papal chair.— P;d. ci) See Appendix.— Ec
SIEGE AND CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM. 143
to whom also was joined Robert Courthoyse, duke of Normandy, wunam with divers other noblemen, with the aforesaid Peter the Hermit, ^"^"'' who was the chief cause of that voyage. , ' ■
At that time many of the said noblemen put their lands and -
lordships to mortgage, to provide for the aforenamed voyage ; as Godfrey, duke of Lorrain, who sold the dukedom of Bouillon to the bishop of Liege for a great sum of money.' Also Robert Court- hoyse, duke of Normandy, laid his dukedom to pledge to his brother William, king of England, for ten thousand pounds, &c.
Thus, the Christians, who passed first over the Bosphorus, having a.d.iosg. for their captain Peter the Hermit, a man perchance more devout than expert to guide an army, being trapped of their enemies, were slain and murdered in great numbers among the Bulgarians, and near to the towa called Civita.
When the nobles and the whole army met together at Constan- xiieacts tinople, where Alexius Avas emperor, passing over by the Hellespont, ^hds- goinaf to Jerusalem, they took the cities of Nice, Heraclea, Tarsus, 'i^ns in
oo ^ ' J ... .. . their voy-
and subdued the country of Cilicia, appointing the possession thereof age to to certain of their captains, Taiem!'"
Antioch was besieged, and in the ninth month of the siege it was AL.tioch yielded to the Christians, by one Phirouz, about which season were thechri's- fought many strong battles, to the great slaughter and desolation of t'ans. the Saracens, and not without loss of many christian men. The governance of this city was committed to Bohemund, duke of Apulia, whose martial knighthood was often proved in time of the siege thereof. And not long after Kerboga, master of the Persian chivalry, a.d.ioos. was vanquished and slain, with a hundred thousand infidels. In ^au^i^te' that discomfiture were taken fifteen thousand camels. of the
Jerusalem, on the nine and thirtieth day of the siege, was con- intideis. quered by the Christians, and Robert, duke of Normandv, was elect Jeru^a-
± ^ J ' ' ^ .' ^ Jem con-
to be king thereof. '-^ Howbeit, he refused it, hearing of the death of quered by King William Rufus of England ; wherefore he never sped well in tia^ns. all his affairs after the same. Then Godfrey, captain of the christian army, was proclaimed the first king of Jerusalem. At the taking of the city there was such a murder of men that blood was congealed in the streets the thickness of a foot. Then after Godfrey reigned Baldwin, his brother ; after him Baldwin the second, his nephew. Then Gaufrid, duke of Gaunt ; and after him Gaufrid, his son, by whom many great battles were fought there against the Saracens, and all the country thereabout subdued, save Ascalon, &c. And thus much hitherto touching the voyage to the Holy Land : now to our own land agam.
About this time, as Matthew Paris writeth, the king of England The king favoured not much the see of Rome, because of the impudent and I'and'l^ insatiable exactions which they required ; neither would he suffer ^a"afn^t"' any of his subjects to go to Rome, alleging these words, " Because the pope, they follow not the steps of Peter, hunting for rewards; neither have they the power and authority of him, whose holiness they declare themselves not to follow."'"' '
(1) -See Appendix.— Ed. (2) Ex Hen. lib. vii.
U) "Quod Petri nu'i mhrercnt vestigiis, ptremiis inhianti-a, non ejus patestatera rctincnt, cujuj sanctitatem probantur non imitati." — Ex Matt. Paris.
l-t^ DECREES OK POPK URBAN.
u-aiiam By the same Urban, the seven hours, which we call ' septcm horas '^"^"'- canonicas,' were first instituted in the church.
A. I). licin, By this pope it was decreed, that no bishop should be made
^0'->^- but under the name and title of some certain place.
Decree. Item, 'J'liat matins and hours of the day should every day be said.'
u.b'lT Item, Tiiat every Suturdav should be said the mass of our Lady,
and tiiat all the .Tews' Sabbath should be turned to the service of our
Ladv, as in the council of Tours, to the which service was appointed
tiie anthem, '' Ora pro populo, interveni pro clero, intercede pro
devoto fnemineo sexu.""^
Item, That all such of the clergy as had wives should be deprived of their order.^
Item, 'J'hat it should be lawful for subjects to break their oath of allegiance, with all such as were by the pope excommunicated.
