VII. Such as were able and forward men among them, he would retain and

promote them, &c.
But these offers, seeming to proceed more of fair words to serve the present turn, than of any hearty trutli, were not received. Then the lord John, prince and heir to the French king, during the afore- said siege of Calais above mentioned, coming with a mighty army of Thedau- Frenchmen, set upon the men of Flanders and Englishmen in the phin with town of Casscl ; in which conflict, enduring from morning to noon, the Frencli Frenchmen were vanquished, and the young dauphin driven back ^^t"(lll- from whence he came. Of their number divers were slain and taksn mi/'""' prisoners ; where, on the other side, through the Lord's defence, not A.u.i34r. one is reported to have been grievously wounded.
As this passed on, not long after, about the twenty-seventh day of July, A.D. 1347, king Edward still continuing iiis siege against Calais, Philip the French king came down with a mighty army, purposing to remove the siege ; where, not far off from the English host, he en- camped himself. Which done, two cardinals, Anibald and Stephen, pro- cured for the same purpose, going between the two kings, gave to the king of England thus to understand ; that if he would condescend to any reasonable way of peace, the French king was ready to offer such
A PLAGUE IN ENGLAND. DEATH OF THE FRENCH KING. 699
honest proffers unto liim, as to reason and to his contentation should sdw^rd seem agreeable : but, in conclusion, when it came to talk, the nobles
could not afj^rce upon the conditions ; wherefore the French kinfj, A. D. seeinsT no other remedy, caused it to be signified to king Edward, 1350. that between that present Tuesday and the next Friday, if he would come forth into the field, he should have battle given him. Thus the place being viewed by four captains of either host for the battle to be fought ; it so fell out, that the French king, on Wednesday at night, The before the battle should join, secretly by night setting his pavilions kfngmeth on fire, returned back with his anny out of the sight of the English- J'C'orethe
' ./ o o battle.
men.
Upon the Friday following, those who were besieged in the town The of Calais, seeing the king to be retired, upon whose help they trusted caials" (being also in great penury and famine for lack of victuals, and other- ]^°" gd.] wise, in much misery, vehemently distressed), sun-endered the town to the king'^s hands ; who, like a merciful prince, only detaining certain of the chief, the rest with the whole commons he let go Avith bag and baggage, diminishing no part of their goods, showing therein more princely favour to them, than they did of late in queen Mary"'s days unto our men, in recovering the said town of Calais again.
After the winning thus of Calais, as hath been premised, king Edward, remaining in the said to^vn a certain space, was in consulta- tion concerning his voyage and proceeding further into France. But bv means of the aforesaid cardinals, truce for a certain time was taken, Truce and instruments made (so provided) that certain noblemen as well siigiand for the French king, as for the king of England, should come to the |"^nce. pope, there to debate upon the articles ; unto which king Edward, for peace' sake, was not greatly disagreeing : which was a.d. 1347.^
The next year following, which was a.d. 1348, fell a sore plague, ^i^^^^/'*'*- which they call the first general pestilence in the realm of England, ment pes- This plague, as they say, first springing from the east, and so spread- *^™iand! ing westward, did so mightily prevail here in this land, beginning first at Dorchester and the countries thereabout, that every day lightly twenty, some days forty, some sixty and more, dead corses were brought and laid together in one pit. This beginning the first day of August, by the first of November it came to London ; where the vehement rage thereof was so hot, and did increase so much, that the next year after, a.d. 1349, from the first day of February till about the begin- Buriai- ning of May, in a churchyard then newly made by Smithfield, above noTcaii- two hundred dead corses every day were buried, besides those which ^f^^rfgr- in other churchyards of the city were laid also. At length, by the grace |,','^^'^^^^,^ of Christ ceasing there, it proceeded from thence to the north parts ; yard, where also about Michaelmas following it suaged.
After this, in the next year ensuing (a.d. 1350) the town ofA.D.isso. Calais was by treason of the keeper of the castle almost betrayed „fost^iost and won from the Englishmen. Within the compass of which year ^'^■,"'®^' died Philip the French king ; after whom king John his son succeeded Death of in the crown, who, the next year after, under false pretence of friend- French ship caused the constable of France, the earl of Eu, to be beheaded ; ^'"f issi. who, being taken prisoner before in war by Englishmen, and long
(1) Ex Thomas Walsinghaiu.
700 KING KDWAUOS TllIUl) VIAGK INTO FRAKCE.
Edward detained in prison in England, uas licensed by king Edward to visit
^"- liis conntrv of France. In the same year the town of Guines was
AD. taken by "J']nglisliinen, while the keepers of the hold were negligent
^•'^'^- and asleeji.
Firstduke In the year after, was Henry first made duke of Lancaster, who
o^f Lanra»- {jpf^j.^ ^yjjg '^^y] q{' Derby and Lancaster ; also divers good ordinances
Mar.cth. y.^^^, appointed in the parliament at Westminster, wliicli after by
avarice and partial favour of the head men were again undone. A n iss" 'flic year next following, the marshal of France with a great army Victory of „.jjg p^{ tQ flight by Sir Roger Bentele, knight, and captain in ik-nu'ie!'^ lketa"ne, having but only six hundred soldiers with him. In this ron.^Aufc'. battle were taken nine knights, esquires and gentlemen one hundred '^^ and fortv. The Frenchmen and liretons by this victory were ex- ceedingly discouraged and their pride cut down. A.D.1354. Concord and agreement about a.d. 1354, began to come well for- ward, and instruments were drawn upon the same between the two kings ; but the matter being brought up to pope Innocent VL, partly by tlie quarrelling of the Frenchmen, partly by the M-inking of the pope, who ever held with the French side, the conditif)ns Avere repealed, w^hich were these : That to the king of England, all the dukedom of Aquitaine, with other lands there, should be restored, without homage to the French king ; and that king Edward again should surrender to him all his riglit and title, which lie had in France. Upon this rose the occasion of the great war and tumult which followed after between the two realms. A 1)1355 ^^ followed after this (a.d. 1355),' that king Edward hearing of the death of Philip tlie French king, and that king John his son had gTanted the dukedom of Aquitaine to Charles his eldest son and dauphin of A'ienne, sent over prince Edward with the earls of bei.] AV'arwick, Salisbury, and Oxford, and v.itli them a sufficient number of able soldiers into Aquitaine, where he, being willingly received of divers, the rest partly by force of sword he subdued, partly received, submitting themselves to his protection. Third ^*^^ hmg after this, in tlie same year, word being brought to king
kin^^xi"' Edward, that John the French king was ready to meet him at St. ward into Ouicr, thcrc to givc him battle, he gathered his power, and set over
France . . ^. . ^ V
[Novem- ^^^ Calais with his two sons, J^ionel earl of Wilton, and John of ber.] Gaunt earl of Richmond, and with Henry duke of Lancaster, &c.. The '^^'ho being come to St. Omer, the F'rench king, with a mighty army king*i-c- ^^ ^^'^ Francklings, hearing of his coming, the nearer he approached fiiseth to to them, the further they retired back ; wasting and destroying be- battie hind them, to the intent that the English army in pursuing them, EdwaVd'.^ should find no victuals. By reason whereof, King Edward, following him I)y the space of nine or ten days unto Hesdin, when neither he could find his enemy to fight, nor victuals nor fonige for his army, re- turned to Calais ; where Avar again being offered in the name of the king, uj)on unstable conditions, and yet the same not performed, king Edward seeing the shrinking of his enemy, from Cjilais crossed the seas into England, where he recovered again the town of Berwick, which the Scots before, by subtle train, had gotten. At that time
vJ} C/..-
TlIK FRENCH KING TAKEN I'llISONEU. 701
was granted unto tlic king in parliament, fifty sliillings for every sack Edward
or })ack of wool that slioukl be carried over, for the space of six years L_
together ; by the which grant, the king might dispcnd every day by A. D. estimation above one hundred marks sterling. And forasmuch as J^i*-.. every year one hundred thousand sacks of wool were thought to be ,^|"/^''''' exported out of the realm, the sum thereof for six years' space was every estimated to amount to X^l, 500,000 sterling. woVicar-
The same year, when king Edward had recovered Berwick and £^,'',[!",[j ' subdued Scotland, prince Edward being in Gascony, made towards the French king ; who, notwithstanding all the bridges in the way were cast down, and great resistance made, yet the victorious prince making way with his sword, after much slaughter of the Frenchmen, .^^ and many prisoners taken, at length joining with the French king at li'th.] Poictiers, with scarcely two thousand, gave the overthrow to the French king with seven thousand men at arms and more. In that The conflict, the French king himself, and Philip his son, with Lord ki^ng*^ ' James of Bourbon, the archbishop of Sens, eleven earls, and twenty- !iJ.^s'o"ner two lords were taken ; of other warriors and men at arms two thou- ^y prince sand. Some affirm that in this conflict were slain two dukes ; of lords and noblemen twenty-four ; of men at arms two thousand and two ; of other soldiers about eight thousand. The common report is, that more Frenchmen were there taken prisoners, than was the number of those who took them. This noble victory, gotten by the grace of God, brought no little admiration to all men.
It were too long, and little pertaining to the purpose of this his- tory, to comprehend in order all the doings of this king, with the circumstances of his victories, of the bringing in of the French king into England, of his abode there, of the ransom levied on him, and on David the Scottish king; of whom, the one was rated at three mil- lions of scutes, the other at a hundred thousand marks, to be paid Every in ten years : how the staple was after translated to Calais, with such luin'g Itx like. I refer them that would see more, to the chronicles of Thomas si"P'^§^
and eignt
Walsingham, of St. Alban''s, of John Froysard, and of Adam Meri- pence, mouth, who discourse all this at large.
Thus having discoursed at large all such martial affairs and war- Ecciesi- like exploits, incident in the reign of this king betwixt him and the affafi^. realms of France and Scotland ; now, to return again to our matters a.D. ecclesiastical, it followeth, in order, to recapitulate and notify the 1330 troubles and contentions growing between the same king and the to pope, and other ecclesiastical persons, in matters touching the church, ^'^^*- taken out of the records remaining in the Tower, in order of years, as followeth. As where first, in the fourth year of his reign, the king wi-ote to the archbishop of Canterbury to this effect : that whereas Edward I., his grandfather, did give to a clerk of his own, being liis chaplain, the dignity of treasurer of York, the archbishopric of York being then vacant and in the king's hands ; in the quiet posses- sion whereof the said clerk continued, until the pope misliking there- Avith would have displaced him, and promoted to the same dignity a cardinal of Rome, to the manifest prejudice of the crown of Eng- land ; the Icing therefore straitly chargeth the archbishop of Canterbury not to suffer any matter to pass, that may be prejudice to the
702 BEMONSTKANCES AGAINST THE I'OPE S USUBPATIOXS.
ndu-ard donation of his grandfather, but that liis o^vn clerk should enjoy the ^^^- said di A. D. The like ])recepts were also directed to these bishops following, ^■^"^^ nanielv, to the bishop of Lincoln, the bishop of Worcester, the bishop .1^, of Sarum, Monsieur iMarniion, the archdeacon of Kichmond, the arch-
'- ileacon of Lincoln, the prior of Lewes, the prior of Lenton, to Master
Rkh of l^entworth, to Master Iherico de Concoreto, to the pope's Tiie nuncio, to Master Guido of Calma. And witlial, he A\TOte his letters S^j^'" unto the pope, as touching the same matter, consisting in three parts : lions f^rst^ in the declaration and defence of his right and title to the dona- Mihjcct of tion and gift of all manner of temporalties, of offices, prebends, benc- renlon"' fices and dignities ecclesiastical, holden of him ' in capite,' as in the ctrance. j.i^,),(. „f \^\^ cTOWu of England : secondly, in expostulating with the ])ope for intruding himself into the ancient right of the crown of England, intermeddling with such collations, contrary to right and reason, and the example of all his predecessors who were popes before : thirdly, entreating him that he would henceforth abstain and desist from molesting the realm with such novelties and strange usurpations ; and so much the more, for that, in the public parliament lately holden at Westminster, it was generally agreed upon, by the universal assent of all the estates of the realm, that the king should stand to the deience of all such rights and jurisdictions as to his regal dignity and crown any way appertained.^ A.D.I336. After this, in the ninth year of the reign of this king, pope Bene- dict Xn. sendeth down letters touching his new creation, with cer- tain other matters and requests to the king ; whereunto the king answering again, dcclareth how glad he is of that his preferment ; addimj, moreover, that his pur])ose was to have sent unto him certain ambassadors for congxatulation of the same; but that, being other- wise occupied by reason of wars, he could not attend his holiness' requests : notwithstanding, he minded to call a parliament about the feast of Ascension next, where, upon the assembly of his clergy and other estates, he would take order for the same, and so direct his ambassadors to his holiness accordingly. A.D.1337. The next year after, which was the tenth year of his reign, the king writeth anotlier letter to the pope : that forasmuch as his clergy hacl granted him one vcar's tenth for the supportation of his wars, and for that the pope also had the same time to take uj) the payment of six years' tenths granted him by the clergy a little before, therefore the pope woidd vouchsafe, at his request, to forbear the exaction of thai money for one year, till his tenth for the necessities of his wars were despatched.
The same year he wrote also to the pope to this effect: that whereas the prior and chapter of Norwich did nominate a clerk to be bishop of Norwich, and sent him to Rome for his investiture, witho\i» the king's knowledge ; therefore the pope would withdraw his consent, and not intermeddle in the matter appertaining to the king's peculiar The pope jurisdiction and prerogative.
Vales to' ^^^^^ ^^''^' ^^ ^^'^ sixteenth year of this king, it happened that the iMer- pope sent over certain legates to hear and determine matters apper- p"atronii'c taiuiug to tlic right of patronages of benefices ; which the king per- licM """ t-eiving to tend to the no sm;ill derogation of his right and of the
(11 Sop Appendix.— Ec (^' li'''^-
THE POPE COMPLAINETH OF CERTAIN STATUTES. 703
liberties of las subjects, writetli unto the said legates, admonisliing Edward and requiring tlieiii not to proceed therein, nor attempt any thing ^_ unadvisedly, otherwise than might stand with the lawful ordinances A.D. and customs of the laws of his realm, and the freedom and liberties of ^^jj*^ his subjects. 1364.
Moreover he Avriteth the same year to other legates on their being
sent over by the pope to treat of peace between the king and the French king, with request that they would first make their repair to the French king, who had so often broken with him, and prove what conformity the French king would offer, which, if he found reason- able, they should soon accord with him ; otherwise he exhorted them not to enter into the land, nor to proceed any further in that behalf.
The year following, which was the seventeenth of his reign, en- a.d.i344, sueth another letter to the pope, against his provisions and reserva- tions of benefices, worthy here to be placed and specified, but that the sum thereof is before set down, to be found in page 689.
The year following, another letter likewise was sent by the king to the pope, upon occasion taken of the church of Norwich, requiring him to surcease his reservations and provisions of the bishoprics Avithin the realm, and to leave the elections thereof free to the chap- ters of such cathedral churches, according to the ancient grants and ordinances of his noble progenitors.
Proceeding now to the nineteenth year of this king's reign, there ^^j_=^°"^- came to the presence of the king certain legates from Rome, com- certain plaining of certain statutes passed in his parliament, tending to the lasllt prejudice of the church of Rome, and the pope's primacy : viz. That if ^'^.^'^y^ abbots, priors, or any other ecclesiastical patrons of benefices, should not present to the said benefices within a certain time, the lapse of the same should come to the ordinary or chapter thereof; or if they did not present, then to the archbishop ; if the archbishop likewise did fail to present, then the gift to pertain not unto the lord pope, but unto the king and his heirs. Another complaint also was this • That if archbishops should be slack in giving such benefices as pro- perly pertained to their own patronage in due time, then the collation thereof likewise should appertain to the aforesaid king and his heirs. Another complaint was : That if the pope should make void any elec- tions in the church of England, for any defect found therein, and so had placed some honest and discreet persons in the same, that then the king and his heirs were not bound to render the temporalties unto the parties placed by the pope's provision. Whereupon the pope being not a little aggrieved, the king writeth unto him, certi- fying that he was misinformed, denying that there was any such statute made in that parliament. And further, as touching all other things, he w^ould confer with his prelates and nobles, and thereof would return answer by his legates.
In the twentieth year of his reign, another letter was written to a.d.iS'I?. the pope by the king, the effect whereof, in few words to express it, was this : to certify him that, in respect of his great charges sustained in his wars, he hath by the counsel of his nobles, taken into his own hands the fruits and profits of all his benefices here in England.
To proceed in the order of years : in the twenty-sixth year of this a.d.isss. king, one Nicholas Heath, clerk, a busy-headed body, and a troublcr
704 TUOLlil.KS BKTWKEX KINO EDWARD AND THE POPE.
7?rf«v,rj of the realm, liad procured divers bisliops, and others of the lung's
'"■ council, to be cited up to the court of Konie, there to answer such
A.I), complaints as he had made against them. Whereupon command-
•^^^ ment was given by the king to all the ports of the realm, for tlie
,i° restraint of all passengers out, and for searching and arresting all
' persons bringing in any bulls or other process from Rome, tending to
Nicholas j^iip (leroo-ation of the dignity of the crown, or molestation of the
IroSiiiM subjects r concerning which Nicholas Heath, the king also writc-th t(>
rcain.*: the popc liis letters,^complaining of the said Heath, and desiring him
to give no ear to his lewd complaints.
The same year the king writcth also to the pope's legate resident
in EnMand, requiring him to surcease from exacting divers sums of
money of tlic clergy, under the name of first fruits of benefices.
AD135S '^'^'*-' thirty-first" year of this kings reign, the king, by his letters,
NichnLis' complaincth to the i)ope of a troublesome fellow named Nicholas
cu^'ma- ^tanway, remaining in Rome, who, by his slanderoiLS complaints,
ny'i'ionest procurc'd dlvcrs citations to be sent into the realm, to the great dis-
Rorne" tm-bancc of many and sundry honest men ; whereupon he prayeth
and adviseth the pope to stay himself, and not to send over such
hasty citations upon every light occasion.
To pass further, to the thirty-eighth year of the same king, thus we find in the rolls : that the king the same year took order by two of his clergy, to wit, John a Stock, and John of Norton, to take into their hands "all the temporalities of all deaneries, prebenth?, dignities, and benefices, being then vacant in England, and to answer the profits of the same to the king's use.
The same year an ordinance was made by the kin^ and his council, and the same was proclaimed in all port-towns within the realm, as follows : —
Ordorof That good and diligent search should be made, that no person whatsoever, council, coming from the court of Home, kc, do bring into the realm with, liim any- bull, instrument, letters-patent, or other process, that may be prejudicial to the king, or any of his subjects; nor that any person, passing out of this realm towards the" court of Rome, do carry with him any instrument or process that may redound to the prejudice of the king or his subjects ; and that all persons passing to the s.ud com-t of Rome, &c., with the king's special license, do not- withstanding promise and find surety to the lord chancellor, that they shall not in any wise attemjjt or pursue any matter to the prejudice of the king or his subjects, under pain to be put out of the king's protection, and to forfeit his body, goods, and chattels, according to the statute thereof made, in the twenty- seventh year, &c.
And thus much concerning the letters and writings of the king, with such other domestic matters, perturbations, and troubles, passing between him and the pope, taken out of the public records of the realm ; whereby I thought to give the reader to understand the hor- ril)lc abuses, the intolemblc pride, and the insatiable avarice of that •1 lie pope bishop, more like a proud Lucifer than a pastor of the church of teS". Christ, in abusing the king, and oppressing his subjects with exactions unmeasunible ; and not only exercising his tyranny, in this realm, but raging also arainst other princes, both far and near, amongst whom neither spared he the emperor himself. In the story and acts of that emperor Louis, mentioned a little before (p. 663), whom the pope did most arrogantly exconniumicate upon Maundy-Thursday, and the
WRITETIS AGAINST THE POPE. 705
self-same ' clay j^laced another emperor in liis room, relation was made Edward of certain learned men wlio took the emperor's part against the pope. ^^^' In the number of them was Marsilius of Padua, William Ockam, A.D. John de Jandano of Ghent, Lupoid of Bamberg, Andrew of ^■^''''" Lodi, Ulric Ilanfjenor, treasurer to the emperor, Dante Aligerio, j^ro
&c. ;' of whom Marsilius of Padua com])iled and exhibited unto —
the emperor Louis a worthy work, intituled ' Defensor Pacis,' written in the emperor's behalf against the pope. Wherein (both godly Articles and learnedly disputing against the pope) he provcth the bishop ^[i^J^""" and the priest to be originally and essentially equal, and that the against pope hath no superiority above other bishops, much less above the "^^"p^' emperor; that the word of God ought to be only the chief judge in deciding and determining causes ecclesiastical ;^ that not only spiritual persons, but laymen also, being godly and learned, ought to be admitted into general councils ; that the clergy and the pope ought to be subject unto magistrates ; that the church is the university of the faithful, and that the foundation and head of the church is Christ, and that he never appointed any vicar or pope over his universal church ; that bishops ought to be chosen every one by their own church and clergy ; that the marriage of priests may lawfully be per- mitted ; that St. Peter was never at Rome; that the synagogue of the pope is a den of thieves ; that the doctrine of the pope is not to be followed, because it leadeth to eternal destruction ; and that the corrupt manners of Christians do spring and flow out of the wickedness of the spiritualty, &c. He disputeth, moreover, in another work, of free justification by grace ; and extenuateth merits, saying, that they Merits, are a cause of our salvation * sine qua non,' that is to sav, that works """^ ^
fY>' o • -r • 1 • -n vyi^j cause of
be no cause eincient of our justification, but yet our justification goeth salvation, not without them. For the which his doctrine most sound and • sinTqua catholic, he was condemned (a.d. 1327) by the pope's decree ' Extra- Marsiuus va2:ant ;'* concerning the which man and his doctrine, I thouofht eood condemn- thus much to commit to history, to the intent men may see that they pope, who charge this doctrine now taught in the church with the note of a^d'.^^'^' novelty or newness, how ignorant and unskilful they be in the history ^^^^j and order of times forepast.*
In the same part of condemnation, at the same time, was also Jo- hannes deJanduno of Ghent, a.d. 1330, and contained also in the afore- said ' Extravagant ' with Marsilius of Padua. Which Johannes wrote much upon Aristotle and Averroes, which is yet remaining and valued ; and no doubt but he wrote also works of divinity, and that they were excellent, but it is not unlike that these works have been abolished."