Item. That it should not be lawful for liusband and wife to stand
sponsors in baptism to the same child both together ; with many more
matters.*
Example In the sixtli year of this king's reign, Malcolm king of Scots, who
riBhte''ous four tiuics before had made great slaughter of old and young in the
judgment j^^rth parts, as is before showed, burst into Northumberland, Avith
in punish- I' ' ii-i*
ingniur- all the powcr he could make ; and there, by the right judgment of God, was slain with his son Edward, and also Margaret his wife, sister to Edgar Etheling, above minded, a virtuous and devout lady, within three days after.
Tiie same year he gave the archbishopric of Canterbury, after that he had detained the same in his own hands four years, to Anselm, abbot of Bee, in Normandy.
This Anselm was an Italian, born in the city of Aosta, and brought up in the abbey of Bcc, in Normandy ; where he was so strict a follower of virtue, that, as the story recordeth, he wished rather to be without sin in hell, than in heaven with sin. Which saying and wish of his, if it were his, may seem to proceed out of a mind, neither speaking orderly according to the phrase and under- standing of the Scripture, nor yet suflficicntly acquainted with the justification of a christian man.^ Further, they report him to be so far from singularity,'' that he should say, it was the vice which thrust the angels first out of heaven, and man out of paradise.
Of this Anselm it is, moreover, reported, that he was so illwilling to take the archbishopric, that the king had much ado to thrust it upon him ; and he was so desirous to have him take it, that the city of Canterbury, which before Lanfranc did hold but at the king's good will and pleasure, he gave now to Anselm wholly, which was about A.D. 1093. But as desirous as the king was then to place the said ronte.r-"^ Anselm, so much did he repent it afterward, seeking all manner tionbc- means to defeat him if he mi
tween the , , o i i •
khipand between them two tor certam matters, the ground and occasion
,-;^.'^^!'"'' whereof first was this.
ram?r°^ After that Anselm had been thus elected to the see of Canterbury,
bury. before he was fully consecrated, the king communed with him,
(1) Vid. John Stella. (2) Vid. Naiiclerus. (3) Dist. .SI. Kos qui. 15. q. 6 Juratos.
(4) By the Ranic- pope thus many chapters stand written in the canon law, dist. 70. S;inct.irum. dist. 3^. Kos qui. I. q. I. Si qui. (list. 5G. Presbyteroruni. 11. q. 3. quibus. 15. q. G. Juratos. IC. q.2. Contrn-itaio. I'J. 2. Suiuinius. 23. q. 8. Tributuiii. 30. q. 4. quod autem. 32. q. 2. de neptis, &:c.
(5) See Appendix.— F.D. (C) " Pcculiarilatis vitiuni." Mainiesb.— Ed.
FIKRCE DISrUTE BETWEEN THE KING AND ANSELM. 145
assaying by all gentle manner of wortls to entreat liim, that such vuuam lands and possessions of the church of Canterbury as the king had ^^"^"'' given and granted to his friends since the death of Lanfranc, they A.D. might still enjoy as their own lawful possessions through his grant _ii^_ and permission. But to this Ansclm in no case would agree Whereupon the king, conceiving great displeasure against him, did stop his consecration a great season, till at length in long process of time the king, enforced by the daily complaints and desires of his people and subjects, for lack of an archbishop to moderate the church, was constrained to admit and authorize him unto them. Thus Anselm, with much ado, taking his consecration, and doing his homage to the king, went to his see of Canterbury ; and not long after the king sailed over to Normandy.