In the same number and catalogue cometh also William Ockam, who flourished a.d. 1326, as is before mentioned, and who wrote, Mjchaei likewise, in defence of Louis the emperor against the pope ; and also ^-'escnas in defence of Michael Cesenas, general of the Grey-friars, whom the tiie crey- pope had excommunicated and cursed for a heretic. Divers treatises' omnnu-^" were by the said Ockam set forth, as his Questions, and the Dialogue "^'^'"'-"'^
(1) The next ten pages are from Illyricus, and have been collated and revised. The reader will heretic, find a list of these Witnesses in Foxe's Prefaces to his " Acts and Monuments," supra, vol. i. — Ed.
(2) See Illyricus, " Cat. Test." (Ed. 1C08) cols. 1707, 1794.— Ed.
(3) See the " Defensor Pacis," Sec. Diet., cap. 19, Illyricus, col. 1758, and the Appendix. — Ed.
(4) Cap. "licet juxtrk doctrinam" [printed in Martcne's Thes. torn. xi. col. 704, dated .'Vvignon, lOCal. Nov. 12th year of the pontificate. The 'Defensor Pacis' is in Goldastide Mon. tom.ii.] — Kn
(5) The above account of Marsilius is from Illyricus, col. 1758. — Eu.
(6) Illyricus, col. 1759.— Ed.
(7) See a list of his works in Cave's Hist. Litt.— Ed.
Z 7,
70G KIGIIT (iUKSTIONS nlSTMITr.D BY OCKAM.
Edward between a maslrr and liis scholar, whereof \mxi is extant and in '"■ print, part is extinct and suppressed, as Asccntius reporteth,' being A.I), reckoned somewhat too sharp. Some again he publislicd under no ^■'■^0 name of the author, being of his doing, as, the dialogue between the *? sohlier and the clerk.* From a passage which occurs in the prologue to ' '' • his " Dialogus"" it is to be conjectured, that many learned works liad beul"^"" already appeared against the pope.' Of this Ockam John Sleidan in the sol- ],j(^ liistory inforretli mention to his great commendation, whose words tileVierk, be tlicsc :" " William Ockam, in the time of Louis IV., emperor, did am-s*^"^' flourish about a.d. 1326, wlio, among other things, wrote of the niakiiiR. authority of the bishop of Rome ; in which book he handleth these qutations eight qucstious very copiously : — First, whether the pontiffs office isputc. . ^^^^ ^j^^ emperor's may both at the same time be administered by the same man ; secondly, whether tlie emperor taketh liis power and authority only from God, or else of the pope also ; thirdly, whether the pope and church of Rome have power by Christ to set up and place kings and emperors, and to commit to them their jurisdiction to be exercised ; fourthly, whether the emperor, being elected, liath full authority, upon the said his election, to administer his empire ; fifthly, whether other kings besides the emperor and king of the Romans, in that they are consecrated of priests, receive of them any part of their power ; sixthly, whether the said kings in any case be subject to their consecrators ; seventhly, whether if the said kings should admit any new sacrifice, or should take to themselves the diadem without any further consecration, they should thereby lose their kingly right and title ; eighthly, whether the seven princes- electors give as much right to the emj)cror elected, as legitimate succession giveth to other kings. — Upon these questions he disputeth and argueth with sundry arguments and reasons on both sides ; at length he decideth the matter on the part of the civil magistrate, and by occasion thereof entercth into the mention of the ' Extravagants' of pope John XXII., declaring how little regard was had thereunto by sound men, as being heretical and utterly false."* Grecoriii3 Tritliemius maketh mention of one Gregorius Ariminensis, a man ' ""'""" famous both for his learning and piety; who, not mucli differing from the age of this Ockam, about a.d. iSoO thought the same on the doc- trines of grace and free-will as wc donow, and dissented therein from the sophists and papists, counting them only Pelagians under new names." Ancjreas Of tlic like judgment, and in the same time, was also Andreas de and jo-^° Castro," and Johannes Buridanus upon the ethics of Aristotle ;' who Bu"ida- ^'^^'^ maintained the grace of the gospel, as it is now in the church nus. received, above two hundred years since.* Eudes, And what should I speak of the duke of Burgundv, named Eudo,
duke of 1 1 • o v " '
Burgun- '^^''10 ^t thc samc tune (a.d. ]3o0) persuaded the French king not to
••>'• suffer the new found constitutions, called ' Extravagantes Communes,"'
within his realm ; whose sage counsel then given yet remaincth
among the French king's records, as witnesseth Carolus Molinaeus.'
Dante, an Dautc, au Italian writer, a Florentine, lived in the time of Louis, the
emjicror, about a.d. 1300, and took his part with Marsilius of Padua.
(1) [JodocusBaiiius] Ascentius [Regius Professor of Divinity at Paris] in prajfatione [ad Dialogum] ejus autoris. [GoldasU dc Mon. torn. ii. pp. 392, 957.— Ed.] (2) Golrtasti, torn. i. p. 13.— Ed.
(3) Goldasti, tom.ii. p. 398.— Ed. (4) Ulyricus, cols. 1759, 1760.— Ed.
(5) Ulyricus, col. 1809.-ED. (6) Super lib. i. Sent. dist. 45.
(7) Super, lib. .3. Ethic. (8) Ulyricus, col. 1809.— Eb.
(9) lb. col. IOCS. Kudo, or Eudes, was duke of Burgundy a.d. 1315— 13.iO.— Ed.
nensis.
ROME TIl-K MOTHER AND SCHOOL OK EltUOU. 707
Certain of his writings be extant abroad, particularly his ' Do Mo- Edward
narchia;' wherein he i)rovetli tlic pope not to be above the emperor, _
nor to have any right or jurisiliction in the empire, and confutcth the A. 1>. Donation of Constantine as a forged and a feigned thing, and as ^^^^ what could not staml with any law nor right ; for which he was taken \^qq^
bv many for a heretic : three sorts of men, he also saith, were enemies
to the truth respecting the nnpcrial supremacy; first, tlie pope and ofcon- some of the Greek bishops, being jealous of the right of the keys and the a'u?ing^' honour of mother church; secondly, the democrats, who hated the very forged- term " most sacred majesty," and yet counted themselves sons of the church, though they were the children of their father the devil ; thirdly, the decretalists, who in their doting fondness for the decrees would settle every thing thereby, to the damage of the imperial state. He complaineth somewhere, moreover, very much of the preaching of God's word being omitted ; and that instead thereof, the vain fables of monks and friars were preached and believed by the people, and that so the flock of Christ was fed not with the food of the gospel, but with wind. " The pope," saith he, " of a pastor is made a wolf, to waste the church of Christ, and with his clergy careth not for the word of God, but only for his own decrees.'" In canto the thirty-second of his The pope " Purgatory" he declarcth the pope to be the whore of Babylon ; and ^'^'^b^J^" as to her ministers, Le. the bishops, to some he applieth two horns, ion. and to some four, to the patriarchs one ; whom he noteth to be the tower of the said whore Babylonical.'
Hereunto may be added the saying out of the book of Jornandus,^ imprinted with the aforesaid Dante ; that forsomuch as Antichrist cometh not before the destruction of the empire, therefore such as go AisoAnti about to have the empire extinct, are in so doing forerunners and '^'"''^'• messengers of Antichrist. " Therefore let the Romans," saith he. An admo- " and their bishops beware, lest, their sins and wickedness so deserv- thelio-" ing, by the just judgment of God the priesthood be taken from ™^"'- them. Furthermore, let also the prelates and princes of Germany take heed," &c.'
And because our adversaries, who object unto us the newness of our doctrine, shall see the cause and form of this religion now received not to have been either such a new thing now, or a thing so strange in times past, I will add to these above recited Master John Tauler, a preacher at Strasburg, in Germany, a.d. 1350;Tauier who, contrary to the pope's proceedings, taught openly against human 'l''"'' merits, and against the invocation of saints, and preached sincerely of our free justification by grace, referring all man's trust only to the mercy of God, and was an enemy to all superstition.*
With whom also may be adjoined Francis Petrarch, a writer of Francis- the same age, who in his works and his Italian metre, speaking of^^arci.t. the court of Rome, calleth it Babylon, and the whore of Babylon sitting on the waters, the mother of idolatry and fornication, the Rome the spouse of error, the temple of heresy, the nest of treachery, growing ^"dI'c"ooi rich and powerful by the oppressing of others ; and saith further, that of error, she (meaning the pope's court) extolleth herself against her founders, that is, the emperors who first set her up, and did so enrich her ; and
(1) Ex libiis Dantis Italice. [niyricns. cols. 17G3, irci, 1767.]
(2) " De translatione imperii." Goldasti de Mon. torn, ii., p. H62.— Ed.
(3) lUyricus, ibidem.— Ed. (-1) Ibidem.
Z Z 2
of Ger- many.
70S rCEKJTl'.XTIAUIUS ASINI.
Edward secmeth plainly to Imvc tlion^'lit that the pope was Antichrist; and
^"' he often declared thai no ^M-ealcr evil could happen to any man, than
A.D. to be made pope. This Petrarch was about a.d. 1350.'
1330 ^j^j jf j^jiDp \vould serve us to seek out old histories, ue should
1360 ^"^^^ |)lenty of faithful witnesses, of old and ancient time, to give witness with us against the pope, besides the others above rehearsed :
cnst into prison.
Johannes as Johanncs de Rupe-Scissa, a.d. 1340; who, for rebuking the spiri- sdssa'" tualty for their great enormities and for neglecting their office and duty, was cast into prison. Illyricus, a writer in our days, testifieth that lie found and read in an old pamphlet, that the said Johannes The asserted the church of Rome to be the whore of Babylon, and the ^'"^p''",h[. pope to be the minister of Antichrist, and the cardinals to be »ii..reor iiilsc prophets. Being in prison, he wrote a book of prophecies, bearing the title, ' Vade meeum in tribulatione : ' in which book (which also I have seen) he prophesied affliction and tribulation to liang over the spiritualty, and plainly foreshowed, that God would purge the clergy, and have priests that would be poor and godly, and that should faithfully feed the Lord's flock ; moreover, that the goods of the church should return again to the laymen. He had pro- phesied also (as he himself saith in the same book), that the French king and his army should have an overthrow ; which likewise had come to pass during the time of his imprisonment. Of this Johannes de Rupe writeth Froysart about his time, and also Wickliff; of whose prophecies much more may be said at more leisure, Christ willing, liereafter.'^
About the same year (a.d. 1340) in the city of Wurtzburg lived
one named Master Conrad Hager; who, as appeareth by some old bulls
and registers of Olho, bishop of the said city, confessed to have thought
and taught, for the space of twenty-four years together, the mass to
The mass be uo manner of sacrifice, neither that it profiteth any man either
iio^sacn- fjjjj^.]^ Qj. jpad, and that it ought to be abolished ; and that the money
left by the d}ing for masses was veiy robbery and sacrilege of priests,
which they wickedly did intercept and take away from the poor; and
he said, moreover, that if he had a stove full of gold and silver, he
(v.iirad would not givc one farthing for any mass. For this doctrine this
c'llTinto good preacher was condemned and shut up in prison ; what afterwards
prison, became of him we do not find.'
There is among other old and ancient records of antiquity belong- ing to this present time a certain monument in verses poetically compiled, but not without a certain moral, intituled, ' Poeniteniiarius Asini,' 'The Ass's Confessor,'' bearing the date, ' Completus, A.D. IS-iS."" In this treatise are brought forth the wolf, the fox, and the ass, coming to shrift and doing penance. First, the wolf con- fesseth him to the fox, who easily doth absolve him from all his faults, The pope ^^^ ^^^^ excuseth him in the same. In like manner the wolf, hearing ri[i''uai ^^^ ^^^'^ shrift, showeth to him the like favour in return. After this tvconfe- Cometh the ass to confession, whose fault was this; that he, being aKaintt '^"."ffry^ ^ook a straw out from the sheaf of one that went in pere- ti.eiaiiy. grination unto Rome. The ass, although repenting of this fact, yet,
(1) Vide epistolam vigesimam I'rancisci PetrarchcC. [Illyricus, col. 1769.— Ed.]
(2) Illyricus, col. irs.5. See iiifrA, p. 711, 717.— Ed.
(3) Ex l)ullis quibusdam Othoiiis Ejiis. Herbipolensis. llllyricus, col. 177j.— Ec]
MICHAEL CKSENAS AXU PETRIJS DK COUBAUIA CONDEMNKD. TOI)
because lie tliouglit it not so heinous as the faults of the other, the Edwant
more he hoped for his absolution. But what followed ? After the !_
silly ass had uttered his crime in auricular confession, immediately A. I); the discipline of the law was executed upon him with all severity ; ^-^"^'^ neither was he judged worthy of any absolution, but was apprehended ^^qq
upon the same, slain, and devoured. Whosoever was the author of this -
fabulous tale, he had a mystical understanding in the same, for by the wolf no doubt was meant the pope ; but the fox represented the prelates, courtesans,^ priests, and the rest of the spiritualty. Of the spiritualty the lord pope is soon absoylcd ; as, contrary, the pope doth soon absoyle them in like manner. By the ass is meant the poor luity, upon whose back the strait censure of the law is sharply exe- cuted ; especially when the German emperors come under the pope's inquisition, to be examined by his discipline, there is no absolution The pope nor pardon to be found, but in all haste he must be deposed, as in "e'^'iJ'p^.. these stories may partly appear before. And though the matter be not .'■'"■ ='"'^ the weight of a straw, yet what suith the holy father, the wolf, if it abses. please him to make any matter of it ? —
" Immensum scelus est injuria quain peregrino
Fecisti, sti-amen subripicndo sibi. Non advertisti quod pliira pericula passus,
Plurima passurus, quod peregrinus erat. Non advertisti, quod ei per maxima terras
Et pelagi spatia sit peragranda via. Non advertisti sanctos, nee limiiia sancta,
Sanctorum sanctam sed nee Hieiusalem. Es fur, ignoto ctun feceris hoc peregrino,
Scis bene fur quali debet honore mori. Ctim sis confessiis, ciXm sis convictus, habesne
Quo tales noxas occuluisse queas ? (Ille retransivit eadem loca, tarn violeutuni
Ex inopinato sensit adesse malum. )^ De papa taceo, cnjus protectio talem
Conduxit, cnjus tu vilipendis opem. Totius ecclesiae fuerit ciim nunclus iste,
Pertulit abstracto gramine damna vise." &c.
And thus they, aggravating and exaggerating the fault to the uttermost, fly upon the poor ass and devour him. By the which apology, the tyrannical and fraudulent practices of these spiritual Romanists are lively described.^
Not long after these above rehearsed (about a.d. 1350) Gerard Ridder wrote also against the monks and friars a book intitided, ' Lacrymae Ecclesise :' wherein he disputetli against the aforesaid religious orders, namely, against the begging friars ; proving that kind of life to be far from christian perfection, for that it is against charity to live upon others, when a man may live by his own labours ; and he affirmeth them to be hypocrites, and filthy livers, and such as for man's favour and for lucre' sake do mix with true divinity apocryphal fables and dreams of vanity. Also that they, under pretence of long prayer, devour widows' houses, and with their confessions, sermons, and burials, do trouble the church of Christ manifold ways. And there- fore persuadeth he the prelates to bridle and keep short the inordinate license and abuses of these monastical persons, &c.*
(1) " Curtesani," Expectants, "qui in curia papffi versantur." Ducange. See p. 7G7, line2. — Ed.
(2) This couplet describes the ass's -nalking backwards and forwards through agitation. — Ed.
(3) lUyiicus, col. nw.— Ed. (4) lb. col. 1785.— Ed.
'10
Edward III.
A.I). 1330
to 13C0.
Mirhacl Ceseiias, and Pe- trun lie Curbaria, condemn- ed by tlie pope.
Opinion of .Ml- cliael against the poi)c. Michael deprived and con- deiiinetl.
Mar'yrs Juliiinnej de Casti- lione, Fnin- ciscus dc Arcatara, burned.
Jiihanni
de
Poliaco.
New Col- Ic^/e in Oxford founded.
A xr.MnF.K OF MAI{TY|{S BURXKI).
I liavc as yet made no mention of Micliael Cesenas, general of the Grey-friars, nor of l'ctru.s dc Corbaria, of whom writeth Anto- ninus ' in quarta parte Sunimae.*' They were condemned in the E.xtravagants of pope John XXII., with Bonagratia, Ocham, and others.' Their opinions, as saith Antoninus, were these : that Peter the apostle was no more the head of the cliurcli, than the otlicr apostles ; that Christ left no vicar behind him or head in his church; and that the pope hath no such authority to correct and punish, to institute or depose the emperor: Item, That all priests, of what degree soever, are of equal authority, power, and jurisdiction, by the institution of Christ ; but that by the institution of the emperor, the pope is superior, which s\ipremacy by the same emperor also may be revoked again : Item, That neither the pope, nor yet the whole church, may punish any man ' punitione coactiva,' that is, by extern coaction, unless they receive license of the emperor. This aforesaid Michael, general of the Grey-friars, wrote against the tyranny, pride, and primacy of the pope, accusing him to be Antichrist, and the church of Rome to be the whore of Babylon, drunk with the blood of saints. He said there were two churches ; one of the wicked, flourishing, wherein reigned the pope ; the other of the godly, afflicted : Item, that the verity was almost utterly extinct : and for this cause he was deprived of his dignity, and condemned of the pope. Notwithstand- ing, he stood constant in his o))inions. This Michael was about A.D. 1322, and left behind him many fautors and followers of his doctrine, of whom a great ])art were slain by the pope ; some were condeuincd, as William Ockam ; some were burned, as Johannes de Ca.stilione, and Franciscus de Arcatara.^
Besides these, was condemned in the Extravagant ' Vas electionis'^ Johannes de Poliaco, whose assertions were these : That the pope could not give license to hear confessions to whom he would, but that every one ought to confess to the pastor of his parish : Item, that pastors and bishops had their authority immediately from Christ and his apostles and discijiles, and not from the pope : Item, That the constitution of pope Benedict XI. "Inter cunctas,''* wherein he granteth larger privileges to the friars against the pastors, was no declaration of the law, but a subversion : and for this he was by the said friars and the pope oppressed, about a.d. 1322.
After Simon Mepham, archbishop of Canterbury before mentioned, who lived not long, succeeded John Stratford. After whom came John OfFord, who lived but ten months ; in whose room succeeded Thomas Bradwardin, and remained but two months, a.d. 1349 ; and after him Simon Islip was made archbishop of Canterbury by pope Clement VI., who sat sixteen years, and built Canterbury college in Oxford. After which Simon Islip succeeded the bishop of Ely, named Simon Langham, who within two years was made cardinal. In whose stead pojjc Urban V. ordained William Wittlesey, bishop of Worcester, to be archbishop of Canterbury, a.d. 1 368. In the same year,' William AViekham was elected bishop of Winchester, who founded the New College in Oxford. Again, in the order of the popes, next unto pojjc Clement VI. before mentioned, about the same time (a.d. 13r;2), succeeded pope
(I) See Appendix..— Ed. (2) ni)Ticus, col. 17M.— Ed.
(,
(4) Extrav. Commun. lib. v. tit. 7.— Ed. /5) Kather a.d. 1367 ; sec Richardi^on's Godwin.-Eu
UOCHTAYLADA, WITH ANOTIIKR FUIAR, IMARTVKS. 711
Innocent VI. ; in the first year of which pope two friars Minors or Edward
Jii.