About this time there w^ere two striving in Rome for the popedom, LTrimn as is afore-noticed, Urban and Guibert, — divers realms diversely ^^'g'l^f'^" consenting, some to the one, some to the other. England, taking striving with their king, was rather inclined to Guibert, called Clemens III. ; p"apaiy. but Anselm did fully go with Urban, making so his exception with the king on entering his bishopric. After the king was returned again from Normandy, the archbishop cometh to him, and asketh leave to go to Rome to fetch his pall of Pope Urban ; which when he could not at first obtain, he maketh his appeal from the king to the pope. "Whereat the king, being justly displeased, chargeth the Anseim archbishop with breach of his fealty, contrary to his promise made ; ^hargeu that is, if he, without his license, should appeal either to Urban or to traitor, any other pope. Anselm answereth again, that it was to be refen-ed unto some greater council, where it should be disputed whether this be to break a man's allegiance to a terrene prince, if he appeal to the vicar of St. Peter. And here much arguing and contending Avas on both sides. The king's reason proceedeth thus : " The custom," custom saith he, " from my father's time hath been in England, that no "^^'from person should appeal to the pope without the king's license. He wiiuam that breaketh the customs of the realm, violateth the poAver and queroi's croAvn of the kingdom. He that violateth and taketh away my fo"'a'"ppeai crown, is a traitor and enemy against me," &c. To this Anselm t" t^e rcplieth again, " The Lord," saith he, " easily discusseth this Anseim question, briefly teaching what fidelity and allegiance we ought to give Ipnorar.t- unto the vicar of St. Peter, where he saith, 'Thou art Peter, and upon }]^/'''j)^"* this rock will I build my church,' &c. : and, ' To thee I will give the the vicar keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shalt bind in J^er, ' earth, it shall be bound in heaven ; and, whatsoever thou loosest in ^,e"|non earth, shall be loosed in heaven,' &c. Again, to them all in general law caii- he saith, ' He that heareth you, heareth me ; and whoso despiseth but the you, despiseth me.' And in another place, ' He that toucheth you, l^peter! touchcth the apple of mine eye.' On the other side, Avhat duty we ^J."[^^j![jff'' owe to the king, he showeth also: 'Give,' saith he, 'to the emperoi% Avhat belongeth to the emperor, and to God, that which to God belongeth.' Wherefore, in such things as belong to God I Avill yield, and must yield by good right and duty, my obedience to the vicar of St. Peter, and in such things as belong again to terrene dignity of my prince, in those I Avill not deny to him my faithftil hclji and counsel, so far as they can extend."
14G TIIK mslIOPS SIDK WITH THE KING.
Witiiam Thus luivc vc tlic njoumloil nrguiiicnts of tliis prelate to stand so
"''^'"' stiffly at,niinst"hib' prince, ^hereunto peraJvcnture was joined also
A.n. some piece of a stubborn heart. Hut in this conclusion none of his
^^^^- I'l-llow-bishops durst take his part, but were all against him ; namely,
All the William, bishop of Durham, to whom Anselm thus protesteth,
ii.c"c!jm sayinn^, "Whosoever he were that would presume to prove it any
!["„!?," breach of allegiance or fealty to his sovereign, if he appealed to the
•'*'". vicar of St. Peter, he was ready to answer at all times to the con-
An'cim. trary." The bishop of Durham ansAvereth again, " That he who
would not be ruled by reason, must with force be constrained," See.
The king, having on "his i)art the agreement of the bishops, thought
both to deprive the archbishop of his pastoral sec, and to expel him
out of the realm. But he could not perform his purpose; for Anselm,
as he was ready to depart the realm, said, wheresoever he went, he
would take his office and authority with him, though he took nothing
else ; whereupon that matter was deferred till a longer time. In the
mean season the king had sent privily two messengers to Pope
Urban, to entreat him to send his pall to the king, for him to give it
where lie would : which messengers by this time were returned again,
Waller bringing with them from Rome \Valter, bishop of Albano, the pope's
llope's h'g;ite, with the pall to be given unto Anselm. This legate, first
ith'ati; landing at Dover, from thence came privily (unknown to Anselm)
Knt'iaiui. to the king, declaring and promising, that if Urban was received
pope in England, whatsoever the king required to be obtained, he,
by his privilege from the apostolical see, would ratify and confirm the
same, save only, that Avhen the king required of the legate that
Anselm might be removed, the legate thereunto would not agree.
The pope Saying, " that it was impossible to be obtained, that such a man as
thi^s'^^asno lie, being lawfully called, should be expelled without manifest cause.""
fault, for jfj conclusion, so it follow'ed, that although he could not obtain his
a subject ^ o
to resist request of the legate, yet the legate so wrought with the king, that lib iiig. Uj.|^.j^^ y^,^^ proclaimed lawful pope throughout all the realm.