Franciscans were burned at Avignon, " pro opinionibus," as mine author saitli, " erroneis, prout D. Papcc et ejus cardinalibus vidcbatur," A. D. that is, " for certain opinions (as seemed to the pope and his cardinals) ^"^■^'* erroneous." ' Of tlie which two friars I find in the history of Petrus j3qq
Premonstratensis (cited in John l^ale's " Acta Rom. Pontificum "") _
tliat the one was named Johannes Rochtaylada, or rather (as I find Francis- liis name cited by Illyricus in his " Catalog. Testium," out of the [Ju"nedat Chronicle of Henry of Herford) Hayabalus ; who being (as that Avignon, writer recordeth) a friar ^Minorite, began first in the time of pope Clement VI. (a.d. 1345) to preach and affirm openly, that lie was by God commanded to preach, that the church of Rome was the The whore of Babylon, and that the pope and his cardinals were very Kom'eVe- Antichrists ; and that popes Benedict and John, his predecessors, ^^=i[^^ '-^ were damned; with many other such like things, tending much whore of against the pope's tyrannical majesty ; and that the aforesaid Hayab- by (Ld'l alus being brought before the pope's face constantly did stand in the [fj,f^" same, saying, that he was commanded by God in a vision so to say, and that he would still preach the same if he might. To whom it was then objected, that he had some heretical books, and so he was committed to prison for life. In the time of his accusation, and just Rochtay- as he was charging the pope with injustice, it happened that a certain Ifnlft'her"^ priest, coming before the pope, cast the pope's bull down before his ^"^'■■ feet, saying : " Lo here, take your bull unto you, for it doth me no a priest,' good at all. I have been begging and praying here now these three [j!^'i^g" years withal, and yet notwithstanding, for all this your bull, I cannot pope's get my rights restored." The pope hearing this, and stung at this fo"re the confirmation of the friar"'s charge, commanded the poor priest to be J'J'Jj^^ scourged, and after to be laid in prison with the aforesaid friar, scourged, What became of them afterwards the aforesaid writer, Henry of prison, Herford, maketh no mention ;^ but I may probably conjecture that burned*:!! this priest and this friar Rochtaylada (or rather Hayabalus) were ^^^sn the two, whom mine author, Thomas Walsingham, writeth to be burned at tliis time in Avignon, about the first beginning of this pope Innocent VI.^ Of this Rochtaylada I thought good here to infer the testimony and mention of John Froysard,* w^ritten of him in his first volume, chap. 211, in these words : —
There was, saith Froysard, in the city of Avignon, a friar minor called Jolin dela Roche Taillade [Anglice, Cutcliffe], fuUof great clergy,* the which friar pope Innocent VI. held in prison in the castle of Baignour, for showing of many marvels about to come (as he said), principally on the prelates and chief men of the church, on account of the great luxury and ambition to which they were addicted ; and he also foretold many things as about to full on the realm of France, and of the more powerful princes of Christendom, for the miserable op- pression that they did to the poor common people. This friar said, he would prove all his sayings by the authority of the Apocalypse, and by the ancient books of the hol\' prophets, the which were opened to him by the grace of the Holy Ghost : so that he showed many things hard to believe. And sure enough, many remarkable things afterwards befel as he had said. Nor yet did he say them as a prophet, but he showed them by authority of ancient Scriptures and by the grace of the Holy Ghost, who gave him understanding to expound all tlie ancient prophecies, and to show to all christian people the years and times when such things should fall. He made divers books founded on great sciences
(1) Ex Cliron. W'als.
(2) Ex Chron. Henrici de Herfordia [cited by niyricue, col. 1720. — Ed.] \i) Soe Appendix. (4) Ex Johanne Froysardo, vol. i cap. ^cxL (5) "Praeditus ingenio et eruditione siimmH." Illyricus. — Ed.
on. 354.
712 VAUIAXCi: IIF.TWF.KX THE FKIAKS AKD Paia,ATK.S AT PARIS.
French and clergy,' wlurcofonc was made a. d. 131fi, wherein were written such marvels,
Jli'lory- that it were hard to believe them ; howbcit we have seen many of them come to
« rv pass. And when he was interrogated concerning the war of Knglaiid against
].,',.,■ France, he said that all that had been seen was nothing to that should be seen
— — — '— after ; for that the war in Trance siiould not be ended, till the realm were utterly
wasted and exiled in every jjart. All which was afterwards seen so to befal, for
the noble realm of France was afllictcd and prostrated by every kind of nns-
fortune, and specially in the term that the said friar had said, which was in \'M)G,
and the three years following.^ He said that in those years the princes and
gentlemen of the realm should not, for fear, show themselves against the people
of low estate, assembled of all countries without head or captain ; and they
should do as they list in the realm of France : the which fell after, as ye have
heard, how the companions assembled them together, and by reason of their
robbery and pillage waxed rich, and became great captains.
conten- About tlic saiiic tiiiic' happened in France a certain contention Friuicc between tlic French prelates and the friars of Paris, testified and tht-Tre" recorded by Godfridus de Fontanis ; the brief eifect of which story lates and is this. Thc prclatcs of France con venting together in tlie city of Paris, A.D.iyi*. after long deliberation among themselves, caused by the beadles to be called together all the masters, bachelors, and students of every faculty, with the chief friars also of all the religious orders, in the hall of the bishop of Paris : who all there congregated together on the morrow, being St. Nicholas' day ; where there were present four archbishops, and twenty bishops. First stood up the archbishop of Pourges,* who there made a sermon concerning charity, taking for Scrnion his thcmc tlic placc of St. Paul (Eph. iii. IT — 19), " Ut sciatis quae uiTfrlars, sit longitudo, latitudo, altitudo, et profunditas charitatis," &c. and anTFran- coucludcd tlicrcupon, fiist, that true charity compelled them to provide tiscan. for tlic flock Committed to them ; secondly, that the vigour of charity armed them to withstand errors ; thirdly, he concluded, that by duty of charity they were bound to give their lives, if needs be, for the souls of the flock committed to their charge ; fourthly, that by the same charity every man ought to be content with his own, and not to intermeddle with another's office. " For there," saith he, " all ecclesiastical order is confounded, unless men contain themselves in their own precincts. But alas ! this charity," saith he, " now-a-davs is waxed cold, and all ecclesiastical order is utterly confounded. For many there be, who now-a-days presume to thrust in their sickle into another man's harvest ; so that now the church may be called a monster. For as in a natural body it is deemed a monster, when one member docth the office of another ; so is it in the spiritual body, which is the church, when our learned and wise brethren, to wit thc friars Major and Minor, do take upon them the office specially com- mitted to us, doing unrighteously therein, seeing none ought to take upon him any office, except he be called thereunto of the Lord, as Aaron was. Whereas, then, we have oftentimes procured thc said friars, both by the king himself in his own person, and also by other great men, to be requested to surcease from doing our office ; and yet they have not; but against our wills preach and hear confessions all about our dioceses, saying, that they have the pope's privileges to bear them out therein : — for this cause we who are here present, having also the proxies of all our absent brother-bishops of the king-
(1) " Magnft doctrina bene fundatos." — Ed.
(2) This seems to be tlie prophecy in Browne's Appendix to the Fasciculus. See Appendix.— Eu. (.S) Ex scriptu Godfri. de Foulaiiis. [lllyricus, lol. 1721. Foxc ]«)st-dat»s tliis dispute by many
years: see Aiipendix.— Ei>.J (1) Siuioii >ii; Hiaulieu, abp. a.d. 1J81— 12U7. Sec Ai'pemlix.— Ed.
VARIANCE BETWEEN THE FRTAUS AND PRELATES AT PARIS. 713
dom of France, are come to complain to you of this so great inso- French lence of the friars : for that as we arc, so you shall be : for I believe "'°'^^' there is not a prelate among us to-day who was not taken from A. I). this university.' We have requested, moreover, and have caused to _l^-_ be requested of the said friars, that they would send their said privi- leges to the see apostolic, to be more clearly interpreted by the lord pope: which in like manner they have refused to do. Wherefore, to the intent you may the better understand and sec what right their privileges really give them, we have resolved that they shall be here openly read to you."
Then stood up another in the public tribune, and there read the constitu privileges, and afterwards read also the constitution of pope Innocent poiie°in- III., written in the fifth book of the Decretals, and beginning, "Omnis ""''^"' utriusque sexus," &c. ; which constitution Avas contradictory to the aforesaid privileges, as he there showed, declaring how both the said privileges were derogatory to that constitution.
This done, up rose the bishop of Amiens,' a very great jurist, who By the running from article to article, there clearly proved by good law, that constitu the said constitution might in no respect be infringed by the said pri- »io''.f'iara vilcges, and that it Avas not lawful for the friars to intrude themselves preach in in hearing confessions and in enjoining penances, without the special without' license of the bishop of the diocese and curate of the parish : unto fP'^'^'^'
n • 1 • 1-1 lAi license of
whom never a friar at that tune answered a single word. And so them to tiie bishop proceeding to his conclusion, begged the university to ^hurdi '^ deign to assist them in that case, for that they had all unanimously ''eio'ig'^'i- determined (said he) to resist such injury even unto blood. — This haj^pened on a Saturday, the sixth day of December, which they dedicate to St. Nicholas.
The next day (being a Sunday), one of the order of the Minorites, or Franciscans, made a sermon at the church of the Majorites or Preacln ing friars (a thing which I believe was never before seen, the one order to come and resort to the other), and finishing his subject in a few words, xhefriarp' he began to speak of the aforesaid matter, and in reply expounded agalLt in order every article as well as he could for the better ; adding, f^^^^'^' moreover, that had they wished, they might lawfully have gone much further in the use of their privileges. And he said moreover, that what time the said privileges were in obtaining at Rome, the bishop of Amiens was there present himself, and resisted the same with all his might ; yea all the prelates of France sent and wrote up to the court against the same, and yet did not prevail. For when the friars there explained to the pope in what manner and how far they had used their privileges, the pope said " Placet,"" that is, " I am satis- fied.'" " And now," saith he, " the prelates again wish and require us to send up our privileges to the Roman court, as if to solicit them again ; which would be great folly in us, for so we should be giving place and occasion for revoking the authority which is so given us already. Furthermore, our Master is just dead, and the Master of the Dominic friars is not now present. AVherefore, we dare not determine for the whole order in such a weighty cause, without their presence. And therefore we beg you to hold us therein excused, and not to be so lightly stirred against us, for that we are not members of any university," &c.
(\) See Appendii, (2) (JuiUcauiiie de Mav'oii, bp- -i.d. i'm — 1308. Si^e Appendix.— Ed.
714 TirK I-IMAKS IMIOVKI) I.IARS.
Fremh The next (lav, being tlic oightli of tlic same raontli, which is dcdi- ihitory^ cateil to the conception of St. Mary, the feast was kept at the friars A. n. Minors, when, hchoUl ! one of the Dominic friars preached in the ^^^^- clmrcli of the Franciscan or Grey-fi'iars, a sermon, tending to tlie Herod same end a*? the other. And doubtless the Scripture was there made""' fulfilled which saith, " On that day Ilerod and Pilate were made
friends in i- • i . „„(I,„., "
crucifying iricnds togctlicr.
of Christ. jyjot, ]ong aftcr, on tlie vigil of the feast of St. Thomas, all the uni- ^ennon' vcrsitv wcrc again warned to congregate together on the morrow (being nRainst ^ Sundav) iu the churcli of St. IJeruard at the sermon lime.' Which
tlie fnars. , . .■ ' i , , . . „ , . . ,
bemg done, a sermon was made by a divmc oi the university, who took for his theme, " Prope est Dominus omnibus invocantibus eum in verilate," &c. ; wherein, with many words and authorities he cen- sured generally those who would not be obedient unto their superiors Bishop of and prelates, &c. The sermon being ended, then rose up again the i)i™eri-* bislio]) of Amiens (the only other prelate there being the archbi.shop tate.etc. ^f Jilicims), who, going on with the same theme, dwelt on the word " veritate,^' dividing verity into three parts, according to the verses often inserted in the common gloss of the Decretals : — " Est verum vitae, doctrinae, justitiaeque : Primum semper babe ; duo propter scandala linquc :"
showing and declaring by many authorities, both in theology, and the canons, and the laws, and by plain fiicts, that the friars first had Verity no veritv of life, because they were plainly convicted of hypocrisy ; hMhree'' neither liad they verity of doctrine, because they carried gall in their parts. lieart, and honey on their tongue ; neither verity of justice, because they usurped other men''s offices. And in conclusion, he caused the said privileges again to be read, with the said constitution," Omnis utriusque scxus." And so, comparing sentence with sentence, he clearly showed that the said constitution in no part was made void or infringed by the privileges aforesaid. He added, moreover, that " whereas the friars say," said he, " that I was present in the obtain- ing of the privileges, I grant it to be true ; and when word came to me thrice thereof, I went to the pope reclaiming and begging the saiil privileges might be revoked ; but the next day after I was sent bv the lord pope to a distant part upon weighty affairs, so that he did not wish then to make up the matter. After that, we sent also our messengers for the same objeet to the court of Rome, whom the friars The friars asscrt uot to havc prevailed, but they lie therein ; for the said mes- wura lie. scugcrs brouglit back letters sealed with the seals of the chief of the court of Rome (which letters we have often presented to our lord the king, and will shortly show them to you all), in the which letter the lord pope hath promised us either wholly to revoke the said ])rivileges, or else more clearly to explain them by an interpretation, which we trust shortly to have from the pope in a public bull."^ ThefHars- At last, the Said bishop requested all there present, of what confuted' nation soever they were, to copy out the aforesaid privileges, and send in dispu- tliem to their respective countries, that all men might see what was
fation at ,, iiip- ^ o -i ••! mi
Varis. really conceded to the friars by the aforesaid privileges. J he matter was afterward brought into open disjMitntion l)v Master friar Gilles, of the Augustine order, who is esteemed altogether the best person in
(1) Sec Appendix.
(2) 'I'liis Imll was (.'ranted by pope M.%ftin IV., Jan. lOth, 1282 : Labbc, t);u. xi. col. 1113. Ed.
SICDITIOUS COMMOTION AT OXrORD. 715
fill Paris ; who gave it as his tletcrniination, that the prelates had by iciwnr.i far the best of tlic argument. Godfridus saith that he had not vet got "'' a copy of this determination, on account of the recency of the alluir. A.D.
Concerjiing this vrangling contention between tlie university and ^•'•'l friars of France here before mentioned, whereof partly the original , '" cause may be understood, by that which hath been said, to arise upon ~ — '— certain privileges granted by poj)es to the friars, to intei-meddle m matters of parish churches ; as to hear confessions, to preach and teach, ^vith power thereunto annexed to gather for their labour, to bury within their houses, and to receive impropriations, &c., because it were too long here to describe the full circumstances thereof, also because the said contention did not only endure a long time in France, but also came over into England ; the whole discourse thereof more amply (Christ willing) shall be declared in the beginning of the next book, when w^e come to the story of Armachanus.
About the time and year that this brawd was in the university of seditious Paris between the friars and prelates there, as hath been declared, the t"^™,)"." like contention happened also in the miiversity of Oxford in the year tweenthc above prefixed (a.d. 1354), save only that the strife among the men ana masters of Paris, as it rose upon friarly ceremonies, so it went no oroxfJiM. further than brawling words and matter of excommunication ; but this tumult, rising out of a drunken cause, proceeded further unto bloody- stripes. The first origin of it began in a tavern, between a scholar and the good man of the house ; ^vho, falling together into alter- cation, grew' to such height of words, that the student (contra jus hospitii) poured the wine upon the head of the host, and brake his head with the quart pot. Upon this occasion given, eftsoons parts began to be taken between the townsmen and the scholars, insomuch that a grievous sedition and conflict followed upon the same ; wherein many of the townsmen were wounded, and to the number of twenty slain ; and divers of the scholars also Avere grievously hurt. For the space of two days this hurly-burly continued. On the second day proces- certain religious and devout persons ordained a solemn procession peaJ.e'"^ general, to pray for peace ; yet, notwithstanding, all that procession, ^*9>|';' holy as it was, would not bring peace. In the which procession, the peact. skirmish still waxing hot, one of the students, being hardly pursued by the tow-nsmen, for succour in his flight came running to the priest or fi-iar, who carried about, as the manner was, the ])ix ; thinking to find refuge at the presence of the transubstantiated God of the altar there carriedand imboxed. Notwithstanding, the god beingnot there present, or else not seeing him, or else peradventure being asleep, the scholar found there small help ; for the townsmen, in the heat of the chase, xransub- forgetting belike the virtue of the pope''s transubstantiation, followed uon \Tiii him so hard, that in the presence of the pix thev brake his head, and jiot help
111- • 1 mi • 1 11* intiiuL'of
wouncleu lum grievously. I his done, at length some peace or truce neca. for that day was taken. On the morrow, other townsmen in the villages about, joining with the townsmen of Oxford, confederated together in great force and power to set upon the students there, and so did, having a black flag borne before them, and so invaded the university men ; whereupon the scholars, being overmatched, and conquest compelled to flee into their halls and hostels, were so pursued by scholars their enemies, that twenty of the doors of their halls and chambers oWxfurd.
'; 1 i; THIC I'XlVKltSlTV JjlSSOI.VKn FOR A TIMF..
Kdirard wcTc biokLii o]K'u, .'111(1 iiiaiiy of tlicm wounded, and. as it is said,
'^' slain and lliiuwii into tlie drauijlits ; their books willi knives and bills
A.D. cut all in piotrs, and much of their goods earned away. And thus the
^^62. ytudenls of that university, being conquered by the townsmen of
Tiic uni- Oxford, ami of the country about, departed and left the vmivcrsity,
»roxf»r
dihsoivid cease from all exercise of study, except only Merton college-hall,
time. with a few others remaining behind.
This being done the twelfth day of February, the queen at the
same time being at Woodstock was brought to bed, and purified on
the first Sunday in Lent witli gi'cat solemnity of justing.^ About
which time the bishop of Lincoln, their diocesan, hearing of this
excessive outrage, sendeth his inhibition to all parsons and priests,
forbidtling them throughout all Oxford, to celebrate mass or any
The town diviiic scrvicc in the presence of any lay person within the said town
i'nt?r^/"^'* *^*^ Oxford, interdicting withal the whole town ; which interdiction
dieted, endured the«space of a whole year and more.
The king also sent thither his justices to examine and inquire
into the matter, before whom divers of the laymen and clergy were
indicted, and four of the chief burgesses of the said town were
inilicted, and by the king''s commandment sent to the Tower of
London, and were there imprisoned. At length, through much
labour of the nobles, the king so took up the matter, that sending
his writings unto all sheriffs in England, he offered pardon to all and
singular the students of that university, wheresoever dispersed, for
that transgression; whereby the university in a short time was replc-
Assi/eof nislied again as before. Moreover, it was granted to the vice-ehan-
aie'pla,',"! cellor or commissary, as they term him, of the town and university
ed to the (,f Oxford, to havc the assize of bread, ale, wine, and all other
com 111 1 3 ' / /
tary of victuals ; the mayor of the said town being excluded. Also it was Oxford. y.j..^j^^(>j jjj^j decreed, that the commons of Oxford should give to the university of Oxford two hundred pounds sterling, in part of satis- faction for their excesses ; there being reserved, notwithstanding, to every one of the students his several action against any several person of the townsmen, &c.
About A.D. 1354, the king, with the consent of his council, called home again out of Flanders the staple of wool, with all things there- unto api)ertaining, and established the same in sundry places within the realm, namely, in Westminster, Canterbury, Chichester, Bristol, Lincoln, and Hull ; which staple, after a.d. 1362, was translated over to Calais.
Of Simon Islip, archbishop of Canterbury, mentioned a little before, page 710, I read in the said author above specified, that he, by his letters patent, directed to all parsons and vicars witliin his province, Nottoab- straightly charged them and their parishioners, under pain of excom- fJombo- niunication, not to abstain from bodily labour upon certain saints' bour^ days, which before were wont to be hallowed and consecrated to upon ccr- unthrifty idleness. Item, that to priests should be given no more days.'"^ ft^r tlicir yearly stipend, but three pounds, six shillings, and eight A Pariia- pcncc, which uiadc divers of them to rob and steal, &c. a.d. 13(52. '"'"" In the year follow ing, king Edward kept his parliament at London
(1) " Great solemnity of jiutiug ' (or jousting), a magnificent tournament. — Ed
THE rOPE EXCOMMUNICATES DEAD MICN. 717
in the montli of October ; wherein it was prohibited that either gokl Edward
or silver should be worn in knives, girdles, brooches, rings, or in any '-
other ornament belonging to the body, except the wearer might A.D.
dispend ten pounds a year. Item, 'I'liat none should wear either silks or costly furs, except such as might di^^pcnd one hundred pounds a year. Also that merchant adventurers should not export any merchandise out of the realm, or seek for wines in other countries ; whereby other nations should be constrained rather to seek to us, &c. But none of this did take any great effect.
After this Simon Islip, as is above recorded, followed Simon Langham, then William Wittlcscy ; after whom next in place suc- ceeded Simon Sudbury.