Then were sent to Anselm certain bishops to move and prove his
mind, declaring what charges and pains the king had been at in his
behalf, to procure the pall for him from Rome, which otherwise
\\T)uld have stood him in a great expense, and that all this the king
had done for his sake, wherefore it were good reason and convenient,
that he, to gratify the king, should somewhat condescend to his
request again. But with all this Anselm, the stout archbishop,
would not be moved. Wherefore the king, seeing no other remedy,
was compelled to grant unto him the full right of his archbishopric.
The man- And SO on tlic day appointed,' when the pall should be brought to
bi''in°ing Canterbury, it being caiTicd with all solemnity in a thing of silver, the
(^urint'o* archbishop, with a great concourse of people, came forth barefoot
Canter- with liis pricstlv vestments, after a most goodly manner, to meet the
bury. •' , o *' '
same; and so being brought in, it was laid upon the altar, while Anselm, spreading over his shoulders his popish vestments, proceeded unto his popish mass.
Thus agieement being made between the king and the bishop, so long as it would hold, it happened, in the year following, that the king with his anny entered into Wales, to subdue such as there rebelled against him. After the victory gotten, the king returned
(I) " Dies Dominica, 4 IiSus Jiinii" (Kadmer and Malmisbury), i.e June lOtli, a.d. 1095.— Ed.
ANSELM APPEALS TO I50.MK. 147
home again with triumph ; to whom Anschii tliouglit to have come ivnnam to congratuhite him on liis prosperous success. But the king pre- ^"■^"'- vented him by messengers, laying to the bishop''s charge both tlie A.D. small number and the evil service of his soldiers sent to him at his 1096. need. At the hearing hereof, all the hope of Ansclm was dashed, Anoiher who at the same present had thought to have obtained and done u"c kiilg"^ many great matters with the king touching the state of the church : ^/^'"'.^i
1111 1 1 •• Aiiseim,
but here all turned contrary to his expectation, insomuch that he was wuoap- charged, against the next court of parliament, to make his answer, ^uomL' which he avoided by appealing to Rome ; wherefore he made his suit and friends to the king for license to go to the pope. To that suit the king answered, that he should not go, neither was there any cause for him so to do ; for that both he knew him to be of so sound a life, that he had done no such offence, whereof he needed to crave absolution at Rome, neither was there any such lack of science and knowledge, that he needed to borrow any counsel there: " insomuch," saith the king, " that I dare say Pope Urban hath rather to give place to the wisdom of Anselm, than Anselm to have need of Urban. Wherefore, as he hath no cause to go, so I charge him to tarry. And if he continue in his stubbornness still, I will assuredly seize upon his possessions, and convert his archbishopric unto my coffers, for that he transgresseth and breaketh his fidelity and obeisance, having solemnly promised before to observe all the customs of my kingdom. Neither is it the fashion in this realm, that any of my nobles should go to ko pre- Rome without my sending. And therefore let him swear unto me |fg^]°'„,„ that he will never for any grievance appeal hereafter to the see of Rome, to ro to' or else let him void my realm." without
Against these words of the king, Anselm thinking not best to tiie king's
o O' o ^ ^ sending.
reply again by any message, but by Avord of mouth, coming himself personally to the king, placeth himself, after his order, on the right hand of the prince, where he made his reply unto the message sent to him by the king.
" Whereas you say, I ought not to go to Rome, either in regard of any Anselm's trespass, or for any lack of counsel and knowledge in me, albeit I grant (Ue ktnJ" to neither of them as true, yet what the truth is therein, I refer it to the judgment of God. And whereas ye say that I promised to keep and observe your customs ; that I grant, but with a condition, so far to keep them, and such of them to observe, as were consonant to the laws of God, and ruled with right and equity. Moreover, whereas ye charge me with breach of my fidelity and Note tlie allegiance, for thai contrary to your customs I appeal to the see apostolic, (my ^"^^ «■=> reverence and duty to j'om- sovereignty reserved) if another would say it, that AjiseUn. is untrue. For the fidelity and obeisance that I owe to thee, O king, I have it of the faith and fidelity of God, whose vicar St. Peter is, to whose seat I do appeal. Further, whereas, as ye require me to swear that I shall for no cause hereafter at any time appeal to Rome, I pronounce openly that a christian prince rcquireth such an oath of his archbishop unjustly, for if -I shoidd forswear St. Peter, I should deny Christ. And when I shall at any time deny Christ, then shall I be content and ready to stand to the satisfaction of my transgres- sion to you, for asking license to go to Rome. And peradventure, when I am gone, God will so order, that the goods of the church shall not long serve your temporal desires and commodities as ye ween for."