Much about the same time the nuns of St. Bridget's order first Nuns of began ; about which time also was builded Queen's College in get's'"''' Oxford, by queen Philippa of England, wnfe to king Edward III., about A.D. 1360.
Moreover, in the time of pope Innocent VI., friar John Lylc, bishop of Ely, moved with certain injuries, as he thought, done to him by the lady Blanch Wake, made his complaint to the pope; who, Thisiuiy sending down his curse to the bishop of Lincoln and other prelates, ^a*'"^ to be executed upon the adversaries of the bishop of Ely, commanded ^f "pf'^^y, them, that if they did know any of the said adversaries dead and ^^J^°^^^_ buried, that notwithstanding, they should cause the same to be taken ter. up : which also they performed accordingly, of whom some had been Dead . of the king's council ; wherefore the king being displeased, and not ^romu- unworthily, did again trouble and molest the said prelates. This "j^ate^d coming to the pope's hearing, certain were directed down from the pope. court of Rome, in behalf of the aforesaid bishop of Ely ; who, meeting with the bishop of Rochester, the king's treasurer, delivered unto him, being armed, letters from the bishop of Rome, the tenor whereof was not known. This done, they incontinently voided away, but certain of the king's servants pursuing did overtake them ; of Avhom some they imprisoned, some they brought to the justices, The _ and so they were condemned to be hanged. Herein may appear mTscn- what reverence the pope's letters in this king's days, had in this realm \^2ge^. of England.' This pope Innocent ordained the feast of the Holy me feast Spear, and of the Holy Nails. spearaud
And here, to make an end of this Fourth Book, now remaineth, "[^t^^e after our order and custom before begun, to prosecute the race of Nails, the archbishops of Canterbury, in this aforesaid Fourth Book con- tained ; begmning where before we left ofF.'^ at Lanfranc.
A TABLE OF THE ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY IN THK FOURTH BOOK CONTAINED.
84. Lanfranc was archbishop of Canterbury for nineteen years. Polydore Virgil, lib. 9, numbereth this Lanfranc to be the thirty-third archbishop ; but by the account of other authors, namely, by the chronicle of the monk of Dover, he seemeth to be deceived ; as he was in the twenty-eight years of Dunstan, who indeed did sit but nineteen or twenty at the most. This error of Polydore seemeth to
(1) Ex Cluo. Walsing. '2) Page 104.
*«|g TABLK OF Till" A lU HltlsHOrs OK CAXTERCL'RY
>M,«,rJ come l)V leavin- out cither Elsius, who w:vs the twenty-third, or hv ^" leaving 'out ElVric, who was the twenty-sixth, as in some authors
A.D. I find. .
1360. Moreover, here is to be noted, tliat althougli the said Eltric were left out, yet LaniVanc cannot be the thirty-third.
Note also, that in the ])revious table of the third book, after Siri- cius. von must put in St. Alured, whom, in the order of archbishops, I left' out in tiie end of the third booh, page 104.
This Lanfranc was an Italian, and a stout champion of the pope. After his stubborn dissension ^vith Thomas, archliishop of York, he wrote airainst Berengarius, entitling his book ' Opus Scintillarum,'
]iage 114. /-
Also the same Lanfranc buildcd the new church at Canterbury, and })lucked down the old. By him was builded the church of St. Grefforv. At length he was expelled by king William Rufus.
35. "Ansclm, for twenty years. Of this Anselm, and the strife betAveen him and the king, look in page 1 44.
36. Kadulph for eight years. tJnder Radulph the order of Cis- tercians began.
37. William Curboil, for thirteen years. By this William the new work of the church of St. Martin's, at Dover, was built.
38. Theobald, for twenty-four years. By this Theobald monks were first brought into the church of Dover. He was expelled by king Stephen. In his time the church of St. Gregory at Canterburv was burned.
39. Thomas Becket, for nine years. For the life and death of this Becket, see page 196.'
40. Richard, for ten years. This Richard was a monk In his time Christ's Church, at Canterbury, was burned.
41. Baldwin, for seven years. Between this Baldwin and the monks was great discord. He suspended the prior from his priorship, and two and twenty monks from all service. He caused the sub-prior, with all his adlierents, to be excommunicated through all Kent.
42. Hubert, for fourteen years. In the time of tliis Hubert the chapel of Lambeth was plucked down. Also the churcli of Dover was burned.
43. Stephen Langton, for twenty-two years. This Stephen, with the monks of Canterbury, was expelled by king John.
This Stephen, intending to give orders in the chapel of Lambeth, Avas stopped by the monks of Canterbury, through their appeal and prohibition. Wherefore he required Eustace, bishop of London, to minister the same orders in the church of St. Paul.
In his time fell great variance between the monks of Rochester and the monks of Canterbury, for the election of their bishop, which election the monks of Canterbury would not admit before the Ro- chester monks had presented the bishop's staff in the church of Canterbury ; so that both the churches sent their messengers to the court of Rome.
44. Riehardus Magnus, for four years. At the consecration of
(1) Ex Crickcladcn«i; Magnates in Anp:lia interdixerant, ne quis Martyrem Tliomain nominaret, ne quis ejus luiracula prailicaret, interniinantes minas mortis seu maxiniarum poenarum omnibus coiifitcntibus cum fuisse Martyrem, ct niiracula ejus prasdicantibus, &c
CONTAINKU IN TlIK I'OUllTII HOOK. Ill)
this Richard, contention arose between the bisliop of Rocliester and Edward tlie bishop of l^ath, who should consecrate him. : —
Item, between the said Richard and the monks of Canterbury fell A. I), a grievous discord, about certain liberties belonging to the arch- ^'^^^'^- bishop.
The said archbishop, for certain quarrels against the king, went up to Rome, who died in Tuscia.
After this Richard, the election of three archbishops was disannulled at Rome ; namely, of Radulphus dc Nova Villa, of John, prior of Canterbury, and of John Blund.
45. Edmund of Abingdon for seven years. This Edmund was called St. Edmund, at whose election the prior of Dover, thinking to be present, as at the man-iage of liis mother, was not permitted by the monks of Canterbury. For that injury he appealed and Avent to Rome to complain, not against the elect, but against the election ; where he obtained of the pope, for all the priors and successors of Dover, to haA'e full interest in the election of the archbishops, besides other privileges which he obtained ; percase not Avithout some good store of money. Afterwards the monks of Canterbury accused him to the archbishop as though he stood against the person of the elect, and so obtained of the archbishop, being angry with him, to have brought him under the chapter of Canterbury, there to be punished. Whereupon the prior, seeing himself so destitute of all help of lawyers, was constrained in the aforesaid chapter to cry ' peccavi.' Then, being suspended from his priorship, he was at length sent home fi-om Dover, being compelled first to set his hand to a certain composition between him and the aforesaid monks.
The said Edmund, archbishop, having also some quan-el against the king, went up to Rome, and died before his coming home.
46. Boniface, for twenty-five years. In the time of this Boniface, Pope Gregory wickedly gi-anted to king Henry III. (for the getting of the kingdom of Sicily, which belonged not to him to give, nor to the other to take) tenths of goods, temporal and spiritual, for five years. Item, All the first year's fruits of churches that should be vacant for five years. Item, Half of all the goods of beneficed men, not resident on their benefices. Item, All legacies not distinctly given. And yet the kingdom of Sicily never came into his hands, which belonged to Manfred, son of Frederic the emperor. Strife there was between this Boniface and the prior of Cantcrbmy, Item.
Between him and the bishop of Rochester. Item, Between him and
the chapter of Lincoln : all which was after agreed/
Strife in Winchester about choosing the bishop after the death ot Adomar or Ethelmar, the king*'s brother.
Strife also in the convocation which Boniface did hold at Lambeth ; in the which council were recited the statutes of Octobonus, and other new statutes made, against which John Hemelingford, the king''s chaplain, with others besides, and Prince Edward on the king's be- half, did appeal.-
Under this Boniface, Tunbridge and Hadlow first came under the custody of the archbishop of Canterbury.
Master John of Exeter bought the bishopric of Winchester for
(1) Chron. Doverens. fol. 20, p. 2. f2) Ibid. fol. 21.
'SO TAni.K OK THK AurmiTsiioi'? of canterhuuv
KHward six tlioiisaiid luarks ; vliidi beino^ known he was fain to pay tlic
; — sanio sum aufjiin to tlic pope, and so was sent liome.
A.I). Boniface tlic arclibisliop being in the parts of Savoy (a.d. 1262), ^'^'''^- fell another altercation between the prior and chapter of Can- terbury on the one part, and the prior and chapter of Dover on the other; which two houses Averc almost never in quiet, and all about certain liberties and privileges; as, for making the sul)-prior, for rcceiviug in of monks, and for visitations of the church of Dover.
A.D. 1268. Boniface, archbishop, interdicted the city of London, because in the same city the archbishop of York did hold up his cross, the archbishop of Canterbury being there present, the king holding then his parliament at Westminster. This archbishop died in the parts of Savoy.
John, prior of Canterbury, was elected by the monks against the king''s mind, but by the pope refused.
Adam Chilinden was elect, but he resigned his election to the pope.
47. Robert Kilwarby, friar, for six years. In the time of this Robert Kilwarby, appeal was taken against the chapter of Canter- bury by the bishops of Winchester, Worcester, and Exeter; foi which cause the said bishops went up to Rome to prosecute the ap])eal. The matter was, because they did not their obedience to the monks of Canterbury, the see being empty.
Walter GifFard, archbishop of York, going toward the general council, bore up his cross through the middle of Kent, in the time of this Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, a.d. 1272.
By pope Gregory X. in the general council at Lyons, all the orders of friars were put down, four orders only excepted, that is, Dominies, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustines.
This Robert Kilwarby, by the commandment of pope Nicholas, was made cardinal of Rome and ))ishop of Porto. An un- Here is to be noted an untruth in Polydore Virgil, mIio saith, that Poiydwu he was made cardinal by pope Gregory, which could not be. Virgii. Robert Burncl, bishop of Bath, was elected, but by the pope
refused ; for whom John Peckham, a Grey-friar, was placed in by pope Nicholas.
48. John Peckham, for thirteen years. In the first year of this friar Peckham, W. Wikewane, archbishop of York, coming from In's consecration at Rome to Dover, bore up liis cross through the midst of Kent, whereat Avas no little ado.
Robert Gernemine,' archdeacon of Canterbury, went to laAv at Rome for the liberties and possessions of his archdeaconship two years, and there died.
In this time also another Avrangling occurred between the monks of Canterbury and the monks of Dover, in the time of this John Peckham, for admitting certain novices of Dover into orders.^
This Peckham, holding a council at Lambeth, ordained divers statutes, and caused the ordinances of the council of Lyons, and of Bon if ice archbishop of Canterbury, and liis predecessor, to be observed.