At these words of the bishop, the king and his nobles w^re not a little incensed, they defending again, that in his promise of observing the king's customs, there was neither condition nor any clause put
L 2
148 ANSF.I.M (iUITS EXGLANl) TOR HOME.
tr,iiiam in, citlior of God or right. " Tlierc was not !" said Anselni. " If so
""^"*' be that in vour cuslonis was ncitlicr mention made of God nov of right,
''^•"- of what w:is there mention then ? For God forbid that any Christian
^"^^- sliould be bound to any customs wliieh go contrary to God and to
rit'ht." Thus on both sides passed much altercation between
tlicm.
The At length the king, after many threatening words, told him he
hJuvc'" •'should carry nothing out of the realm with him. " Well," said the
Andcim bishop, " if I may neither have my horse nor garments with me,
''^""'" then will I walk on foot ;" and so addressed liim toward his jounicy,
all the other bishops forsaking liim, whereof none would take his ])art ;
but if he came to thcni ibr counsel, they said he was Avise enough,
and needed not their counsel, as wlio for his prudence knew best
what was to be done, as also for his holiness was willing and
able to prosecute the same that he did know. As for them, they
neither durst nor would stand against the king, their lord, whose
favour they could not lack, for the peril that might happen both to
Anseim thcmsclves aud their kindred ; but for Imn, because he Ava.s both a
out'ol' stranger, and void of such worldly corruption in him, they Avilled him
Kngiand. {_q ^^ forward as he had begun ; their secret consent he should liave,
Anscim but tlicir opcu voicc they would not give him. Thus Anseim, ro-
bythe" maiuiug at Dover fifteen days, tarrying for wind, at last sped him
officer for toward his passage ; but his packing being secretly known in the court,
'mlT" the king's officer, William Warlwast, prevented his purpose, search-
iMoiicy. ing, by the king''s commandment, all his trusses, coffers, satchels,
sleeves, purse, napkin, and bosom, for letters and for money ; and so
let him pass. Anseim, sailing into France, first rested a while at
Lyons, and from thence came to Rome to complain to Pope Urban,^
according to the tenor and form of a certain epistle of his, wherein,
among many other tilings in the same epistle contained, these words
he ■\\Titetli to Pope Paschal, the third year after his banishment, after
the death of Urban, and a little before the death of the king.
To the Lord and Reverend Father Paschal, high bishop, Anseim, servant of the church of Canterbury, offereth due subjection from his heart, and prayers, if they can stand in any st-ead, &c. Scc.^
A frap- I'saw in England many evils, whose correction belongetli to me, and which I
po'rtion'^of ^^"''^ neither amend, nor suffer without mine own fault. The king desired of
a letter, me, that under the name of riglit, I should consent to his pleasures, wliich were
against the law and will of God. For he would not have the pope received nor
appealed unto in England without his conunandment ; neither that I shoidd
send a letter unto him, or receive any from him, or tliat I shoidd obey liis
decrees. He suffered not a council to be kept in his realm now tliese thirteen
years since he was king. In all these tlungs, and such like, if I asked any
counsel, all my suffragan bishops of his realm denied to give me any counsel, but
according to tlie king's pleasure. After that I saw tliese and such other things
that are done against the will and law of God, I asked license of lum to go to
Rome, unto tlie sec apostolical, that I might tliere take counsel for my soid, and
wouldlu)^ ^''^ "'^'^'^ commilted unto inc. 'I'lic king said, that I otlended again'st him for
have the the only asking of license ; and propounded to me, that either 1 sliould make
cc/ve™" ''"'" *'""''"'^'' *"'■ '^'"^' ^'■^'"'^ ^s a trespass, (assuring liim never to ask his license
m>'r ap- "".V '"ofi" *« ai)peal to the pope at any time hereafter,) or else that I shoidd
pc.iled niuckly depart out of his land. Wherefore, choosing rather to go out of tlie
unto in > o o
Kuglaiid. (!) Ex Legenda Anstluii, autorc Kadmero. (2) Ex Eiiist. Anseim. CC, paulo post initiura.