Great grief and hatred existed between this Peckham, and Thomas
(1) " Gerneniine," i. e. of Yarnioutli.— Eu. (2) I'.x Chr. Monach. Dover, fol. it.
CONTAIHKD IN THE FOURTH BOOK. 721
bishop of Hereford, who, being excommunicated by Peckliam, ap- Edward pealed to Rome, and went to tlic pope. '—
The prior and covcnt of Canterbury made their appeal against lliis A. 1). archbishop Peckham, that he should not consecrate AValler le Seh;i- ^•"'"- mele, the newly elect bishop of Salisbury, in any other phice, except only in the church of Canterbury, but by their leave and license first obtained. Notwithstanding, the archbishop, nothing regarding their appeal, proceeded in the consecration of the said bishop near to the town of Reading, whereupon the prior and covent ceased not to prosecute their appeal against the archbishop.
Between Richard Ferrings, archdeacon of Canterbury, of the one part, and the barons of Dover of the other part, the same year fell out another like wTangling, for that the archdeacon claimed to visit the church of Dover : contrary the barons affirmed, that none had, nor should have, to do thereto, or order or dispose in spiritual matters, but only the archbishop, and the prior and covent of St. Martin.^
After the death of William Wicwane, archbishop of York, John de Roma succeeded ; and coming from his consecration at Rome to Dover, bare his cross through the middle of Kent, contrary to the inhibition of John Peckham.
49. Robert Winchelsey was archbishop for nineteen years. This Robert, who w^as archbishop in the latter time of king Edward I., for certain displeasure the king had conceived against him, departed the realm, and in his banishment remained two or three years ; and, about the beginning of the reign of king Edward II., he was restored ao-ain. (a.d. lS09.y Thus few archbishops of Canterbury we find, with whom kings have not had some quarrel or other. " The cause between the king and him," saitli mine author, " was this; That the king accused him to pope Clement of disturbing his realm, and of taking part with rebels," &c.*
This Robert also excommunicated Walter, bishop of Coventry, for holding with the king and Peter Gaveston against the ordinances of the barons ; M'herefore the said bishop appealed to the pope, against whom the archbishop sent Adam Mirimouth. Tiiis
In the time of this Robert, archbishop, the order of Templars was jitr™ abolished by pope Clement V. in the council of Vienne, with this ;;'^7'^^,„^, sentence definitive: " Quanquam de jure non possumus, tamen ad piieroi plenitudinem potestatis dictum ordinem reprobamus." \T-&ni
50. Walter Reynald for fifteen years. After the decease of^^^^''^- Robert Winchelsey, who departed a.d. 1313, Thomas Cobham, a learned man, was elected by full consent of the monks, who came to Avignon to have his election confirmed ; but the pope reserving the vacant seat in his own hands, put in Walter Reynald, bishop of Worcester, chancellor of England, who governed the see fifteen years.
The chronicler of St. Alban s recordeth also, how in the days of this archbishop (a.d. 1319), certain lepers conspiring with the Turks and Jews went about to impotionate, and infect all Christendom, by envenoming their fountains, lakes, pits, barrels, and such other places ; of the which cruue divers of them being convicted, were worthily burned in France. About the same year, the said author makcth
(1) Ex eod. Chron. fol. 4G. . (2) Ex Chron. Rich. 2. (3) Ex Chron. St. Albai'.l.
VOI. II. 3 A
722 TAiii.i: OK Till-; akciiiusmoi's of cantkebl'ry, S:c.
F.d:c
^" among the beasts ; insomucli that the dogs, feeding upon their flesh
A. D. (infected belike by the waters and fountains), fell down dead incon-
^•'^**"- tinentlv; neither durst men, for that cause, almost taste of any beef.
(a.d. i;{l.S. 1.31i).)'
Tills Walter, archbisho]), taking part with the (jueen Isabel against king Eihvard lier husband, died the same }-car in which he was de- posed, (a.d. 13^7.)-
Ai'tcr Walter the archbishop, as aflirmeth the chronicle of St. Alban, succeeded Simon Mepham ; of whom I marvel that Polydore niaketh no word nor mention; belike he sat not long: after him I'ollowed,
51. John Stratford, Cor twenty-nine years. In the story of Adam Merimouth, it is recorded that this John Stratford, intendin the diocese of Norfolk, was not received by the bishop, the chapter and clergy there alleging that he observed not the ordinary canon therein. To whom the archbishop said again, he had the pope's letters, and showed the same. But the other answered, that those letters were falsely obtained, and tended to the suppression of the clergy, and therefore they would not obey : wherefore the archbishop excommunicated the bishop, suspended the prior, and interdicted the covent. (a.d. 1343.)
52. John OfFord, ten months. Master John OfFord, chancellor of England, was elected and confirmed archbishop of Canterbury, but not consecrated, and sat but ten months, dying a.d. 1349, the time of the pestilence in England.
53. Thomas Braidwardcn, arelibishop for one year. This Thomas Braidwarden following after John Stratford, sat not long, but died
The first witliiu tcu luouths, of tlic plaguc, as they say. This was called the piavuc first great plague in England, raging so sore in all quarters, that it England, -^yj^g thought scarccly the tenth part of men to be left alive.
54. Simon Islip, for seventeen years. In the time of Simon Islip, who followed after Braidwarden, king Edward (a.d. 1362) is re- ported, after the blind superstition of those days, to offer in the
The vest- church of Westminster the vestments wherein St. Peter did celebrate "herein mass ; whicli belike were well kept fi-om moths, to last so long.' ^gjjf^'^"" The same Simon Islip, among other constitutions, ordained through mass, or all churchcs and chapels, under pain of excommunication, that no papists man should abstain from bodily labours upon certain saints'* days, as
is before mentioned \ which fact of his is not a little noted in our
monkish histories.
This Simon built Canterbury College in Oxford.'*
THE COXCLUSION OF THIS FOURTH BOOK.
Anti- Forasmuch as Satan, being chained up all this while for the space
his pride, of a tliousaud years, bcginneth about this time to be loosed and to The loos- come abroad, according to the forewarning of St. John's Revelation : pf Satan, thcrcforc, to conclude the Fourth Book, wherein sufficiently hath been described the excessive pride and pomp of Antichrist, flourishing in
(1) Ex Chro. Alban. i2i Ex Chro. Alban. i3, ?.k Ohio. Alban.
C4) See the Table of Archbishop* in the opposite page — Ed.
do lie.
COXCLUSIOX OF THE FOURTH BOOK.
728
END OF BOOK THE FOURTH.
A.D.
i;560.
his ruft and security, from the time of William the Conqueror hither- r.dward to: now (Clirist willing and assisting us thereunto) we mind in these latter books hereafter "following, in order of history to express the latter persecutions and horrible" troubles of the church, raised up by Satan in his minister Antichrist ; with the resistance again of Christ's church against him. And so to prosecute, by the merciful grace of Christ, the proceeding and course of times, till wc come at length to the fall and ruin of the said Antichrist ; to the intent that if any be in such error as to think that Antichrist is yet to come, he may con- sider and ponder well the tragical rages, the miserable and most sor- rowful ])ersccutions, murders, and vexations, of these latter three hundred years now following ; and then, I doubt not but he will be put out of all doubt, and know that not only Antichrist is already come, but also know where he sitteth, and how he is now falling apace (the Lord Christ be thanked for ever !) to his decay and confusion.
The following Table is a continuation of that given at p. 104, note(l) ; it contains the dates of the election or consecration, and death, of each archbishop, taken from Richardson's edition of " God- win De Praesulibus, &c." It will be found to agree with the list given by Sir Harris Nicholas in his " Synopsis of the Peerage," and it will serve to correct several errors inFoxe's text, derived from the chronicles which he consulted.
CONSECRATED DIED
34 Stephen Lanframc Aug. 29th, a. D. 1070 . Jan. 4th, a. d. 1089
35 Aiiselin Dec. 4th, a. D. 1093 . April 21st, ad. 1109
3G Radulph (elected April 26th) June 14th, a. d. 1114 . Oct. 20th, a. D. 1122
37 William Corbvl (elected Feb. 2d) MarchlQth, a.d. 1123 . Nov. 30th, ad. 1136
38 Theobald (elected in December) a.d. 1138 . April 18th, a.d I '.lil
39 Thomas Becket May 27th, a. D. 1162 . Dec. 2Sth, A u. 1170
40 Richard (elected A.D. 1171) A. d. 1 174 . Feb. 16th, A.D. 1183
41 Baldwin May, a. d. 1185 . a.d. 1190
42 Walter Hubert (elected May 30th) . . . . a.d. 1 193 . July 13th, a.d. 1205
43 Stephen Langton June 17th, a.d. 1207 . July 9th, a.d. 1228
44 Richard Wethershed June 10th, a.d. 1229 . Aug. 3d, a.d. 1231
45 Edmund of Abingdon April 2d, a.d. 1234 . Nov. 16th, a.d. 1242
4C Boniface of Savoy (elected A.D. 1241) .... Jan. 15th, a.d. 1245 . July ISth, a.d. 1270
47 Robert Kilwardbv Feb. 26th, a.d. 1273 . Sep. 13th, a.d. 1277
48 John Peckham March 6th, a.d. 1278 . Dec. Sth, a.d. 1292
49 Robert Winchelsev (elected Feb. 13th. a.d. 1293) Sept. 12th, a.d. 1294 . May 11th, a.d. 1313
50 Walter Revuolds (transl. from Winton, Oct. 1st) a.d. 1313 . Nov. 16th, a.d. 1327
51 John Stratford (transl. from Winton, Nov. 3d) . Dee. 1st, a.d. 1333 . Aug. 23d, a.d. 1348
52 John Offord (nominated by a bull, Sept. 24th) . a.d. 1348 . May 20th, a.d. 1349
53 Thomas Braidwarden (nom. by a bull, June 19th) a.d. l.'!49 . Aug. 26th, a.d. 1349
54 Simon Islip (nominated by a bull, Oct. 7th) . . Dec. 20th, a.d. 1349 . April 26th, a.d. 1366
In addition to the above, Godwin inserts after Nos. 41, 50,
Reginald FitzJoceline (translated from Wells) . . a.d. 1191 . Dec. 25th, a.d. 1191
Simon Mepbam (elected Dec. 11th) a.d. 1327 . Oct. 12th, a.d. 183.1
No. 52. John Offord or Ufford, having never been consecrated, is not included by Godwin in the list. — F,d.
5 A
ACTS AND MONUMENTS.