COUNCIL OF BARI. 149
land than agree to so wicked a thing, I came to Rome, as you know, and iFniniii declared the whole matter to the lord pope. Tiie king, hy and by, as soon as 1 /'"/"»• went out of England, invaded the whole arcld)isliopric, and turned it to his own « jx""
use, giving the monks only bare meat, drink, and clothing. The king being -iqou warned and desired of the lord pope to amend this, contemned the saine, and
yet continueth in his purpose still. And now is the third year since I came Anselm thus out of England, and more. Some men, not understanding, demand why coniplijin- I do not exconununicate the king. But the wiser sort, and such as have kinK and understanding, counsel me that I do not this thing ; because it belongeth not "^ his unto me both to complain and to punish. To conclude, I was forewarned by ^"shops'" niy^ friends that are imder the king, that my excommunication (if it should be The king done) would be laughed to scorn and despised,"
pope 8
warning
By these here above prefixed, appcarcth how Ansehn the arch- bishop, coming unto Rome, made his complaint to Pope Urban of tlic king ; and how the pope writing unto the hing in belialf of Anselm, his letters and commandments were despised. And now to our story. In the mean time, while the pope's letters were sent to the king, Anselm was bid to wait about the pope to look for answer back, Avho perceiving, at length, how little the king reputed the pope's letters, began to be weary of his office, desiring the pope that he might be discharged thereof; but the pope in no case would thereto consent, charging him upon his obedience, that wheresoever he Avent. he should bear with him the name and honour of the archbishop of Canterbury. Whereunto Anselm again said, his obedience he neither durst nor would refuse, as who for God's cause -was ready to suffer whatsoever should happen, yea, though it were death itself, as he thought no less would follow thereof. " But what should we think," saith he, " is there to be done, where justice not only taketh no place, but is utterly oppressed ? And whereas my suffragans do not only not help, for dread, the righteous cause, but also for favour do impugn the same.'*" " Well," saith the pope, " as touching these matters, we shall sufficiently provide at the next council to be holden at Bari, council whereat I will you the same time and place to be present.*" Oct. ist.
When the time of the council was come, Anselm, aiuongst others, was Ar.seim called for, who, first sitting on an outer side of the bishops, afterwards succ^s.* v/as placed at the right foot of the pope, with these words, " Inclu- *°" °'" damns hunc in orbe nostro, tanquam alterius orbis papam," Where- bury, upon the same place after him was appointed to the successors of the fhe'^right see of Canterbury, in every general council, by the decree of Pope p''o",|J'i,i''® Urban, to sit at the right foot of the pope. In this said council iiis gene- great stu* and much reasoning there was against the Grecians, con- cL. cerning the matter and order of proceeding of the Holy Ghost. Here is to be noted, that the Greek' church hath of long time dis- sented from the Latin church in many and sundry points, to the number of twenty, or almost twenty-nine articles, as I have them Depro collected out of the register of the church of Hereford ; whereof, as ""("Jl'' occasion hereafter may serve (God willing) for a further and more sancti. ample tractation to be made ; so here, by the way, partly I mean to touch some. The first is —
(1) This dispute commenced in the seventh century; suspended for a time, it was revived in 1053. Gregory IX., in 123il, endeavoured to effect a reconciliation, nor was this attempt abandoned till the death of Urban IV., in 1204. The subject was revived in the fifteenth century at the council of Basil. Again, in the eighteenth century, the church of Rome attempted to make proselytes from the Greek church, but without success, and they remain, to this day, separate communions. — Ed.
l/iO ARTICI.KS IX WIIICII TIIK GREEK CHUIUII
"jiufu^ Articles and Opinions ichcrcin the Greek Chtrck differ eth from the
a.d7 ^''^'"-
1098. The articles wherein the Greek cliurch altercth lioni the Latin or Roniisli cliurcli, are these:' —
The dif- I. nicy are not under the obedience of the church of Rome, because the firencc cluircli of ConsLantinojilc is not subject, but equal, to tlie same. t'hi'GrMk 1 1. They \w\A tliat the bisliop of the apostolic see of Rome hath not greater and the power than the four patriarchs ; and whatsoever the pope doth beside their churches Knowledfie, or without tlieir npprobation, it is of no validity.